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nrb i^p ifjfq^`flkbp ab i^ lod^kfw^`fÉk cbra^i
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Ql`f^iabBbob`el, if_bo^ibp, Nbol i^ kb`bpfa^a ab molqbdbo ab

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i^p q^kq^p jlqfs^`flkbp nrb `lkplifa^ i^ bsl+
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ilp ^_rplp abi mlabo* ^mrkq^kal ^ ildo^o rk^ mboplk^erj^k^*`ljlpbomolsfpqlabafdkfa^a ĎDCĊ
sfa^afdk^vi^ mlpf_fifa^aabob^ifw^opbbk rk^ mloprpli^`lkaf`fÉkabpboerj^klT%?j^^qr B ÀĂCB Æ

pl`fba^a j~pgrpq^verj^k^, moÉgfj l`ljl^ qf jfpjl * ^nrbi mofk`fmflnrb


Aofpql klpabgÉ* klp bkpbÇ^ i^ fjmloq^k`f^ abi
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bi Cpq^al Ql`f^i ab Bbob`el* mobpbkqb bk i^ klpvbi eb`elabplpqbkbonrbqlalp ilppbobp
^`qr^ifa^abkm^oqbfj mloq^kqbabi^pk^`flkbp erj^klpcrfjlp`ob^alp^fj^dbkvpbjbg^kw^
abi jrkal* bp obpriq^al ab i^ bslir`fÉk, Cpq^ abBflp*klp^vra^^crka^j bkq^orkmofk`fmfl
bslir`fÉkprmlkb+bkqoblqo^p`lkaf`flkbp+v^ _~pf`labkqolabiCpq^alQl`f^iabBbob`elnrb
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afdk^, i^ jfpj^a^^idrk^pd^o^kqÅ^pbkobpdr^oalab
Ô ÁĖĬĖĒĜÎ ÊĦ ĦĞËĬĖ ĔĖİÊĬĬÎĦĦÎ ĔĖ ĦÊ ÏĖĬİÎÌÊĦĞĔÊĔÑ ĦÊİØǼĞËĖĬĮÊĔĖİ ĔĖ ĒÎÌĒĞĖÌĒĞÊ L ĒĬĖĖÌĒĞÊN ÏĬĖÌİÊN
qo^_^gl* `ljbo`fl b fkarpqof^ , ?abj~p bk pr
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e^vrkfcf`^`fÉkab`lk`bmqlp*a^alnrb^idrklp ibvklj^ka^*kffj mbafalabe^`boilnrbbii^
ab Äpqlp pboÅ^k `lkqo^oflp ^ i^ molqb``fÉk nrb kl moleÅ_b /5, Nbol i^ Alkpqfqr`fÉk ab /711 kl
lqlod^k ilpabob`elpab Nofjbo^ Ebkbo^`fÉk+  molqbdÅ^fkqbdo^ivrkfq^of^jbkqb^ipboerj^kl,
mlpf`fÉknrbvlq^j_fÄk`lj m^oql+lklpboÅ^k Cpab`fo* klpb ab`i^o^_^nrbbi pboerj^klbp
j~pnrbrk^abofs^`fÉk abilpabob`elpab i^p bi `bkqol ab i^ pl`fba^a vbicfk prmobjl ab i^
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o  ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D^`riq^a ab  B b ob ` e l  ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

qobpdbkbo^`flkbp^kqbppbÇ^i^a^p,?pÅmlabjlp jfpj^*`ljlpÅile^`bi^Alkpqfqr`fÉkabi^Çl
`fq^o `ljl bgbj mil ab abob`el nrb `lkqo^+ /757abpabpr mofjbo^oqÅ`ril,
sbkaoÅ^ ^ ilpabob`elpab Nofjbo^ Ebkbo^`fÉk*
bi prmrbpql abob`el ^ i^ if_ob afpmlpf`fÉk abi ? afcbobk`f^ ab i^ Alkpqfqr`fÉk ab /711* i^ ab
`rboml,Cpqla^oÅ^mfb^mboj fqfoi^brq^k^pf^*i^ /757 a^ rk fj mloq^kqb ^s^k`b bk i^ molqb`+
^rqlci^dbi^`fÉk*bi`lkprjlabaold^plfk`irpl `fÉkab i^ mboplk^vbk lqlod^oibpr sboa^abo^
bi^_loql*ilp`r^ibps^kbk^_plirq^`lkqo^af`+ afjbkpfÉkabkqolabi^pl`fba^avbiCpq^al,Bb
`fÉk `lk bi abob`el ^ i^ sfa^ v^ i^ fkqbdofa^a bpq^cloj^sbjlpnrbbiRÅqrilGabi^Alkpqfqr+
cÅpf`^nrbqfbkbkqlalpilppbobperj^klp, `fÉkab/757iibs^mloklj_ob BbilpBbob`elp
vBb_bobpDrka^jbkq^ibpabi^Nboplk^ vabpab
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`fÉkabilpabob`elp^kqbppbÇ^i^alpbiabob`el mboplk^ erj^k^ bpbicfk prmobjlabi^ pl`fb+
^ i^ kl j^kfmri^`fÉk dbkÄqf`^ nrb kl bp j~p a^avabi Cpq^al,Rlalpqfbkbk i^l_ifd^`fÉkab
nrb rk^ abofs^`fÉk abi abob`el^ i^ sfa^ v^ i^ obpmbq^oi^vmolqbdboi^ ,
fkqbdofa^a mboplk^i,
Nlpqboflojbkqb i^ Alkpqfqr`fÉk ab /771 `lk+
Aljlafgbo^^imofk`fmfl*biqbj^abilpBbob`elp pbos^do^km^oqbabilpabob`elpcrka^j bkq^+
Frj^klpbprkab_^qbnrb^Ñkklpbbk`rbkqo^ ibpob`ldfalpbki^Alkpqfqr`fÉkab /757*mbol
`boo^al, Alkpfabol nrb ilp Bbob`elp Frj^klp `^pf ifj fq~kalpb ^ e^`bork^ bkrjbo^`fÉk ab
qfbkbknrbprgbq^opb^ilpmofk`fmflpabiBbob`el ilp Bbob`elp Frj^klp ab Nofjbo^* Qbdrka^
L^qro^i*bpab`foqla^mboplk^^anrfbobbpqlpab+ v Rbo`bo^ E bkbo^`fÉk* ^rknrb bk bpbk`f^
ob`elpabpabpr `lk`bm`fÉk*pfbkal fkebobkqbp `lkpbos^ bk bpqb mrkqlbi bpmÅofqr ab i^ A^oq^
vcrka^jbkq^ibpbk i^afdkfa^a abi^ mboplk^v K^dk^ ab /757,
kfkdÑkloabk^jfbkqlmlpfqfslmrbabfobk`lkqo^
abbiilp,Nloilq^kql*i^obdri^`fÉkmlpfqfs^abilp T, AMLQGBCP?AGMLCQDGL?JCQ
Bbob`elpFrj^klpab_bqbkbobk`rbkq^bpqlp
mofk`fmflpvklm^p^omlobk`fj^abbiilp, Cpjrvfjmloq^kqbnrbklplqolp`ljl`fra^a^+
klp`lklw`^jlp`r~ibpplkkrbpqolpabob`elp
GT, NPMRCAAGöLBCJ?NCPQML?FSK?L? bibjbkq^ibp, Cpql bp fkafpmbkp^_ib m^o^ mlabo
24A;32?@> ŦUŪ

CLLSCQRPMMPBCL?KGCLRM bgbo`boilpabj^kbo^mibk^vpbo`lkp`fbkqbpab
AMLQRGRSAGML?J krbpqo^pl_ifd^`flkbp`lk i^ pl`fba^a,

/5, DCPL?LBCXQCQQ?PCEM*A^oilp,Ji*\bm*(m,62

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mboplk^ erj^k^ e^ qbkfal klq^_ibp ^s^k`bp jlp l isfa^o nrb ilp abob`elp pb abpsfoqÑ^k
bk i^p Ñiqfj ^p aÄ`^a^p* mbol qla^sÅ^ ab_b v molpqfqrvbk pf bp nrb kl s^k ^`ljm^Ç^alp +*/
^i`^kw^o rk abp^ooliil j^vlobk krbpqol m^Åp, abi obpmbql ab i^p kloj^p v bi `rj mifj fbkql
N^o^ biil bp kb`bp^ofl fk`fafo bk i^ fkpqfqr`fl+ ab i^pl_ifd^`flkbp nrb`ljl pbobperj^klp MM
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k^ifw^`fÉk, Bb ml`l pfosb nrb ilp abob`elp q^j _fÄk plk fkebobkqbp ^ krbpqo^ `lkaf`fÉk ĎDCĊ
crka^j bkq^ibp pb^k fk`lomlo^alp bk krbpqol abq^ibp,Bbbpq^cloj^`ob^jlprk^^ab`r^a^ B ÀĂCB Æ

loabk^j fbkqlgroÅaf`l pf bi Cpq^al kl _ofka^ `lk`fbk`f^ `fra^a^k^ bk i^p mboplk^p, N^pl
^ ilp `fra^a^klp i^p d^o^kqÅ^p jÅkfj^p m^o^ fkafpmbkp^_ib m^o^ ildo^o rk^ pl`fba^a j~p
nrbqlalp +pfk  bu`bm`fÉk+ mrba^k bgbo`boilp grpq^vj~perj^k^,

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