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Functions And
Their Graphs
1. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS
Many scientific laws and engineering principles describe how one quantity depends on
another.
If a variable y depends on a variable x in such a way that each value of x determines exactly
one value of y, then we say that y is a function of x.
A function is a relation in which each element of the domain is paired with exactly one
element of the range.
In this notation, the symbol f represents the function, the letter x is the independent variable
representing the input value of f, and y is the dependent variable or output value of f at x.
1. y= √ x +5 x +5 ≥0 x ≥−5 D y ≥0 R
1
2. y= x≠0 D y ≠0R
x
1
3. y= x≠7 D y ≠0R
x−7
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2. GRAPH OF THE FUNCTIONS
Another way to visualize a function is its graph. If ƒ is a function with domain D, its
graph consists of the points in the Cartesian plane whose coordinates are the input-
output pairs for ƒ.
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3. TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
1. Vertical Shift
2. Horizontal Shift
3. Reflection
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4. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
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3. Given y= √ x .
Solution:
4.
Determine whether each graph given in Figure is the graph of an even function, an odd
function, or a function that is neither
even nor odd.
Solution:
2
1. y=x EVEN
2. y=x 2 +1 EVEN
3. y=x ODD
4. y=x +1 NEITHER EVEN NOR ODD
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5. TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
There are many different types of functions that can be used to model relationships observed
in the real world.
1. Linear
When we say that y is a linear function of x, we mean that the graph of the function
is a line, so we can use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line to write a formula
for the function as y=f ( x )=mx+ b .Where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.
5. You are driving on a road that has a 6% uphill grade (see figure). This means that the
slope of the road is 6/100. Approximate the
amount of vertical change in your position if you
drive 200 feet.
6 y
Solution: = → y =12 ft
100 200
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6. Find an equation of the horizontal line containing the point (3, 2).
3
y−5= ( x−1 )
2
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2
2. Quadratic Function f (x)=a x +bx +c
N (x)
4. Rational Function f ( x )=
D( x )
5. Exponential Function
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Exponential functions decrease if 0 < a < 1 and increase if a > 1.
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8. Draw the graph of each function:
()
x
1
1. g ( x )=
3
x
2. f ( x )=3
Solution:
6. Natural Exponential
Function
e=2.718281
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9. Sketch the graph of f ( x)=3 e0.5 x
Solution:
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7. Natural logarithm
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10. Solve the following equation for x e 3 x =2
Solution:
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11. Sketch the graph of y=ln |x|
Solution:
8. Trigonometric Function
Angles
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12. A circle has a radius of 4 inches. Find the length of the arc intercepted
by a central angle 240 ° of as shown in Figure
Solution:
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Right Triangle Definitions of Trigonometric Functions
Let be an acute angle of a right triangle. The six trigonometric functions of the angle are
defined as follows.
Trigonometric identities:
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13. Use the triangle in Figure to find the values of the six
trigonometric functions
Solution:
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tanA +tanB
14. Prove that tan ( A+ B ) =
1−tanA tanB
Solution:
sinAcosB cosAsinB
+
sin( A+ B) sinAcosB +cosAsinB cosAcosB cosAcosB tanA +tanB
tan ( A+ B ) = = = =
cos( A+ B) cosAcosB−sinAsinB cosAcosB − sinAsinB 1−tanA tanB
cosAcosB cosAcosB
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15. Graph sec x−sin x tan x
Solution:
1 sinx 1−sin 2 x cos 2 x
−sin x = = =cosx
cosx cosx cosx cosx
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π π
16. Graph y=sin (x− 3 ) , y =sin (x + 6 )
Solution:
Inverse trigonometric functions arise when we want to calculate angles from side
measurements in triangles.
17.
Find
−1 √ 3 −1 −1
(a) sin ( ¿)¿ (b) cos ( ¿ )¿ (c) cos (cos−1 ( √ 3 ¿ ¿ 2) ¿ (d) csc −1( √ 2 ¿ )¿
2 2
π 2π π
Solution: (a) (b) (c) √ 3/2 (d)
3 3 4
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18. Find the angle α .
Solution:
α =65−β=65−tan
−1
( 2150 )=42.22°
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10. Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions are formed by taking combinations of the two exponential functions
ex and e -x. The hyperbolic functions simplify many mathematical expressions and occur
frequently in mathematical applications.
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19. Prove that cosh 2 x −sinh 2 x =1
Solution:
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20. Find (a) sinh(ln2) (b) sech(0)
Solution:
ln 2 1 1
e − ln 2 2−
e 2 3
( a ) sinh ( ln 2 )= = =
2 2 4
2 2
( b ) sech ( 0 )= = =1
0 1 2
e + 0
e
π
Phase shift left= C= 3 to the left