Science
distributed for commercial consumption or
 -System of knowledge of the natural world
gained through the scientific method.
 -Primarily interested in the acquisition of
knowledge.
 -Preoccupied with the “know-why” resulting in
new knowledge usually disseminated through
science papers.
 -Science is a kind of human cultural activity
which is practiced by people known as scientist
and formerly called natural philosophers and
savants.
 -Science is complex system of people, skills,
facilities, knowledge, material or physical
resources and technologies devoted and
directed to the inquiry into and understanding
of the natural world.
 -Science as a modern science is the dynamic
cumulative inquiry into nature using the
scientific method.
 Deals with the natural world.
 Concerned with WHAT IS (exist) in the natural
world.
 Focuses on Research
 Discovering natural phenomena (knowledge)
Technology
 -Comes from Greek words tekhne meaning “art
or craft” and logia meaning a ‘subject or
interest”.
 -Practical application of knowledge-Science of
industrial arts and manufacture
 -Material products or result of human
fabrication and making.
 -A kind of human cultural activity or endeavor
which is practiced by people called technologist
which include engineers, craftsmen and
machinists.
 -A complex system of knowledge, skills, people,
methods, tools, organization, facilities,
materials, physical resources devoted and
directed to the research, development,
production as well operation of a new or
improved product, process or services in a
reproducible way.
 -Is concerned with the know
 -how resulting in a new product or process
appropriated through patents.
 Deals with how humans modify, change, alter or
control the natural world.
 Concerned with what can be or should be
designed, made or developed from natural
world and substances to satisfy human needs
and wants.
 Focuses on Development and Innovation
 Inventing new or better tools and materials
Society – an organized group of people associated as
members of a community.
Development -which involves transforming research
findings into prototype inventions of new materials,
devices and processes.
Innovation- which involves commercialization of
prototype inventions of Research and Development into
marketable products or processes.
Research- a process of acquiring new knowledge.The
power and promise of technology can be further
enhanced through the study of technology to assure
that all people are technologically literate in the future.
Society- people in general thought of as living together
in organized communities with shared laws, traditions
and values.
Types of Research
1. Fundamental/Basic Research- gaining new
knowledge
2. Applied-practical application
3. Mission-Oriented-accomplishing a particular mission
or technological objective
Types of Technology
1.Material technology-extraction, fabrication,
processing, combination and synthesis of materials
2.Equipment technology-design and fabrication of
tools, instruments, devices and machines.
3.Energy technology- deals with the distribution of
various forms of energy such as solar panels, wind
turbines and hydrothermal.
4.Information technology- based on machines that 1. Identification of a specific need, desire or
collect, store, process, retrieve, transmit and utilize data opportunity to be satisfied of interest to the practitioner
or information. or technologist

5.Life technology- these are devices, medicines, 2. Conceptualization of design or plan to satisfy the
procedures and systems designed to preserve, repair, need or opportunity
maintain, reproduce and improve living systems.
3. Production or execution of plan or design
6.Management technology-Planning, organization,
4. The use of phase.
coordination and control of social activities
Classification of technology based on a country’s level
Branches of Science
of technological sophistication.
1. Geology
1. First Wave Technology- Agricultural Age- comprising
2. Chemistry the pre-industrial technologies which are labor-
intensive, small-scale, decentralized and based on
3. Physics
empirical rather than scientific knowledge.
4. Biology
2. Second Wave technology- comprising the industrial
5. Astronomy technologies which were developed since the time of
industrial revolution until the end of World War II.
Scientific Processes These are usually capital-intensive technologies and are
1. Observing essentially based on the classical principles of classical
physics, chemistry and biology.
2. Describing
3. Third-Wave technology- comprising the post-
3. Comparing industrial or the high technologies which are called
4. Classifying science-intensive since they are based on the modern
scientific knowledge of the structures, properties and
5. Measuring interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei.
6. Making inference Evolution of Societies
Science Processes 1. Hunter and Gatherer Societies- the most primitive of
all societies.
1. Identification of an aspect, problem, question or
phenomenon of nature of interest to the scientists or 2. Shifting and Farming- e.g. slash and burn farming
practitioner
3. Agricultural and Mining Societies- both depend on
2. Formulation of some sort of intellectual construct- a the natural resources of the world to sustain the needs
guess or hypothesis or theory explain the aspect, of people but both entail the risk of environmental
problem, question or phenomenon. damage.
3. Application of the construct to the aspect, problem, 4. Manufacturing and Processing Societies-the use of
question or phenomenon. coal marked the start of industrialization.
4. Assessment, evaluation or analysis of the adequacy 5. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies- production of
of fit, compatibility or appropriateness of the construct synthetic food and other resources and recycling of
to the aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.5. nonrenewable resources.
Acceptance, adoption modification or rejection of the
construct base on the application and assessment, HIstorical antecedents
evaluation or analysis. Ancient Times
Technology Processes 1. Sumerian Civilization
Significant Contributions
 Cuneiform- a set of word pictures depicted in
symbols made of triangular marks.
 Sexagesimal - using the number 60 as
base, system of counting and a form of
place notation.
 Ziggurats- Mountain of god, served as the
sacred place of their chief god
 Potter’s wheel.
 Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden
wheels on axles now regarded as the
greatest mechanical invention of all time.
 materia medica -made up of assorted
botanical, zoological and mineralogical
ingredients.
 seed plow
 sail boat
 intricate system of canals, dikes and
reservoir
 the City of Uruk- a great wonder not only
because it is considered to be the first true
city in the world
 Divided the circle into 360 degrees.
 Developed advances mathematical
functions to permit accurately plot and
forecast.
 Zodiacal map of Sumer was used for
practical mathematical and observational
purposes.
 Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest surviving
law in the world. It is the earliest existing
legal text
 Fabrication of copper
2. Babylonian Civilization
Babylonia- ancient region bordering the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)
 Nebuchadnezzar ordered the construction
of the famous “Hanging Gardens of
Babylon” and the Isthar Gate.
 They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal
system of counting in units, Ziggurat and
cuneiform.
 Their measurements made use of fractions,
squares and square roots.
 book-keeping, a simple but adequate
system of double-entry accounting.
 Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope
 Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses.
 Jewelry making originated from the
Babylonians
 Code of Hammurabi
 The Babylonian Map of the World- first map
 Astrology, the science of studying the
position of celestial bodies.
 Egyptian Civilization
 Egypt- located in the Northeastern part of
the African continent, a desert country
thriving on an agricultural economy.
 The Egyptian writing was in the form of pictorial
symbols known as hieroglyphics, representing
individual objects or actions
 . They wrote with ink and brushes on paper
made of papyrus reeds
 . Ancient Egyptians studies the heavens to
record time, calculate distances/directions,
forecast the seasons and predict annual
flooding of the Nile river.
 The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on
their observations of the regular appearance
and disappearance of Sirius the brightest star in
their horizon which coincide with the annual
rise and fall of the Nile river.
 Another calendar was based on the phases of
the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days.
 The first 365-day calendar was possibly devised
by IMHOTEP.
 They calculated the time by means of
waterclock- a conical earthen vessel with
hours equally marked off on the inside and
spout at the bottom.
 Nobles, men and women wore wigs, they
used a variety of preparations for the hair
such as henna.
  They used tweezers and razors to remove
unwanted body hair.
 Both sexes wore jewelries, sandals, perfume
and cosmetics-eye make-up and Kohl around
the eyes to prevent or even cure eye diseases.
 They built pyramids such as Pyramid of Sakkara
as Zoser’s tomb and memorial and Pyramid of
Khufu or Cheofs and Great sphinx- a stone
statue with a king;s head and a lion’s boy to
guard the pharaoh’s tomb..
 The ancient Egyptians knowledge of human
anatomy, physiology and medical plants
enabled them to master the art and science of
embalming the dead.
 From the Hyksos, they learned military
technology and system- horse driven light war
chariots manned by warriors armed with bows,
bronze swords and lances.
 The Egyptians invented and used many
simple machines such as ramp and lever, to
aid construction processes.
 They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam of
ships
 In Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse technology was
developed, the most famous example being the
 Lighthouse of Alexandria- a port for the
ships that traded the goods manufactured in
Egypt or imported in Egypt.
 Library of Alexandria
 Obelisks and pillars
Greek Civilization
Greece
- is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe.-
Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.-Some
of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-
depth works on philosophy and mathematics.
-Their wise men were the first to systematically
separate scientific ideas from superstition and stressed
the logical development of general principles or
theories about natural phenomena.
-Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age
 They designed various mathematical models
and mechanical systems to explain the
planetary motions and mechanical systems to
explain the planetary positions and
movements on geometrical determinations and
logical deductions.
 Ancient Greeks invented the alarm clock- used
large complicated mechanisms to time the
alarm. They made use of water ( or sometimes
small stones or sand). That dropped into drums
which sounded the alarm.
 Watermills were also considered as one of
the most important contributions of the
Greek civilization to the world. They were
commonly used in agricultural processes like
milling of grains which was a necessary form of
food processing.Greek Philosophers Galen
made the first steps for the advancement of the
science of anatomy.
 Hippocrates- “Father of Greek Medicine”First to
regard medicine as a science apart from
religion. He taught that diseases have natural
causes and that somehow the human body
is capable of healing or repairing itself.
 According to Empedocles nature was a mixture
of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.
 Thales of Miletus- Father of Philosophy, taught
that nature was composed of or convertible
into water.
 Anaxagoras- argued that matter was
composed of countless tiny particles, each
made of dominant substances such as water
mixed with other random substances.
 Aristotle- proved the importance of critical
observation and systematic means to identify
and classify organisms.
 Thales,Phythagoras,Euclid- perfected geometry,
as a single logical system.
 Archimedes- performed experiments which led
him to discover the laws of lever and the pulley.
– invented the science of hydrostatics- measurement
and use of water-power.
- made planetarium powered by water to demonstrate
the movements of the sun and planets around the
stationary earth.
- discovered the concept of gravity
 Ptolemy
- wrote the Almagest, wherein he presented his
ideas and summarized those of the earlier Greek
astronomers about the universe.
-postulated the geocentric theory of the universe.
5. Roman Civilization
-The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest
political and social entity in the west.
-Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.
One of the major contributions of the Romans
is the newspaper
- Gazettes-contained announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people, made metal or stone tablets
and then publicly displayed.
 The ancient Roman Empire was able to produce
the first books or codex.
 They introduced the Roman numeral.
 They constructed the Pantheon as one of the
world’s greatest domed buildings and
Colosseum, Rome’s stage for individual
gladiatorial contest which held 50,000
spectators.
 Chariot races and gladiatorial fights were held
at Rome’s principal stadium, the Circus
 Maximus, which accommodated some 300,000
people.
 Roman government were able to implement
major projects such as large churches
(cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts,
amphitheaters and even residential houses.
 Vitruvius first described the odometer as
being used for measuring distance around
27BC, but evidence points towards Archimedes
of Syracuse as its inventor.
 Anaximander was one of the first pioneer
cartographers to create a map of the world.
 Olympics were dedicated to the Olympian Gods.
6. Arabic/Islamic Civilization
Arabia
- is a rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia.
-The most influential Muslim intellectual contribution to
the modern world was their synthesis of the scientific
and technological knowledge they learned from and
transmitted to the various cultures they encountered.
 They introduced the Arabic system of numbers
 The Arabs interest in the pseudoscience of
alchemy encouraged them to mix and
manipulate chemical elements and conduct
experiments to transform base metals into
gold.
 They were the first to use glass lens for
magnification
 First to manufacture the black powder
 They produced the first gun- a bamboo tube
reinforced with iron that used a charge of black
powder to shoot an arrow.
8. Indus-
7. Chinese Civilization
 -It is considered to be the oldest civilization in
Asia.
 -It is also known as the middle kingdom, located
on the far east of Asia.
 People learned the technology of silk
production
 The outstanding contribution of the Shang
included the creation of magnificent bronze
vessels, discovery of lacquer, the development
of the horse
 -drawn war chariots and the first known
Chinese writing which was discovered incised
on flat shoulder bones of cattle or on tortoises
shells called “oracle bone”.
 Chopsticks came into use.
 They invented the escapement, the basic device
used to regulate clocks.
 They constructed the Great Wall of China and
the great palace of the first emperor.
 The Chinese had one of the most advanced
systems of pharmacology- discovery of healing
drugs and herbs.
 They also practice apothecaries and
acupuncture- was used to treat illnesses or pain
by pricking the patient’s body with needles
at points believed to be connected with the
visceral organs causing the pain.
 They invented the “earthquake weathercock” to
detect earthquake occurrence
 The use of toilet paper was also traced in China
back to the sixth century.
 Development of calligraphy, water color,
painting and block printing were invented.
 The first movable type printer made form
pottery was developed by Pi Sheng.
 Chinese had an outstanding contributions such
as the invention of gunpowder, a naturally
magnetic iron ore used to magnetize a floating
needle (prototype of the magnetic needle in
compass) to indicate location, the use of coal as
fuel, water wheel, the wheelbarrow, and the
flexible bamboo pole that speedily enchanted
the transport of heavy loads, the technology of
copper coinage, the artistry of wallpaper and
porcelain.
 Tea production was developed.
 Hindu CivilizationIndia- mainly in the
Northwestern regions of South Asia.
 Considered the most remarkable
accomplishment of the Indus civilization was
the construction layout of its cities which
featured water wells (that piped water supply)
bathrooms and wastepipe or drains in nearly
every house.
 They excelled particularly in medicine and
mathematics.
 Traditional Indian medication had a very
extensive pharmacopoeia and varieties of
herbal remedies and drugs.
  Indian surgeons successfully performed various
operations like repair of broken limbs,
complicated bone setting, amputation, plastic
surgery and Caesarian section.
 They introduced the negative and positive
quantities, square and cube roots, quadratic
equations, mathematical implications of zero
and infinity and value of pi up to nine decimal
places.
 They also developed the steps in sine functions,
spherical geometry and calculus
 Iron pillar of Delhi-the world’s first iron pillar.
 Stupa was used as commemorative monument
associated with storing sacred relics.
 Great technology was needed in the fields
of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
production, and health.
9. Persian Civilization
 Introduction of a uniform system of gold and
silver coinage.
 The first regular postal system in the world
 Taxation system, an important component of
the Achaemenid state administration.
 Qanat is a gently sloping underground channel
that carries water from an aquifer or water well
to houses and fields. It is used for drinking
water and irrigation of crops.
 Sulfuric acid was first discovered by Abu Bakr
Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi.
Medieval Times
•The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D
•is generally known as the period of history between
Ancient Times and Modern Times.
•This is usually divided into the so called Dark Ages and
the High Middle Ages.
•The Age of Exploration.
•The start of the middle ages was marked by massive
invasions and migrations.
•The Islamic world had become a civilization of
colossal expansive and had imposed a unity of
religion and culture on much of southwest Asia and
North Africa.
Technological advances during the Middle Ages include
the following:
1. Printing press- After the Chinese, Johann
Gutenberg developed a more reliable and way of
printing using a cast type. Gutenberg utilized wooden
machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to
them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed
firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then
made an extract impression on paper.
2. Gunpowder and Canon- appeared around the 9th
century A.D, followed by vigorous development of
explosive weapons from 1040 A.D about three centuries
before it appeared in Europe. From fire-lance using a
rocket combination and bamboo tube as close combat
weapon, all barrier guns and cannon were constructed
at the beginning of the 12th century A.D.
3. Water mill – it was an integral part of the feudal
economy. By using suitable mechanism, its rotary
motion could be converted to reciprocal motion making
it a source of general power.
4. Windmill was used primarily for blowing bellows,
filling cloth, forging iron, sawing, weaving and threshing.
5. Mechanical clock- tells time using gears driven by
weights that pull the gears at the right pace.
6. Horse Harness and Horse shoe allowed the horse to
increase its” attractive” effort five times and for
protection. This innovation came from the 7th century
A.D china reaching Europe early in the eleventh century,
resulting in the horse taking the place of oxen at the
plough. In addition, the introduction of the horses’
modes put the horse on the road for pack and wagon.
7. Distillation and Alcohol- the first preparation of
strong spirits of wine was made in Europe in the 12th
century. As the distillation of perfumes and oil was
already known, alcohol was probably produced by
accident in the course of some medical preparation.
8. Universities and Scholastics- By the twelfth
century, these schools swelled to become
universities with set of courses and teaching the seven
liberal arts, philosophy and theology. The first and most
famous of these was the University of Paris in 1160. In
the eleventh century A.D, medical school had been
existence in Salermo
9. Church, medieval towns, Iron-chain suspension
bridges, segmental arch structures were built.
10. Canon of Medicine- authored by Avicenna, an Arab
physician. It contained a good summary of the period’s
medical knowledge and accurate descriptions of
meningitis, tetanus and other diseases.
11. War Weapons such as cross bows, long bows
was developed so that they could attack the
enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe
with the protection of wall and fortresses. Soldiers
wear body armors and chainmail to protect themselves.
12. Lenses with spectacles- The discovery of lenses
resulted in the invention of spectacles in Italy
around 1350 A.D. This gave impetus to the study of
light or optics. Grosseteste, Dietrich and Roger
Bacon explained how a lens could focus light rays
and magnify things. The demand for spectacles gave
rise to lens grinding/trading and spectacle-makers.
13. The sternpost rudder apparently came also from
China. This led to the development of the sail that could
be adjusted such that ship voyages could be made in
rougher weather.
14. Mariner’s Magnetic Compass- the ability of a
natural magnet to show direction was known o the
Chinese several centuries ago or about sixth century A.D
before it passed to the West or Europe.
15. Flying Buttress- one of the architectural
innovations associated with Gothic churches. This
allowed buildings to have much higher ceilings and
larger windows.
16. Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena- considered
to be first ever public library in the world.
17. Coffee House became popular in Arabic and
Ottoman lands.
Renaissance ( 14th century -16th century)
 The period of rebirth
 Beginning of the cultural movement
 Rediscovery of ancient texts was accelerated
after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
 Technology for printing books was regarded
as the most important invention that
facilitated dissemination of knowledge and new
ideas.
 Paracelsus- an alchemist and physician of the
Renaissance. Medieval alchemists worked with
two main elements: Sulphur and mercury.
 The astronomy was based on geocentric model
(earth-centered) described by Claudius Ptolemy.
 Nicolas Copernicus published “On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”.
 Andreas Vesalius described the anatomy of
the brain’s function. He wrote the book “On
the Fabric of the Human Body”.
Modern Times
The booming world population during the nineteenth
century onwards demanded that more goods be
produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient
means of transportation to trade more goods and cover
a larger distance. Machines that required animals to
operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier
means to communicate and compute should be
developed to established connections between and
among nations. All these needs resulted in the
development of industries. However, due to massive
industrialization, the modern times again faced more
complicated problems. Food processing and medicine
posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of
great concern.
1.Pasteurization- invented by Louis Pasteur, a French
biologist, microbiologist and chemist, the process of
heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that
allow them to spoil faster.
2. Petroleum Refinery- is widely used in powering
automobiles, factories, and power plants.Kerosene was
referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used
at first to provide lighting homes. It was invented by
Samuel M. Kier.
3. Telephone- invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a
way to easily maintain connection and communication
with each other in real time.
4. Calculator- a faster way to compute more
complicated equations.
5. Electricity- the heart of many modern technologies, is
the set of physical phenomena associated with
presence and motion of electric charge.
6. Electric power- where electric current is used to
energize equipment.
7. Electronics- which deals with electrical circuits that
involve active electrical components such as vacuum
tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and
associated passive interconnection technologies.
8. Smartwatches- a variation of regular watches but
coming with a whole bunch of features as your
smartphone.
9. Robotics- is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering
and science that includes mechanical engineering,
electronics engineering, computer science and others. It
deals with the design, construction, operation and use
of robots, as well as computer systems for their control,
sensory feedback and information processing.
10. Incandescent light bulb- is an electric light with a
wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it
glows with visible light (incandescence). It is widely used
in household and commercial lighting, for portable
lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps and
flashlights and for decorative and advertising lighting.
11. Airplane- is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is
propelled by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or
rocket engine. The Wright brothers invented and flew
the first airplane in 1903, recognized as “the first
sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered
flight. It is used to transport parcels as well as people to
other side of the world in less than a day or weeks.
12. Computer- is a device that can be instructed to carry
out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer programming. It is also used
as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and
consumer devices. Charles Babbage, an English
mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the
concept of a programmable computer.
13. Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive- also known
as thumb drive pen, pen drive, gig stick, flash stick, jump
drive, disk key, disk on key- is a data storage device that
includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface.
14. Cellphone or mobile phone- a device that has at
least the same functions of a standard wired telephone
but is smaller and more mobile.
15. Internet- is the global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the internet protocol suite
( TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It carries a vast
range of information resources and services such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of
the World Wide Web (WWW). Electronic mail,
telephony and file sharing.
16. Television- is a telecommunication medium used
for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black
and white) or in color, and in two or three dimensions
and sound. It is a mass medium for advertising,
entertainment and news.
17. Veterinary medicine was for the first time, truly
separated from human medicine in 1761, when French
Veterinarian Claude Bourgelat founded the world’s first
veterinary school in Lyon, France
18. Penicillin- discovered by Alexander Fleming in
September 1928, marks the start of modern antibiotics.
19. Genomics- is an interdisciplinary field of science
focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping
and editing of genomes- is an organism’s complete set
of DNA, including all of its genes.
20. Biotechnology- is the broad area of science
involving living systems and organisms to develop or
make products, or any technological application that
uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify products for specific use.
21. Automobile ( car)- is a wheeled motor vehicle used
for transportation
22. Nuclear weapon- is an explosive device that derives
its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either
fission or from a combination of fission and fusion
reactions.
23. Nuclear power- is the use of nuclear reactions that
release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most
frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce
electricity in a nuc;ear power plant.
24. Satellites- is an artificial object which has been
intentionally placed into orbit. They are used for many
purposes such as military and civilian Earth observation,
telecommunication, navigation, weather forecast and
space telescopes.
25. Vaccine- is a biological preparation that provides
active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
26. telegraphy-is the long distance transmission of
textual or symbolic messages without the physical
exchange of an object bearing the message.
27. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner- is a
medical imaging technique used in radiology to form
pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes
of the body in both health and disease.
28. Computed tomography (CT) scan- makes use of
computer-processes combinations of many X-ray
measurements taken from different angles to produce
cross-sectional images of specific areas of scanned
object, allowing the user to see the object without
cutting.
29. Liquid-crystal display (LCD projector)- is a type of
video projector for displaying video, images or
computer data on a screen or other flat surface.
30. Bluetooth- is a wireless technology standard for
exchanging data over short distances from fixed and
mobile devices and building personal area networks.
31. Wi-Fi- is a technology for radio wireless local area
networking of devices.
32. Printer- is a peripheral device which makes a
persistent human-readable representation of graphics
or text on paper.
33. Camera- is an optical instrument for recording or
capturing images, which may be stored locally,
transmitted to another location or both.
34. Closed-circuit television (CCTV)- also known as
video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to
transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of
monitors.
35. Submarine- is a watercraft capable of independent
operation underwater. It is used in military, marine
science, search-and-rescue and tourism.
36. Stethoscope- is an acoustic medical device for
auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an
animal or human body.
37. Laptop or notebook computer- is a small, portable
personal computer with a “clamshell”form factor having
typically a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on
the inside of the upper lid of the “clamshell”and an
alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid.
38. Credit card- is a payment card issued to users to
enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and
services.
39. Steam engine- is a heat engine that performs
mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
40. Light Amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation (Laser)- is a device that emits light through a
process of optical amplification based on the stimulated
emission of electromagnetic radiation
Scientific Revolution
 It has been established that most, if not all, of
the discoveries and inventions in science and
technology during each time period were due to
human needs and wants.
 Brilliant minds responded to the call of the
times and created things that could make life
easier for the people.
 There have also been instances when
advancements in science and technology
changed people’s perceptions and beliefs.
 Much of these events happened in a period
now known as the Intellectual Revolution.
 Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the great
intellectual achievements of science from
sixteenth to seventeenth century marking a
radical change in the assumptions attitudes and
methods in scientific inquiry.
 Scientific revolution was the golden age for
people committed to scholarly life in science
but it was also a deeply trying moments to
some scientific individuals that led to their
painful death or condemnation from the
religious institutions who tried to preserve their
faith, religion and theological views.
 The Scientific Revolution develops as an
offshoot of the Renaissance.
 The same questioning spirit that fueled the
Renaissance led scientists to question
traditional beliefs and the Church about the
workings of the universe.
 It was a new way of thinking about the natural
world.
 Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the
only authorities accepted as truth
 A geocentric model of the universe, in which
the Earth is at the center was supported during
the Middle Ages
 Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars
accepted and believed the teachings of
Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer.
  Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of
the universe.
 People felt this was common sense, and the
geocentric theory was supported by the
Church.
 It was not until some startling discoveries
caused Europeans to change the way they
viewed the physical world.
 Industrial revolution- refers to complex
technological innovations from 1750 to 1895
characterized by the substitutions of machines
for human skill and machine power for that of
human and animal bringing a shift from
handicraft to manufacture and marking the
birth of modern economy.
Causes or Genesis of the Scientific Revolution
 The remarkable achievements of
specific individuals such as Nicolas
Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Rene
Descartes, Andreas Vesalius, Johannes
Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke
and Isaac Newton.
 The philosophy of new science, a new
way of doing science using what is
known as the scientific method
advocated by Francis Bacon and Rene
Descartes among others.
 The desire to break away from the ideas
of the feudal middle ages and the
Aristotelian view.
 The establishments of the universities
from the 12th century which were later
engaged in the critical analysis of the
Aristotelean views.
 The Renaissance hopeful period of
concerned with the present life as well
as the empirical and mundane interest
in the natural world and humanity.
 Important inventions such as
mechanical clock, lenses, telescope,
microscope etc.
 The combinations and cooperation’s of
the skills of the craftsmen and the
intellectual, computational and logical
method of the scholars.
 Printing press spread new ideas
 Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of
scientific research because of
technology needed for navigation
 Translation of the works of Muslim
scholars opened the minds of European
thinkers to new scientific knowledge
Nicolaus Copernicus
•Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and
astronomer who studied in Italy.
•In 1543 Copernicus published De revolution ibus
orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres).
•In his book, Copernicus made two conclusions: The
universe is heliocentric, or sun-centered. The Earth is
merely one of several planets revolving around the sun.
Copernicus’ model of the solar system:
1. Sun 2. Moon 3. Mercury
4. Venus 5. Earth 6. Mars
7. Jupiter 8. Saturn
Copernicus came to these conclusions using
mathematical formulas.
The Copernican conception of the universe marked the
start of modern science and astronomy.
Up to the time of Copernicus, people thought that
there was a sort of crystal sphere that kept the planets,
moon, and stars in orbit around the Earth. It was
Copernicus that proposed the idea that the Earth
revolved around the sun, and not vice versa... The sun
was the center of the Universe, not the Earth.
Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory.
Most scholars rejected his theory because it went
against Ptolemy, the Church, and because it called for
the Earth to rotate on its axis.
Many scientists of the time also felt that if Ptolemy’s
reasoning about the planets was wrong, then the whole
system of human knowledge could be wrong.
Tycho Brahe
In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe
provided evidence that supported Copernicus’
heliocentric theory.
Brahe set up an astronomical observatory.
Every night for years he carefully observed the sky,
accumulating data about the movement of the stars and
planets.
Johannes Kepler
•After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the German
astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler, used
Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets
revolving around the sun.
•Kepler’s calculations supported Copernicus’
heliocentric theory.
•His calculations also showed that the planets moved in
oval shaped orbits, and not perfect circles, as Ptolemy
and Copernicus believed.
•Kepler’s finding help explain the paths followed by
man-made satellites today.
Galileo Galilei
•Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who built
upon the scientific foundations laid by Copernicus and
Kepler.
•Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed
him to see mountains on the moon and fiery spots on
the sun.
•He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter –
exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated
around the sun.
•Galileo also discovered that objects fall at the same
speed regardless of weight.
•The Church punished him for his belief in this idea. He
was questioned by the Inquisition and forced to confess
that his ideas were wrong.
•The Church came against Galileo because it claimed
that the Earth was fixed and unmoving.
•When threatened with death before the Inquisition in
1633, Galileo recanted his beliefs, even though he knew
the Earth moved.
•Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not
allowed to publish his ideas.
Sir Isaac Newton
•Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon
the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
•Newton was the most influential scientist of the
Scientific Revolution.
•He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a
force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun,
and also caused objects to fall towards the earth.
•Newton published his scientific ideas in his book
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
•He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated
the laws of motion:
1. A body at rest stays at rest
2. Acceleration is caused by force
3. For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
•He invented calculus: a method of mathematical
analysis.
Charles Darwin
•Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology at Cambridge
•Interest in natural history
•Taught by a freed black slave who told him exciting
tales of the South American Rainforest
•Darwin developed the biological theory of evolution
that explains how modern organisms evolved over long
periods of time through descent from common
ancestors
•In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle
that would change his life.
•Darwin observed that the characteristics of many
animals and plants varied noticeably among the
different Galapagos Islands. Among the tortoises, the
shape of the shell corresponds to different habitats.
•Darwin thought about the patterns he’d seen on his
voyage
•He realized that there were many similarities between
the animals he’d seen.
•There was evidence that suggested that species were
not fixed and that they could change by some natural
process.
Artificial Selection
•To find an explanation for change in nature, Darwin
studied the changes produced by plant and animal
breeders
•Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits than others
•Some cows give more or less milk than others in their
herd
•This told Darwin that variation could be passed from
parents to offspring and used to improve crops and
livestock
•In artificial selection, nature provides the variations,
and humans select the ones they find useful
•Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild species as
well as domesticated species
•He realized that that natural variation provided the
raw material for evolution
•Darwin wanted to gather as much evidence as he
could to support his ideas before he made them public
•In 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred Wallace whose
thoughts about evolution were almost identical to his!
•In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin decided to
present his work at a scientific meeting in 1858 along
with some of Wallace’s essay
•The next year, Darwin published his complete work on
evolution: On the Origin of Species
•Struggle for Existence
•From Malthus’ theory of supply and demand, Darwin
reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can
survive, they will have to compete for food, living space
and other necessities of life
•Darwin described this as the struggle for existence
•Variation and Adaptation
•Individuals have natural variations among their
inheritable traits
•Some variations are better suited to life in their
environment than others
•Fast predators capture prey more efficiently
•Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or better
protected avoid being caught.
Variation and Adaptation
•Any heritable characteristic that increases an
organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its
environment is called an adaptation
•Examples of Adaptations:
•Tiger’s claws
•Camouflage colors
•Plant structures
•Avoidance behaviorsSurvival of the Fittest
•Darwin felt that there must be a connection between
an animal’s environment and how it survives
•Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific
environment is called FITNESS
•Fitness depends upon how well an organism is suited
for its environment
•Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION
•Good adaptations allow organisms to survive and are
passed on to their offspring.
•Good fitness: Reproduce
•Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction
•Darwin thought that this seemed very similar to
artificial selection
•He referred to “survival of the fittest” as Natural
Selection
•Survival means more than just staying alive. It means
reproducing and passing adaptations on to the next
generation
•Natural Selection: Nature chooses
•Artificial selection: Man chooses
•Favorable characteristics are inherited over several
generations.
•Natural Selection is the process by which organisms
with variations most suited to their local environment
survive and leave more offspring
•Natural Selection occurs in any situation in which more
individuals are born than can survive
•Over time, natural selection results in changes in the
inherited characteristics of a population.
•These changes increase a species’ fitness in its
environment.
•A single “tree of life” links all living things
•This is known as the principle of common descent.
•Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on
Earth for millions of years.
•Today, fields like genetics and molecular biology
support Darwin’s basic ideas about evolution
DARWIN'S FOUR POSTULATES
•individuals within species vary
•some of these variations are passed on to offspring
•individuals vary in their ability to survive and
reproduce
•Individuals with the most favorable adaptations are
more likely to survive and reproduce.
•Natural selection produces organisms with different
structures than their ancestor, different niches, and new
habitats.
•Each living species has descended, with changes, over
time.
Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses
•Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused
organisms to gain or lose traits over time.
•These new characteristics could be passed on to the
next generation.
•Suggest that species are not fixed
•Explain that evolution uses natural processes
•Recognize that there is a link between an organism’s
environment and its body structures
•Lamarck’s work paved the way for later biologists,
including Darwin.
Thomas Malthus
•In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that people were
being born faster than people were dying
•He reasoned that if the human population grew
unchecked, there would not be enough living space and
food for everyone
•The forces that work against human population growth
are war, famine and disease
•He reasoned that what Malthus proposed for human
populations also applied to all living things.
•He observed that most organisms produce many more
offspring than survive.
•He wondered which individuals would survive . . . and
why
•If all the offspring that were produced did survive, they
would overrun the world.
ORGANIC EVOLUTION
•the slow and gradual process by which living organisms
have changed from the simplest unicellular form to the
most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing
today.
Sigmund Freud
•An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with
studying hysteria.
•Father of psychoanalysis.
•Psychology was considered more of an art rather than
a science.
•Psychoanalysis- is the study that explains human
behavior.
Levels of Consciousness: Iceberg theory
1. Conscious mind – like the top of the iceberg, only a
small portion of our mind is accessible to us.
2. Preconscious mind – material that is unconscious,
but can be easily brought into awareness. Moves back
& forth easily between conscious & unconscious.
3. Unconscious mind – is completely outside of our
awareness (could produce anxiety if made conscious).
Structures of Personality
1.Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious impulses that
want to be gratified, without regard to potential
punishment.
•Original Core of an Individual personality
•Biological Driven
•Primarily Unconscious
2. Ego “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id impulses
while minimizing punishment & guilt.
-Self- Identity which arises out of ID It controls voluntary
motion and self- reservation behavior
3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality
which tells us right from wrong our conscience.
-Developing out of the Ego
-Serves as conscience
Pre-Colonial Period
Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the
natives of the archipelago already had practices linked
to science and technology. Filipinos were engaged in
different kinds of activities like farming, weaving,
shipbuilding and mining. The Banaue Rice Terraces are
among the cultured products of engineering that were
built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. These
are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the
rainforests above terraces.They already had an alphabet
called alibata and the emergence of writing system
called baybayin, primarily used by certain inhabitants of
Luzon and Visayas. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription
which is a legal document inscribed on a copper plate, is
said to be the earliest known calendar-dated document
found in the Philippines. Just like other civilizations,
astronomy is shown by fixing precise day within the
month in relation to the phases of the moon. They had
also a standard system of weights and measures for
shipbuilding.
The Philippine shamans or babaylans were the first
healers within the tribal communities and the use of
medicinal or herbal plants was the common way of
treating ailments.
Colonial Period
When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, they
introduced formal education and founded scientific
institution. The Spaniards provided the Philippines with
parish schools in which religion, arithmetic, writing,
reading and music were taught. In fact, University of
Santo Tomas was started by the Spanish Archbishop of
Manila as a seminary. The Spanish also contributed to
the field of engineering by constructing roads, churches,
bridges, walls, forts and other infrastructures. In
Medicine, both the Spanish government and Religious
Franciscan and Dominican missionaries established a
number of hospitals in the Philippines and also acted as
hospital founders and the surveyors of herbal
medicines.
The American period provided the Philippines with an
extensive public education system. The Philippine
Commission established the Bureau of Government
Laboratories allocated for the study of tropical diseases
and laboratory projects. Then, it was replaced by the
Bureau of Science, the primary research center of the
Philippines.
Post-Colonial Period
Marcos Era and Martial Law
President Ferdinand Marcos strengthened the
development of science and technology in the
Philippines. Many agencies, institutions and projects
were established including National Grains Authority for
the development of rice and corn industry, Philippine
Council for Agricultural Research for the development
of agriculture, fisheries and forestry. Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) to ensure the safety of the
people. Philippine National Oil Company to promote
industrial and economic development, National
Academy of Science and Technology which is composed
of scientists with innovative achievement in the basic
and applied sciences, Philippine Council for Agricultural
Research and resources, Plant breeding Institute,
International Rice Research Institute, Bureau of Plant
Industry and Bureau of Forest Products.
Furthermore, President Marcos established the
Philippine Science High School in Mindanao and Visayas
to encourage careers in science and technology.
Corazon Aquino Presidency
Department of Science and Technology formerly known
as National Science and technology Authority was given
a representation in the cabinet. President Aquino
encouraged scientists to bring the Philippines to its
former position as second to only Japan in the field of
science and technology. The Science and Technology
Master Plan was formulated which aimed at the
modernization of the production sector, upgrading
research activities and development of infrastructure
for science and technological purposes.
Fidel Ramos Presidency
During his term, there was a significant increase in
personnel specializing in the science and technology
field. Health care services were promoted through local
programs such as “Doctors to the Barrio Program”.
Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel was
established. He believes that science and technology
was one of the means wherein the Philippines could
attain the status of new industrialized country.
Joseph Estrada Presidency
President Estrada signed the Phippine Clean Air Act of
1999, designed to protect and preserve the
environment and Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
which outlaws computer hacking.
6. Eduardo Quisumbing- a Filipino biologist, a leading
authority of plants in the Philippines. He is the author of
taxonomic and morphological papers, many of which
deal with orchids including Medicinal Plants in the
Philippines.
7. Emil Q Javier- Filipino plant geneticist and
agronomist who contributed in Agriculture.8.
Germiniano T. de Ocampo- Filipino ophthalmologist
known to some as the Father of Modern Philippine
ophthalmology. He was the founder of the Philippine
Eye Bank.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Presidency

Several laws and projects that concerns both the

environment and science to push technology as a tool
to increase the country’s economic level. The term
“Filipinnovation”was the term used in helping the
Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia. Philippine
Science High School focuses in science, technology and
mathematics in their curriculum. President Arroyo
passed the Biofuels act” that promotes the
development and usage of biofuels throughout the
country Arroyo’s administration improves the
Agriculture and Fisheries sector through Mechanization.

National Scientist

1. Ramon C. Barba- a Filipino inventor and

horticulturist, best known for inventing a way to induce
more flowers in mango trees using ethrel and potassium
nitrate.

2. Edgardo Gomez- a Filipino biologist who led the

world’s first national-scale assessment of damge to
coral reefs. He also pioneered giant clam breeding and
other protective areas for coastal communities of the
Philippines.

3. Gavino C. Trono-“ The father of Kappaphycus

farming”, a Filipino biologist who focus on marine
phycology particularly seaweed biodiversity .

4. Angel Alcala- a Filipino biologist who promote

biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems of the
Philippines.

5. Fe Del Mundo- Filipina pediatrician, the founder of

the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines.