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ejecutiva,2were
lafivered atencional anterior y la red
! 4 ! 2 ! 2 design were represented in each block of 48 trials. There
blocks, for a total of 240 trials.
de alerta
slow” forathetravés deof the
were slower than 2,000 ms were fo
first 1,000 ms
los tiempos de reacción y errores en las diferentesrandomized condiciones.
between 1,200 and 3
trials lasted approximately 3 min,
short breaks between blocks.
Table 1
Demographic Information
Inst
Young Healthy Patients
Characteristic adults older adults with AD Task instructions were read o
displays. Participants were told th
No. of participants 13 13 13 your eyes looking at the center c
Male/female 6/7 6/7 6/7 display without moving your eyes
Age in years 19.8 (1.3) 72.5 (5.7) 74.7 (6.7)
To illustrate the congruency co
Years of education 13.8 (0.6) 14.3 (3.6) 14.1 (3.9)
sented in the top box with the ta
Note. Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations. AD " Alzhei- distractors pointing to the left (i.e.
mer’s disease. instructed that “the central arrow
Estudio de Fernández-Duque y Black (2007)
ATTENTIONAL NETWORKS IN AD 135
Figure 1. The experimental design: Five hundred ms after the onset of the peripheral cue, target and distractors
were displayed at the cued location (valid trials) or at the uncued location (invalid trials). Target and distractors
Estudio de Fernández-Duque y Black (2007)
FERNANDEZ-DUQUE AND BLACK
Orientación: No se
Figure 2. The adult developmental and clinical trajectory of the three attentional networks. The figure
encontraron diferencias.
illustrates the reaction time main effects of alerting (no-cue trials minus neutral trials), orienting (invalid trials
minus valid trials), and congruency (incongruent trials minus congruent trials). Asterisks indicate statistically
significant differences. The alerting effect increased with age across both healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease
(AD) groups, whereas the congruency effect increased with the AD group but not with the healthy aging group. Ejecutiva (Congruencia): sólo
There were no significant modulations of the orienting network.
el grupo con demencia mostró
ect Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease mayor conflicto cognitivo.
the effect of normal aging on spatial attention and Congruency Effect and Alzheimer’s Disease
e of spatially valid cues on conflict resolution, we
Data from patients with AD were compared with data from
analysis of variance with age (young, healthy older)
Estudio de Zhou et al. (2011)
• Características:
• Estudio transversal con 3 grupos de edad: jóvenes, adultos de
mediana edad y adultos mayores.
• N=30 participantes en cada grupo de edad
• Administración de la tarea ANT.
• Se obtuvieron medidas del funcionamiento de la atención
ejecutiva, la red atencional anterior y la red de alerta a través de
los tiempos de reacción y errores en las diferentes condiciones.
S.-s. Zhou et al. / Brain and Cognition 75 (2011) 205–210
The data also shows that the middle-aged group responded slower The objective of the present study was to compare th
than the young group with respect to the executive network (SNK, attentional networks in young, middle-aged, and older parti
by using the ANT. There is a clear age effect on the executi
Alerta: los adultos mayores se
work and on the alerting network. No evidence of abnorm
was found in the orienting network. The results suggest that
beneficiaron menos que los
fects of aging on attention are selective for the executive an
ing networks but not for the orienting network.
de mediana edad y jóvenes de
la señal externa cuando ésta
4.1. Alerting effect and aging
aparecía.
In line with the studies, our research showed that the a
effect decreased with age, especially for the elderly partic
Interpretación:
Previous los mayores
studies have investigated the effects of aging on
mance in the ANT task. Additional studies have identified
fueron
related declinemenos sensibles
(Festa-Martino, a las2004; Je
Ott, & Heindel,
et al., 2007). Jennings et al. found that older adults show
señales
cantly externas.
less alerting than young adults in response to a w
cerebro.
(r = 0.54, p < 0.001, Spearman) and between alerting
3.2.4. Executive effect
(r = !0.282, p < 0.001). The correlation based on the ratio
Scores of the executive network were analyzed using a one-way
the orienting effect was found to be non-significant (r
ANOVA. Under this analysis, there was a significant main effect of
p = 0.470).
age (F(2, 87) = 16.357, p < 0.001) on the executive effect. It is nota-
Estudio de Zhou et al. (2011)
ble that this executive effect increased with age. This finding sug-
gests that the older participants had greater difficulties in resolving Orientación: No se
4. Discussion
conflict than the younger and middle-aged groups (SNK, p < 0.05).
The data also shows that the middle-aged group responded slower encontraron
The objective of thediferencias.
present study was to compare t
than the young group with respect to the executive network (SNK, attentional networks in young, middle-aged, and older par
by using the ANT. There is a clear age effect on the execu
Ejecutiva (Congruencia): el
work and on the alerting network. No evidence of abno
was found in the orienting network. The results suggest th
grupo de mayores mostró
fects of aging on attention are selective for the executive a
ing networks but not for the orienting network.
mayor conflicto conflicto
4.1. Alerting effect and aging
cognitivo que los otros dos. A
su vez, los adultos de mediana
In line with the studies, our research showed that the
effect decreased with age, especially for the elderly part
edad mostraron mayor
Previous studies have investigated the effects of aging on
mance in the ANT task. Additional studies have identified
conflicto
related que los
decline (Festa-Martino,jóvenes.
Ott, & Heindel, 2004;
et al., 2007). Jennings et al. found that older adults show
Interpretación:
cantly hayadults
less alerting than young un declive
in response to a
cue, and it was suggested that age-related differences in
Fig. 2. Age-related changes in three attention networks. Asterisks indicate statis- endepend,
may el funcionamiento
in part, upon the durationde lawarning cue
of the
tation (Jennings et al., 2007). Similarly, Festa-Martin
tically significant differences and bars are standard errors.
atención ejecutiva.
Explicación: deterioro del
lóbulo frontal y el sistema
dopaminérgico.
Precaución sobre los estudios de atención
con muestras de personas mayores
Características:
• Estudio transversal con edades desde los 58 a los 98 años de edad
realizado en Taiwan.
• Administración de la tarea ANT.
• Se obtuvieron medidas del funcionamiento de la atención ejecutiva, la
red atencional de orientación y la red de alerta a través de los tiempos
de reacción y errores en las diferentes condiciones.
NATURE
NATURE HUMAN
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
BEHAVIOUR ARTICLES
ARTICLES
NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR ARTICLES
Extended
Extended DataData
Fig. Fig. 5 | Linear
5 | Linear effects
effects ofExtended
of age age
on theon efficiencies
the
Dataefficiencies
Fig. 9 | of
The of three
the three
nonlinear
the attentional
effect networks,
of agenetworks,
attentional on the efficiencyshowing
of the
showing network
executive
network effects
network,
effects for each
forshowing
each oftheof
the the 702effect for each of the 702
executive
702
participants. The nonlinear age effect is displayed fororienting
(a) the model with aand
quadratic term for age, and (b) the For
breakpoint model with the optimal
participants.
participants. The linear age effects are displayed for (a) the alerting network, (b) the orienting network, and (c) the executive network. For eacheach
The linear age effects are displayed for (a) the alerting network, (b) the network, (c) the executive network. network,
network,
breakpoint (age 76). Each data point reflects the difference between the mean log-RTs for incongruent and congruent flankers, for each participant.
Tarea Stroop
Operation span:
tarea de recordar
una secuencia de
letras (dificultad
creciente de 1 a 3
letras) alternando
con operaciones
matemáticas.
Variable: número
de ensayos
recordados.
• Se produce una
mejora constante en
la memoria de trabajo
desde la niñez hasta la
edad de 30 años,
momento a partir del
cual la ejecución
empeora
progresivamente.
• El CI se asocia de
forma positiva.
Flexibilidad cognitiva
Task Switching: Se pedía a los sujetos que respondieran al color o a la
forma de las figuras geométricas. Fase 1: Los sujetos hacían la tarea con
una única instrucción. Ej., atender a la forma. Fase 2: Si los estímulos
aparecían arriba, había que atender a la forma, si aparecían abajo,
había que atender al color. La secuencia era predecible.
Flexibilidad cognitiva
• La flexibilidad
cognitiva disminuyó
de forma lineal con la
edad.
• Los mayores
experimentan más
dificultades en la tarea
doble que en la simple
porque la doble
requiere mayores
recursos atencionales.
• La flexibilidad cognitiva
(switching cost) aumentó
de forma lineal desde los
10 a los 86 años.
• Interpretación: los
jóvenes tienen peor
ejecución que los
mayores por un efecto de
la tarea. Como sintonizan
con la tarea de la fase 1,
les cuesta cambiar la
dinámica de sus
respuestas.
Figure 1. Illustrations of the stimuli and procedure employed in each of the fou
Vídeo sobre la torre de Hanói: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BCDFaNKxOY
word task; (B) operation span; (C) task switching; (D) Tower of Hanoi.
Planificación