S CIENCE , T ECHNOLOGY, AND S OCIETY

S CIENTIFIC R EVOLUTION
THROUGHOUT THE
H ISTORY OF M ANKIND

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, UST

 The Emergence of Technology
• It makes difficult and complicated tasks easier
• Developments in this field are not just products
of one time thought process.
• Brought about by gradual improvements to
earlier works from different time periods.
 Key Historical Transitions
• Paleolithic Period
• Neolithic Period
• Rise of Ancient Civilizations
• Industrial Revolution
• The Anthropocene
 The Human Origins
(6 to 2 MYA)
• The Human Revolution refers to the remarkable and
sudden emergence of language, consciousness and
culture in our species, Homo sapiens sapiens.
• Historians call the early period of human history as
the Stone Age.
• First humans emerged from Africa, and lived
simultaneously with other hominid species.
• Large complex
brains provided the
capacity to make
and use tools.
Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

• The earliest part of this

period was the Paleolithic
Age or the Old Stone Age.
• The Paleolithic Age began
about 2.5 million years
ago and lasted until
around 8000 B.C.
Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

Surviving the Paleolithic Age

• Nomadic group of people.
• Traveled in groups, or
bands, of about 20 or 30
members.
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
• Paleolithic people hunted buffalo, bison, wild goats,
reindeer, and other animals, depending on where they
lived.
• Paleolithic people
survived by
hunting and
gathering.
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

• Gathered wild nuts,

berries, fruits, wild
grains, and green plants.

• Fished along rivers and coastal

areas.
Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
• Current research
indicates that two-thirds
of the energy was
derived from animal
sources.
• Paleo Diet (caveman
diet) – heavy on protein
and low in carbs
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

Designation of tasks
within groups.
• Men – hunting
• Women - gathering
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

• Women stayed close to the camp, often close to a

body of water.
• They looked after the children and searched nearby
woods and meadows for berries, nuts, and grains.
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

• Everyone worked to find food.

• Some scientists believe that equity existed between
Paleolithic men and women.
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

Hon, bilis meron

Wait lang nasira lobo sa dulo!!
ang strap ko hon.

Mapagsama
ntalang lolo *Stares at
food

Food

This means that a man and a woman worked together to

find food for themselves and their children thus the
emergence of the first families.
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

First tools made by humans

• Technology tools and methods
to perform tasks were first used
by Paleolithic people.
• Before this time, sticks, stones,
and tree branches served as
tools.
• Later, people made devices
from a hard stone called flint Hammerstone from
(hard, sedimentary crystalline Majuangou, China
form of the mineral quartz)
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

First tools made by humans

• Paleolithic people learned that by
hitting flint with another hard
stone, the flint would flake into
pieces.
• These pieces had very sharp
edges that could be used for
cutting.
• Flint technology was a major
breakthrough for early people. Handaxe from
Europe
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

Over time, Paleolithic people made better, more complex

tools. Spears, bows and arrows made killing large
animals easier.
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

First tools made by humans

• Spears and fish hooks
increased the number of fish
caught.
• Sharp-edged tools to cut up
plants and dig roots.
• They used scraping tools to
clean animal hides, which they
used for clothing and shelter.
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

• By the end of the Paleolithic

Age, people were making
smaller and sharper tools.
• They crafted needles from
animal bones to make nets and
baskets and to sew hides
together for clothing.

Bone Needle
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

• Paleolithic humans learned to make their own shelters.

• People constructed tents and huts of animal skins,
brush, and wood.
• In very cold climates,
some people made
shelters from ice and
snow.
• Many lived in caves.
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
The first use of fire by humans in the Paleolithic Age
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)
The first use of fire by humans in the Paleolithic Age

• Warmth
• Cooked food
• Meat that was smoked by fire could be stored
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

Generating Fire
• Certain stone, iron
pyrite, gave off
sparks when
struck against
another rock

Iron Pyrite
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

Communication and Arts

• Development of spoken language.
• The spoken language of early people was
constantly growing and changing.
• Transfer of knowledge
 Paleolithic Age
(2.5 MYA - 8000 BC)

Communication and Arts

• Cave paintings found
all around the world.
• Crushed yellow, black,
and red rocks and
combined them with
animal fat to make their
paints.
• Used twigs and their
fingertips to apply
these paints to the rock Paleolithic painting in Lascaux, France
walls.
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)

First Agricultural Revolution

• The wide-scale
transition from a
lifestyle of hunting and
gathering to one of
agriculture and
settlement.
• The Neolithic was a
period in the
development of human
technology
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)

Neolithic Society
• During the Neolithic
age, people lived in
small tribes composed
of families.
• The domestication of
large animals resulted
in a dramatic increase
in social inequality.
• Headed by a
charismatic leader of
tribal groups.
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)

Reconstructed house of Neolithic age

• The growth of agriculture made permanent houses

possible.
• Mud brick houses and stilt-houses settlements were also
common.
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)

Neolithic Society
• The clothing of the Neolithic
humans were made of
animal skins.
• Reliance upon the foods
produced from cultivated
lands.
• Encouraged the growth of
settlements.
• Production of surplus crop
yields
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)

Growth of Agriculture
• Surpluses could be stored and traded.
• Agricultural life afforded securities.
• Sedentary
farming
populations
grew faster
than nomadic.
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)

Neolithic Technology
• An array of Neolithic
artifacts, including
bracelets, axe heads,
chisels, and polishing
tools.
• Neolithic stone
artifacts are by
definition polished.
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)
Neolithic Technology

Neolithic Grinding Stone Neolithic Sickle

 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)
Neolithic Technology
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and 2000 BC)

Neolithic Technology
• Skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of
stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points,
beads, and statues.
• The polished stone axe allowed forest clearance in a
large scale.
Rise of Ancient Civilizations
Emergence of science and technology on
diverse usage

Transportation and navigation

Communication
Weapons and armors
Conservation of life
Engineering
Architecture
 Sumerian Civilization
(4500 BC to 1900 BC)

• Cuneiform – handwriting
• Uruk City
• Irrigation and Dikes
• Sailboats
• Wheel
• The Plow
 Egyptian Civilization
(3100 BC to 332 BC)

• Paper or papyrus
• ink
• Hieroglyphics
• Cosmetics and Wig
• Water Clock/Clepsydra
 Chinese Civilization
(1600 BC to 221 BC)

• Silk
• Tea Production
• Great wall of China
• Gunpowder
Greek Civilization
(800 BC to 140 BC)
• Alarm Clock
• Water Mill

Roman Civilization
(753 BC to 476 AD)
• Newspaper
• Bound Books or Codex
• Roman Architecture
• Roman Numerals
 The Middle “Dark” Ages
(476 AD to 1400s)

• Middle ages – Term for western

Europe during the Postclassical
Era (A.P. World History’s 3rd
time period.
• Middle ages began with the fall
of the Roman Empire (476) and
ended in the 1400s.
• Also referred to as the Dark
Ages
• The term “the West” = Western
Europe, but later included
America
 The Middle “Dark” Ages
(476 AD to 1400s)

Problems that rose during the

“Dark Ages”
• Lack of a central
government
• Widespread diseases
(plagues)
• Long religious wars
• Little to no access to
education
• Slow technological or
cultural development
 The Middle “Dark” Ages
(476 AD to 1400s)

• Printing Press
• Microscope
• Telescope
• War weapons
 The Renaissance
(14th to 17th Century)
Also regarded as
the bridge
between the
middle ages and
modern history
that started as a
cultural
movement in Italy,
it later spread
towards the rest
of Europe.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

• The Industrial Revolution Period (1870-1900s) of time

when the face of industry changed dramatically.
• Lasting impact on the economies of the world and the
lives of the person.
• Introduction of inventions that made the life of people
easier.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

• The advancement of the

textile industry was a key
development in the
Industrial Revolution.
• The cotton gin increased
productivity of removing
seed from cotton.
• Invented by Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin
Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

• Large gains in
productivity also
occurred in spinning
and weaving of textile
• The first that employed
the factory system.
• The use of machines
and an "assembly-line"
approach
Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

• James Watt created

the first truly reliable
steam engine in 1775.
• This invention made
locomotives and many
of the textile machines
possible.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

• Coal mining is the

process of extracting
coal from the ground.
• Coal is valued for its
energy content
• Industrialization
increased the demand
significantly.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

• The substitution of coal for

charcoal greatly lowered
the fuel cost of iron
production.
• The charcoal powered
steam engine enabled a
large increase in iron
production.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Invention of Machine Tools

• Invention of first machine
tools.
• These included the
screw cutting lathe,
cylinder boring machine
and the milling machine.
screw cutting lathe
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Use of Chemistry
• The large-scale production of
chemicals was an important
development during the
Industrial Revolution.
• Production of sulphuric acid was
pioneered by the Englishman
John Roebuck in 1746.
• Production for fertilizers,
detergents, dyes, explosives,
drugs and other chemicals.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Use of Chemistry
• Germany took world leadership in the chemical industry
during the industrial industry.
• Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities during
the period.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Invention of Cement
• In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned
builder, patented a chemical process for making Portland
cement.
• This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and
limestone to about 1,400 °C (2,552 °F), then grinding it
into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand
and gravel to produce concrete.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Agricultural Machines
• Joseph Foljambe's
Rotherham plough of
1730 was the first
commercially successful
iron plough.
• The threshing machine,
invented by Andrew
Meikle in 1784, displaced
hand threshing with a flail,
a laborious job that took
about one-quarter of
agricultural labor.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

The Tin Can

• The humble tin can was
patented by a British merchant
Peter Durand in 1810.
• It would have an incalculable
impact on food preservation
and transportation right up to
the present day.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Tingin sa camera
mga cyst,

*ganda
ka ghorl

*HALP!!!

John Hall and Bryan Dorkin opened the very first

commercial canning factory in England in 1813.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Internal Combustion Engine

• Jean Lenoir invented the
internal combustion engine
in 1858.
• Internal Combustion Engine
is a heat engine where the
combustion of a fuel occurs
with an oxidizer (usually air)
in a combustion chamber
that is an integral part of the
working fluid flow circuit.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Internal Combustion Engine

• Eventually this engine was
used in mass transportation.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Electricity
• The development of electricity
as a source of power had been
done by an international
collection of scientists including
Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro
Volta, and Michael Faraday.
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Automobile
• Henry Ford was by far one of
the most imperative inventors
of the Industrial Revolution.
• It enabled people to go
wherever they wanted
whenever they wanted.
• The automobile modernize the
transportation industry entirely.

Henry Ford
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Camera
• Beginning in 1814, Joseph
Nicéphore Niépce the first
person to ever take a
photograph.

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Telephone
• Alexander Graham Bell created
the telephone in 1876.
• The telephone further improved
communications and eventually
led to the various
communications devices used
today.

Alexander Graham Bell

 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Phonograph
• Thomas Edison created
the phonograph in
1877.
• Prior to the creation of
the phonograph the
only option for
entertainment was for
live musicians or actors
to perform.
• This allowed people to
Thomas Edison with his second phonograph,
listen to music photographed by Levin Corbin Handy in Washington,
anywhere. April 1878
 Modern History and the
Industrial Revolution
(1700s to 1900s)

Phonograph
• Brothers Orville and
Wilbur Wright created the
first airplane in 1903.
• Within a few decades
planes had changed the
face of personal and
business travel and had
dramatically altered
warfare.
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
The era in which human activity has been the dominant
influence on climate and the environment.
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

• Scientists in the Soviet Union appear to have used the

term “Anthropocene" as early as the 1960s to refer to
the Quaternary, the most recent geological period.
• The term was widely popularized in 2000 by
atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen, who regards the
influence of human behavior on Earth's atmosphere in
recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a
new geological time.
The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
Issues that have identified the Anthropocene
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

Nuclear Weapons
• Warfares have left their
mark on geology.
• When the first nuclear
weapon was detonated
on 16 July 1945 in New
Mexico
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

Fossil Fuels
• Burning fossil fuels
mark Anthropocene
age.
• Current rates of
carbon emission are
thought to be higher
than at any time in the
last 65 million years.
The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
Carbon Emissions
The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
Global Carbon Emissions from Fossil Fuels (1900-2014)
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

Plastic Use
• Plastics, initially
developed in the 1900s,
have grown rapidly
since the 1950s, and
we now produce 500
million tons a year.
• Sediments containing
plastics will be a clear
sign of the
Anthropocene.
The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

Changed Geology
• Every time we destroy a patch of rainforest, this
changes the future of Earth’s geology.
• We have transformed more than 50 % of Earth’s land
area for our own purposes.
• Deforestation, farming, drilling, mining, landfills, dam-
building and coastal reclamation are all having
widespread effects on sedimentary processes.
• Disrupting how layers of rock are laid down, which will
be detectable thousands of years in the future.
The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
Use of Fertilizers
• Our attempts to feed an increasing population will
leave clear indicators, too.
• Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils have
doubled in the last century because of our increased
use of fertilizers.
• We produce 23.5 million tons of phosphorus a year.
• Human activity had the biggest impact on the nitrogen
cycle for 2.5 billion years.
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

Global Warming
• Unusually rapid increase
in Earth’s average
surface temperature over
the past century primarily
due to the greenhouse
gases released as
people burn fossil fuels.
• Rate of temperature
increase has nearly
doubled in the last 50
years.
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

Global Warming
• Average global sea
levels are higher than at
any point in the past
115,000 years and are
rising rapidly, which
may also be detectable
in future.
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

6th Mass Extinction

• The moment of
extinction is generally
considered to be the
death of the last
individual of the
species.
• Mass extinctions
sparked by massive
global changes mark
the Anthropocene
period.
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire

So, is technology
dangerous???
 The Anthropocene (Present)
The Rise of the Human Empire
The Dark Side of Technology
• Technology is a mostly
positive endeavor, except for
some troubling and
unnerving possibilities
Michio Kaku refers to as
“wildcards.”
• The unanticipated uses of
technology and science
threaten to turn happy
futuristic dreams into
nightmares.
There are dangers, but only
dangers if people don’t understand
where technology is taking us.

-Michio Kaku
S CIENCE , T ECHNOLOGY, AND S OCIETY

S CIENTIFIC R EVOLUTION
THROUGHOUT THE
H ISTORY OF M ANKIND

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, UST