Lecture 15

Differential Equations
MATH 251
F.A.Wireko, PhD
Email:fawireko@gmail.com
Department of Mathematics
Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science and Technology
March 11, 2024
F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Differential
of Mathematics
Equations Kwame Nkrumah University
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Science and Technolo
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Lecture Fifteen

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Solving IVP’s with Laplace transforms
To solve a differential equation by Laplace transform, we go consider the

following steps:
• Rewrite the equation in terms of Laplace transforms
• Insert the given initial conditions
• Re-arrange the equation algebraically to give the transform of the

solution
• Determine the inverse transform to obtain a particular solution

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Laplace of Derivatives
•
L{y } = Y (s)
•
L{y ′ } = sL{y }(s) − y (0)

= sY (s) − y (0)
L{y ′′ } = s 2 L{y }(s) − s ′ y (s) − y ′ (s)

= s 2 Y (s) − sy (0) − y ′ (0)
• Generally
L{y (k) } = s (k) Y (s) − s (k−1) y (0) − . . . − sy (k−2) (0) − y (k−1) (0)
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Example
Solve the IVP
y ′′ − 10y ′ + 9y = 5t, y (0) = −1 y ′ (0) = 2

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Solution
The first step in using the Laplace transform to solve an IVP is to

take the transform of every term in the differential equation
L{y ′′ } − 10L{y ′ } + 9L{y } = L{5t}
5
(s 2 Y (s) − sy (0) − y ′ (0)) − 10(sY (s) − y (0)) + 9Y (s) =
s2
Plugging the initial conditions,
5
s 2 Y (s) − s(−1) − 2 − 10(sY (s) − (−1)) + 9Y (s) =
s2

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Cont...
Grouping like terms and simplifying give,
5
(s 2 − 10s + 9)Y (s) + s − 12 =
s2
Solving for Y (s) gives
5 12 − s
Y (s) = +
s 2 (s
− 9(s − 1)) (s − 9)(s − 1)
5 + 12s 2 − s 3
= 2
s (s − 9)(s − 1)
Finding the partial fraction decomposition for the R.H.S gives
5 + 12s 2 − s 3 A B C D
= + 2+ +
s 2 (s
− 9)(s − 1) s s s −9 s −1

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Cont...
Solving for the constants, we have

50 5 31
A= B= C= D = −2
81 9 81
Plugging in the constants gives
50 5 31 2
Y (s) = + 2+ −
81s 9s 81(s − 9) s − 1
Now, taking the inverse of the transform gives the solution to the IVP
50 5 31
y (t) = + t + e 9t − 2e t
81 9 81

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Example
Solve the IVP
2y ′′ + 3y ′ − 2y = te −2t , y (0) = 0, y ′ = −2

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Solution
As with the first example, we first take the Laplace transform of all
the terms in the differential equation. Afterwards we plug in the
initial conditions to get
1
2(s 2 Y (s) − sy (0) − y ′ (0)) + 3(sY (s) − y (0)) − 2Y (s) =
(s + 2)2
Simplifying the above equation gives
1
(2s 2 + 3s − 2)Y (s) + 4 =
(s + 2)2
Solving for Y (s) gives

1 4
Y (s) = 3
−
(2s − 1)(s + 2) (2s − 1)(s + 2)

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Cont...
Simplifying further gives
−4s 2 − 16s − 15
Y (s) =
(2s − 1)(s + 2)3
The partial fraction decomposition then becomes
−4s 2 − 16s − 15 A B C D
3
= + + 2
+
(2s − 1)(s + 2) 2s − 1 s + 2 (s + 2) (s + 2)3
Solving for A,B,C , and D, we have

192 96 −2 1
A=− , B= , C= and D = −
125 125 25 5

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Cont...
Plugging in the constants gives,

−192 96 −2 −1
125 125 25 5
Y (s) = + + +
2s − 1 s + 2 (s + 2)2 (s + 2)3
25 2!

1 −192 96 10 2!
= + − −
125 2(s − 21 ) s + 2 (s + 2)2 (s + 2)3
Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives,

1 t
−2t −2t 25 2 −2t
y (t) = − 96e + 96e
2 − 10te − t e
125 2

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Exercise
Solve the following IVP

1
y ′′ − 6y ′ + 15y = 2 sin(3t) y (0) = −1 y ′ (0) = −4
′
y ′′ − 2y ′ + y = 3e t y (0) = 1, y (0) = 1
y ′′ − 4y = e −t y (0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 0

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Step Function
Some of the most interesting elementary applications of the transform

method occur in the solution of linear differential equations with
discontinuous or impulsive forcing functions.
These equations arise in the analysis of the flow of current in electric

circuits or the vibrations of mechanical systems.
This lecture focuses on additional properties of the Laplace transform

that are useful in solving such problems.

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Cont...
These functions are assumed to be piecewise continuous and of

exponential order.
This assumption is to ensure the existence of the Laplace transforms,

at least for s sufficiently large.
To deal effectively with functions having jump discontinuities, it is

very helpful to introduce a function known as the unit step function
or Heaviside function

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Cont...
The figure below illustrates the graph of a Heaviside function
The function can be denoted by uc (t) and it is written

mathematically as: (
0 t < c,
uc (t) =
1 t≥c

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Cont....
Laplace of uc (t)
Note that
uc (t) = u(t − c)
Now lets find the Laplace transform of uc (t):
Z ∞
L{uc (t)} = e −st uc (t)dt
Z0 c Z ∞
= e −st (0) dt + e −st (1) dt
Z0 ∞ c
= e −st dt
c

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of Mathematics
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Cont...
1 −st ∞

= − e
s c

1 −s(∞) 1 −s(c)
=− e − − e
s s
1
L{uc (t)} = e −sc , s > 0
s
1
L{uc (t)} = e −sc , (1)
s
Equation (1)is the Heaviside Laplace identity

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Cont...
For a given function f defined for t ≥ 0, we will often want to

consider the related function g defined by
(
0 t < c,
g (t) =
f(t - c) t ≥ c
which represents a translation of f (t) by a distance c in the positive t

direction.
We rewrite g (t) in terms of unit step function as
g (t) = uc (t)f (t − c)

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Cont...
Figure: Graph of f (t) Figure: Graph of f (t − c)

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Laplace Transform of uc (t)f (t − c)
Z ∞
L{uc (t)f (t − c)} = e −st (uc (t)f (t − c)) dt
Z0 c Z ∞
−st
= e (0.f (t − c)) dt + e −st (1.f (t − c)) dt
0 c

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of Mathematics
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Cont....
Z ∞
= e −st f (t − c)dt
c
Let
τ = t − c =⇒ t = τ + c
and
dt = dτ
Also for the limits, when t = c, τ = 0 and when t = ∞, τ = ∞
Making the necessary substitution we have
Z ∞
= e −s(τ +c) f (τ )dτ
0

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of Mathematics
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Z ∞
= e −sτ .e −cs f (τ )dτ
0
Z ∞
−cs
=e e −sτ f (τ )dτ
0
R∞ R∞
Now 0 e −sτ f (τ )dτ has exactly the same value as 0 e −st f (t)dt
which is, of course, the Laplace transform of f (t).
Therefore
L{uc (t)f (t − c)} = e −cs F (s) (2)

Differential
of Mathematics
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Cont...
In modelling discontinuous functions, for instance, let us assume,

(
f1 (t) t < c,
f (t) =
f2 (t) t ≥ c
f (t) = f1 (t) + [f2 (t) − f1 (t)]uc (t)

Differential
of Mathematics
March 11,Of2024
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Example
Write the following function (or switch) in terms of Heaviside function,


−4 t < 6,



25 6 ≤ t < 8
f (t) =


 16 8 ≤ t < 30

10 t ≥ 30

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Solution
f (t) = −4 + [25 − (−4)]u6 (t) + [16 − 25]u8 (t) + [10 − 16]u30 (t)
= −4 + 29u6 (t) − 9u8 (t) − 6u30 (t)

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Exercise
Express f (t) in terms of the unit step function uc (t)




 0 0 ≤ 6 ≤ 3,

−2 3 ≤ t < 5
1 f(t) =


 2 5≤t<7

1 t≥7



 t 0 ≤ t ≤ 2,

2 2≤t<5
2 f(t) =
7 − t 5 ≤ t < 7



0 t≥7
(
1 0 ≤ t ≤ 2,
3 f(t) =
e −(t−2) t≥2

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of Mathematics
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Blessings

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of Mathematics
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Lecture 15

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Differential Equations

Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science and Technology

March 11, 2024

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

To solve a differential equation by Laplace transform, we go consider the

• Insert the given initial conditions

• Re-arrange the equation algebraically to give the transform of the

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

L{y ′ } = sL{y }(s) − y (0)

L{y ′′ } = s 2 L{y }(s) − s ′ y (s) − y ′ (s)

Solve the IVP

y ′′ − 10y ′ + 9y = 5t, y (0) = −1 y ′ (0) = 2

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

The first step in using the Laplace transform to solve an IVP is to

L{y ′′ } − 10L{y ′ } + 9L{y } = L{5t}

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Solving for the constants, we have

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Solve the IVP

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Solving for Y (s) gives

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Simplifying further gives

The partial fraction decomposition then becomes

Solving for A,B,C , and D, we have

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Plugging in the constants gives,

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives,

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Solve the following IVP

y ′′ − 6y ′ + 15y = 2 sin(3t) y (0) = −1 y ′ (0) = −4

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Some of the most interesting elementary applications of the transform

These equations arise in the analysis of the flow of current in electric

This lecture focuses on additional properties of the Laplace transform

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

These functions are assumed to be piecewise continuous and of

This assumption is to ensure the existence of the Laplace transforms,

To deal effectively with functions having jump discontinuities, it is

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

The function can be denoted by uc (t) and it is written

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

For a given function f defined for t ≥ 0, we will often want to

which represents a translation of f (t) by a distance c in the positive t

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Figure: Graph of f (t) Figure: Graph of f (t − c)

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

L{uc (t)f (t − c)} = e −cs F (s) (2)

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

In modelling discontinuous functions, for instance, let us assume,

f (t) = f1 (t) + [f2 (t) − f1 (t)]uc (t)

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Write the following function (or switch) in terms of Heaviside function,

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

F.A.Wireko, PhD Email:fawireko@gmail.com (Department

Express f (t) in terms of the unit step function uc (t)