ES 111: MATHEMATICS

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA

Department of Mathematics & Statistics

University of Dodoma

Lecture 1

December 31, 2021.

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Matrices

1 Definition

2 Size of the matrix

3 Special types of matrices

4 Classes of square matrices

5 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Concept of a matrix

Matrix

Rectangular array of numbers and/variables

Horizontal arrays are called rows and vertical arrays are called
columns
When we write matrices we enclose them in square brackets or large
parentheses and name them by capital letters
Example
   
a11 a12 . . . a1n a11 a12 . . . a1n
a a22 . . . a2n   a21 a22 . . . a2n 
 
A =  21  or A = 
 
 . . ... .   . . ... . 


am1 am2 . . . amn am1 am2 . . . amn

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Size of the matrix

Matrix A can also be written as A = [aij ] where 1 ≤ i ≤ m and

1 ≤ j ≤ n.
Size of the matrix

Size of the matrix is also referred to as order of the matrix

The order of the matrix with m− rows and n− columns is written as
m×n
Consider the matrix B given by
 
b11 b12 b13 b14
B = b21 b22 b23 b24 
 
b31 b32 b33 b34
The order of matrix B is 3 × 4

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Special types of matrices

Zero/Null matrix

Is a matrix with all entries zeros

It is denoted by O

Example
 
0 0 ... 0
0 0 . . . 0
O=
 
. . . . . .


0 0 ... 0

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Special types of matrices cont. . .

Square matrices

Is a matrix with equal number of rows and columns

 
a11 a12 . . . a1n
a a22 . . . a2n 
A matrix A =  21  is a square matrix only when
 
 . . ... . 
am1 am2 . . . amn
m=n
Example
 
1 6 8
B =  t 0 6 is a square matrix with three rows and three columns
 
5t 4 4

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Special types of matrices cont . . .

Identity matrix/Unit matrix

Is a square matrix whose diagonal entries are 1s and zeros else where
It is always named by a capital letter I when the size is known and In
when the size is not known
Example
 
1 0 ... 0
0 1 . . . 0
In = 
 
. . . . . .


0 0 ... 1

Note: By the term Identity matrix here we mean multiplicative

Identity

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Classes of square matrices

Diagonal matrices

A = [aij ] is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 whenever i ̸= j.

A = [aij ] is a lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 whenever i < j; and
upper triangular if aij = 0 whenever i > j:

Example
 
2 9 5
Upper triangular matrix; B = 0 8 3
 
0 0 2
 
2 0 0
Lower triangular matrix; B = 7 8 0
 
1 8 2

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Classes of square matrices cont. . .

Symmetric and Skew-symmetric matrices

The square matrix A is symmetric if AT = A and skew-symmetric if

AT = −A

Example
 
1 2 3
Symmetric matrix; A = 2 4 5
 
3 5 0
" #
0 2
Skew-symmetric matrix; A =
−2 0

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations

Matrix Addition

Two matrices can be added whenever they have the same order.
When adding matrices we add corresponding entries while
maintaining their corresponding position.
Let A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] be any two matrices with the same order,
then A + B = [aij ] + [bij ] = [aij + bij ]

Matrix Subtraction

If A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are matrices of the same size then

A − B = [aij ] − [bij ] = [aij − bij ]

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations

Matrix Addition

Two matrices can be added whenever they have the same order.
When adding matrices we add corresponding entries while
maintaining their corresponding position.
Let A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] be any two matrices with the same order,
then A + B = [aij ] + [bij ] = [aij + bij ]

Matrix Subtraction

If A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are matrices of the same size then

A − B = [aij ] − [bij ] = [aij − bij ]

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

ES&111:
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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .

Matrix transpose

If A = [aij ] is m × n matrix then the transpose of matrix A denoted by

AT is a n × m matrix whose (i, j) entry is (j, i).
It implies AT = [aji ]

Example
   
1 2 3 1 7 1
If A = 7 4 5 then AT = 2 4 5
   
1 5 9 3 5 9

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont . . .

Trace of the matrix

Trace of matrix A denoted by Tr (A) is the sum of diagonal entries of

matrix A
If A = [aij ] is n × n matrix then Tr (A) = a11 + a22 + a33 + . . . + ann

Example
 
4 6 5
If A = 9 5 2 then Tr (A) = 4 + 5 + 7 = 16
 
1 3 7

Note: Trace is only defined for square matrices

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .

Theorem
If the matrices A, B and C have the same order then
Commutative law of matrix addition holds; A + B = B + A
Associative law of matrix addition holds; A + (B + C ) = (A + B) + C

Proof
Let A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] be any two m × n matrices, then
A + B = [aij ] + [bij ] = [aij + bij ]; Definition of matrix addition
= [bij + aij ]; Commutative property of regular addition
= [bij ] + [aij ]; Definition of matrix addition
=B+A ■

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .

The second item is left as an exercise

Note: If a zero matrix O and a matrix A have the same order then
O+A=A+O =A

Multiplication of matrices

(a) Scalar multiplication: Let λ be a scalar and A = [aij ] be any m × n

matrix then λA = λ[aij ] = [λaij ]

Example
" # " #
a b λa λb
Given that λ is a scalar and B = then λB =
f g λf λg

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .

Theorem
If A and B are matrices of the same order and if λ1 and λ2 denote scalars
then the following distributive laws holds
λ1 (A + B) = λ1 A + λ1 B
(λ1 + λ2 )A = λ1 A + λ2 A
(λ1 λ2 )A = λ1 (λ2 A)

Proof
Let A = [aij ], B = [bij ] then
λ1 (A + B) = λ1 ([aij ] + [bij ])

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .

= λ1 [aij + bij ]; Definition matrix addition

= [λ1 (aij + bij )]; Definition of scalar multiplication

= [λ1 aij + λ1 bij ]; Distributive property of scalars

= [λ1 aij ] + [λ1 bij ]; Definition of matrix addition

= λ1 [aij ] + λ1 [bij ];Definition of scalar multiplication

= λ1 A + λ1 B ■

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .

(b) Matrix multiplication

Two matrices A and B can be multiplied only if the number of
columns of matrix A is equal to the number of rows of matrix B.
If matrix A has the order m × n and matrix B has the order n × p
then matrix AB has the order m × p.
An entry in i th row and j th column of the product matrix AB is
obtained by multiplying the i th row of A by corresponding j th column
of B and sum the results.
Let A, B and C be matrices such that A = [aij ], B = [bij ] and
C = [cij ] then the matrix C can be written as:
Pr
C = [cij ] = [ m=1 aim bmj ]

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

ES&111:
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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .

Theorem
If A, B and C have appropriate orders so that the following addition and
multiplications are defined then
A(BC ) = (AB)C ; (Associative law holds)
A(B + C ) = AB + AC ; (Left distributive law holds)
(B + C )A = BA + CA; (Right distributive law holds)

Proof
Let A = [aij ], B = [bij ] and C = [cij ] be matrices, then
A(B + C ) = [aij ]([bij ] + [cij ])
= [aij ][bij + cij ]; Definition of matrix addition

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

ES&111:
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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .
Pn
=[ k=1 aik (bkj + ckj )]; Definition of matrix multiplication
Pn
=[ k=1 (aik bkj + aik ckj )]; Distributive property of scalars
Pn Pn
=[ k=1 aik bkj + k=1 aik ckj ]
Pn Pn
= [ k=1 aik bkj ] + [ k=1 aik ckj ]; Definition of matrix addition
= [aij ][bij ] + [aij ][cij ]; Definition of matrix multiplication
= AB + AC ■

Theorem
The following properties are true for any scalar λ and any matrix for which
the indicated additions and multiplications are defined
(AT )T = A
(λA)T = λAT

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

ES&111:
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 Properties of matrix arithmetic and operations cont. . .

(A + B)T = AT + B T
(AB)T = B T AT

Proof
Let A = [aij ], B = [bij ] be two matrices with AB defined, then
(AB)T = ([aij ][bij ])T
Pn T
=[ k=1 aik bkj ] ; Definition of matrix multiplication
[ nk=1 ajk bki ]; Definition of matrix transpose
P
=
[ nk=1 akj T b T ]; Definition of transpose
P
= ik
Pn T a T ]; Commutative law of scalars
= [ k=1 bik kj
= T T
[bij ][aij ]; Definition of matrix multiplication
= B T AT ■

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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 Thank you for your Attention.

Instructor: F. M. TIRAGA Department of Mathematics

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