STS

- refers to application of science & technology Technosocial

It makes life easier & faster - “Technological action is a social process.”
SCIENCE - Social factors and technology are intertwined
- systematic body of knowledge so that they are dependent upon each other.
*3 branches* Concepts related to the Technosocial
1. Social Science – science in society * Technoscience -The perception that science
(psychology, philosophy) and technology are intertwined and depend on
2. Applied Science – application each other.
(medicine, archi, engr) * Technosociety - An industrially developed
3. Natural Science society with a reliance on technology.
a. Biological – animals. Plants * Technological Utopianism - A positive outlook
b. Earth Science on the effect technology
* Technosocial Systems - are people and
TECHNOLOGY technologies that combine to work
- applied science Classifications of the Technosocial
*3 branches* * Technological Optimism - The opinion that
1. Product technology has positive effects on society
2. Technique – strategies * Technological Pessimism - The opinion that
3. Process – procedure technology has negative effects on society
* Technological Neutrality –has positive and
SOCIETY negative impact
- benifactors * Technological Determinism - “maintains that
- acquire vitamins technologies are understood as simply
* Scientism - The belief in the total separation
* Science, technology and society (STS), also of facts and values.
referred to as science and technology studies, is * Technological Progressivism - technology is a
a branch or offspring of science studies means to an end itself
* STS is a new subject
* It most interdisciplinary programs ONTOLOGY
* The key disciplinary components of STS, What is technology?
beginning in the 1960s and developed 1980s - Contrast with nature
* In the 1970s Elting E. Morison founded the - Means to an end / purposeful / functional
STS program at Massachusetts Institute of - Most generally: intended and used to increase
Technology (MIT), which served as a model. By freedom and power
2011 STS programs were counted. - the organization of knowledge, people and
things to accomplish specific practical goals
KEY THEMES
* Thomas Kuhn's well-known The Structure of Children of Invention
Scientific Revolutions (1962), which attributed by Morton Winston
changes in scientific theories, were founded at Technology creates new opportunities for
the University of California, Berkeley. human flourishing and new ways of life which in
turn create new social and ethical problems
Technoscience (“children of invention”)
- is a subset of Science, Technology, and society The Scope of Technology
studies that focuses on the inseparable 1. End-product: artifacts
connection between science and technology. 2. Tools: machines and processes
- It states that fields are linked and grow 3. Agents: scientists, engineers and technicians
together 4. Social support: purposeful organization

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 STS
Technological systems consist of …  Allowed settled, communities
1. Human activity form (civilization)
 Use of natural objects or tools  Advantages:
 Procedural knowledge or “know-how”  More food, so greater
 Increases human capacities and powers population density
2. Resource well  Greater population density
 Original states or natural states that are allowed for coordinated efforts
acted upon and specialized skills
 Includes the built environment or  No need for portability
physical infrastructure Disadvantages:
3. Artifacts  More work to maintain higher,
 Interaction effect: artifacts may act as more complex standard of living
tools and resources for further Industrial Revolution
technology 1700s
4. Valences (VALUES)  Steam engine, then gasoline-driven
 Typical or intended uses combustion engine
 May be independent of actual use of a  More specialized division of labour and
particular item of knowledge
 Generally INSTRUMENTAL VALUE,  Less expensive goods, so increased
serving human needs and desires standard of living
5. Knowledge and skills  Infrastructure for transportation
 Necessary background
 About the other aspects: Luddites: standard view
 Resources  English workers in 1811-1816, protested
 Techniques the changes of the Industrial Revolution
 Valences that they felt threatened their jobs
 Social systems  Often destroyed machines.
6. Social context
 For development, distribution and Ned Ludd
employment of technologies - Man who destroyed two large stocking-frames
 Includes social artifacts: institutions that - A.k.a "King Ludd” and “General Ludd” referred
divide and coordinate labor to by luddites (to avoid prosecution?).
 Sophisticated cognitive techniques
Luddites: other views
Technological Revolutions  NOW: “luddite” and “luddism” refer to
From hunter-gatherer societies requiring only anyone who opposes industrial
simple portable technologies for: technology
 Shelter
 Hunting Knowledge Revolution
 Gathering 20th century
 Cooking  Better record keeping and
 Transportation communication
 Defense  Flexible, programmable tools
 Increased need for specialized
education
EPISTEMOLOGY:
Agricultural Revolution Technology & Science
8000 BC

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 STS
TRADITIONAL VIEW: - Senior science research specialist and chief of
Science = pure, value-free pursuit of knowledge the Chemistry Research Section, Philippine
Technology = matter of arts and crafts Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)
- She developed a plant vitamin
MODERN/ENLIGHTENMENT VIEW: 2. Phillip Alviola
Science = systematic empirical inquiry - Curator at the Museum of Natural History,
Technology = production of functional objects University of the Philippines (UP) Los Baños
and systems - helped develop methods to monitor
biodiversity in protected areas. He's been
AESTHETICS: studying mammals, the diversity of cave-
Technology & Beauty dwelling bats, and bat viruses, which earned
 Improved standards of living can include him the moniker "Bat Man."
more leisure time 3. Nathaniel Hermosa II
 Greater ease of performing tasks itself is - Associate professor at the National Institute of
a type of beauty Physics, UP Diliman
- Physicist Hermosa's breakthrough research
ETHICS: "twisted" light and "slowed" it down.
Technology and Morality 4. Mario Antonio Jiz II
 With power comes responsibility - Senior science research specialist, Research
 Immediate questions raised by Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)
biotechnology - Significantly contributed to the study of
schistosomiasis and the development of a
4 kinds of ethical concerns arising from vaccine against this disease. Schistosomiasis is a
technology: chronic disease caused by parasitic worms.
1. Whether and how new technologies 5. Lanndon Ocampo
should be used (esp. medical) - Associate professor, Cebu Technological
2. Aggregate responsibility (e.g. pollution, University
depletion of resources) - Developed guidelines for strategic sustainable
3. Distributive justice: certain groups practices in manufacturing companies. He
alone may be advantaged significantly contributed to how industries could
4. Changing relationship to nature and help address climate change.
other animals 6. Jeffrey Perez
- Supervising science research specialist,
5 characteristics of technological dangers: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
1. Result of aggregate action Seismology (Phivolcs)
2. Not direct harms, but increased risks - "Faultfinder" Perez contributed largely to the
that are hard to detect better understanding of fault lines and
3. Impact far into the future earthquakes in the Philippines
4. Affect not only humans but other forms 7. Rogel Mari Sese
of life and the environment - Program leader, National Space Development
5. Affect no particular communities, but all Program
of humanity. - is an astrophysicist and an advocate of space
research and development
8.Aletta Concepcion Yñiguez
- Assistant professor at the Marine Science
FILIPINO SCIENTIST Institute, UP Diliman
1. Lucille Abad

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 STS
- His studies contributed significantly to
improving the Philippine sardine industry and * The main types of companies involved with
managing red tide biotechnology can be placed in seven categories
9. Reinabelle Reyes
- Her research showed that the observations
she gathered matched the predictions of
Einstein’s theory
10. Regine Berba
- Her current work involves researches in
tuberculosis, dengue, infection control,
influenza, and HIV. She is writing a paper about
a new dengue diagnostic test called dengue
LAMP (Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification)
11. Cynthia Saloma
- Her proudest moment as a scientist is starting
the DNA Sequence Core Facility
Biologist usually works in the range between
12. Mary Suzette Angeles
nanograms and milligrams.
- She established a non-invasive sensitive test
for detecting residual cancer cells in the body
* Prior to l982, insulin for diabetics was derived
called Circulating Tumor Cell Analysis (liquid
from beef and pork pancreases
biopsy)
13. Pierangeli Vital
BIOTECHNOLOGY
- She is presently doing different research
- application of technology to human
projects on Environmental Microbiology
- is the manipulation of living organisms and
organic material to serve human needs
BIOTECHNOLOGY
organic – compound that contains carbon
- is an interdisciplinary pursuit.
- is a demanding industry that requires a skilled
Biotechnology Industry
workforce
*Research is conducted by small companies,
large corporations, and public universities.
Chemical engineering and biochemistry are
*Funding comes from a variety of sources:
two well recognised examples of disciplines
Public (government)
Private (companies and foundations)
Multidisciplinary describes a quantitative
*California passed a $300 billion referendum for
extension of approaches
research in stem cells in 2004.
Interdisciplinary application occurs when the
*Focuses on a variety of research areas
blending of ideas
including:
 Health/medicine
Biotechnologist can utilise techniques derived
 Food science
from chemistry, microbiology
 Environmental science
 Agriscience
Biotechnology has two clear features:
 its connections with practical
applications; and
 Interdisciplinary cooperation.
* Impact of Biotechnology *
Economies that encourage public understanding

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 STS
 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 1750 B.C.
are consumed by millions of people * Origins of “biotechnology” emerge in methods
(especially Americans) EVERY DAY. of food production and plant and animal
- Almost 56% of all soybean plantings breeding
worldwide are genetically engineered  Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food
(much higher in the US) preservation)
 Genetically modified crops were  Use of natural enzymes in yogurt
produced on more than 167 million  Use of yeast to produce bread
acres in 18 countries in 2003, a 15%  Use of fermentation for producing wine
increase from 2002 and beer
- The US was the largest single 1869
producer with more than 60% of the - DNA is discovered in trout sperm by German
total acreage in production. Miescher
 The NC Biotechnology Center predicts 1919
that the biotechnology industry in the - The word “biotechnology” is first used by a
state will contribute more than $25 Hungarian agricultural engineer
billion in annual income each year 1940’s-1950’s
within the next 25 years. - Widespread work is undertaken to investigate
the structure and function of DNA
* Pioneers in Biotechnology * 1980
1. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek - The U.S. Supreme Court approves the
- 1675 patenting of genetically altered organisms
- Discovers bacteria using a simple microscope 1980’s-1990’s
2. Gregor Mendel - A variety of GMO’s and biotechnology
- 1863 techniques are introduced in fields from
- Austrian monk who conducted the first agriculture to medicine
genetics experiments using pea plants in the 1990s
mid 1800s First transgenic organisms (GMO’s) are
- considered the founder of genetics introduced in widespread agricultural
3. Louis Pasteur production, particularly in the area of crops
- 1870s - Bt corn and soybeans are introduced
- disproved the notion of spontaneous offering “natural” from the bacterium Baccillus
generation thuringensis
- Created the rabies vaccine 1997
4. Robert Hooke - Dolly is the first animal cloned from diploid
- 1665 cells is produced in Scotland
- invented the compound light microscope Late 1990’s-Early 2000’s
- first to observe cells in cork - Human cloning is outlawed in the U.S
5. James Watson and Francis Crick
- 1953 Biotechnology and Agriscience
- Englishmen responsible for the discovery of Plant Science
the double helix using x-ray photographs - Wide scale production of transgenic plants
6. Paul Berg impacting horticulture
- 1972 Animal Science
- Stanford University scientist who first - Increased use of methods of in vitro
developed recombinant DNA technology fertilization

Historical Development of Biotechnology Environmental Science

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 STS
- Use of biotechnology techniques in expensive procedure, and is the least
environmental science for cleaning understood area of biotechnology.
contaminants and protecting endangered
species Downstream processing is primarily concerned
Bioremediation - use of natural organisms to with initial separation of the bioreactor broth
clean contaminants
Immunoassay tests are used to test for the BIOTECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES
presence of contaminants in soil, water and Phenotype - physical characteristics
even blood Genotype – genetic make –up, genes
- Installation of biological barriers to prevent the Chemical Engineering – produces new products
transfer of harmful microorganisms between Asexual – use body parts
production facilities Sexual – reproductive
Host – binabago, subject
Health/Agri-medicine Vector – transferring of genes
Pharming - the creation of plants and animals Enzymes – speed of the chemical reaction
capable of producing medical substances - molecular scissors
- DNA analysis/paternity testing has emerged as In vitro - outside
a technique to test the genetic ancestry of
animals

Biotechnology
A Three-Component Central Core:
First part is concerned with obtaining the best
biological catalyst for a specific function or
process, the second part creates (by
construction and technical operation) the best
possible environment for the catalyst to
perform, and the third part (downstream
processing) is concerned with the separation
and purification of an essential product or
products from a fermentation process

Whole organism - the most effective, stable and

convenient form for the catalyst
Microorganisms can be viewed both as primary
fixers of photosynthetic energy
Immense quantities can be produced under the
right environmental conditions in short time
periods.
Catalyst is used in a separated and purified form

* The second part of the core of biotechnology

encompasses all aspects of the containment
system or bioreactor within which the catalysts
must function

* Third aspect of biotechnology, downstream

processing, can be a technically difficult and

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