TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Title
 Approval
 Abstract

QUESTION
1. What is language lab?
2. What is the importance of language lab in curriculum?
3. What is communication?
4. Object of communication?
5. Difference between communication and society?
6. Six type of communication?
7. Practical example of all type of communication all the through are table?
8. What is language?
9. Relation between language & communication?
10. Why any language is important?
11. Why English language is important?
12. What is workplace communication?
13. Structure of workplace communication?
14. Difference between management and communication?
 Conclusation
 THE ROLE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION

(LANGUAGE LAB – 1)

i. The Role of Language Lab Technique in Learning English as a Second Language (Listening
and Laboratory Work Analysis) is explained. The study is aimed to find out the
phenomenon and to proof the effectiveness of a process of learning by applying
language lab technique in listening subject of English as a second language. The research
was carried out by teaching grade III students of English majority of Vidyasagar
University of Medinipur . The sample is selected by using purposive sampling to choose
two classes in the faculty, thy are group A and B. The data were collected by using a set
of listening test that covering all subjects being taught. The effectiveness of the teaching
method into the students’ achievement in teaching is obtained from their ability to
answer the question before teaching (pre-test and after learning process have been
conducted (post-test). The result of research showed that the data are normally
distributed. There is effectiveness or influence of laboratory work method to increase
students’ achievement in teaching English especially in listening and laboratory work.
One of the most interesting aspects of the lessons was the way in which the teacher
integrated the various technologies and harnessed their potential for language learning.
Also, the teacher used the lab space very effectively as a classroom environment, with a
variety of pace and interaction patterns. The original language labs are now very
outdated. They allowed a lecturer to listen to and manage student audio via a hard-
wired analogue tape deck based systems with ‘sound booths’ in fixed locations. The
language laboratory is a very helpful tool for practicing and assessing one’s speech in
any language. It provides a facility which allows the student to listen to model
pronunciation, repeat and record the same, listen to their performance and compare
with the model, and do self-assessment. Language laboratory gives every learner of any
language freedom to learn at their own pace, it is flexible and does not necessarily
require a lecturer all the time. At the same time, it is possible for lecturers to provide
assistance individually and collectively. This study also shows that in order to become
fully effective users of multimedia language labs, language lecturers need to be both
technically and pedagogically proficient.
 1.What is language lab?
Language Laboratory Through originated in
the USA, Language laboratory rapidly gained
ground in UK in the 1960’s. Now it forms an
important technique of teaching in several
countries and especially in the teaching of
foreign language. Essentially language
laboratory is a self learning device. It enables
the learner to hear the language spoken from
recorded tapes and to practice speaking in the same manner. The language laboratory
concentrates on listening (understanding) and speaking, leaving the other two processes
reading and writing to be developed later. While speaking, it aims at the development of
correct pronunciation, intonation and accent. It also develops an ability to use the words,
idioms and phrases in the language in the correct way. Finally it helps the learner to
communicate his ideas effectively in the language. It enables the use of same material by a
group of about 20 learners at a time. The language laboratory is a very helpful tool for
practicing and assessing one's speech in any language. It provides a facility which allows the
student to listen to model pronunciation, repeat and record the same, listen to their
performance and compare with the model, and do self-assessment. Computers. The
computers are a very important part in the language lab. Technology. A language laboratory
has a specific technology that enables the interconnection, interaction and communication
between the different positions that make up the lab.

2.What is the important of language lab in curriculum?

A language lab creates a learning environment much more effective than traditional
classrooms enhancing the capabilities of students and allowing a high degree of immersion
and attention to diversity. A language laboratory encourages the participation and
integration of the students in the different exercises and this is reflected, for example, in
the time it takes to students to speak in another language during class. In a traditional class
of 45 minutes the percentage of time spent by students to speak in the language they are
studying is 2.2% while in a language laboratory classroom the percentage of time spent
reaches nearly 24%.
 It is also necessary to note that these figures might be higher depending on the exercises
taking place in the class. Today’s language labs are available in a number of different types of
technology. Multimedia language labs use computers and incorporate language lab software.
Digital language labs that typically use digital hardware for the students and software at the
teacher station only. Language labs can also be Mobile language labs or wireless language labs.
The most common language labs terminologies Language laboratory, multimedia language lab,
language lab, language lab & media centre, multimedia language learning centre, software
language, digital language lab, portable language lab. Research shows that in a classroom
average language class, all students combined speak only a limited time of the class time. With
a language lab, all students in the class can work on different levels in 6 different groups or self-
access, and speak simultaneously without distracting each other regardless of the class size.
This work can be played back to the students to practice and improve and the teachers can save
this work and assign this as homework for the students. Without a language lab, this is not
possible and in a class of more than 10 students, each student gets less than one minute of
speaking practice without being able to record or save the students work. In addition, the use
of the language lab allows students to have access to the information quickly and easily
developing many types of classroom exercises, personalizing the learning process, encouraging
creativity, innovation and training . Language laboratories also favor a high degree of skill
development, team and collaborative work eliminating socio-temporal barriers since
information is not found in a particular and specific place and at the same time, they foster
digital literacy responding to new educational and social needs.

3.What is communication?

Communication is a process that involves sending and receiving of messages through a

verbal and non-verbal method. The sender sends a message, the receiver receives a
message and sends it back with the feedback to the sender again. The methods of
communication involve oral and speech communication,  written and graphical
representations. Additionally, it includes the cultural sphere, a tool utilized to
communicate, location, etc. Though it looks simple, communication is generally a very
complicated subject.

In other words, communication is a two-way means of communicating information in

the form of thoughts, opinions, and ideas between two or more individuals with the
purpose of building an understanding.

The four main categories of communication are ;-

1. Verbal –  It is a method that uses speech in the form of speaking to convey a
message or information. It is the most popular and effective mode of
communication, usually practiced during video conferences, phone calls,
presentations, one-on-one conversations, and meetings. It supports both
nonverbal and written communication.
2. Nonverbal – It is basically a practice of gestures, facial expressions, and body
language to send information. It can be implemented intentionally and
unintentionally when communicating. For instance, a person can smile
unintentionally when they hear an interesting piece of information or a pleasant
idea. 

3. Written – It is all about typing, printing symbols, numbers, letters, and writing to
send a piece of information. Sometimes used to record information for evidence
or reference purpose. In general, the written style of communication is used in
books, blogs, pamphlets, memos, and letters to share and spread information. In
the workplace,  e-mail is a common example of written communication.

4. Visual – It uses art, photographs, sketches, graphs, charts, and drawings, to pass
on the information. It is used especially during presentations to present to give a
visual effect and support written or verbal communication. 

The communication is a process that starts with the development of thoughts by a

sender who conveys the message using a various channel to the receiver, who then
sends him a message as feedback. There are seven main components of the
communication process.
4.Object of communication?
Communication objectives are the reasons that a business or individual may choose to interact, or
communicate, with customers, employees, coworkers or other businesses and what the business hopes
to gain from the exchange. This communication may come in the form of conversations, written
statements, marketing campaigns or any other strategy that conveys information. Creating objectives
before communicating can help a business or individual develop strategies that guide the content of
each instance of communication. This can help them reach efficiently reach goals. Any type of company
or organization can create and utilize communication objectives in the workplace. The term itself can
apply to many different areas of a company, such as marketing, management and leadership. Employees
may use communication objectives within everyday interactions whenever they engage in an act of
communication with a set purpose. Defining the goals that many already employ can help make the
communication process more efficient for all parties.

Types of communication objectives:-

Motivating an audience Individuals may employ motivation as a communication objective when they
attempt to convince someone else to do something. They may do this to help the individual meet their
goals or improve their performance. For example, a mentor may motivate an employee to develop
strategies that increase focus. A business may use motivation as a communication objective when it
attempts to rally customers behind a shared purpose or goal. For example, an exercise company may
create advertisements with the intention of motivating customers to go to the gym. While this can
benefit the customer by helping them reach their goals, it can also help a business create demand
surrounding its product or service.

Sharing knowledge:-

Some individuals and businesses may communicate with the intention of sharing knowledge. They may
describe processes, give facts or update a coworker on relevant information. The intention of this may
be to share knowledge so that both parties understand and can thus use that knowledge to influence
decisions. Businesses may share knowledge with customers to educate them about new products or
markets. They may also share knowledge for the purpose of improving the world by helping customers
become more educated. Some examples of this knowledge sharing would be anti-smoking campaigns or
informational pamphlets.

Persuading an audience:-

A company or individual may communicate with the intention of convincing someone to do something
that can benefit them. For example, an employee may try to persuade a coworker to take their shift so
they can attend an appointment. Understanding persuasive strategies can help an individual present
their argument clearly and sway another's opinion. Similarly, a business may communicate with the
intention of persuading customers to use its products or services. While this is similar to motivation, this
type of persuasion may focus less on convincing a customer to reach their own goals. For example, a
fitness company may motivate a customer to go to the gym and persuade them to buy the workout
clothing it sells.

Entertaining an audience:-

Companies or individuals may communicate with the objective of entertaining a listener. This strategy
may appear in art, music or other forms of storytelling. It may also appear when companies use
humorous or interesting advertisements to engage customers. Like other communication objectives, it
can combine with other targets to help a company accomplish a goal. For example, a marketing team
may use entertainment to motivate customers to buy a product.

Generating demand:-

A company or individual may communicate with the intention of creating demand around a product or
service. This can involve describing the benefits of a product or communicating the need for it within a
market. For example, a sales professional may create demand for a product by describing how quickly
it's selling out.

Growing brand awareness:-

A company or individual may also communicate to create brand awareness. Similar to the objective of
sharing knowledge, those using this communication objective may describe the brand to potential
customers and create a narrative about the need it fulfills. The difference between the two objectives,
though, is that brand awareness is more focused on describing the benefits of the brand itself rather
than more general information about the market. For example, a company may use marketing to
describe its identity and convey its story to an audience.

Completing a transaction:-

Communication may also help a business or individual complete a transaction. Some examples of this
type of communication would be a sales professional convincing a customer to complete a sale or a
company closing a merger with another company. While persuasive in nature, this type of
communication may also involve information sharing and developing a relationship between each
member of the deal.

Creating interest:-

Before a business or individual persuades a potential customer to use a product, they may communicate
with the intention of creating interest. A business may do this to create a new or exciting air surrounding
a product. For example, a company may publish an advertisement for a product before it launches on
the market to build anticipation for its release.

Strengthening a narrative:-
A business or individual may also communicate with the objective of creating or backing up a brand's
narrative. If a brand has already developed a strong identity for customers, it can then communicate
with the intention of maintaining that identity with new policies or products. For example, a company
with an identity as an innovator within the technology market may release an advertisement describing
its products' features to reinforce its focus on rare and complex benefits

Examples of communication objectives:-

A trader develops communication strategies to motivate a client to invest their money within the stock
market. While they do this to earn a commission, they do it to empower a client to take control of their
finances by educating themselves and making informed choices for their future. To do this successfully,
the trader employs strategies like offering information and describing potential benefits.

Educating customers about a potential recall:-

When a company plans to recall a product, it can communications that describe the product to its
customers. The goal of this communication may be to offer customers the appropriate amount of
information so that they can decide to get rid of a potentially dangerous product. The nature of this
communication may be informational rather than persuasive, meaning that the company may simply
present facts without embellishment or exaggeration.

Creating interest for a new sneaker release:-

A company communicates with the intention of creating

interest surrounding the release of a new line of
sneakers. It offers potential customers limited
information about the new shoes and describes
potential impacts on the market before they release the
product. They also describe early release parties and
events to create an air of exclusivity and mystery around
the product.

5. Difference between communication

and society?
The major in communication and society focuses on
the cultural and social contexts of communication, particularly organizational and intercultural
communication. It's a highly flexible program that has applications in business, government, media,
nonprofit organizations, human services, and many other fields. There is no difference between
communication and society. There is no society without communication. A suppression of the
communication of a society will seriously injure that society. An enhancement of the
communication of a society profoundly support that society.

Society operates on communication:-

The government is the first and obvious example. The departments of government require a
specific Chain of Command and Regular Channels for communication, in established formats. If
these formats are slightly changed — or the Channels are slightly changed — or the Chain of
Command is changed — the government itself is
rattled. The same applies to Corporations and
Businesses of all kinds. The same applies to
Public Schools (and private schools). The same
applies to the Justice System, the Police, the
Courts, the Prisons, and the Bail Bonds
operators Something similar occurs within the
Family. Smooth communication within a family
supports the family, while a suppression of
communication can seriously injure that family.
Secrecy undermines many relationships.
Without any communication, there is simply no Society at all.

6. Type of communication?
I. Verbal communication.
II. Non-verbal communication.
III. Written communication.
IV. Listening.
V. Visual communication.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication occurs when we engage in speaking with others. It can be face-to-face, over the
telephone, via Skype or Zoom, etc. Some verbal engagements are informal, such as chatting with a
friend over coffee or in the office kitchen, while others are more formal, such as a scheduled meeting.
Regardless of the type, it is not just about the words, it is also about the caliber and complexity of those
words, how we string those words together to create an overarching message, as well as the intonation
(pitch, tone, cadence, etc.) used while speaking. And when occurring face-to-face, while the words are
important, they cannot be separated from non-verbal communication.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

What we do while we speak often says more than the actual words. Non-verbal communication includes
facial expressions, posture, eye contact, hand movements, and touch. For example, if you’re engaged in
a conversation with your boss about your cost-saving idea, it is important to pay attention to both the
their words and their non-verbal communication. Your boss might be in agreement with your idea
verbally, but their nonverbal cues: avoiding eye contact, sighing, scrunched up face, etc. indicate
something different.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Whether it is an email, a memo, a report, a Facebook post, a Tweet, a contract, etc. all forms of written
communication have the same goal to disseminate information in a clear and concise manner – though
that objective is often not achieved. In fact, poor writing skills often lead to confusion and
embarrassment, and even potential legal jeopardy. One important thing to remember about written
communication, especially in the digital age, is the message lives on, perhaps in perpetuity. Thus, there
are two things to remember: first, write well – poorly constructed sentences and careless errors make
you look bad; and second, ensure the content of the message is something you want to promote or be
associated with for the long haul.

LISTENING

The act of listening does not often make its way onto the list of types of communication. Active listening,
however, is perhaps one of the most important types of communication because if we cannot listen to
the person sitting across from us, we cannot effectively engage with them. Think about a negotiation –
part of the process is to assess what the opposition wants and needs. Without listening, it is impossible
to assess that, which makes it difficult to achieve a win/win outcome.

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

We are a visual society. Think about it, televisions are running 24/7, Facebook is visual with memes,
videos, images, etc., Instagram is an image-only platform, and advertisers use imagery to sell products
and ideas. Think about from a personal perspective – the images we post on social media are meant to
convey meaning – to communicate a message. In some cases that message might be, look at me, I’m in
Italy or I just won an award. Others are carefully curated to tug on our heartstrings – injured animals,
crying children, etc.

We communicate continually throughout each and every day. We do it without thinking – we operate
on communication autopilot. However, I encourage you to think about how you communicate. How do
you communicate verbally? What nonverbal cues do you use when you are disinterested? Excited?
Nervous? Are you a good listener? Can you write a concise, clearly articulated message? Are there
barriers to how you communicate effectively?
Understanding how you communicate is the first step to communicating more effectively. You can easily
look online for communication courses. There are a variety of credit and non-credit course available to
help you improve your communication skills, including our non-credit series.

7.Practical example of all type of communication all the through are table?
Communication styles vary from person to person. During the development of communication, a person
may raise numerous channels or modes to express a message. But, the route of communication doesn’t
only depend on the cause of producing information. The first pace is the creation of information. The
second step is to lay this information into a standard for communication towards the projected viewers.

There are four major types of communication: verbal communication, nonverbal, written and visual.
Here, we will explain each of these types of communication with suitable examples.

Types of Communication

Verbal Communication:

Verbal communication occurs when we connect in speaking with others. It can be face-to-face, over the
telephone, via Skype etc. Some verbal actions are casual, such as chatting with a friend in the office,
while others are more formal, such as a planned meeting. Regardless of the kind, it is not just about the
words, it is also about the quality and difficulty of those words, how we cord those words jointly to
create an overarching message, as well as the modulation used while speaking.

Examples of Verbal Communication:

Terminating employees

Boldness

Training others to hold out a task or role

Using self-revelation to support sharing

Speaking peacefully even when you’re worried

Written Communication:

Written communication involves any interaction that makes employ of the written word. It is one of the
two major types of communication; along with oral communication. Some of the different forms of
written communication that are used inside for business operations include reports, bulletins, memos, 
job descriptions, employee manuals, and electronic mail.

 All forms of written communication have a comparable purpose of dealing out information in an
apparent and short manner though that purpose is often not achieved.
Examples of Written Communication:

Letters

Email

Faxes

Internet

Postcards

Brochures

Advertisements

Telegrams

Proposals

Visual Communication:

Visual communication skills need the use of visual aids which examine or viewed for thoughts and
information to be communicated. For example, graphs, charts, maps, posters, packaging design, books,
screen-based media etc. are all kinds of visual aids. The body gestures, facial expressions, and eye
contact of a person can also assist in visual communication by assigning a message. Which kind of visual
communication is right for your company depends on the goal you’d like to attain and also depends on
your target audience.

Examples of Visual Communication:

Training and educational videos:

Training and educational videos are an enormous part of effective visual communication. You have to
present your teams with the materials that they require to do their job well. Videos help to get your
position across in a way that everyone can welcome.

Trade Shows

Conferences

Websites

Social media posts

Office presentations

Non-Verbal Communication:
Non-verbal communication involves facial expressions, eye contact, posture, hand movements, and
touch. For instance, if you’re busy in a conversation with your manager about your cost-saving thought,
it is imperative to pay notice to both the words and their non-verbal communication. Your manager
might be in concord with your thought verbally, but their nonverbal cues: avoiding eye contact, sighing,
scrunched up face, etc. point out something diverse.

Examples of Non-Verbal Communication:

Eye Contact:

In business, the method and period of eye contact measured suitable vary greatly across cultures.

Facial Expressions:

Experts have decided these expressions as equivalent to hundreds of unlike emotional states. Our faces
suggest necessary information to the external world.

Body Language:

A simple rule is that ease, honesty, and heat express sincerity. And sincerity is input to efficient
communication. A firm greeting given with a warm, dry hand is a great way to set up a trust.

To develop the above communication types to achieve success .

With the daily news of downsizing and company failures, employees live in the constant fear of being
unemployed. It makes them accept untenable conditions at work and go to extraordinary lengths to .
Since we can’t change the economic conditions, we certainly can alter our perspective towards the
whole situation. Here are some tips to make you feel more secure at work.

Nonverbal Communication

What you say is a vital part of any communication. But what you don’t say can be even more important.
Research also shows that 55% of in-person communication comes from nonverbal cues like facial
expressions, body stance, and tone of voice. According to one study, only 7% of a Receiver’s
comprehension of a Message is based on the Sender’s actual words; 38% is based on paralanguage (the
tone, pace, and volume of speech), and 55% is based on nonverbal cues (body language) (Mehrabian,
1981).

Research shows that nonverbal cues can also affect whether you get a job offer. Judges examining
videotapes of actual applicants were able to assess the social skills of job candidates with the sound
turned off. They watched the rate of gesturing, time spent talking, and formality of dress to determine
which candidates would be the most successful socially on the job (Gifford, et. al., 1985). For this reason,
it is important to consider how we appear in business as well as what we say. The muscles of our faces
convey our emotions. We can send a silent message without saying a word. A change in facial expression
can change our emotional state. Before an interview, for example, if we focus on feeling confident, our
face will convey that confidence to an interviewer. Adopting a smile (even if we’re feeling stressed) can
reduce the body’s stress levels.

To be effective communicators, we need to align our body language, appearance, and tone with the words
we’re trying to convey. Research shows that when individuals are lying, they are more likely to blink
more frequently, shift their weight, and shrug (Siegman, 1985).

Another element of nonverbal communication is tone. A different tone can change the perceived
meaning of a message demonstrates how clearly this can be true, whether in verbal or written
communication. If we simply read these words without the added emphasis, we would be left to
wonder, but the emphasis shows us how the tone conveys a great deal of information. Now you can
see how changing one’s tone of voice or writing can incite or defuse a misunderstanding

Body Language

A simple rule of thumb is that simplicity, directness, and warmth convey sincerity. And sincerity is key to
effective communication. A firm handshake, given with a warm, dry hand, is a great way to establish
trust. A weak, clammy handshake conveys a lack of trustworthiness. Gnawing one’s lip conveys
uncertainty. A direct smile conveys confidence.

Eye Contact

In business, the style and duration of eye contact considered appropriate vary greatly across cultures. In
the United States, looking someone in the eye (for about a second) is considered a sign of trustworthiness.

Facial Expressions

The human face can produce thousands of different expressions. These expressions have been decoded by
experts as corresponding to hundreds of different emotional states (Ekman, et. al., 2008). Our faces
convey basic information to the outside world. Happiness is associated with an upturned mouth and
slightly closed eyes; fear with an open mouth and wide-eyed stare. Flitting (“shifty”) eyes and pursed lips
convey a lack of trustworthiness. The effect of facial expressions in conversation is instantaneous. Our
brains may register them as “a feeling” about someone’s character.

Posture

The position of our body relative to a chair or another person is another powerful silent messenger that
conveys interest, aloofness, professionalism—or lack thereof. Head up, back straight (but not rigid)
implies an upright character. In interview situations, experts advise mirroring an interviewer’s tendency to
lean in and settle back in her seat. The subtle repetition of the other person’s posture conveys that we are
listening and responding.
Touch

The meaning of a simple touch differs between

individuals, genders, and cultures. In Mexico, when
doing business, men may find themselves being
grasped on the arm by another man. To pull away is
seen as rude. In Indonesia, to touch anyone on the head
or touch anything with one’s foot is considered highly
offensive. In the Far East, according to business
etiquette writer NazirDaud, “it is considered impolite
for a woman to shake a man’s hand (Daud, 2008).”
Americans, as we have noted, place great value in a
firm handshake. But handshaking as a competitive
sport (“the bone-crusher”) can come off as needlessly
aggressive, at home and abroad.

Space

Anthropologist Edward T. Hall coined the term proxemics to denote the different kinds of distance that
occur between people. These distances vary between cultures. The figure below outlines the basic
proxemics of everyday life and their meaning (Hall, 1966).

8.What is language?
A language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which
are used by the people of a particular country or region for talking or writing. ...Language is a structured
system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which
humans convey meaning, both in spoken and written forms, and may also be conveyed through sign
languages. The vast majority of human languages have developed writing systems that allow for the
recording and preservation of the sounds or signs of language. Human language is characterized by its
cultural and historical diversity, with significant variations observed between cultures and across
time. Human languages possess the properties of productivity and displacement, which enable the
creation of an infinite number of sentences, and the ability to refer to objects, events, and ideas that are
not immediately present in the discourse. The use of human language relies on social convention and is
acquired through learning. Estimates of the number of human languages in the world vary between
5,000 and 7,000. Precise estimates depend on an arbitrary distinction (dichotomy) established between
languages and dialects. Natural languages are spoken, signed, or both; however, any language can
be encoded into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli – for example, writing,
whistling, signing, or braille. In other words, human language is modality-independent, but written or
signed language is the way to inscribe or encode the natural human speech or gestures. Depending
on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general
concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex
communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances
that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate signs to
particular meanings. Oral, manual and tactile languages contain a phonological system that governs how
symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that
governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances.

The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Critical examinations of languages, such as

philosophy of language, the relationships between language and thought, how words represent
experience, etc., have been debated at least since Gorgias and Plato in ancient Greek civilization.
Thinkers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) have argued that language originated from
emotions, while others like Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) have argued that languages originated from
rational and logical thought. Twentieth century philosophers such as Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
argued that philosophy is really the study of language itself. Major figures in contemporary linguistics of
these times include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.

Language is thought to have gradually diverged from earlier primate communication systems when
early hominins acquired the ability to form a theory of mind and shared intentionality. This development
is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the
structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions. Language
is processed in many different locations in the human brain, but especially in Broca's and Wernicke's
areas. Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally
speak fluently by approximately three years old. Language and culture are codependent. Therefore, in
addition to its strictly communicative uses, language has social uses such as signifying
group identity, social stratification, as well as use for social grooming and entertainment.

Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can
be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages
must have had in order for the later developmental stages to occur. A group of languages that descend
from a common ancestor is known as a language family; in contrast, a language that has been
demonstrated to not have any living or non-living relationship with another language is called
a language isolate. There are also many unclassified languages whose relationships have not been
established, and spurious languages may have not existed at all. Academic consensus holds that
between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have
become extinct by the year 2100. serve the communicative needs of its users. This view of language is
associated with the study of language in pragmatic, cognitive, and interactive frameworks, as well as
in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. Functionalist theories tend to study grammar as dynamic
phenomena, as structures that are always in the process of changing as they are employed by their
speakers. This view places importance on the study of linguistic typology, or the classification of
languages according to structural features, as it can be shown that processes of grammaticalization tend
to follow trajectories that are partly dependent on typology. A number of features, many of which were
described by Charles Hockett and called design features set human language apart from communication
used by non-human animals. Communication systems used by other animals such as bees or apes are
closed systems that consist of a finite, usually very limited, number of possible ideas that can be
expressed. In contrast, human language is open-ended and productive, meaning that it allows humans
to produce a vast range of utterances from a finite set of elements, and to create new words and
sentences. This is possible because human language is based on a dual code, in which a finite number of
elements which are meaningless in themselves (e.g. sounds, letters or gestures) can be combined to
form an infinite number of larger units of meaning (words and sentences). However, one study has
demonstrated that an Australian bird, the chestnut-crowned babbler, is capable of using the same
acoustic elements in different arrangements to create two functionally distinct
vocalizations. Additionally, pied babblers have demonstrated the ability to generate two functionally
distinct vocalisations composed of the same sound type, which can only be distinguished by the number
of repeated elements. Several species of animals have proved to be able to acquire forms of
communication through social learning: for instance a bonobo named Kanzi learned to express itself
using a set of symbolic lexigrams. Similarly, many species of birds and whales learn their songs by
imitating other members of their species. However, while some animals may acquire large numbers of
words and symbols, none have been able to learn as many different signs as are generally known by an
average 4 year old human, nor have any acquired anything resembling the complex grammar of human
language.

Human languages differ from animal communication systems in that they employ grammatical and
semantic categories, such as noun and verb, present and past, which may be used to express
exceedingly complex meanings. It is distinguished by the property of recursivity: for example, a noun
phrase can contain another noun phrase. Human language is the only known natural communication
system whose adaptability may be referred to as modality independent. This means that it can be used
not only for communication through one channel or medium, but through several. For example, spoken
language uses the auditive modality, whereas sign languages and writing use the visual modality,
and braille writing uses the tactile modality. Human language is unusual in being able to refer to abstract
concepts and to imagined or hypothetical events as well as events that took place in the past or may
happen in the future. This ability to refer to events that are not at the same time or place as the speech
event is called displacement, and while some animal communication systems can use displacement, the
degree to which it is used in human language is also considered unique.

9.Relation between language & communication?

Communicating with others is a basic human need. Healthy In many cases, the words “language” and
“communication” are used interchangeably. We use either or both of them to mean speaking person to
person. However, there is a distinct dichotomy between the two terms— language vs. communication.
In a very real sense, every living thing communicates in some way. Fish jump, sometimes for sheer joy.
Birds sing their cadences to communicate a variety of purposes, many of them doubtlessly unknown to
us. Dogs bark, cats meow, cows moo, and horses whinny. And yet, we do not say they are engaging in
language communication. These noises or other interactions communicate, or transfer information of
some kind. And yet, that is not language communication. Language is the highest form of intelligent
interaction—and is reserved for higher order beings of our universe, namely humans. No other living
thing communicates verbally and further, reduces that verbal communication to written form as well.

The Definition of Language

Language is a distinctly human activity that aids in the transmission of feelings and thoughts from one
person to another. It is how we express what we think or feel—through sounds and/or symbols (spoken
or written words), signs, posture, and gestures that convey a certain meaning. Among people, language
is the primary means of communication. It is through language communication, spoken or written, that
we are able to share our ideas, opinions, views, and emotions with another person. The purpose of
language is making sense of complex and abstract thought. Various languages are used by people
residing in different areas or belonging to different communities. Over time, languages have been
passed down verbally through generations and eventually reduced to some form of written record.
Language, as a tool, primarily occurs in auditory channels and is open to dynamic change. The written
form is an unchanging set of material by which others can learn to communicate in a given language
and has, therefore, become a vital aid to global human communication.

The Definition of Communication

Where language is a tool, communication is an experience.

Communication is described as, “an act of interchanging ideas, information, or messages from one
person or place to another, via words or signs which are understood to both parties.” It’s a crucial
activity for any group of beings, because it is the means by which members of the group cooperate
together. Communication is necessary for any group to function effectively. It is, at its core, a two-way
activity, consisting of seven major elements: sender, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding,
and feedback. A message is encoded then sent from one individual (sender) to another (receiver),
through a channel. That message is then decoded and given feedback, if communicated effectively.
Today, there are a variety of communication channels available: face-to-face, phone calls, emails, social
media platforms, brochures, advertisements, television, signs, fliers, reports and more.

Feedback is essential, for it is then that the process of communication comes full circle.

The process of communication affects all sensory channels, as it can occur in a variety of ways.

Communication can be classified as:

Verbal

Non-verbal

Written

Visual (charts, graphs, etc.)

Language vs. Communication: Key Differences

Below are the primary differences between language and communication. Note the relationship
between the two, regardless of differences.
Language is a system of communication that relies on verbal or non-verbal codes to transfer
information. Communication is a way of interchanging messages or information between two or more
people, focusing on the message.

Language is a tool of communication. Communication is a process of transferring messages.

Language changes dynamically, as new words can be created. Communication is considered static, as its

basic steps remain unchanged.

The basics of communication do not change. However, new words are added to the dictionary
of language almost daily.

Language vs. Communication: Working Together

living involves interacting and engaging with others. And our primary means of doing so is through
shared language.

As we obtain the capability of communicating across languages, we achieve interaction at the global
level. It is not really language vs. communication; it is language and communication. Shared language is
critical to such vital functions as business and education.
We are living today in an interconnected global
community, where communicating through shared
language is increasingly possible.

Overall, communication has a wider scope than

language, as communication encompasses language. A
good analogy of the relationship between language and
communication is to look at communication as the car,
and language as the road. The car of communication can
go down another road (another language), or even go
off-roading.

Language allows us to communicate in a variety of ways,

but it is only one set of tools in the larger scheme.
Besides language, the communication toolset is comprised of things like empathy, knowledge, body
language, facial expressions, and intonation.

Relationships thrive through communication, regardless of the shared language. Therefore, it is up to

businesses and organizations to communicate with their target audiences in the correct shared
language.