Physica Scripta

PAPER You may also like

- The Gravity Probe B test of general
The sensitivity demonstration and propagation of relativity
C W F Everitt, B Muhlfelder, D B DeBra et
hyper-geometric soliton waves in plasma physics al.

- Review—Carbon Electrodes in
of Kairat-II equation Magnesium Sulphur Batteries:
Performance Comparison of Electrodes
and Future Directions
To cite this article: Waqas Ali Faridi et al 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 045209 Utkarsh Chadha, Preetam Bhardwaj,
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban et al.

- Quantization of the Liénard II equation and

Jacobi’s last multiplier
A Ghose Choudhury and Partha Guha
View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 193.255.114.14 on 17/04/2024 at 10:50

 Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad2bc2

PAPER

The sensitivity demonstration and propagation of hyper-geometric

RECEIVED
8 December 2023
soliton waves in plasma physics of Kairat-II equation
REVISED
26 January 2024
ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION
Waqas Ali Faridi1,∗ , Ghulam Hussain Tipu2, Zhaidary Myrzakulova3, Ratbay Myrzakulov3,
21 February 2024 Salman A AlQahtani4 and Pranavkumar Pathak5
1
PUBLISHED Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
5 March 2024 2
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
3
Ratbay Myrzakulov Eurasian International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Astana, Kazakhstan
4
Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5
School of Continuing Studies, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
∗
Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: wa966142@gmail.com, gh.tipu67@gmail.com, zrmyrzakulova@gmail.com, rmyrzakulov@gmail.com, salmanq@ksu.edu.sa
and pranavkumar.pathak@mail.mcgill.ca

Keywords: the Kairat-II equation, the new extended direct algebraic method, sensitive analysis, traveling wave solutions

Abstract
This study investigates the Kairat-II equation, describing optical pulse behavior in optical fibers and
plasma. To uncover new solitary wave profiles, the study employs an extended direct algebraic
method. This kind of solution has never been reached in research prior to this study. This innovative
approach efficiently encompasses a comprehensive set of thirty-seven solitonic wave profiles,
spanning various soliton families. The investigation unveils novel solitonic wave patterns, including
plane solutions, hyper-geometric solutions, mixed hyperbolic solutions, periodic and mixed periodic
solutions, mixed trigonometric solutions, trigonometric solutions, shock solutions, mixed shock
singular solutions, mixed singular solutions, complex solitary shock solutions, singular solutions, and
shock wave solutions. To demonstrate the pulse propagation characteristics, the research presents
2-D, 3-D, and contour graphics based on parameter values, aiding in a better understanding of the
phenomenon.

1. Introduction

Non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs) are essential tools [1, 2] for investigating complex non-linear
physical processes. They offer a mathematical framework to describe phenomena where relationships are not
proportional, and variables interact in intricate ways. In multiple scientific fields like plasma physics, fiber optics,
math physics, telecom engineering, and optics [3–5], non-linear PDEs are pervasive, as they help capture the
behavior of systems with diverse and intricate dynamics.
In the last decade, the study of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) has become increasingly
significant in both pure and applied mathematics [6–8]. Technological developments have opened up new
avenues for mathematicians working in the applied sciences, greatly contributing to this growing interest [9].
The increasing importance of nonlinear PDEs in contemporary scientific research is highlighted by the
convergence of mathematical analysis, computational capabilities, and physical applications [10]. The study of
optical solitons in nonlinear materials is one particular field of intense research interest. In all-optical switches
and high-speed data transmission via optical fibers, optical solitons are durable wave packets that are essential to
their operation [11, 12]. Their amazing endurance over extended distances is essential for maintaining signal
clarity, which increases the effectiveness and dependability of contemporary telecommunications [13].
In order to improve soliton behavior and its practical applications, the main goal of this research is to obtain
a deeper understanding of it. In particular, in the area of telecommunications, researchers are making
substantial contributions with real benefits for various technological advancements by accomplishing these

© 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd

Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

goals [14]. This interdisciplinary approach, combining mathematics, computer science, and physics,
underscores the dynamic nature of scientific inquiry in addressing real-world challenges.
At the moment, it is very beneficial to apply various techniques to solve partial differential equations
(NLEEs) and nonlinear evolution equations (NLEs) in order to obtain precise solutions. One effective scheme is
the Φ6-expansion approach [15–17], the Hirota bilinear method [18], the new Kudryashov approach [19], a new
auxiliary equation approach [20], a sinh-Gordon equation technique [21], modified Exponential function and
the Kudryshov techniques [22, 23], a generalized Riccati mapping equation scheme and the q-HATM methods
[24]. The Khater II approach and Sardar Sub-equation scheme [25] and utilizing conformable fractional
derivative [26], a auto-Backlund transformation technique [27], the Jacobi elliptic function technique [28], the
Jacobi elliptic function expansion (JEFE) method [29], the modified exponential rational functional method
[30], the retrieval process utilizes the undetermined coefficients method as its integration technique [31] and
so on.
One specific non-linear PDE of interest in these fields is the Kairat-II equation. It serves as a powerful
instrument for precisely interpreting the behavior of complex non-linear systems. Researchers are particularly
intrigued by the challenge of extracting analytical exact solutions for the Kairat-II equation. These solutions are
essential because they provide a deep understanding of the physical properties of non-linear systems. By
obtaining exact solutions, scientists and engineers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms, make
predictions, and design more efficient systems. This research endeavor in applied mathematics is crucial for
advancing our comprehension of non-linear phenomena and has practical implications for various
technological and scientific advancements across multiple disciplines.
We consider the following Kairat-II equation (K-IIE) [32],
u xt - 2u t u xx - 4u x u xt + u xxxt = 0. (1)
The system comprises interconnected nonlinear differential equations. The behavior of the system over space (x)
and time (t) is reflected in the real wave function, u(x, t), which varies.
This article explores the Kairat-II equation [32] model using innovative techniques, including the extended
direct algebraic method [33–36]. Recently, Awadalla et al [37] developed the exact solutions of Kairat-II equation
by utilizing the Expa function method, modified simplest equation and the generalized Kudryashov methods
and obtained trigonometric, hyperbolic trigonometric and exponential functions solutions, but they did not
discuss the hyper-trigonometric, rational and other generalized soliton types. On the other hand, they did not
discuss the first integral and sensitive analysis of the considered model. In order to fill this gap, new extended
direct algebraic technique has applied and generated novel hyper-geometric function solutions and other
generalized soliton solutions. The utilized analytical technique is one of the generalized analytical schemes which
gives thirty-seven generalized types of soliton solutions. Secondly, the Galilean transformation is utilized to
develop dynamical system and constructed first integral and performed sensitive analysis.
The paper is organized into sections: section 2 introduces core algorithm. Section 3 derives exact solutions
for the Kairat-II equation. Section 4 presents sensitive analysis and development of first integral, and section 5
concludes the paper.

2. Explanation of new extended direct algebraic technique

The nonlinear Kairat-II equation, which describes the evolution of u(x, t), is addressed analytically in this section
[38–41]:
G (u , u x , u t , u xx , u xt , u tt ,¼) = 0, (2)
When traveling wave transformations are used to obtain a non-linear ordinary differential equation, where Γ is a
polynomial of u(x, t),
u (x , t ) =  (g ) , g = k (x - l t ) , (3)
where k is the wave number and λ is the wave velocity and the equation (2) may be converted into nonlinear
ordinary differential equation by applying equation (3) on equation (2),
D ( , ¢, , ¢¢¢ ,...) = 0. (4)
The powers of  represents differentiation with respect to γ. Consider the following solution of equation (4) is in
the terms of:
N
 (g ) = å [a i ((g ))i ] , (5)
i=0

2
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

where ai (a0, a1, a2, ..., aN) are real constants and  (g ) is satisfying the ODE of the following form:
 ¢(g ) = ln (A)(a + b  (g ) + s ( (g ))2) , A ¹ 0, 1, (6)
where α, β and σ are the real constants and A = b 2 - 4as . The equation (6) has following solutions:
Family 1:
If A < 0 , σ ≠ 0,
b -A -A ⎞
1(g ) = - + tanA ⎛⎜ g ⎟, (7)
2s 2s ⎝ 2 ⎠
b -A -A ⎞
 2( g ) = - + cotA⎛⎜ g ⎟, (8)
2s 2s ⎝ 2 ⎠
b -A
 3( g ) = - + (tanA ( - A g )  mn secA ( - A g )) , (9)
2s 2s
b -A
4(g ) = - + (cotA( - A g )  mn cscA ( - A g )) , (10)
2s 2s
b -A ⎛ ⎛ - A g ⎟⎞ - cot ⎜⎛ - A g ⎞⎟ ⎞.
 5( g ) = - + ⎜tanA ⎜ A ⎟ (11)
2s 4s ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
Family 2:
If A > 0 , σ ≠ 0,
b A A ⎞
6(g ) = - - tanhA ⎛⎜ g ⎟, (12)
2s 2s ⎝ 2 ⎠
b A A ⎞
 7 (g ) = - - cothA ⎛⎜ g ⎟, (13)
2s 2s ⎝ 2 ⎠
b A
8(g ) = - + ( - tanhA ( A g )  i mn sechA ( A g )) , (14)
2s 2s
b A
 9( g ) = - + ( - cothA ( A g )  mn cschA ( A g )) , (15)
2s 2s
b A⎛ ⎛ A g ⎟⎞ + coth ⎜⎛ A g ⎟⎞ ⎞.
10(g ) = - - ⎜tanhA ⎜ A ⎟ (16)
2s 4s ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
Family 3:
If ασ > 0 , β = 0,
a
11(g ) = tanA ( as g ) , (17)
s
a
12(g ) = - cotA( as g ) , (18)
s
a
13(g ) = (tanA (2 as g )  mn secA (2 as g )) , (19)
s
a
14(g ) = ( - cotA(2 as g )  mn cscA (2 as g )) , (20)
s

1 a⎛ as as ⎞
15(g ) = tanA ⎛ g ⎞ - cotA⎛ g⎞ . (21)
2 s⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
Family 4:
If ασ < 0 , β = 0,
a
16(g ) = - - tanhA ( - as g ) , (22)
s
a
17(g ) = - - cothA ( - as g ) , (23)
s

3
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

a
18(g ) = - ( - tanhA (2 - as g )  i mn sechA (2 - as g )) , (24)
s
a
19(g ) = - ( - cothA (2 - as g )  mn cschA (2 - as g )) , (25)
s
1 a - as - as ⎞
20(g ) = - - ⎛tanhA ⎛ g ⎞ + cothA ⎛ g⎞ . (26)
2 s⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
Family 5:
If β = 0 , α = σ,
21(g ) = tanA (ag ) , (27)
22(g ) = - cotA(ag ) , (28)
23(g ) = tanA (2ag )  mn secA (2ag ) , (29)
24(g ) = - cotA(2ag )  mn cscA (2ag ) , (30)
1⎛ a a
25(g ) = tanA ⎛ g ⎞ - cotA⎛ g ⎞ ⎞. (31)
2⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
Family 6:
If β = 0 , σ = − α,
26(g ) = - tanhA (ag ) , (32)
27(g ) = - cothA (ag ) , (33)
28(g ) = - tanhA (2ag )  i mn sechA (2ag ) , (34)
29(g ) = - cothA (2ag )  mn cschA (2ag ) , (35)
1 a a
30(g ) = - ⎛tanhA ⎛ g ⎞ + cothA ⎛ g ⎞ ⎞. (36)
2⎝ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
Family 7:
If β2 = 4ασ,
- 2a (bg ln (A) + 2)
31(g ) = . (37)
b 2g ln (A)
Family 8:
If α = fg, (g ≠ 0), β = f, , σ = 0,
32(g ) = A fg - g. (38)

Family 9:
If β = σ = 0,
33(g ) = ag ln (A). (39)
Family 10:
If β = α = 0,
-1
34(g ) = . (40)
sg ln (A)
Family 11:
If α = 0 , β ≠ 0,
mb
35(g ) = - , (41)
s (coshA (bg ) - sinhA (bg ) + m)
b (sinhA (bg ) + coshA (bg ))
36(g ) = - . (42)
s (sinhA (bg ) + coshA (bg ) + n)
Family 12:
If σ = fg, (g ≠ 0), β = f, α = 0,
mA fg
37(g ) = - . (43)
m - gnA fg

4
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

mAg - nA-g mAg + nA-g

sinhA (g ) = , coshA (g ) = ,
2 2
mAg - nA-g mAg + nA-g
tanhA (g ) = , cothA ( g ) = ,
mAg + nA-g mAg - nA-g
2 2
sechA (g ) = g - g
, cschA (g ) = ,
mA + nA mA - nA-g
g

mAig - nA-ig mAig + nA-ig

sinA (g ) = , cosA (g ) = ,
2i 2
mAig - nA-ig mAig + nA-ig
tanA (g ) = - i ig , cot A ( g ) = i , (44)
mA + nA-ig mAig - nA-ig
where m, n > 0 are the deformation parameters.

3. Application of the method

The soliton solutions of equation (1) can be obtained by applying the subsequent travelling wave
transformations,
u (x , t ) =  (g ) , g = k (x - l t ) , (45)
where  (g ) express the pulse shape, k is the wave number and λ is the wave velocity. Substituting equation (45)
into equation (1), a result is obtained:
 - 3k (¢ 2)¢ + k 2⁗ = 0. (46)
By integrating equation (46) with respect to γ , we obtain:
¢ - 3k (¢)2 + k 2¢¢¢ + n = 0, (47)
where n is the real integration constants. Let ¢(g ) =  (g ), where  (g ) is a real function.
 - 3k ()2 + k 2  + n = 0. (48)

3.1. Implementation of new extended direct algebraic method

The solution form can be expressed as follows using equation (48), where N + 2 = 2N. As a result, N = 2 is
obtained due to the balance principle between  and  2.
 (g ) = a 0 + a1  (g ) + a2 ( (g ))2 , (49)
along with,
 ¢(g ) = ln (A)(a + b  (g ) + s ( (g ))2) , (50)
where the constants a0 and a1 are to be found. By inserting equation (49) and equation (50) into equation (48)
and setting the coefficients of all powers of i (h ), i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, to equal zero, we obtain the following
algebraic system of equations;
 0(g ) : a 0 - 3 ka 02 + k 2b (ln (A))2 a1 a + 2 k 2a2 a 2 (ln (A))2 + n = 0,
 1(g ) : a1 - 6 ka 0 a1 + k 2b 2 (ln (A))2 a1 + 2 k 2a1 s (ln (A))2 a + 6 k 2a2 a (ln (A))2 b = 0,
 2(g ) : a2 - 6 ka 0 a2 - 3 ka12 + 3 b (ln (A))2 k 2a1 s + 8 k 2a2 a (ln (A))2 s + 4 k 2a2 b 2 (ln (A))2 = 0,
 3(g ) : - 6 a2 ka1 + 2 k 2a1 s 2 (ln (A))2 + 10 k 2a2 b (ln (A))2 s = 0,
 4(g ) : - 3 ka 22 + 6 k 2a2 s 2 (ln (A))2 = 0. (51)
The above-mentioned system of algebraic equations is solved by using the Mathematica software and get
solutions set as given following,

⎡a 0 = 8(ln (A)) a k s + (ln (A)) b k + 1 ,

2 2 2 2 2
a1 = 2(ln (A))2 b ks , a2 = 2 ks 2 (ln (A))2 ,
⎢
⎣ 6k
16 k 4s 2 (ln (A))4 a 2 - 8 k 4b 2 (ln (A))4 s a + (ln (A))4 b 4k 4 - 1 ⎤
n= , (52)
12 k ⎥
⎦
where A = b 2 - 4as .
The obtained solution set (52) is plugged into equation (49) and integrated along with equations (13)–(43)
respectively, and get the following solutions.
Family 1:

5
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

If A < 0 , σ ≠ 0,

1 g -A ⎞ ⎞
u1 (x , t ) = - gk ln2 (A)(A) - k - A ln2 (A) tan-1 ⎛⎜tan ⎛⎜ ⎟⎟
3 ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
g -A ⎞ g
+ k - A ln2 (A) tan ⎛⎜ ⎟ + , (53)
⎝ 2 ⎠ 6k

g -A ⎞ ⎛ 1 , 1; 1 ; - tan2 ⎛ - A g ⎞ ⎞
u2 (x , t ) = - k - A ln2 (A) cot ⎛⎜ ⎟ Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎜- ⎜ ⎟⎟

⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
1 g
- gk ln2 (A)(A) + , (54)
3 6k
4 1 1 g
u3 ( x , t ) =
agks ln2 (A) - b 2gk ln2 (A) + kmn - A ln2 (A) tan (g - A ) +
3 3 2 6k
1
 k - A ln2 (A) mn sec (g - A ) - k - A ln2 (A) tan-1 (tan (g - A ))
2
1
+ k - A ln2 (A) tan (g - A ) , (55)
2
1 1 1 g
u 4 (x , t ) = - k - A ln2 (A) cot (g - A ) Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎛- , 1; ; - tan2 ( - A g ) ⎞ +
2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 6k
4 1 1
+ agks ln2 (A) - b 2gk ln2 (A) - kmn - A ln2 (A) cot (g - A )
3 3 2
 k - A ln2 (A) mn csc (g - A ) , (56)

1 g -A ⎞ ⎛ 1 , 1; 1 ; - tan2 ⎛ - A g ⎞ ⎞ + g
u5 (x , t ) = - k - A ln2 (A) cot ⎛⎜ ⎟ Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎜- ⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠ 6k

4 1 1 1 g -A ⎞ ⎞
+ agks ln2 (A) - b 2gk ln2 (A) + gk A ln2 (A) - k - A ln2 (A) tan-1 ⎛⎜tan ⎛⎜ ⎟⎟
3 3 4 2 ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
1 g -A ⎞
+ k - A ln2 (A) tan ⎛⎜ ⎟,
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
(57)

Family 2:
If A > 0 , σ ≠ 0,

1 g A ⎞⎞
u 6 (x , t ) = - gk ln2 (A)(A) + k A ln2 (A) tanh-1 ⎛⎜tanh ⎛⎜ ⎟⎟
3 ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
g A⎞ g
- k A ln2 (A) tanh ⎛⎜ ⎟ + , (58)
⎝ 2 ⎠ 6k

g A⎞ ⎛ 1 , 1; 1 ; tanh2 ⎛ A g ⎞ ⎞ + g
u7 (x , t ) = - k A ln2 (A) coth ⎛⎜ ⎟ Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎜- ⎜ ⎟⎟

⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ 6k
1
- gk ln2 (A)(A) , (59)
3
4 1 1
agks ln2 (A) - b 2gk ln2 (A) + i2kmn A ln2 (A) tanh (g A )
u 8 (x , t ) =
3 3 2
 ik A ln (A) mn sech (g A )
2

1 1 g
+ k A ln2 (A) tanh-1 (tanh (g A )) - k A ln2 (A) tanh (g A ) + , (60)
2 2 6k
1 1 1
u 9 (x , t ) = - k A ln2 (A) coth (g A ) Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎛- , 1; ; tanh2 ( A g ) ⎞
2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
4 1 1
+ agks ln2 (A) - b 2gk ln2 (A) - kmn A ln2 (A) coth (g A )
3 3 2
g
 k A ln2 (A) mn csch (g A ) + , (61)
6k

6
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

1 g A⎞ ⎛ 1 , 1; 1 ; tanh2 ⎛ A g ⎞ ⎞
u10 (x , t ) = - k A ln2 (A) coth ⎛⎜ ⎟ Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎜- ⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
4 1 1 1 g A ⎞⎞
+ agks ln2 (A) - b 2gk ln2 (A) + gk A ln2 (A) + k A ln2 (A) tanh-1 ⎛⎜tanh ⎛⎜ ⎟⎟
3 3 4 2 ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
1 g A⎞ g
- k A ln2 (A) tanh ⎛⎜ ⎟ + , (62)
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 6k

Family 3:
If ασ > 0 , β = 0,
4
asgk ln2 (A) - 2k as ln2 (A) tan-1 (tan (g as ))
u11 (x , t ) =
3
g
+ 2k as ln2 (A) tan (g as ) + , (63)
6k
1 1
u12 (x , t ) = - 2k as ln2 (A) cot (g as ) Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎛- , 1; ; - tan2 (g as ) ⎞
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
4 ln ( cos ( g as )) g
+ asgk ln2 (A) - + , (64)
3 as 6k
g
u13 (x , t ) = + 8gk 2 (as )3 2 ln2 (A) - 6ak 2s ln2 (A) tan-1 (tan (2g as ))
6k
+ 6ak 2s ln2 (A) tan (2g as )
+ 6ak 2mns ln2 (A) tan (2g as )  12ak 2s ln2 (A) mn sec (2g as ) , (65)
g
u14 (x , t ) = - 4gk 2 (as )3 2 ln2 (A) + 3ak 2s ln2 (A) tan (g as )
6k
 12ak 2s ln2 (A) mn csc (2g as )
+ 3ak 2mns ln2 (A) tan (g as ) - 3ak 2s ln2 (A)(mn + 1) cot (g as ) , (66)
2 1 1 g
u15 (x , t ) = - agks ln2 (A) + k as ln2 (A) tan ⎛ g as ⎞ - k as ln2 (A) cot ⎛ g as ⎞ + , (67)
3 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 6k
Family 4:
If ασ < 0 , β = 0,
4
asgk ln2 (A) + 2k - as ln2 (A) tanh-1 (tanh (g - as ))
u16 (x , t ) =
3
g
- 2k - as ln2 (A) tanh (g - as ) + , (68)
6k
1 1 g
u17 (x , t ) = - 2k - as ln2 (A) coth (g - as ) Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎛- , 1; ; tanh2 (g - as ) ⎞ +
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 6k
4
+ asgk ln (A) + ln (cosh (g - as )) ,
2
3
(69)
g
u18 (x , t ) = - 8gk 2 ( - as )3 2 ln2 (A) - 6ak 2s ln2 (A) tanh-1 (tanh (2g - as )) + i
6k
+ 6ak 2s ln2 (A) tanh (2g - as ) + 6ak 2mns ln2 (A) tanh (2g - as )
 12aik 2s ln2 (A) mn sech (2g - as ) , (70)
g
u19 (x , t ) = + 4gk 2 ( - as )3 2 ln2 (A) + 3ak 2s ln2 (A) tanh (g - as )
6k
+ 3ak 2mns ln2 (A) tanh (g - as )
+ 3ak 2s ln2 (A)(mn + 1) coth (g - as )  12ak 2s ln2 (A) mn csch (2g - as ) , (71)
2 1
u20 (x , t ) = - agks ln2 (A) - k - as ln2 (A) tanh ⎛ g - as ⎞
3 ⎝2 ⎠
1
- k - as ln2 (A) coth ⎛ g - as ⎞ , (72)
⎝2 ⎠
Family 5:

7
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

If β = 0 , α = σ,
4 2 g
u21 (x , t ) = 2ka ln2 (A)( - tan-1(tan (ag )) + tan (ag )) + a gk ln2 (A) + , (73)
3 6k
u22 (x , t )
1 1 1
= ⎛g - 12k 2a ln2 (A) cot (ag ) Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎛- , 1; ; - tan2 (ag ) ⎞ + 8k 2a 2g ln2 (A)⎞ , (74)
6k ⎝ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎠
1
(g + 8a 2gk 2 ln2 (A) - 6k 2a ln2 (A) tan-1(tan (2ag )) + 6k 2a ln2 (A) tan (2ag )
u23 (x , t ) =
6k
 12k 2a mn ln2 (A) sec (2ag ) + 6k 2mna ln2 (A) tan (2ag )) , (75)
u24 (x , t )
1
= (csc (ag ) sec (ag )(g sin (2ag ) + 8ga 2k 2 ln2 (A) sin (2ag ) - 6k 2a ln2 (A)(mn + 1) cos (2ag )
12k
 12k 2a ln2 (A) mn - 12gk 2a 2 ln2 (A) sin (2ag ))) , (76)
u25 (x , t )
1 1 1
= ⎛g - 12k 2a ln2 (A) cot (ag ) Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎛- , 1; ; - tan2 (ag ) ⎞ + 8ga 2k 2 ln2 (A)⎞ , (77)
6k ⎝ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎠
Family 6:
If β = 0 , σ = − α,
4 g
u26 (x , t ) = 2ka ln2 (A)( - tanh-1(tanh (ag )) + tanh (ag )) - gka 2 ln2 (A) + , (78)
3 6k
u27 (x , t )
1 ⎛ 1 1
= g + 12k 2a ln2 (A) coth (ag ) Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎛- , 1; ; tanh2(ag ) ⎞ - 8ga 2k 2 ln2 (A)⎞ , (79)
6k ⎝ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎠
1
u28 (x , t ) = (g - 8a 2gk 2 ln2 (A) + 6k 2a ln2 (A) tanh-1(tanh (2ag )) - 6k 2a ln2 (A) tanh (2ag )
6k
 ik 2a ln2 (A) mn - 12ia sech (2ag )) - 6k 2mna 2 ln2 (A) tanh (2ag ) , (80)
1
u29 (x , t ) = (csch (g ) sech (ag )(sinh (2ag )(ag + 4a 2k 2 ln2 (A) - 2k 2 ln2 (A)))
12k
- 6k 2a ln2 (A)(mn + 1) cosh (2ag )) , (81)
u30 (x , t )
1 1 1
= ⎛g - 12k 2a ln2 (A) coth (ag ) Hypergeometric 2 F1 ⎛- , 1; ; tanh2(ag ) ⎞ - 8ga 2k 2 ln2 (A)⎞ , (82)
6k ⎝ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎠
Family 7:
If β2 = 4ασ,
2k g
u31 (x , t ) = - + , (83)
g 6k
Family 8:
If α = fg, (g ≠ 0), β = f, σ = 0,
1 g
u32 (x , t ) = gkf 2 ln2 (A) + , (84)
6 6k
Family 9:
If β = σ = 0,
u33 (x , t ) = Constant (85)
Family 10:
If β = α = 0,
g 2k
u34 (x , t ) = - , (86)
6k g
Family 11:

8
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

Figure 1. For a value of k = 0.9, the complex solitary wave profiles of u2(x, t) are affected by time propagation.

Figure 2. For a value of λ = 0.9, the complex solitary wave profiles of u2(x, t) are affected by time propagation.

If α = 0 , β ≠ 0,
bg

u35 (x , t ) =
gb 2k 2 ln2 (A) + g
-
4bkm ln2 (A) sinh 2 ( ) , (87)
6k
( bg
(m + 1) (m - 1) sinh 2 + (m + 1) cosh ( ) ( ))
bg
2

1 ⎛ 2 2 ⎛ 2 12bn ⎞ + g ⎟⎞ ,
u36 (x , t ) = ⎜k ln (A) b g +⎜ ⎟ (88)
6k ⎝ ⎝ sinh (bg ) + cosh (bg ) + n ⎠ ⎠
Family 12:
If σ = fg, (g ≠ 0), β = f, α = 0,
1
u37 (x , t ) = ( - 2fkm ln (A)((n + m)(m - gnAgf ) ln (m - gnAgf ) + m 2))
n2 (gnAgf - m)
g 1
+ + gkf 2 ln2 (A) , (89)
6k 6
The figures 1, 2 are presenting the propagation of solution u2(x, t) under the influence of variation of wave
velocity parameter (λ) and wave number (k) respectively. One can observe that, both parameters are controlling
the propagation of soliton and the amplitude of solitary wave is increasing as the wave number and wave velocity
is increasing and also peaks of cusped are increasing.
The figure 3, 4 are presenting the propagation of solution u7(x, t) under the influence of variation of wave
velocity parameter (λ) and wave number (k) respectively. The amplitude of solitary wave is decreasing as wave
velocity increasing and amplitude is increasing as wave number increasing.

4. First integral and sensitive analysis

Now, the first integral and sensitive analysis of the coupled complex Kuraly system will study. The Galilean
transformation is applying with change of variables on equation (47) and get a dynamical system of differential

9
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

Figure 3. For a value of k = 1, the complex solitary wave profiles of u7(x, t) are affected by time propagation.

Figure 4. For a value of λ = 0.01, the complex solitary wave profiles of u7(x, t) are affected by time propagation.

equations as,
d
= S,
dg
d S 3k  2 -  - n
= . (90)
dg k2
Since the system equation (90) is self-operating, we can designate S as the new independent variable, thus
altering system equation (90),
dS 3k  2 -  - n
= . (91)
d Sk 2
One time integration provides the precise solution to above-mentioned first order separable ODE,

2  3k 2 + j k 2 -  2 - 2 n
S () = , (92)
k
where j is constant of integration and yields the first integral,
- 2  3k 2 + (¢)2k 2 +  2 + 2 n
j= . (93)
k2
Now, we will discuss the sensitivity of the considered model. The dynamical system will consider and examined
the sensitivity. Thus, a sensitivity analysis is carried out using the parametric values k = 0.5, n = 1. Nevertheless,
figure 5 demonstrates that even minor changes to the starting conditions have a significant impact on the
mechanics of the model. The sensitivity of the structure to the initial value is shown here.

5. Conclusion

This paper uses a generalized expansion approach to acquire multiple soliton solutions of the Kairat-II equation.
A new extended direct algebraic method is effectively employed to generate multiple soliton solutions. A variety

10
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

Figure 5. Sensitivity visualization is then based on different initial values.

of physics solutions, such as complex wave patterns, plane waves, shock waves, and exponential solutions, are
referred to as acquired soliton types. Each of these solutions has its own special qualities and traits. The resulting
hyper-geometric solutions are plotted graphically to display different behaviors like crests, troughs, kinks,
periodic patterns, and compactons. The amplitude and motion of the solitary wave have been identified by its
wave number, and the singularity of the soliton wave could be controlled by adjusting this parameter. These
solutions offer important new perspectives on the physical properties of non-linear models. The extended direct
algebraic method is a powerful mathematical tool that provides efficient problem-solving strategies for difficult
mathematical problems.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Research Supporting Project Number (RSPD2024R585), King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic
of Kazakhstan , Grant AP14870191.

11
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

Data availability statement

The data cannot be made publicly available upon publication because no suitable repository exists for hosting
data in this field of study. The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request
from the authors.

Funding

not available

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

ORCID iDs

Waqas Ali Faridi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0713-5365

References
[1] Isah M A and Külahcı M A 2020 A study on null cartan curve in Minkowski 3-space Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 5
413–24
[2] Isah M A and Külahçı M A 2020 Special curves according to bishop frame in minkowski 3-space Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear
Sciences 5 237–48
[3] Kumar S, Mohan B and Kumar R 2022 Lump, soliton, and interaction solutions to a generalized two-mode higher-order nonlinear
evolution equation in plasma physics Nonlinear Dyn. 110 693–704
[4] Younas U, Sulaiman T A and Ren J 2023 On the study of optical soliton solutions to the three-component coupled nonlinear
Schrödinger equation: applications in fiber optics Opt. Quantum Electron. 55 72
[5] Kumar S and Kumar A 2022 Abundant closed-form wave solutions and dynamical structures of soliton solutions to the
(3 + 1) − dimensional BLMP equation in mathematical physics Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 7 178–87
[6] Dong S, Lan Z-Z, Gao B and Shen Y 2022 Bäcklund transformation and multi-soliton solutions for the discrete Korteweg-de Vries
equation Appl. Math. Lett. 125 107747
[7] Liu X, Zhang H and Liu W 2022 The dynamic characteristics of pure-quartic solitons and soliton molecules Appl. Math. Modell. 102
305–12
[8] Akinyemi L 2023 Shallow ocean soliton and localized waves in extended (2+ 1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations Phys. Lett.
A 463 128668
[9] Zhang R-F, Li M-C, Gan J-Y, Li Q and Lan Z-Z 2022 Novel trial functions and rogue waves of generalized breaking soliton equation via
bilinear neural network method Chaos, Solitons Fractals 154 111692
[10] Nayyer S S, Wagh S R and Singh N M 2022 Towards a constructive framework for stabilization and control of nonlinear systems:
Passivity and immersion (p&i) approach arXiv:2208.10539
[11] Kumar C and Prakash A 2022 Nonlinear interaction among second mode resonance waves in high-speed boundary layers using the
method of multiple scales Phys. Fluids 34 014107
[12] Zhang C and Shi Z 2022 Nonlinear wave interactions in a transitional hypersonic boundary layer Phys. Fluids 34 114106
[13] Tao G, Jamilu S, Nestor S, El-Shiekh R M, Akinyemi L, Az-Zo’bi E and Betchewe G 2022 Dynamics of a new class of solitary wave
structures in telecommunications systems via a (2 + 1) − dimensional nonlinear transmission line Mod. Phys. Lett. B 36 2150596
[14] Debnath L and Debnath L 2005 Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers (Birkhäuser)
[15] Asjad M I, Faridi W A, Alhazmi S E and Hussanan A 2023 The modulation instability analysis and generalized fractional propagating
patterns of the Peyrard-Bishop DNA dynamical equation Opt. Quantum Electron. 55 232
[16] Faridi W A, Asjad M I and Asjad F 2022 Non-linear soliton solutions of perturbed Chen-Lee-Liu model by Φ6 − model expansion
approach Opt. Quantum Electron. 54 664
[17] Zayed E M E, Al-Nowehy A-G and Elshater MEM 2018 New-model expansion method and its applications to the resonant nonlinear
Schrödinger equation with parabolic law nonlinearity The European Physical Journal Plus 133 417
[18] Rizvi S T R, Aly R, Seadawy K A, Younis M and Ashraf M A 2022 Multiple lump and rogue wave for time fractional resonant nonlinear
Schrödinger equation under parabolic law with weak nonlocal nonlinearity Opt. Quantum Electron. 54 212

12
Phys. Scr. 99 (2024) 045209 W A Faridi et al

[19] Malik S, Hashemi M S, Kumar S, Rezazadeh H, Mahmoud W and Osman M S 2023 Application of new Kudryashov method to various
nonlinear partial differential equations Opt. Quantum Electron. 55 8
[20] Ur Rahman R, Faridi W A, El-Rahman M A, Taishiyeva A, Myrzakulov R and Az-Zo’bi E A 2023 The sensitive visualization and
generalized fractional solitons’ construction for regularized long-wave governing model Fractal and Fractional 7 136
[21] Wazwaz A-M and El-Tantawy S A 2022 Bright and dark optical solitons for (3. 1)-dimensional hyperbolic nonlinear Schrödinger
equation using a variety of distinct schemes Optik 270 170043
[22] Zafar A, Shakeel M, Ali A, Akinyemi L and Rezazadeh H 2022 Optical solitons of nonlinear complex Ginzburg-Landau equation via two
modified expansion schemes Opt. Quantum Electron. 54 1–15
[23] Nisar K S, Akinyemi L, Inc M, Şenol M, Mirzazadeh M, Houwe A, Abbagari S and Rezazadeh H 2022 New perturbed conformable
Boussinesq-like equation: Soliton and other solutions Results in Physics 33 105200
[24] Akinyemi L, Şenol M and Osman M S 2022 Analytical and approximate solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equation with higher
dimension in the anomalous dispersion regime Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 7 143–54
[25] Khater M M A 2023 Multi-vector with nonlocal and non-singular kernel ultrashort optical solitons pulses waves in birefringent fibers
Chaos, Solitons Fractals 167 113098
[26] Khater M M A 2022 Nonlinear biological population model; computational and numerical investigations Chaos, Solitons& Fractals 162
112388
[27] Singh S and Ray S S 2023 New analytical solutions and integrability for the (2 + 1) − dimensional variable coefficients generalized
Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov system arising in the study of fluid dynamics via auto-Backlund transformation approach Phys. Scr. 98
085243
[28] Tarla S, Karmina K A, Resat Y and Osman M S 2022 New optical solitons based on the perturbed Chen-Lee-Liu model through Jacobi
elliptic function method Opt. Quantum Electron. 54 131
[29] Tarla S, Karmina K A, Sun T-C, Resat Y and Osman M S 2022 Nonlinear pulse propagation for novel optical solitons modeled by Fokas
system in monomode optical fibers Results in Physics 36 105381
[30] Shaikh T S, Baber M Z, Ahmed N, Iqbal M S, Akgül A and El Din S M 2023 Acoustic wave structures for the conformal time-fractional
Westervelt equation in ultrasound imaging Results in Physics 49 106494
[31] Biswas A, Vega-Guzman J, Yıldırım Y, Moraru L, Iticescu C and Alghamdi A A 2023 Optical solitons for the concatenation model with
differential group delay: undetermined coefficients Mathematics 11 2012
[32] Myrzakulova Z, Manukure S, Myrzakulov R and Nugmanova G 2023 Integrability, geometry and wave solutions of some Kairat
equations arXiv:arXiv:2307.00027
[33] Iqbal M S, Aly R S and Baber M Z 2022 Demonstration of unique problems from Soliton solutions to nonlinear Selkov-Schnakenberg
system. Chaos Solitons & Fractals 162 112485
[34] Faridi W A, Asjad M I, Toseef M and Amjad T 2022 Analysis of propagating wave structures of the cold bosonic atoms in a zig-zag
optical lattice via comparison with two different analytical techniques Opt. Quantum Electron. 54 773
[35] Ghayad M S, Niveen M B, Ahmed H M and Rabie B W 2023 Derivation of optical solitons and other solutions for nonlinear
Schrödinger equation using modified extended direct algebraic method Alexandria Engineering Journal 64 801–11
[36] Majid S Z, Faridi W A, Asjad M I, El-Rahman M A and Eldin S M 2023 Explicit soliton structure formation for the riemann wave
equation and a sensitive demonstration Fractal and Fractional 7 102
[37] Awadalla M, Zafar A, Taishiyeva A, Raheel M, Myrzakulov R and Bekir A The Analytical Solutions to the M-fractional Kairat-II and
Kairat-X Equations Frontiers in Physics 11 1335423
[38] Younas U, Sulaiman T A and Ren J 2023 Diversity of optical soliton structures in the spinor Bose-Einstein condensate modeled by
three-component Gross–Pitaevskii system Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 37 2350004
[39] Faridi W A, Asjad M I and Eldin M S 2022 Exact fractional solution by Nucci’s reduction approach and new analytical propagating
optical soliton structures in fiber-optics Fractal and Fractional 6 654
[40] Krug M, Nucci M R D, Schwarz L, Alonso I, Azevedo I, Bastiani M and Dylag A 2023 Implementing European Union Provisions and
Enabling Frameworks for Renewable Energy Communities in Nine Countries: Progress, Delays, and Gaps Sustainability 15 8861
[41] Abu Bakar M, Owyed S, Faridi W A, El-Rahman M A and Sallah M 2022 The First Integral of the Dissipative Nonlinear Schrödinger
Equation with Nucci’s Direct Method and Explicit Wave Profile Formation Fractal and Fractional 7 38

13