UNITS 17 - 26 - RELATIVE CLAUSES AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS - Week 3

Units 17 and 26.
-- DEFINING and NON

--DEFINING -DEFINING
NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
-- RELATIVE PRONOUNS
--RELATIVE
LENGUA INGLESA II
(1º GEI 2010-11)
Outline
Outline (II)
(II)
- I. Defining and non-defining relative

clauses (D.R.Cs and ND.R.Cs)
- II. Types of antecedents: person or thing
- III. Subject and object pronouns
- IV.That instead of Who / Which
Outline
Outline (II)
(II)
- V. Omitting the relative pronoun

- VI. Relative clauses with prepositions
- VII. Whose and Whom
- VIII. Where, When and Why
- IX. What
Icebreaking
Icebreaking questions
questions (I)
(I)
Correct the following sentences where
necessary:
Ann praised her students’ presentations, that

she enjoyed very much.
What’s the name of the museum where we
visited last Sunday?
The man whom I met at the reception is the
Ambassador.
Mary told me about a new film, which review is
excellent.
Icebreaking
Icebreaking questions
questions (II)
(II)
Correct the following sentences where

necessary:
She gave her children all the love what she
had.
I will never forget the place which we first
met.
The composer which Preludes I love is
Chopin.
Everything what they said was true.
Did you hear that I said?
1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

2010-2011
Lengua Inglesa II (Group A)
Lecturer: Dr. Mar Vilar García
I. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING

RELATIVE CLAUSES
There are two types of relative clauses:
A) Defining clauses (D.R.C.)
D.R.C.) –WITHOUT COMMAS-
COMMAS- give essential
information about the subject of the sentence
This info tells us exactly what is being referred to:
The children who were tired went straight to bed.
B) Non-
Non-Defining clauses (ND.R.C.)
ND.R.C.) –WITH COMMAS-
COMMAS- add extra
(but non-essential) information about the noun.
This info could be omitted without affecting the sense of
the sentence:
The children, who were tired, went straight to bed.
Facultad de Letras -
Departamento de Filología Inglesa 6
Campus Universitario de La Merced. C/. Santo Cristo 1 - 30001 Murcia
T. 868 883 191 – F. 868 883 185 – www.um.es/dp-filologia-inglesa
2010-2011
I. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING

RELATIVE CLAUSES
COMPARE:
The children who were tired went straight to bed.
EXPLANATION: [D.R.Cs limit the Noun:
Only some of the children were tired, not all of
them went to bed]
The children, who were tired, went straight to bed.

EXPLANATION: [ND.R.Cs do not limit the Noun:
All the children were tired and all went to bed]

2010-2011
II. PERSON or THING

The antecedent of relative pronouns can be a
person or a thing:
A) PERSON:
That’s the woman who / that bought my car.
[the woman (person)]
B) THING]:
That’s the car which / that I used to own.
[the car (thing)]
2010-2011
III. SUBJECT or OBJECT PRONOUNS

Relative pronouns can function as subjects or
objects:
A) SUBJECT:
That’s the woman who/that bought my car.
[The woman (subject)]
The 8.15 train, which is very punctual, was late today.
B) OBJECT:
She gave me this jumper, which she’d made herself.
[the jumper (object)]
Peter, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent.

2010-2011
IV. THAT instead of WHO / WHICH

We can use THAT instead of WHO / WHICH in
conversational style:
My cousins who/that I will be seeing soon live in Leeds.
The hotel which/that was above the cliff was impressive.
That is the car which/that I used to own.
BUT: We cannot use THAT instead of WHO / WHICH
in ND.R.Cs:
My cousin Daniel, who I will be seeing soon, lives in Leeds.
That car, which I used to own 10 years ago, has recently
been removed from the market.
2010-2011
V. OMITTING THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

In Defining Relative Object (thing and person)
Clauses, it is more common to omit the relative
pronoun:
This is the person (who/that) I sold my car to.
That’s the car (which/that) I used to own.
In ND.R.C.s, the relative pronoun cannot be left
out.
This is Mary, who I sold my car to.
That’s the car, which broke down two weeks
ago. Facultad de Letras -
11
Departamento de Filología Inglesa

2010-2011
VI. RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH

PREPOSITIONS
2010-2011
VI. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

WITH PREPOSITIONS
The man to whom I sold my car is Ann’s father.
The man whom I sold my car to is Ann’s father.
[NOT *The man to who I sold my car is Ann’s father].
The man who I sold my car to is Ann’s father.
The man that I sold my car to is Ann’s father.
[NOT *The man that I sold my car is Ann’s father].
The man I sold my car to is Ann’s father.
[NOT *The man I sold my car is Ann’s father].

2010-2011
VI. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH

PREPOSITIONS
The man, to whom I sold my car, is Ann’s father.
The man, whom/who I sold my car to, is Ann’s father.
[NOT *The man, to who I sold my car, is Ann’s
father]
The man, who I sold my car to, is Ann’s father.
[NOT *The man, to that I sold my car, is Ann’s father]
[NOT *The man, that I sold my car to, is Ann’s father]
[NOT *The man, that I sold my car, is Ann’s father]
[NOT *The man, I sold my car to, is Ann’s father]
[NOT *The man, I sold my car, is Ann’s father]
2010-2011
VII. WHOSE and WHOM (I)

WHOSE means of whom (people) or of which (things)
A) We can never omit it.
B) We can use it in both D.R.Cs and ND.R.Cs:
The house, whose windows were all broken, was

a depressing sight.
The shop whose clothes I love is about to close.

This shop, whose clothes I love, is about to close.

2010-2011
VII. WHOSE and WHOM (II)

WHOM is the object form of who.
who. It can be used as:
A) the object of a verb:
This is the person to whom I sold my car.
The man whom I met at the reception is the
Ambassador. [Formal]
B) after prepositions:
This is the person I sold my car to.
[Everyday speech]
2010-2011
VIII. WHERE, WHEN and WHY

We can use WHERE, WHEN and WHY in D.R.Cs
after nouns related to place, time and reason
[In spoken English, when and why can be omitted]:
The hotel where we stayed was brand new.
1987 was the year (when) I worked the most.
That’s not the reason (why) she’s mad at me though.
In ND.R.Cs, these words cannot be omitted:

The earthquake happened shortly before dawn, when most
people were asleep.

2010-2011
IX. WHAT
What = ‘the thing(s) that’:
What happened was my fault.
(= the thing(s) that happened)
(NOT *the thing what happened)
Everything that happened was my fault.
(NOT *everything what happened)
I gave her all the money (that) I had.
(= I gave her what I had)
(NOT *… the money what I had)
2010-2011
TO SUM UP (I)
1a. That is the person who/that bought my car.
Defining Person Subject Relative Clause
2a. That is the person (who/that) I sold my car to.
Defining Person Object Relative Clause
3a.The hotel which/that was above the cliff was impressive.
Defining Thing Subject Relative Clause
4a. That’s the car (which/that) I used to own.
Defining Thing Object Relative Clause
Facultad de Letras
19

2010-2011
TO SUM UP (II)
1b.My aunt Ann, who will be 50 soon, lives in Leeds.
Non-Defining Person Subject Relative Clause
2b. My aunt Ann, who I will be seeing soon, lives in Leeds.
Non-Defining Person Object Relative Clause
3b.The hotel, which/that was above the cliff, was impressive.
Non-Defining Thing Subject Relative Clause
4b. Ann praised her students’ presentations, which
she enjoyed very much.
Defining Thing Object Relative Clause
Facultad de Letras
20
References
ADAPTED FROM:
Capel, A. & W. Sharp (2008).
(2008). Objective. First Certificate. Self-
Self-
study Student’
Student’s Book. With CD-
CD-ROM. Cambridge: CUP.
Murphy,
Murphy, R. (2005). English Grammar in Use with Answers.
Answers.
A Self-
Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Inter-
Inter-
mediate Students of English.
English. (7th rev. ed.).
ed.). Cambridge:
Cambridge:
CUP.
Swan,
Swan, M. (1995). Practical English Usage.
Usage. (3rd ed.).
ed.). Oxford:
OUP.
Vince, M. (2009). First Certificate Language Practice: Engl-
Engl-
ish Grammar and Vocabulary. With Key. (4th ed.). ed.).
Oxford: McMillan. 21
LENGUA INGLESA II
(1º GEI - 2010-11)
TOTAL TIME
DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF
‘DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES’
‘RELATIVE PRONOUNS’
...... h..... mins
22

UNITS 17 - 26 - RELATIVE CLAUSES AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS - Week 3

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Units 17 and 26.

-- DEFINING and NON

- I. Defining and non-defining relative

- V. Omitting the relative pronoun

Ann praised her students’ presentations, that

Correct the following sentences where

1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

I. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING

I. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING

The children, who were tired, went straight to bed.

1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

II. PERSON or THING

III. SUBJECT or OBJECT PRONOUNS

1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

IV. THAT instead of WHO / WHICH

V. OMITTING THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

VI. RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH

VI. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

VI. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH

VII. WHOSE and WHOM (I)

The house, whose windows were all broken, was

The shop whose clothes I love is about to close.

1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

VII. WHOSE and WHOM (II)

VIII. WHERE, WHEN and WHY

In ND.R.Cs, these words cannot be omitted:

1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

1º Grado Estudios Ingleses

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