Subject: NCM 117 LEC

Date: 04/02.2023
By: issa [AUTHOR NAME]
Enlightment (1790’s) National Mental 1946
Pinel (1745-1825) Health act passed by
 the insane were no longer treated as less than congress, creating
human National Institute of
 Unchained the mentally ill (1793) - human dignity Mental Health
was upheld (NIMH) and
Tuke (1723-1822) providing training
 Established the York Retreat funds for psychiatric
 The asylum movement developed nursing education
Freud (1856-1939) 1950 National League for
 Emphasized the importance of early like experience Nursing (NLN) required
in shaping mental health that to be accredited
Kraepelin (1856-1926) schools of nursing must
 Developed classification of mental illness provide an experience in
Bleuler (1857-1939) psychiatric nursing
 Was optimistic about treatment 1952 Hildegard Peplau
Scientific Study (1870s) published Interpersonal
 Humans could be studied, and that study held Relations in Nursing
promise for treating and curing Community Mental 1963 Perspective in Psychiatric
 The study of human mind and treatment approaches Health Center Act Care published; Journal of
to passed Psychiatric Nursing and
 The “Decade of the brain can be traced back to Mental Health Services
Kraepelin’s thinking” published
Psychotropic Drugs (1950’s) 1979 Issues on Mental Health
 1949 – lithium Nursing published;
 1950 – chlorpromazine certification of
 1952 – monoamine oxidase inhibitors psychiatric-mental health
 1960 – benzodiazipines nurse specialist
 1958 – tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’a) established by ANA First
 1957 – Haloperidol edition of Principles of
 Some mental disorders are caused by chemical Psychiatric Nursing
imbalances. If the chemical problem could be found published (Stuart and
through research, then a chemical cure could be Sundeen)
found as well. People would no longer need to be 1973 Standards of Psychiatric-
confined Mental Health Nursing
 A destigmatizing of mental illness occurred. Parents Practice published;
and others were not blame. The term least certification of
restrictive environment evolves from this discovery psychiatric-mental health
Community Mental Health (1960’s) nurse generalist
 Community mental health center acts (1963) established by American
 Individuals do not need to be hospitalized away from Nurses Association (ANA)
family and community 1986 American Psychiatric
 Advantage: intervention in familiar surroundings has Nurses Association
helps many people and less expensive (APNA) established
 Disadvantages: homelessness is linked to National Center for 1985 Standards of Child and
deinstitutionalization, and many people “slip Nursing Research Adolescents Psychiatric
through the cracks” of the asylum created in National and Mental Health
Evolutionary Timeline in Psychiatric Nursing Institutes of Health Nursing Practiced
Social Environment Date Psychiatric Nursing (NIH) published by ANA
1873 Linda Richards graduated 1987 Archives of Psychiatric
from New England Nursing published;
Hospital for Women and Journal of Child and
Children Adolescent. Psychiatric
1882 First school to prepare and Mental Health
nurses to care for the Nursing published
mentally ill opened at 2000 Hildegard Peplau died
McLean Hospital in
Massachusetts Fact 1
American Journal of  About half of mental disorders begin before age of
1900 Nursing first 14. Around 20% of the world’s children and
published adolescents are estimated to have mental disorders
1913 John Hopkins was first or problems, with similar types of disorders being
school of nursing to reported across cultures. Regions of the world with
include a course on the highest percentage of population under the age
psychiatric nursing in its of 19 have the poorest level of mental health
curriculum resources
Florence Nightingale 1910
died

ISSA 1
Subject: NCM 117 LEC
Date: 04/02.2023
By: issa [AUTHOR NAME]
 Temporal Lobe – smell, hearing, memory, emotional
Fact 3 expression
 On average about 800 000 people commit suicide  Occipital Lobe – language, visual interpretation
every year, 86% of them in low- and middle-income Brain Stem
countries. More than half of the people who kill  Reticular activating system – motor activity, sleep
themselves are aged between 15 and 44. Mental consciousness, and awareness
disorders are one of the most prominent and  Extrapyramidal system – information on movement
treatable causes of suicide. and coordination from the brain to spinal nerves
Fact 4  Locus ceruleus – neurotransmitter-producing
 In emergencies, the number of people with mental neurons is associated with stress, anxiety and
disorders is estimated to increase by 6 to 11%. impulsive behavior
Beyond mental disorders, people in emergency Limbic System
situations also often experience psychosocial  Thalamus – regulates activity, sensation and
problems that cannot be quantified. Through recent emotion
inter-agency guidelines, humanitarian agencies now  Hypothalamus – temperature regulation, appetite
agree on how to address such problems control, endocrine function, sexual drive, and
Fact 5 impulsive behavior associated with feelings of anger
 Mental disorders are among the risk factors for range, or excitement
communicable and non-communicable diseases.  Hippocampus and amygdala – emotional arousal
They can also contribute to unintentional and and memory
intentional injury. At the same time, many health Neurotransmitters
conditions increase the risk for mental disorders, and  Dopamine – control of complex movements,
complicate diagnosis and treatment motivation, cognition, regulation of emotional
Fact 6 responses
 Stigma about mental disorders an discrimination  Norepinephrine – attention, learning, memory,
against patients and families prevent people from sleep, wakefulness, mood regulation
seeking mental health care. Contrary to  Epinephrine – flight or fight response
expectations, levels of stigma were higher in urban  Serotonin – food intake, sleep, wakefulness,
areas and among people with higher levels of temperature regulation, pain control, sexual
education behavior, regulation of emotions
Fact 7  Acetylcholine – affect the wake-sleep cycle and
 Human rights violations of psychiatric patients are signals the muscle to be active
routinely reported in most countries. These include  Glutamate – implicated in brain damage caused by
physical restraint, seclusion and denial of basic stroke, hypoglycemia and degenerative disorders like
needs and privacy. Few countries have a legal Alzheimer’s disease
framework that adequately protects the rights of  Gamma-aminobutyric Acid – modulates other
people with mental disorders. neurotransmitters
Fact 8 Sigmund Freud
 There is huge inequity in the distribution of skilled  The conscious, the preconscious and the
human resources for mental health across the world. unconscious
Shortages of psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses,  The ID, the ego, and the superego
psychologists and social workers are among the main  Ego defensive mechanisms
barriers to providing treatment and are in low- and  Hypnosis/free association
middle-income countries  Psychosexual development stage
Fact 9  Transference/countertransference
 In order to increase the availability of mental health Psychosexual Developmental Stage
services, there are five key barriers that need to be Stage Erogenous Consequences of Conflicts
overcome: the absence of mental health from the Zone(s) Fixation
public health agenda and the implications for Oral (0- Mouth: Orally Aggressive: Weaning
funding; the current organization of mental health 18 sucking, biting, chewing gum away
services; lack of integration within primary care; months) swallowing Orally Passive: from
inadequate human resources for mental health; and signs include mother’s
lack of public mental health leadership smoking, eating, breast
Fact 10 kissing, fellatio,
 Governments, donors and groups representing cunnilingus
mental health workers, patients and their families Fixation at this
need to work together to increase mental health stage may result
services, especially in low- and middle-income in passivity,
countries. The financial resources needed are gullibility,
relatively modest immaturity, and
Theoretical Foundations of Psychiatric Nursing Care manipulative
a) Biological Theory/Model personality
b) Genetic vulnerability Anal Bowel & Anal Retentive: Toilet
c) Biochemical factors (18-36 Bladder obsession with training
Cerebrum months) elimination: organization or
 Parietal Lobe – taste, touch, spatial orientation defecating or excessive
 Frontal lobe – thought, body movement, memories, retaining feces neatness
emotions, moral behavior Anal expulsive:

ISSA 2
Subject: NCM 117 LEC
Date: 04/02.2023
By: issa [AUTHOR NAME]
reckless, careless, - Develops sense of self as separate from the
defiant, environment and the concept of object permanence
disorganized  Preoperational: 2 to 6 years
Phallic Genitals Oedipus Complex Oedipus - Develops the ability to express self with language,
(3-5 (in boys only (boys), understanding the meaning of symbolic gestures
years) according to electra Humanistic Theories
Freud) (girls) a) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Electra complex  Self-actualization: morality, creativity, sportanety,
(in girls only, later problem solving, lack of prejudice acceptance of
developed by Carl facts
Jung)  Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement,
Latency Dormant People not tent respect of others, respect by others
(6years- sexual feelings: to fixate at this  Love/Belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy
puberty) sexual urges stage, but if they  Safety: security of body, of employment of resources
sublimated do, they tend to of morality of the family of health of property
into sports and be extremely  Physiological: breathing, hot, water, sex, sleep,
hobbies: same- sexually homeostasis, excretion
sex friends also unfulfilled b) Carl Rogers: client-Centered
help avoid  Reinforced the importance of the self in the
sexual feelings formation of the personality
Genital Sexual Frigidity, Social  People are motivated by an innate tendency to
(Puberty Interests impotence, Rules actualize, maintain, and enhance the self
and mature: unsatisfactory  Each person experiences the world differently and
beyond) physical sexual relationships knows his or her own experience best. The client do
changes the works of healing and within the supportive and
reawaken nurturing client-therapist relationship, clients can
repressed cure themselves
needs; direct  Postivie regard – acceptance, love, and approval
sexual feelings from other people, most notably from the mother
towards others during infancy
to sexual  Unconditional positive regard – positive regard for
gratification the infant persist when an infant has undesirable
behaviors
Erik Homburger Erikson  Positive self-regard – positive regard will come more
Psychosocial Developmental Model from other people
Birth to 18 months Trust vs Mistrust  Conditional positive regard – worthy only under
18 mos. – 3 years Autonomy vs Shame and certain conditions
Doubt Development of Nursing Theory
Early childhood (3-5 years) Initiative vs Guilt a) Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Theory
Middle childhood (6-12 Industry vs Inferiority  One to one nurse client therapeutic relationship
years)  Levels of anxiety
Puberty and adolescence Identity vs Role Confusion b) Roy Callista: theory of Adaptation
(12-20 years)  Human being use coping mechanism to adapt to
Young adulthood (20-25 Intimacy vs Isolation both internal and external stimuli
years)  Regulator: physiologic response
Middle adulthood (25-45 Generativity vs Stagnation  Cognator: perceptual social information – processing
years) c) Martha Elizabeth Rogers: System-oriented Nursing
Late adulthood or maturity Ego Integrity vs Despair Theory
(65 yrs to death)  Human organism has an energy field that is in
constant mutual interaction with the energy fields of
Behavioral Theories the environment and of other human organisms
a) Ivan Pavlov’s Theory – Classical Conditioning  Psyche – promote symphonic interaction and
b) B.F. Skinner’s Theory – Operant Conditioning harminy between humans and the environment re-
Social Interpersonal Model patterning human environmental fields or providing
 Harry Stack Sullivan’s Theory assistance in mobilizing inner resources or energy
Developmental Cognitive Modes of Experience fields
 Protaxic (unconnected experiences that have no  Nurses therapeutic touch, guided imagery, humor,
relationship to one another) meditation to promore symphonic interaction and
 Parataxic – begins to connect experiences in harmony of well being
sequence
 Syntaxic – begins to perceive him to herself and the
world within the context of the environment
Jean Piaget
 Human intelligence progress through a series of
stages based on age
 Cognitive development
 Sensorimotor: birth to 2 years

ISSA 3