DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS I

(MATH 251)

F.A Wireko, PhD

Department Of Mathematics

Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science and Technology

February 16, 2023

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 LECTURE TEN

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 Introduction

In this section we discuss higher order differential equations that are non -
homogenous. A second order, linear non homogenous differential equation
is
y ” + p(t)y ′ + q(t)y = g (t) g (t) ̸= 0 (1)
Thus g (t) is non-zero function. The general solution of non-homogenous
differential equation is of the form

yt = yc (t) + yp (t) (2)

where,
yc (t) = Complimentary function
and
yp (t) = Particular Integral Function

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 Cont...

Here focus on solutions to higher order non-homogenous differential

equations and we therefore discuss three main methods or approaches

Method of Undetermined Coefficient

Method of Variation of Parameters

Differential Operator Method

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 Method of Undetermined Coefficient
First we solve the homogeneous part just as we discussed under
higher order homogeneous equation by putting g (t) = 0 and this
gives us the Complimentary function yc (t).

Now we compute Particular Integral function yp (t) by first assuming

a trial solution yp (t)

Differentiate the trial solution to the order of the differential equation.

Substitute the results into the differential equation and then simplify.

Compute the value for the arbitrary constants and the formulate the
Particular Integrated function yp (t)

Formulate therefore the general solution

y (t) = yc (t) + yp (t)

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 Cont...

RHS = g(t) General Form (yp (t))

Linear function Ax + B

Quadratic function Ax 2 + Bx + C

Cubic function Ax 3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D

Exponential Function Ae βx

Trig Functions Acos(βx) + Bsin(β x)

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 REAL BUT DISTINCT ROOTS

Solve the differential equation

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 2t + 3

Solution : Compute the complimentary function yc (t), by solving the

homogenous part, g (t) = 0

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 2t + 3

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 0
by converting it to a polynomial;

r 2 − 5r + 6 = 0

(r − 3)(r − 2)
r =3 r =2
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 Cont...

r =3 r =2
therefore the complimentary function will be;

yc (t) = C1 e 3t + C2 e 2t

We then compute the particular integral function yp (t)

Here we assume a trial solution by noting the nature of function the RHS
will be. Since the RHS is a linear function, the trial solution will become;

yp (t) = At + B

we then differentiate the trial solution to the second order, since the order
of the differential equation is 2.

yp (t) = At + B, yp′ (t) = A, yp′′ (t) = 0

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 Cont...
we then substitute the derivatives into the non-homogeneous differential
equation
y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 2t + 3
0 − 5A + 6(At + B) = 2t + 3
by comparing LHS and RHS
1
6A = 2 hence A =
3
7
6B − 5A = 3 hence B =
9
we then formulate the particular integral function since we know the values
of the arbitrary constants in the trial solution.
1 7
yp (t) = t +
3 9

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 cont...

hence the general solution becomes

y (t) = yc (t) + yp (t)

1 7
=⇒ y (t) = Ae 3t + Be 2t + t +
3 9

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 Cont...

Solve the differential equation

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 12e 5t

Solution :Compute the complimentary function yc (t), by solving the

homogenous part, g (t) = 0

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 2t + 3

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 0
by converting it to a polynomial;

r 2 − 5r + 6 = 0

(r − 3)(r − 2)
r =3 r =2
F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
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 Cont...

r =3 r =2
therefore the complimentary function will be;

yc (t) = C1 e 3t + C2 e 2t

We then compute the particular integral function yp (t)

Here we assume a trial solution by noting the nature of function the RHS
will be. Since the RHS is an exponential function, the trial solution will
become;
yp (t) = Ae 5t
we then differentiate the trial solution to the order of the differential
equation

yp (t) = Ae 5t , yp′ (t) = 5Ae 5t , yp′′ (t) = 25Ae 5t ,

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 Cont..

we then substitute the derivatives into the non-homogeneous differential

equation.
y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 12e 5t
25Ae 5t − 5(5Ae 5t ) + 6Ae 5t = 12e 5t
by expanding and comparing LHS to RHS

6A = 12 =⇒ A = 2

therefore, we can formulate our particular integral function as;

yp (t) = 2e 5t

Hence our general solution will be;

y (t) = C1 e 3t + C2 e 2t + 2e 5t

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 Cont...

Solve the differential equation

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 12e 2t

Solution : Complimentary solution will be;

yc (t) = C1 e 3t + C2 e 2t

we therefore solve for yp (t). The RHS is still a linear function, so our
particular integral function should have been

yp (t) = Ae 2t

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 Cont...
but we cannot use that because this nature of solution occurs in the
complimentary solution. Therefore our complimentary solution becomes :
yp (t) = Ate 2t
We therefore compute our derivatives
yp (t) = Ate 2t , yp′ (t) = Ate 2t (1 + 2t), yp′′ (t) = Ae 2t (4t + 4),
by substituting the derivatives into the non-homogeneous differential
equation, we have
Ae 2t (4t + 4) − 5Ate 2t (1 + 2t) + 6Ate 2t = 12e 2t
by comparing LHS and RHS
A = −12
And so our particular solution :
yp (t) = −12te 2t
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 Cont...

therefore the general solution will become

y (t) = yc (t) + yp (t)

y (t) = C1 e 3t + C2 e 2t − 12te 2t

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 REAL BUT REPEATED ROOTS

Solve the differential equation

y ′′ − 4y ′ + 4y = 2e 2t .

Solution : In this case, the characteristic equation will have repeated

roots, therefore our complimentary solution will be
yc (t) = C1 e 2t + C2 te 2t
we therefore solve for yp (t). The RHS is still a linear function, so our
particular integral function should have been
yp (t) = Ae 2t
but we cannot use that because this nature of solution occurs in the
complimentary solution and here the complimentary solution is also a
repeated root. It will therefore become;
yp (t) = At 2 e 2t
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 Cont...

by differentiating yp (t) and substituting them into the non-homogeneous

differential equation, our particular integral function becomes;

yp (t) = t 2 e 2t

therefore the general solution will become

y (t) = C1 e 2t + C2 te 2t + t 2 e 2t

F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics

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 Cont...

Solve the differential equation

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = sin(t)

Solution :Compute the complimentary function yc (t), by solving the

homogeneous part, g (t) = 0

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = sin(t)

y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = 0
by converting it to a polynomial;

r 2 − 5r + 6 = 0

(r − 3)(r − 2)
r =3 r =2
F.A Wireko, PhD Department Of Mathematics
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 Cont...

r =3 r =2
therefore the complimentary function will be;

yc (t) = C1 e 3t + C2 e 2t

Solving for the Particular Integral Function

yp(t) = Acos(t) + Bsin(t)

′
yp(t) = −Asin(t) + Bcos(t)
′′
yp(t) = −Acos(t) − Bsin(t)

Substituting it into the equation y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = sin(t)

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 Cont...

= [−Acos(t) − Bsin(t)] − 5[−Asin(t) + Bcos(t)] + 6[Acos(t) + Bsin(t)]

= −Acos(t) − Bsin(t) + 5Asin(t) − 5Bcos(t) + 6Acos(t) + 6Bsin(t)

= 5Acos(t) + 5Bsin(t) + 5sin(t) − 5Bcos(t) = sin(t)

5Acos(t) − 5Bcos(t) = 0 (3)

5Asin(t) + 5Bsin(t) = 1 (4)

5A − 5B = 0
5A + 5B = 1

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 Cont...

1 1
A= , B=
10 10

1 1
ypt = cos(t) + sin(t)
10 10

y = yc(t) + yp(t)

1 1
y = C1 e 3t + C2 e 2t + cos(t) + sin(t)
10 10

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 COMPLEX ROOTS

Solve the differential equation

y ′′ + y = cos t

Solution : We first solve the homogeneous side and this will have complex
roots, and will therefore have its complimentary solution as;
yc (t) = C1 cos t + C2 sin t
Now we compute the non-homogeneous side by determining the trial
solution yp (t).The RHS is a trigonometric function and therefore our trial
function should have been;
yp (t) = A cos t + B sin t
but since the complimentary function is of similar form, it will become;
yp (t) = t (A cos t + B sin t)
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 Cont...

we therefore differentiate yp (t) to the order of the differential equation

yp (t) = t (A cos t + B sin t)

yp′ (t) = A cos t + B sin t − tA sin t + tB cos t
yp′′ (t) = −tA cos t − tB sin t − 2A sin t + 2B cos t

we therefore substitute and compare

1
B=− A=0
2
therefore the particular solution :
t
yp (t) = − sin t
2

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 Cont...

Therefore our general solution will be;

y (t) = yc(t) + yp(t)

t
y (t) = C1 cos(t) + C2 cos(t) − sin(t)
2

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 Cont....

Solve the following differential equations

y ′′ + 4y = 3sin2x

y ” − 4y ′ − 12y = 2t 3 − t + 3

y ′′ + 9y = e 2x

y ′′ − 4y ′ − 12y = te 4t

y ′′ − 100y = 9t 2 e 10t + cost − tsint

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 Cont...

Write down the form of the particular solution to

y ” + p(t)y ′ + q(t)y = g (t)

for the following g (t)′ s

g (t) = 4cos(6t) − 9sin(6t)

g (t) = −2sint + sin(14t) − 5cos(14t)

g (t) = t 2 cost − 5tsint

5e −3t + e −3t cos(6t) − sin(6t)

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 Cont...

Write down the guess for the particular solution to the given differential
equation

y ′′ + 3y ′ − 28 = 7t + e −7t − 1
   
−2t t t
4y ” + y = e sin + 6tcos
2 2
   
′ −2t t t
4y ” + 16y + 17y = e sin + 6tcos
2 2

y ” + 8y ′ + 16y = e −4t + (t 2 + 5)e −4t

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 THANK YOU

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