Introduction

Soil analysis gives valuable information, essential for soil quality improvement.

Soil is a material composed of five ingredients -minerals, soil organic matter,
living organisms, gas, and water. Soil minerals are divided into three size classes -
clay, silt, and sand the percentages of particles in these size classes is called soil
texture. The mineralogy of soils is diverse. Physical properties of soil
include color, texture, structure, porosity, density, consistence, aggregate stability,
and temperature. These properties affect processes such as infiltration, erosion,
nutrient cycling, and biologic activity.

Now a days to find the properties of soil is a time taking process. For example, it
takes Approximately 10 to 15 days from the stage of collection of sample to the
generation of report it depends upon the soil condition .To resolution in examine
the soil properties we came with an idea to detect the properties of soil using IoT
technology .
Problem Statement
Soil Properties Analyzer
Soil is an main source of stability of the structure. Any structure must the
erected on the soil which have specific bearing capacity. Therefore we must know
the bearing capacity and other properties of the soil to meet the good durability of
the structure.

Traditional method which we collect soil samples at different intervals on the land
at various levels. During this process, the soil may disturb which ultimately leads
the incorrect properties. And also it is a time consuming process. So, to overcome
all these we must go for other methodology
Methodology:
As like non destructive tests in concrete, we must try to soil also using some sensor
technology.

 Initially we must collect soil properties of various soils

 Incorporate those data in device(AI/ML)
 Whenever sensor sensing the soil property on beneath land ,if it matches
with any stored soil property. It should give result as like.

Flow Chart:

Collection of Soil Sample

Testing

Identification of bearing capacity

Encoding the data into Iot device

Application
Collection of Soil Sample:

Types of Soil tests for building construction works depend on Properties of soil

Design of the foundation is based on soil test report of construction site.Soil tests
for construction of buildings or any structure is the first step in construction
planning to understand the suitability of soil for proposed construction work.Soil
which is responsible for allowing the stresses coming from the structure should be
well tested to give excellent performance. If soil shouldn’t tested correctly then the
whole building or structure is damaged or collapsed or leaned like leaning tower of
Pisa. So, soil inspection or testing is the first step to proceed any construction.Soil
testing is an essential component of soil resource management. Each sample
collected must be a true representative of the area being sampled. Utility of the
results obtained from the laboratory analysis depends on the sampling precision.
Hence, collection of large number of samples is advisable so that sample of desired
size can be obtained by sub-sampling. In general, sampling is done at the rate of
one sample for every two hectare area. However, at-least one sample should be
collected for a maximum area of five hectares. For soil survey work, samples are
collected from a soil profile representative to the soil of the surrounding area.You
can use a soil probe to obtain soil from multiple locations around the landscape bed
or garden. Take samples to a depth of 6-8 inches. You should collect separate
samples for soil tests from different sections within your yard, landscape, or
garden. Each section should be distinct from the others.
Testing :

Soil testing involves collecting soil samples, preparation for analysis, chemical or
physical analysis, interpretation of analysis results,Various tests on soil are
conducted to decide the quality of soil for building construction. Some tests are
conducted in laboratory and some are in the field. Here we will discuss about the
importance of various soil tests for building construction. The tests on soil are as
follows. Soil testing is primarily done to test the bearing capacity. The chemical
and physical composition of the soil is checked during this process. The soil must
have the ability to withstand the weight of the building.

o Liquid Limit.
o Plastic Limit.
o Shrinkage Limit.

The type of tests on soil reveals the physical and engineering properties of soil that
help to determine the type of foundation to be laid for construction. Knowing
moisture content, mineral presence, density, permeability and bearing capacity of
the soil gives an idea of working considerations for foundations and
earthworks. Like higher sulphur content in the soil requires cement that provides
resistance to sulphur such as Sulphate-resisting Portland Cement (SRPC).If soil is
not tested properly, it develops cracks in future and collapse in due course of time.
Various types of tests are executed to know the surface characteristics of soil.Soil
testing also determines the depth and length of the pillars that will be inserted into
the soil to lay the building’s foundation.The results of soil testing are used to
determine the likelihood of foundation problems and the best construction methods
to use.The water table level of the soil can be determined through soil testing.The
level of the water table, measured by soil testing, indicates potential issues with the
level of humidity inside the foundation and the foundation of the building.The
mineral and chemical composition of the soil can influence the construction
Identification of bearing capacity :
Bearing capacity in coarse to medium sands can be obtained using the average SPT
(N) value. Step 2: If the soil within this range is medium to coarse sand, above rule
of thumb can be used. If the average SPT (N) value is less than 10, soil should be
compacted. Shallow foundation is placed on coarse to medium sand.Bearing
capacity in medium to coarse sands (drained analysis) Permeability of sandy soils
is higher than clay soils. Buildings are constructed gradually. First, the footing is
constructed, then the columns and walls, then upper floors. Full load on footing
does not materialize overnight. Depending upon the speed of contraction, full load
on footing may take months or years. Hence, there is plenty of time for the sandy
soils to drain excess pore pressure. Hence bearing capacity computations in sandy
soils are done based on drained friction angle parameter. As you know cohesion in
sandy soils and nonplastic silts is zero.

 Analytic method i.e. through bearing capacity equations like using Terzaghi
equation, Meyerhof equation, Hansen equation etc
 Correlation with field test data e.g. Standard penetration test (SPT), Cone
penetration test (CPT) etc
 On site determination of bearing capacity e.g Plate load test, Pile load test
 Presumptive bearing capacity (recommended bearing capacity, in various
codes)