JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020

SCRUTINIZING THE FAT MASS, FAT FREE MASS,

FAT MASS INDEX, FAT FREE MASS INDEX AMIDST
RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOL BOYS OF PUNJAB
Dr. Amarjot Kaur1, Mr. Napinder2 , Mr. Sunil kumar3, Dr. Reeta Devi4
1
Assistant professor, Dept. of Sports Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala
2
Ph.D. Scholor, Dept. of Sports Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala
3,4
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physical Education, LPU, Punjab

ABSTRACT: The expectation of this examination was to break down the distinction of body piece between the
provincial and urban school young men. Altogether 240 school young men's age 12 to 17 years were taken an
interest in the study.120 young men of govt schools from country zone and 120 young men of tuition based
schools from urban zone. The BMI (weight list) and %BF (muscle versus fat ratio) of subjects were estimated.
The four site skin overlap strategy was utilized to ascertain the muscle versus fat. The distinction in body piece
among urban and country school young men were inspected with an autonomous t-test utilizing SPSS. The
consequences of the investigation demonstrate that the govt school young men were underweight though the
urban school young men were in the typical scope of BMI. The urban school young men have higher %BF as
contrast with the rustic school young men. The %BF of govt school young men in the great range where as the
% BF of non-public school young men in the adequate range. The provincial school young men are less fatty
than the urban school young men.

KEYWORDS: BMI, %BF, FM, FFM, FMI, FFMI, urban and rural school boys.

I. INTRODUCTION:

Human body creation is one of the parts of human science, chiefly to examine the change rule of the quantity of
body sythesis in human body, the impact of different factors in vivo and in vitro on the quantitative connection
between segments, just as in vivo assurance of human segments. Body structure estimations not just show
fundamental wholesome status and wellbeing status, yet in addition give important data to the determination and
treatment of different maladies, whose quality and circulation are firmly identified with the wellbeing status of
individuals at all ages. The human body comprises of 4 parts: fat, protein, water and inorganic salts, the extent
of its arrangement is a significant proportion of physical wellbeing principles, the extent of dysplasia is the
underlying driver of the improvement of numerous illnesses, to keep up the extent of body piece is ordinary to
accomplish body organization balance, and keep up the wellbeing status of a fundamental condition,
simultaneously, its structure to a limited degree, additionally mirrors the sex, age, geological, hereditary,
development and advancement, sustenance, financial level, and sickness and different variables.

The epidemiological examinations show that both underweight and stoutness are the serious issues of created
and creating nations. Since it is related with unfavorable impacts on wellbeing and social repercussion in both
puberty and adulthood. It is proposed that immaturity is a significant time of life, in light of the fact that
physical and mental Changes happens in this phase as it might be the last conceivable development time frame.
Nowadays, Increase in body fat is a serious and widespread problem in the world. Children and adolescents are
under the influence of overweight and obesity. The expanded weight and corpulence levels in kids and young
people because of absence of nourishment and absence of physical movement. In teenagers, weight expands the
danger of heart sicknesses, diabetes, hypertension and numerous different infections. The pace of chunkiness in
adolescents and young people extended from under 1% (indistinguishable from 5 million youngsters and 6
million youngsters) in 1975 to almost 6% for young women (50 million) and about 8% among young fellows
(74 million) in 2016. At the point when everything is said in done, the amount of strong people some place in
the scope of 5 and 19 years old rose in excess of multiple times far and wide, from 11 million of each 1975 to
124 million of each 2016. An extra 213 million individuals were overweight, yet fell underneath the restriction
of chubbiness. In India, the commonness of moderate and serious underweight was most elevated during these
four decades (24.4% of young ladies and 39.3% of young men had a moderate or extreme underweight in 1975,
22.7% and 30.7% in 2016). 97 million youngsters and youths with moderate or serious underweight on the
planet lived in India in 2016. (Royal school London and WHO, 2017).
Weight file is broadly used to survey overweight and stoutness however a significant inadequacy of BMI is that
it gives abundance weight comparative with stature, not overabundance the muscle versus fat. The BMI can't
separate between a strong body and greasy body. Along these lines, the skin overlap technique used to decide

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020

the distinction of greasy body and strong body on the grounds that the all out muscle versus fat ratio is
determined through Skinfold strategy. At that point we determined the FM (fat mass) and FFM (fat free mass) of
the body. The FMI (fat mass file) and FFMI (fat free mass record) were additionally determined.

Reason for study: - The examination was directed to investigate the distinction of body structure among urban
and provincial school young men. Eventually, it seeks to provide suitable data for developing health promotion
programs.

II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To decide the weight record of urban and country school young men.

• To ascertain the muscle versus fat ratio of urban and country school young men.
• To investigate the distinction of body structure among urban and country school young men.

III. RESEARCH DESIGN:-

Methodology: - The present study “A similar investigation of body creation among urban and rustic school
young men (age 12 – 17 years) of Punjab” was conducted based on rural government schools and urban private
schools of PunjabThe Age of the subjects was gone from 12 to 17 years.The total 240 subjects (120 boys from
Govt. schools of rural area and 120 boys from private schools of urban area) were selected for this study. The
height (in cm) and weight (in kg) of the subjects were first of all taken by using anthropometric rod and
weighing machine respectively. BMI was calculated using WHO index. The skin overlay technique was utilized
to investigate the muscle to fat ratio of the subjects. The figuring of the rate muscle versus fat incorporates
estimating four destinations of skin folds (triceps, biceps, sub scapular and Suprailiac) and substitute the log of
their sum into following conditions of Durnin and Womersley's:
Age Equation for males

<17 D = 1.1533 – (0.0643 * L)

17-19 D = 1.1620 – (0.0630 * L)

Where D = expected body thickness (g/ml) and L = log of the all out of 4 skin folds (mm). When the body
thickness esteem is regulated that can be changed over to Percentage of muscle versus fat (% BF) with Siri's
Equation:
% Body Fat = [495 /Body Density] - 450

After the computation of muscle versus fat ratio, the fat mass and fat free mass were determined to decide the
body arrangement. FM (fat mass), FFM (fat free mass), FMI (fat mass record) and FFMI (fat free mass file)
were registered utilizing following conditions:

1. FM(kg) = [Weight (kg) x (% Body Fat)] /100

2. FFM(kg) = Total Body Weight – FM (Fat Mass)
3. FMI(kg/m2) = FM(kg) / Height2 (m)
4. FFMI(kg/m2) = FFM(kg) / Height2 (m)
Note that, mathematically BMI (kg/m2) = FMI (kg/m2) + FFMI (kg/m2)

Data scanning: - In analyzing collected data, the variability between the urban and rural school boys in regard
to body composition characteristics was examined with an independent t-test using SPPS.

V. RESULTS
The fundamental point of study was to assess the distinction of body organization among urban and country
school young men. For this purpose data was collected from total 240 school boys (120 boys from Govt. schools
of rural area and 120 boys from private schools of urban area) of Punjab. The descriptive statistics of parameters
are presented as below.
Table 1: Representation of descriptive statistics of parameters studied

Parameters Mean±SD Mean±SD

(Govt) (private)

Age (years) 15.01±1.08 14.98±1.55

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Weight (in kg) 50.09±9.36 57.06±14.81

Height (in cm) 165.93±7.91 164.54±9.76
2
BMI (kg/m ) 18.12±2.72 20.86±4.07
% body fat 14.31±6.80 19.87±6.85
FM (kg) 7.56±4.73 11.86±6.24
FFM (kg) 42.53±6.31 45.19±10.01
2
FMI (kg/m ) 2.73±1.70 4.35±2.16
2
FFMI (kg/m ) 15.38±1.47 16.51±2.32

Table.1 shows that the mean age, weight, height, BMI, %BF, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI of Govt school boys
was 15.01±1.08(years), 50.09±9.36 (kg), 165.93±7.91 (cm), 18.12±2.72 (kg/m2), 14.31±6.80 (%), 7.56±4.73
(kg), 42.53±6.31 (kg), 2.73±1.70 (kg/m2) and 15.38±1.47 (kg/m2) respectively. The mean age, weight, height,
BMI, %BF, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI of private school boys was 14.98±1.55 (years), 57.06±14.81 (kg),
164.54±9.76 (cm), 20.86±4.07 (kg/m2), 19.87±6.85 (%), 17.86±6.24 (kg), 45.19±10.01 (kg), 4.35±2.16 (kg/m2),
16.51±2.32 (kg/m2) respectively.

Table:2 Comparison of BMI (body mass index) between Govt. (Rural) and private school (Urban) boys :

Govt (N=121) Private (N= 121)

MEAN SD MEAN SD t

BMI (kg/m2) 18.12 2.72 20.86 4.07 6.173*

* huge at P<0.05

It was observed from table 2 that the BMI (body mass index) of govt school boys was lower as compared to
private school boys. The govt school boys were underweight whereas the private school boys were in normal
weight range of BMI. The huge difference was found in body mass index betwext govt and private school boys
with t value of 6.173. (p<0.05).

Table:3 Correlation of % muscle to fat ratio between Govt. (Rural) and private school (Urban) boys:

Govt (N=121) Private (N= 121)

MEAN SD MEAN SD t
% Body Fat 14.13 6.79 19.86 6.84 6.332*
* huge at P<0.05

Table 3 Reveals that % muscle to fat of govt school boys was lower as compared to private school boys. The
huge contrast was found in % muscle to fat betwext govt and private school boys with t value of 6.332.
(p<0.05).

Table:4 Correlation of FM (fat mass) betwext Govt. (Rural) and private school (Urban) boys:

Govt (N=121) Private (N= 121)

MEAN SD MEAN SD t
FM(kg) 7.56 4.72 11.86 6.23 6.049*
* huge at P<0.05

It was observed from table 4 that the FM (fat mass) of govt school boys was lower as compared to private
school boys. The results revealed that the significant difference was found in FM between govt and private
school boys with t value of 6.049. (p<0.05).

Table: 5 Comparison of FFM (fat free mass) between Govt and private school boys:
Govt (N=121) Private (N= 121)
MEAN SD MEAN SD T
FFM(kg) 42.53 6.31 45.19 10.01 2.474*
* huge at P<0.05

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The table 5 that the FFM (fat free mass) of govt school boys was lower when contrasted with private school
boys. The significant difference was found in FFM between govt and private school boys with t value of 2.474.
(p<0.05).

Table: 6 Comparison of FMI (fat mass index) between Govt. (Rural) and private school (Urban) boys

Govt (N=121) Private (N= 121)

MEAN SD MEAN SD t
FMI(kg/m2) 2.73 1.70 4.34 2.15 6.448*

* huge at P<0.05

The table 6 shows that the FMI (fat mass record) of govt school young men was lower when contrasted with
tuition based school young men. The noteworthy distinction was found in FMI (fat mass file) among govt and
tuition based school young men with t estimation of 6.448. (p<0.05).

Table: 7 Comparison of fat free mass index between Govt. (Rural) and private school (Urban) boys:

Govt (N=121) Private (N= 121)

MEAN SD MEAN SD t
FFMI(kg/m2) 15.38 1.47 16.51 2.32 4.504*
*Huge at P<0.05

It was seen from table 7 that the FFMI (fat free mass list) of govt school young men was lower when contrasted
with non-public school young men. The noteworthy distinction was found in FFMI (fat free mass record) among
govt and tuition based school young men with t estimation of 4.504. (p<0.05).

VI. DISCUSSION
The target of the examination was to inspect likely contrasts in body structure of Punjabi school young men
living in either urban or provincial settingsIn the current examination the investigation of information showed
that noteworthy contrasts were found in BMI, %BF, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI between the 12 to 17 years old
urban and rural school boys. The results indicate that the govt school boys were underweight whereas the
private school boys are in normal range of BMI. The govt school boys have good %BF as compare to the boys
of private schools. The %BF of Govt School boys are in a fitness range where as the % BF of private school
boys in the acceptable range. the results of govt school boys In the present study BMI, %BF, FM and FFM are
similar with rural school boys with the further study but the results of BMI, %BF, FM and FFM of private
school boys is higher than the private school boys of the further study of Punjab reported by singh et. al (2017).
In the current investigation shows that the urban school boys fall into the normal weight range according to the
BMI values (20.86±4.07 (kg/m2), where as we look at their %BF (19.87±6.85) they fall into the acceptable
range. Similarly, govt school boys fall into the underweight range according to the normative values of the BMI
(18.12±2.72 (kg/m2) and if we look at the %BF (14.31±6.80) the fall into the good range. The rural school
children have good percentage of body fat but they are in the underweight range of BMI. They are looking
leaner as compare to the urban school boys. Most of the children from the rural schools are severely
underweight in the range of BMI between 13 to 18 kg/m2 furthermore, then again the most of the children from
the urban schools have higher BMI between the range 25 to 35 kg/m 2 and few children from the urban schools
are in the underweight range of BMI.

VII. CONCLUSION

The study concluded that the place of living and the family background has the deep affect on the body
composition of the children studied herein. Life style, eating habits and food ingredients have play an important
role in the differences between children from different setting. During the data collection we noted that children
studying in government schools in rural areas belong to lower middle or poor families that’s why they are
deprived of their daily needs and they become physically weak and do not develop well. The discoveries of the
current investigation indicated factually critical regarding the theory. So, there is a need of awareness in the
children and adolescents about their body composition and how to maintain their fitness and weight according to
their age and height.

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