STRUCTURE AND

BONDING
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

A schematic view of an atom

ATOMIC STRUCTURE: ORBITALS

Representation of s, p, and d orbitals.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE: ORBITALS

Shapes of the 2p orbitals.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE: ORBITALS

The energy levels of electrons in an atom.

 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
✔ The four quantum numbers enable us to label completely an electron
in an orbital in any atom.
✔ In a sense, we can regard the set of four quantum number as the
“address” of an electron in an atom.

For Hydrogen:
The 1 electron may reside in the 1s orbital (ground state) or it may
be found in some higher-energy orbital (excited state)
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
for the ground state electron of the Hydrogen atom:
ORBITAL DIAGRAM
The electron configuration can also be represented by an orbital
diagram that shows the spin of the electrons
ATOMIC STRUCTURE: ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
The AUFBAU PRINCIPLE dictates that as protons are
added one by one to the nucleus to build up the
elements, electrons are similarly added to the atomic
orbitals
Order in which atomic subshells are filled in
a polyelectronic atom
 ORBITAL DIAGRAM OF POLYELECTRONIC
ATOMS
For Carbon (Z=6),there may be different ways to distribute the two
electrons among the three p orbitals

✔ None of which violates the Pauli Exclusion Principle. However,

HUND’S RULE states that the most stable (lowest energy)
arrangement of electrons in orbitals is the one with the greatest
number of parallel spins.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE: ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS

Ground-State Electron Configurations of Some Elements

ORBITAL DIAGRAM OF POLYELECTRONIC
ATOMS
For Helium (Z=2), there are three possible ways of placing two
electrons in the 1s orbital

Recall: PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE: no two electrons in an atom can

have the same set of four quantum numbers.
Thus, the Helium atom has the following configuration:
ORBITAL DIAGRAM OF POLYELECTRONIC
ATOMS
The electron configuration of Nitrogen (Z=7) is 1s22s22p3

The 2s and 2p electrons of the nitrogen atom are called VALENCE

ELECTRONS. These are the electrons in the outermost principal
quantum level of an atom
The inner electrons are called CORE ELECTRONS
 VALENCE ELECTRONS
✔ all elements in a given group have the same number and type of
valence electrons

Group 1A – Alkali metals

✔ All have the valence electron configuration of ns1
✔ They all end to lose one electron to form a unipositive cation
Group 2A – Alkali Earth metals
✔ All have the valence electron configuration of ns2
✔ They all end to lose two electron to form a unipositive cation
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF CATIONS AND ANIONS

IONS DERIVED FROM REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

Na : [Ne] 3s1 Na+: [Ne]
Ca : [Ar]4s1 Ca2+ : [Ar]
Al : [Ne] 3s23p1 Al3+ : [Ne]

H : 1s1 H- : [He]
F : 1s22s22p5 F- : [Ne]
O : 1s22s22p4 O2- : [Ne]
N : 1s22s22p3 N3- :[Ne]

ISOELECTRONIC – have the same number of electron, hence same ground–state

electron configuration
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF CATIONS AND ANIONS

CATIONS DERIVED FROM TRANSITION METALS

Mn : [Ar]4s23d5

Mn2+ is expected to have an electron configuration of [Ar]4s23d3.

However, the correct electron configuration is [Ar]3d5.
❖ 3d orbital is more stable than 4s orbital in transition metal ions
❖ Transition metals can form more than one cation and frequently not
isoelectronic with the preceding noble gases
FORMING COVALENT BONDS: VALENCE
BOND THEORY
END
Prepared by: FMUCarranza