DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS I

(MATH 251)

F.A Wireko, PhD

Department Of Mathematics

Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science and Technology

February 16, 2023

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
Kwame Nkrumah
EQUATIONS
University
I (MATH
Of Science
251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 1 / 21
 LECTURE ELEVEN

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
Kwame Nkrumah
EQUATIONS
University
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Of Science
251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 2 / 21
 Method Of Variation Of Parameters
Given the differential equation

y ′′ + q(t)y ′ + r (t)y = g (t) (1)

assuming that y1 (t) and y2 (t) are its fundamental set of solutions , that is,

yc (t) = Ay1 (t) + By2 (t) (2)

then eqn 3 particular integral solution yp (t) will be given as;

Z Z
y2 g (t) y1 g (t)
yp (t) = −y1 dt + y2 dt (3)
W (y1 , y2 ) W (y1 , y2 )
where W (y1 , y2 ) is the Wronskian.

If y1 (t), y2 (t) and yp (t) are known from (4) and (5), then the general
solution will be given as :

y (t) = yc (t) + yp (t) (4)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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 Cont...

To solve for the general solution of (3), we follow these few steps.

We first solve the homogeneous part for the Complimentary solution

yc (t).
yc(t) = Ay1 (t) + By2 (t) (5)
Formulate y1 (t) and y2 (t) from (4) as solutions

Compute the Wronskian W (y1 , y2 )

Now substitute the Wronskian and solutions from the steps above
into (5) to compute for the Particular integral solution yc (t).

Finally, formulate
yc(t) = Ay1 (t) + By2 (t)
and hence if given any conditions substitute to find the values of the
arbitrary constants.
F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
DIFFERENTIAL
Kwame Nkrumah
EQUATIONS
University
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February 16, 2023 4 / 21
 Cont...

Solve the differential equation

y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = e t + e 2t

Solution : Given
y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = e t + e 2t
we deduce the characteristic equation to be

r 2 − 3r + 2 = e t + e 2t

r 2 − 3r + 2 = 0
(r − 1)(r − 2) = 0
r =1 r =2

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
Kwame Nkrumah
EQUATIONS
University
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251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 5 / 21
 Cont...
therefore the Complimentary solution yc (t) will be

yc (t) = Ae t + Be 2t

we then deduce y1 and y2 from yc (t)

y1 = e t
y2 = e 2t

The Wronskian will therefore be

 t
e 2t 

e
W (y1 (t), y2 (t)) =  t =0
e 2e 2t 

= e t (2e 2t ) − e t (e 2t )
W (y1 (t), y2 (t)) = e 3t

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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 Cont...

we then compute for the particular integral function yp (t)

Z Z
y2 g (t) y1 g (t)
yp (t) = −y1 dt + y2 dt
W (y1 , y2 ) W (y1 , y2 )

e 2t (e t + e 2t )
Z t t
e (e + e 2t )
Z
yp (t) = −e t dt + e 2t
dt
e 3t e 3t
Z Z
yp (t) = −e t e −t (e t + e 2t )dt + e 2t e −2t (e t + e 2t )dt
Z Z
yp (t) = −e t (1 + e t )dt + e 2t (e −t + 1)dt

yp (t) = −e t (t + e t ) + e 2t (−e −t + t)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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 Cont...

yp (t) = −te t − e 2t − e t + te 2t

yp (t) = e t (−t − 1) + e 2t (t − 1)

y (t) = yc(t) + yp(t)

y (t) = yc (t) = Ae t + Be 2t − e t (t + 1) + e 2t (t − 1)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
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February 16, 2023 8 / 21
 Cont...

Solve the differential equations

et
y ′′ − 2y ′ + y =
t2 + 1

Solution : Solving the homogeneous part, we obtain;

yc (t) = Ae t + Bte t
So we then determine y1 and y2
y1 = e t
y2 = te t
we then compute the Wronskian
 t
te t 

e
e t e t + te t  = 0


F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
University
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February 16, 2023 9 / 21
 Cont...

=e t (e t + te t ) − e t (te t )
=e 2t + te 2t − te 2t
=e 2t
We then compute for the non-homogeneous solution
Z Z
y2 g (t) y1 g (t)
yp (t) = −y1 dt + y2 dt
W (y1 , y2 ) W (y1 , y2 )
te t (e t ) e t (e t )
Z Z
t t
yp (t) = −e dt + te dt
(t 2 + 1)e 2t (t 2 + 1)e 2t
te 2t e 2t
Z Z
t t
yp (t) = −e dt + te dt
(t 2 + 1)e 2t (t 2 + 1)e 2t
Z Z
t t t 1
yp (t) = −e 2
dt + te 2
dt
(t + 1) (t + 1)
F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
DIFFERENTIAL
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 Cont...

 
1
t
yp (t) = −e ln |t + 1| + te t (ln |t 2 + 1|) + c
2
2
 
1
yp (t) = −e t ln |t 2 + 1| + te t (ln |t 2 + 1|)
2
 
t 2 1
yp (t) = e ln|t + 1| − + t
2
therefore the general solution will be;

y (t) = yc(t) + yp(t)

 
t t 1 t 2
y (t) = Ae + Bte + e ln|t + 1| − + t
2

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
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February 16, 2023 11 / 21
 Cont...

Solve the differential equation

2y ′′ + 18y = 6 tan(3t)

Solution : Given
2y ′′ + 18y = 6 tan(3t) (6)
We can first simplify the differential equation by dividing through by 2

y ′′ + 9y = 3 tan(3t) (7)

whose characteristic solution will be given as

r 2 + 9 = 3 tan(3t) (8)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
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 Cont...

r2 + 9 = 0 (9)
r1,2 = ±3i (10)
therefore the complimentary solution yc (t) will be

yc (t) = A cos(3t) + B sin(3t) (11)

we then determine our y1 (t) and y2 (t) from the complimentary solution,
given as;

y1 (t) = cos(3t) (12)

y1 (t) = sin(3t) (13)

the Wronskian will therefore become;

 
 cos(3t) sin(3t) 
W (y1 (t), y2 (t)) = 
 =0
−3 sin(3t) 3 cos(3t)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
University
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February 16, 2023 13 / 21
 Cont...

3 cos2 (3t) + 3 sin2 (3t)

W (y1 (t), y2 (t)) = 3
Now that we have the Wronskian and the solutions, we now substitute
them into egn 10.
Z Z
y2 g (t) y1 g (t)
yp (t) = −y1 dt + y2 dt
W (y1 , y2 ) W (y1 , y2 )
Z Z
3 sin(3t) tan(3t) 3 cos(3t) tan(3t)
= − cos(3t) dt + sin(3t) dt
3 3
we then simplify and integrate;
sin2 (3t)
Z Z
yp (t) = − cos(3t) dt + sin(3t) sin(3t)dt
cos(3t)
1 − cos 2 (3t)
Z Z
yp (t) = −cos(3t) dt + sin(3t) sin(3t)dt
cos(3t)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
University
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251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 14 / 21
 Cont...

Z Z
= − cos(3t) sec(3t) − cos(3t)dt + sin(3t) sin(3t)dt

cos(3t) sin(3t)
=− (ln |sec(3t) + tan(3t)| − sin(3t)) + (−cos(3t))
3 3

cos(3t)
=− ln |sec(3t) + tan(3t)|
3
The general solution is;

y (t) = yc(t) + yp(t)

cos(3t)
y (t) = C1 cos(3t) + C2 sin(3t) − ln |sec(3t) + tan(3t)|
3
F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
DIFFERENTIAL
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 Cont...

Solve the differential equation

y ′′ + y = sec(t)

Solution : Given
y ′′ + y = sec(t)
could be transformed as
r 2 + 1 = sec(t)
solving the homogeneous part

r2 + 1 = 0

r1,2 = ±i

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
University
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251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 16 / 21
 Cont...
therefore the complimentary solution will be;

yc (t) = A cos t + B sin t

we then formulate our y1 t and y2 (t) as

y1 t = cos t
y2 t = sin t

the Wronskian will therefore become;

 
 cos(t) sin(t) 
W (y1 (t), y2 (t)) =  =0
− sin(t) cos(t)

cos2 (t) + sin2 (t)

W (y1 (t), y2 (t)) = 1

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
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251)and Technology
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 Cont...
Now we have the solutions and the Wronskian, we compute the particular
integral function
Z Z
y2 g (t) y1 g (t)
yp (t) = −y1 dt + y2 dt
W (y1 , y2 ) W (y1 , y2 )

we then substitute
Z Z
sin t sec t sin t sec t
yp (t) = − cos t dt + cos t dt
1 1
we further simplify and integrate
Z Z
sin t
− cos t dt + sin t 1dt
cos t
Z Z
− cos t tan tdt + sin t 1dt

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
University
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251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 18 / 21
 Cont...

yp (t) = − cos t(− ln | cos t| + t sin t)

yp (t) = cos t(ln | cos t| + t sin t)
our general solution will therefore be;

y (t) = A cos t + B sin t + cos t(ln | cos t| + t sin t)

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
University
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251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 19 / 21
 NOTE
Read on the D - Operator Method for solving
Higher Order Differential equations

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
University
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Of Science
251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 20 / 21
 THANK YOU

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

DIFFERENTIAL
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EQUATIONS
University
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Of Science
251)and Technology
February 16, 2023 21 / 21