Theoretical questions of the 3rd MTO: thorax and respiratory system.

1. How many vertebrae are present in each section of the vertebral column?
2. Which vertebra does not have body?
3. Which part of the lumbar vertebra is considered to be a rudiment of a rib?
4. Which vertebrae have heart-shaped body?
5. In which plane are the superior articular surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae
oriented?
6. Which part of the vertebral column features the highest rotational degree of
freedom, and why?
7. What is the reason of the lack of torsion in the lumbar part of the vertebral
column?
8. The spinous process of which cervical vertebra is palpable?
9. What is name of the diarthrosis between the adjacent articular processes of the
vertebrae?
10. What is the type of synarthrosis of the sacrum?
11. Which part of the sacrum is considered to be rudiments of the transverse
processes of the vertebrae?
12. What is the type of the atlanto-occipital joint?
13. Name the ligaments which connect the vertebral arches.
14. Which syndesmosis can be found on the anterior surfaces of the vertebral
bodies?
15. Which ligament connects the tips of the spinous precesses of the cervical
vertebrae?
16. Which ligament retains the dens of axis in the fovea of the dens?
17. What are the parts of the atlanto-axial joint?
18. Name the inner part of the intervertebral discs.
19. Name the sagittal curvature of the vertebral column on the cervical and lumbar
parts.
20. Name the sagittal curvature of the vertebral column on the thoracic and sacral
parts.
21. Which of the two lordoses forms first?
22. What are the major parts of the sternum?
23. At which vertebral level does the transthoracic plane of the sternal angle go
through?
24. Which rib articulates with the sternum next to the sternal angle?
25. What are the classes of the ribs?
26. Which joints participate in the respiratory movements?
27. What are the parts of the costovertebral joints?
28. What anatomical item closes the inferior thoracic aperture?
29. What are the two major parts of the diaphragm?
30. Where do the muscle fibers of the muscular part of the diaphragm originate from?
31. List the named openings of the diaphragm.
32. In which part of the diaphragm is the caval opening located?
33. What anatomical items accompany the esophagus through the esophageal
hiatus?
34. Where does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?
35. Name at least two accessory respiratory muscles.
36. Which is the most lateral part of the erector spinae muscle?
37. Name the intercostal muscles.
38. Which intercostal muscle is inspiratory muscle?
39. Which intercostal muscle is expiratory muscle?
40. What is the origin of the anterior intercostal arteries?
41. What is the origin of the posterior intercostal arteries?
42. Where are the anterior intercostal veins drained to?
43. Where are the posterior intercostal veins drained to?
44. What is the most superior item in the intercostal space?
45. Name the innermost layer of the thoracic wall.
46. What is the definition of the mediastinum?
47. List the five layers of the superior mediastinum.
48. Which veins form the venous angle?
49. What is the great importance of the left venous angle?
50. In which side of the thoacic cavity does the azygos vein ascend?
51. Where is the azygos vein drained to?
52. In what vertebral plane is the tracheal bifurcation located?
53. What are the special features of the right main bronchus?
54. What are the special features of the left main bronchus?
55. Name the parts of the parietal pleura.
56. Name the initial pathways of the pulmonary lymphatics.
57. What is the smallest surgically resectable subdivision of the lobes of the lungs?
58. How many bronchopulmonary segments make up the lobes of the right lung?
59. How many bronchopulmonary segments make up the lobes of the left lung?
60. List the major items of the right pulmonary hilum in supero-inferior order.
61. List the major items of the left pulmonary hilum in supero-inferior order.
62. Define the location of the aortic groove.
63. Define the pulmonary root.
64. What is the topographic relation of the vagus nerve to the root of the lung?
65. Name two pleural recesses.
66. What is the pulmonary ligament?
67. What are the functional vessels of the lung?
68. List the paranasal sinuses.
69. Where does the frontal sinus open to?
70. Where does the maxillary sinus open to?
71. Where does the sphenoidal sinus open to?
72. What opens into the inferior nasal meatus?
73. Which conchae belong to the ethmoidal bone?
74. List the cartilages of the larynx.
75. What is the laryngeal prominence?
76. What are the borders of the laryngeal inlet?
77. What are the parts of the rima glottidis?
78. What does the vocal fold consist of?
79. Which muscle can open the rima glottidis?
80. Which are those major laryngeal muscles that close the rima glottidis?
81. Which are the fibro-elastic membranes of the larynx?
82. Which nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?
83. Which nerve supplies the mucous membrane of the infraglottic cavity?
84. Which are the divisions of the laryngeal cavity?