® 196 A 3 BES eae ta au SATA AS LIN AARAS We 34a BIg qe saaay at i * a QUE" MBs =°, gaa" Aerodynamic Investigation of Three-Dimensional Wings in Ground Effect for Aero-levitation Electric Vehicle H. J. Oh", J. H. Seo", Y. J. Moon”, J. S. Cho and Y. H. Yoon” Aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional wings in ground effect for Aero-levitation Electric Vehicle(AEV) are numerically investigated for various ground clearances and wing spans at the Reynolds number of 2xi0°. Numerical results show that a_ sizeable three-dimensional flow separation occurs with formation of an arch vortex at the junction of main and vertical wings, and that this is conjectured a primary cause for the high lift-to-drag(L/D) reduction rate of the main wing, when the wing span is decreased. Improvements on L/D ratios of the wings with small spans are pursued by breaking the coherence of superimposed adverse pressure gradients at the wing junction. Key Words: Wing in Ground Effect(”] %5}), High-speed Ground Transportation System(224 2)4} 24 4)4¥), Corner Flow Separation(24 #¥ “e]) LA ez LUA} A aE AMY Hee Hee 4) G4A Bee] AAT Ste BE Al WAI(ground effect)? W(1] ae aWaAas ATLESEAMAY ASM AAMC] Fig. 1s} BE F 7| 4A ASLBA (Aero levitated Electric Vehicle)2 Az clo] Het Apt Bes] Aaya WAZA} AEVE FYB] Elendplateyel +4410] 92 a 20, Bl AXA APZlopen channel) 944} eeneianiiad 12 9 f4VcL Kohamat(2-4} Aero~Train’} Hee 8 aie eee! WARS SoD GA ohei72) ABA tandem) 33 dade ase 4 Bega Wate AS AS AAS Aegon, Fig.l Aero-levitation Electric Vehicleazaagasts te ;_ Fig. 2 Schematic of AEV 3D wings ae dF] Fru svt Ad 2S Aad (High-speed Ground Transportation System)2| 2 AMNSS Adee FRU SUS sa ac. 2 APIS AARHE VE BIHY ASE ga] Age) 34-4 gol de 4 aes Sz 2 dd. ge] aes Ue wha gael a aa LS Fe] GM} ed FFU SASS Al AEV/HGTS A299) WAZ ABE F, AEV ANZGA Qt AB (ground clearance) 43} R PAF Aspe] GS BaSIs BAe S22 PASI Serloy BBS FE FA AA USS Ro} Vr. 2. 2A Bol 2 Aw saAl AEV A|Age Ue £449 Be ted F deo] Bale YAojo, FAHS F(side fence) 2] AJ AEso] ja] Wass FAS o] Fea} ad 2 we Sadd Ae ses Ila7) ARBs}. AEV/HGTS A992] Fa Al Fe Fig. 24 EARL YMA (C), FAY Altrailing edge)s} HGTSS+9} 22i(h), BWW AB HGTS Abe]S] AACA), FAY Bes), SAH SF H(s.)o] AABAM, AA Ws A he WSS $8 AEV/HGTS A\AMS] SB9AA Bs] Ge Sa 54 BS FUT, sh sss Ba AEV/HGTS A499] SF waste] Ge TAS y ste dehu aa} ee, Be AArastel, AEVS) £t4=7 ae 3007400km/h(Max=0.2470.32)% UH Rape] Ie ago] 27) 8S ALS BFS, wesy Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes $941 Ab@2t BS. aa) As SIMPLE @z ee wa 3 BES 197 Cer i CED ' } a ae oon ae LE 8 (a) velocity profiles (upper surface) Be ara (b) Reynolds shear stress (x/e=1.01) Fig. 3 DSMA661 airfoil (2D) BSS SAA, AVY Ark 2a A Ab WA (2nd order upwind scheme)& A}S3}A2™] vt % ZWe Menter7H[5] Alek’ SST(Shear Stress Transport) kK—w UH BBS ASA. 3. AMAA AS AMA Mis] AMIS Asal Meta DSMAG6] W7ie] OE WH BASSES} aos 2 AG Satel6) Atay So} way BM Th. Aaa Alot Ags Ut Fd Ee Bt (blunt trailing edge)o] DAAKLOA, Bes] Fr % YR Ael(chord length)®) 0.1%) ch. e7Hs] S72 O12 FEL YA Als WELZ ao] BS FF Lie] ARE] URGES 0.026014. AA AtEd FE fo] AH=es Iya G7 a, HA FETE AAFS 100, 200, 3002 = Bestel spe Passi. Azts] Aye 28,360, 43,760, 59,6091], AaAzbe] a7 Ya Als Idee ye qe raid. aka a dah a, Aes) geass SE 2 FRB198 A 3 BEY weeps =D S44 Se a7 Aa ee leas Wey __ wos enon © APH UEHURT Fig. 3@)E AaH+7t 59,160 a ao) aay astoe wis) Bela x/e7t 0.493, 0.693, 0.893, 1.000% 4] 21482] Cit AAS] SEXES AWB} Mase] vel Fz S12, x7 1011 SHB ASA ae S4RES AVA wes Fig. 3O)= AWRY ACIS de s Vasa ISS BaF seh 4. a3 ot Da 4A a7 AW AEV!] Ya AAS AA Fig. do] tebe NACANS] 47}7] Priel Hal FA SIS At ato va gestae. Awa we 24a gil dal a See uate] Aa NACA0006, 2406, 44062 Aiba sslonl, 74 Beol datas NACA4406, 4409S a4jatsich. AY WSS 2%, A/e-0114, Aolesre a1, IF FEF CHIEE Olt. AAA APS yrke BA AS Psst Sasha] Aras] Ad ava awe 4 wid de s4 54 WE Table lo) EMA. Ba Sst aE A tao] we} Gals Sts Yas Pass ase Uefa Uc. a7] ea SF Bye) S7\7t Je} AD FATE Be NACAMOG WHE 7H Fe FINS Fe} ULA), o]= Hsiun3} Chenl8] 9) AWARE VE 24] hol Ad oF Ha Ass Wlds wFa gq. 42 AEVAAE Sel TSA AMANE Bo AEV AAWS| Fels} Baal wie 2d dae Sa es $48 Gas 4 HM NACAM062.2 23234. AAW) SYSaA T GAS We Table 20) Aadsilou, AEV Aad ae wa wees NBBOZ W/e-Ol, he/e-01, si/e-2.0, so/c-10& AATAT. GA, dh] PSAs 2o]a sols A FE 2x10 oo} UF WH BEE 0.1%elt. Al Ao) shee APE eF 150eI opi, aaah 4 ale 4a dels} ates y's 24 AE oleh. Fig. 4 2D airfoils in ground effect (h/e=0.1, a=2°) ‘Table 1 Aerodynamic characteristics of 2D airfoils in ground effect C. Co LD NACA0006] 0279 | 0.01110 | 25.15 NACA206| _0595__| 0.00941 | 63.24 Nacaaso6| 0.853 | 0.00929 | 91.86 Naca4sog| 0.805 | 0.00986 | 81.64 34@ AEV 28 WA Fe FE Te a aa aso] AY BES ed Fig. SE BA 44 BASS Bt FHF, $8] Fs Bate) ABUSE 24 HI FY] Edlas Basel BdHy BJOS WS wor F satel Bas = HES Ate SMH Je Ams] Bel By & BAST UG. oye 24 FS Ye FAS Fig. 62 Sal 243] jw Fig. Gale Ye] B Aud ae] Bte] 3A 7 SS sae BAGS wIFT Moo, A Us Aas 4 BM Fig. 6(b)E Ye] SAA tao] PSs7) z Table 2 Test cases of AEV 3D_wings parameter] case [parameter] case 0.025 (0.025 0.050 (0.050 ee 0.200 0.200 2,000" 1.000" 1.500 0.750 sve |_1250 | svc | 0.625 1.000 0.500 0.750 0375 baseline caseSaal Fig. 5 Total pressure contours (baseline case) HL 3 BES 199 fe) {NES MES a °9 oo wee oo aos we (a) ground clearance variation (a) Cp iso-surface (b) Cp surface contours Fig. 6 3D flow separation at the wing junction ait eS Uebae dep) we RE Wee AEV Naw Wis} Bea StF Va ass F adel Jax MSs BF lo 43 AEV NAB SHA ws AEV JAW dH AGH So] ARMAS ge eee 2a Us wae] ge sa5 QUE BAAME Ae We SAA Fo] F aA ES Se BANGS Agate Yo] HAY of RS SAM MSS AAA Je wa LAS 3} Ase $B 2A Graal Fa, Wed BH} SAS SAAS Ul SRAA PG. AA We Aga Ge L/D $7 Sol We ASS AEV S Saal saaqu t + we. Table. 20 Bead h/eH h/c WS He At aA APS Ya Fig. Was BA h/cdh hee B aol we} AEV AJA dle] Sau7} Sree AMS UND MLA, HS) he, he/c7t O11 ZS BAA HA L/D MAVALS SIGS BF act. FYs} Beste] Aaa 7H Aay # UA AER BAA] MAl7t has WALA Slo] 7h RAs PRE atelapt Seba Slo} oe a (b) span variation Fig. 7 Aerodynamic characteristics of AEV 3D wings (--- baseline case) Sao] S7t Ha, EE A/c Grd qa St #2) L/D} S7HIBA SAN FR 7 Gael = BBS FO} NS S77 ASE Fig. Ta)l AS at. 44 AEV AAS SR AEV AAS] BAH Fs Fol AANSS ATE + BAG AAAy @ HZ Table 24 BAM si/cH so’c BH | & Sasae Batt. Fs Bea) % G2 ge F459s 4 Bu Fig. 1b)S BG SAE FY F Fro a 4 aaa grasa le £8 Szeto] Fou] AAS BAS AMS yetuia eh. ole Fe] 4% geo Ge SH] UE BAS Fasiy a4 Uta 24 FE Ye FI F Geo 2 A SMS VA] Sa Easy] Wel Ga As B Bq Sr BAA ARc. si/c7} 25 10 BH Az SAFol YS(wing root)© 4k 75% A aa adel eas BES Vast Fig. Ba) SBA s/c BF BAS Ft Get QAM | AS444 Mae] JHs2) FT ASS waysM3 BES gaaetaes Table 3 Vertical wing modifications aie (a) Cp curve (b) stagnation point Fig. 8 Main wing aerodynamic characteristics for s¥c=1 and 2 =z dom, le FA Ste] Udo] ad. a s/e=2% BF si/c=14 lah dl 4, US Te A Ah0|7- AA SMBH UA si/c7t 25 101 B + At SHA 25a Baa zlgaasl sala HAS VTS Fig. KE CAF Bel we} Bal AY Aa} BA AHS STS RAFT Vo a, lat ase j2ge] Jedase gaa je Ut Guys gras U + At. ede SF Batol date Fo] uyad Fe} 3} $4 Sa aa 8ts F2] Sat Ma s/c Ba4 de] FUP FIs] Pele aa gs Be 77 Bz NSS at F At. 45 2m sie] 8a gat ABV 4)\Aq9) SAS SAE SWS BHAI) = ass deus. Fa Beste] PIE FRNA Bae BAS elt Stu] B29) = Adee Hlylon Bes] PIwys Als BWA Baz} sad. 24 FS els FAUIS F Pat} Ate Fue] Aves B Asp] HZ] ol Ms}) 717] Mah ie] Fe) si/c=l, so/c=12 Ae Hate} NACA4406 S71 NACA4406. Swept | Swept [NACA2406 Lo 15° o c. | sso | 0.625 | 0.625 ="! Co | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.025 wing oe | L/p| 209 | 2332 | 24.60 roa. Se} 0373 | 0.46 | 0.296 Co | 0.032 | 0.027 | 0.022 plate u6 | 1615 | 13.45 Ae Baws BS anda sad NACA2406 SAL APA wstat NACA4406 Z7i, SAGE Baa] gaol = FHS Fo} we skh. Aaa ast wale] Gal ast steal $8 veld Fig. 9 Bed vA ay Sa wl FOF AG] MIPS S277 NSE Ba} Fr Yoo Age PME SeAl7]z WSs wal FR MG WAAF JIS Ys ee Aa 4 A 7) BF) Hal ve Fig. 102 Ave] Sart He] SAA FY WTA Teh Vso] ssl 2ee $2 188 Geuze £8 2 aa 2S] 3a Ssh VY gat aed. aad Fe we @ Whe Mel Nae aeae Be BAEC. Table. 3¢ WIS FI BF F99 FE #2) SYvl7t Az 17.7%, 15.9% BSH, FHA & ES AF AA 115%, 392% ASRS YET (a) vertical wing: NACA4406 (b) vertical wing: NACA2406 Fig. 9 Limiting streamlines and Cp surface contours (sl/e=s2/c=1) (©) vertical wing: NACA4406 (cant angle=15")201 r M3 WHS ana = a® ange (1] Wieselsberger, C., 1922, “Wing Resistance Near the Ground,” NACA TM 77. [2] Kohama, Y., Watanabe, H., Kikuchi, S., Ohta, F, and Itoh, T., 2002, "Flight Dynamics and Development of the Stability Control Method of the Aero-Train,” Trans. of JSME (B), Vol. SSS 68, No. 665, pp. 102°107. xi [3] Kohama, Y., and Watanabe, H., 1998, "Wind Fig. 10 Cp curves at 75% span Tunnel Study of the New — Concept Low-Emission High-Speed Ground Transport System,” Proc. of 4th KSME-JSME Fluids Bae Eng. Conf. Haeundse, Pusan, Korea, October 18°21, pp. 1697172. ARIE WE BVA ASaa saws [4] Ahmed, M.R, and Kohama, Y., 1998, "Some aaa diol UE FA aD Sa Sas eae tom, Hos} Be APAE US + sae. Rae ee eee Proximity," Proc. of 4th KSME-JSME Fluids () 493) Beate] AUIS au FO Eng. Conf, Haeandae, Pusan, Korea, October wt BadS Atel FH Sao del Bs 18°21, pp. 6417644. AS Be7} AADS Sl FF ARF, Ae [5] Menter, FR, 1994, "Two-Equation wee 84 ot 8 Fa gag F ade Be Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models _for selec. Engineering Applications,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 2) AEV Aad dist AW}e]9] oa gee 32, No. 8 pp. 1596°1605, weds) BUS EAA a blest hzlert (6) Nakayama, A, 1985, “Characteraes of, the = ae low around Conventional and Supercritical Ce east ea emer Airfoils,” J. Fluid Mech, Vol. 160, pp. 155°179. At EE Fst Bee] F Bre Azte] AA 17) Devenport, W. J., Rife, M. C,, Liapis, S. 1, and Ws) HHS BA ARoOY Ge] Seq) |e Bs Follin, G. J, 1996, “The Structure and EANAMY VHS PAs S74)A VRy) ga Development of a Wing-Tip Vortex,” J. Fluid of 7d SE AVSE ASHS VF AA Mech, Vol. 312, pp. 67°93. 3) #9] ¥ Gad Fe Fay] aS wets] (Bl Hsiun, C. M, and Chen, C. K, 1986, Ht Vlos FUG Ad AVS Fran $5) AS Fo} 107402] Bu] ASHE US + a Qt o] H7tz] AAS SHA BE Ta So] aay Sa AEV AAd Whe AMY + ae Bee abaad. ea e ate tathads syladst (1999-1-305-001-5) 24 = 48S]31.2.01, clef xtallap qe gah Ewch. “Numerical Investigation of the Thickness and Camber Effects on Aerodynamic Characteristics for Two-dimensional Airfoils with Ground Effect in Viscous Flow,” Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. Space Sci, Vol. 38, No. 119, pp. 77°90.