SCIECNCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY REVIEWER

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

Checklist:
 Read course and unit objectives
 Read study guide prior to class attendance
 Read required learning resources; refer to unit
o terminologies for jargons
 Proactively participate in classroom discussions
 Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
 Answer and submit course unit tasks

Unit expected outcomes (UEOs)

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:
 Define science, technology and society;
 Compare and Contrast science and technology.
 Know the limitations of science and technology

Study Guide

 Science
 System of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method.
 Primarily interested in the acquisition of knowledge.
 Preoccupied with the “know-why” resulting in new knowledge usually disseminated through science
papers.
 Science is a kind of human cultural activity which is practiced by people known as scientist and
formerly called natural philosophers and savants.
 Science is complex system of people, skills, facilities, knowledge, material or physical resources
and technologies devoted and directed to the inquiry into and understanding of the natural world.
 Science as a modern science is the dynamic cumulative inquiry into nature using the scientific
method.
 Deals with the natural world.
 Concerned with WHAT IS (exist) in the natural world.
 Focuses on Research
 Discovering natural phenomena (knowledge)
 Technology
 Comes from Greek words tekhne meaning “art or craft” and logia meaning a ‘subject or interest”.
 Practical application of knowledge
 Science of industrial arts and manufacture
 Material products or result of human fabrication and making.
 A kind of human cultural activity or endeavor which is practiced by people called technologist which
include engineers, craftsmen and machinists.
 A complex system of knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools, organization, facilities, materials,
physical resources devoted and directed to the research, development, production as well operation
of a new or improved product, process or services in a reproducible way.
 Is concerned with the know-how resulting in a new product or process distributed for commercial
consumption or appropriated through patents.
 Deals with how humans modify, change, alter or control the natural world.
  Concerned with what can be or should be designed, made or developed from natural world
and substances to satisfy human needs and wants.
 Focuses on Development and Innovation
 Inventing new or better tools and materials.

 Society – an organized group of people associated as members of a community.

 Development -which involves transforming research findings into prototype inventions of new materials,
devices and processes.
 Innovation- which involves commercialization of prototype inventions of Research and
Development into marketable products or processes.
 Research- a process of acquiring new knowledge.
 The power and promise of technology can be further enhanced through the study of technology
to assure that all people are technologically literate in the future.
 Society- people in general thought of as living together in organized communities with shared
laws, traditions and values.

 Types of Research
1. Fundamental/Basic Research- gaining new knowledge
2. Applied-practical application
3. Mission-Oriented-accomplishing a particular mission or technological objective

 Types of Technology
1. Material technology-extraction, fabrication, processing, combination and synthesis of materials
2. Equipment technology-design and fabrication of tools, instruments, devices and machines.
3. Energy technology- deals with the distribution of various forms of energy such as solar panels,
wind turbines and hydrothermal.
4. Information technology- based on machines that collect, store, process, retrieve, transmit and
utilize data or information.
5. Life technology- these are devices, medicines, procedures and systems designed to preserve,
repair, maintain, reproduce and improve living systems.
6. Management technology-Planning, organization, coordination and control of social activities

 Branches of Science
1. Geology
2. Chemistry
3. Physics
4. Biology
5. Astronomy

 Scientific Processes
1. Observing
2. Describing
3. Comparing
4. Classifying
5. Measuring
6. Making inference

 Science Processes
1. Identification of an aspect, problem, question or phenomenon of nature of interest to the
scientists or practitioner.
2. Formulation of some sort of intellectual construct- a guess or hypothesis or theory explain the
aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.
3. Application of the construct to the aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.
 4. Assessment, evaluation or analysis of the adequacy of fit, compatibility or appropriateness of
the construct to the aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.
5. Acceptance, adoption modification or rejection of the construct base on the application and
assessment, evaluation or analysis.
 Technology Processes
1. Identification of a specific need, desire or opportunity to be satisfied of interest to the practitioner
or technologist
2. Conceptualization of design or plan to satisfy the need or opportunity
3. Production or execution of plan or design
4. The use of phase.

 Classification of technology based on a country’s level of technological sophistication.

1. First Wave Technology- Agricultural Age- comprising the pre-industrial technologies which are
labor-intensive, small-scale, decentralized and based on empirical rather than scientific
knowledge.
2. Second Wave technology- comprising the industrial technologies which were developed since
the time of industrial revolution until the end of World War II. These are usually capital-intensive
technologies and are essentially based on the classical principles of classical physics, chemistry
and biology.
3. Third-Wave technology- comprising the post-industrial or the high technologies which are called
science-intensive since they are based on the modern scientific knowledge of the structures,
properties and interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei.

 Evolution of Societies
1. Hunter and Gatherer Societies- the most primitive of all societies.
2. Shifting and Farming- e.g. slash and burn farming
3. Agricultural and Mining Societies- both depend on the natural resources of the world to sustain
the needs of people but both entail the risk of environmental damage.
4. Manufacturing and Processing Societies-the use of coal marked the start of industrialization.
5. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies- production of synthetic food and other resources and
recycling of nonrenewable resources.

 Terminologies
 Technology comes from Greek words ‘techne” meaning art or craft and logia, meaning a subject or
interest. It means practical applications of what we know about nature” using scientific principles for
the betterment of the human situation.
Chapter 2: Historical Antecedent

Checklist:
 Read course and unit objectives
 Read study guide prior to class attendance
 Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies for jargons
 Proactively participate in classroom discussions
 Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
 Answer and submit course unit tasks

Unexpected Outcomes:
 At the end of this unit, the students are expected to:
1. Trace the history of Science and Technology from ancient times up to the present.
2. Identify the inventions and discoveries of different time periods.
3. Describe the development of inventions.

Ancient Times
1. Sumerian Civilization
Significant Contributions:
 Cuneiform- a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks.
 Sexagesimal - using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place
notation.
 Ziggurats- Mountain of god, served as the sacred place of their chief god
 Potter’s wheel.
 Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden wheels on axles now regarded as the greatest
mechanical invention of all time.
 materia medica -made up of assorted botanical, zoological and mineralogical ingredients.
 seed plow
 sail boat
 intricate system of canals, dikes and reservoir.
 the City of Uruk- a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in
the world
 Divided the circle into 360 degrees.
 Developed advances mathematical functions to permit accurately plot and forecast.
 Zodiacal map of Sumer was used for practical mathematical and observational purposes.
 Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest surviving law in the world. It is the earliest existing legal text
 Fabrication of copper

2. Babylonian Civilization
 Babylonia- ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern
Iraq)
 Nebuchadnezzar ordered the construction of the famous “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” and
the Isthar Gate.
 They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units, Ziggurat and
cuneiform.
 Their measurements made use of fractions, squares and square roots.
 book-keeping, a simple but adequate system of double-entry accounting.
 Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope
 Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses.
 Jewelry making originated from the Babylonians
 Code of Hammurabi
 The Babylonian Map of the World- first map
 Astrology, the science of studying the position of celestial bodies.
3. Egyptian Civilization
 Egypt- located in the Northeastern part of the African continent, a desert country
thriving on an agricultural economy.
 The Egyptian writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics, representing
individual objects or actions.
 They wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds.
 Ancient Egyptians studies the heavens to record time, calculate distances/directions, forecast
the seasons and predict annual flooding of the Nile river.
 The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on their observations of the regular appearance and
disappearance of Sirius the brightest star in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise
and fall of the Nile river.
 Another calendar was based on the phases of the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days.
 The first 365-day calendar was possibly devised by IMHOTEP.
 They calculated the time by means of waterclock- a conical earthen vessel with hours equally
marked off on the inside and spout at the bottom.
 Nobles, men and women wore wigs, they used a variety of preparations for the hair such as
henna.
 They used tweezers and razors to remove unwanted body hair.
 Both sexes wore jewelries, sandals, perfume and cosmetics-eye make-up and Kohl around the
eyes to prevent or even cure eye diseases.
 They built pyramids such as Pyramid of Sakkara as Zoser’s tomb and memorial and Pyramid of
Khufu or Cheofs and Great sphinx- a stone statue with a king;s head and a lion’s boy to guard
the pharaoh’s tomb..
 The ancient Egyptians knowledge of human anatomy, physiology and medical plants enabled
them to master the art and science of embalming the dead.
 From the Hyksos, they learned military technology and system- horse driven light war chariots
manned by warriors armed with bows, bronze swords and lances.
 The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines such as ramp and lever, to aid
construction processes.
 They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam of ships
 In Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse technology was developed, the most famous example being the
Lighthouse of Alexandria- a port for the ships that traded the goods manufactured in Egypt or
imported in Egypt.
 Library of Alexandria
 Obelisks and pillars

4. Greek Civilization
 Greece- is an archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe.
 Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.
 Some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy
and mathematics.
 Their wise men were the first to systematically separate scientific ideas from superstition
and stressed the logical development of general principles or theories about natural
phenomena.
 Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age

 They designed various mathematical models and mechanical systems to explain the planetary
motions and mechanical systems to explain the planetary positions and movements on
geometrical determinations and logical deductions.
  Ancient Greeks invented the alarm clock- used large complicated mechanisms to time the
alarm. They made use of water ( or sometimes small stones or sand). That dropped into drums
which sounded the alarm.
 Watermills were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek
civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of
grains which was a necessary form of food processing.

 Greek Philosophers
 Galen made the first steps for the advancement of the science of anatomy.
 Hippocrates- “Father of Greek Medicine”
o First to regard medicine as a science apart from religion.
o He taught that diseases have natural causes and that somehow the human body is capable
of healing or repairing itself.
 According to Empedocles nature was a mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.
 Thales of Miletus- Father of Philosophy, taught that nature was composed of or convertible into
water.
 Anaxagoras- argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles, each made of dominant
substances such as water mixed with other random substances.
 Aristotle- proved the importance of critical observation and systematic means to identify and classify
organisms.
 Thales, Phythagoras, Euclid- perfected geometry, as a single logical system.
 Archimedes- performed experiments which led him to discover the laws of lever and the pulley. –
invented the science of hydrostatics- measurement and use of water-power.
 made planetarium powered by water to demonstrate the movements of the sun and planets
around the stationary earth.
 discovered the concept of gravity
 Ptolemy- wrote the Almagest, wherein he presented his ideas and summarized those of the earlier
Greek astronomers about the universe.
 postulated the geocentric theory of the universe.

5. Roman Civilization

 The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.
 Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.
 One of the major contributions of the Romans is the newspaper- Gazettes-contained
announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, made metal or stone tablets and then
publicly displayed.
 The ancient Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or codex.
 They introduced the Roman numeral.
 They constructed the Pantheon as one of the world’s greatest domed buildings and
Colosseum, Rome’s stage for individual gladiatorial contest which held 50,000 spectators.
 Chariot races and gladiatorial fights were held at Rome’s principal stadium, the Circus
Maximus, which accommodated some 300,000 people.
 Roman government were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals
and basilicas), aqueducts, amphitheaters and even residential houses.
 Vitruvius first described the odometer as being used for measuring distance around 27BC, but
evidence points towards Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor.
 Anaximander was one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world.
 Olympics were dedicated to the Olympian Gods.
6. Arabic/Islamic Civilization
 Arabia- is a rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia.
 The most influential Muslim intellectual contribution to the modern world was their synthesis of
the scientific and technological knowledge they learned from and transmitted to the various
cultures they encountered.
 They introduced the Arabic system of numbers
 The Arabs interest in the pseudoscience of alchemy encouraged them to mix and manipulate
chemical elements and conduct experiments to transform base metals into gold.
 They were the first to use glass lens for magnification
 First to manufacture the black powder
 They produced the first gun- a bamboo tube reinforced with iron that used a charge of black
powder to shoot an arrow.
7. Chinese Civilization
 It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia.
 It is also known as the middle kingdom, located on the far east of Asia.
 People learned the technology of silk production
 The outstanding contribution of the Shang included the creation of magnificent bronze vessels,
discovery of lacquer, the development of the horse-drawn war chariots and the first known
Chinese writing which was discovered incised on flat shoulder bones of cattle or on tortoises
shells called “oracle bone”.
 Chopsticks came into use.
 They invented the escapement, the basic device used to regulate clocks.
 They constructed the Great Wall of China and the great palace of the first emperor.
 The Chinese had one of the most advanced systems of pharmacology- discovery of healing
drugs and herbs.
 They also practice apothecaries and acupuncture- was used to treat illnesses or pain by
pricking the patient’s body with needles at points believed to be connected with the visceral
organs causing the pain.
 They invented the “earthquake weathercock” to detect earthquake occurrence
 The use of toilet paper was also traced in China back to the sixth century.
 Development of calligraphy, water color, painting and block printing were invented.
 The first movable type printer made form pottery was developed by Pi Sheng.
 Chinese had an outstanding contributions such as the invention of gunpowder, a naturally
magnetic iron ore used to magnetize a floating needle (prototype of the magnetic needle in
compass) to indicate location, the use of coal as fuel, water wheel, the wheelbarrow, and the
flexible bamboo pole that speedily enchanted the transport of heavy loads, the technology of
copper coinage, the artistry of wallpaper and porcelain.
 Tea production was developed.

8. Indus-Hindu Civilization
 India- mainly in the Northwestern regions of South Asia.
 Considered the most remarkable accomplishment of the Indus civilization was the
construction layout of its cities which featured water wells (that piped water supply)
bathrooms and wastepipe or drains in nearly every house.
 They excelled particularly in medicine and mathematics.
 Traditional Indian medication had a very extensive pharmacopoeia and varieties of herbal
remedies and drugs.
 Indian surgeons successfully performed various operations like repair of broken limbs,
complicated bone setting, amputation, plastic surgery and Caesarian section.
 They introduced the negative and positive quantities, square and cube roots, quadratic
equations, mathematical implications of zero and infinity and value of pi up to nine decimal
places.
 They also developed the steps in sine functions, spherical geometry and calculus
  Iron pillar of Delhi-the world’s first iron pillar.
 Stupa was used as commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.
 Great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
production, and health.

9. Persian Civilization
 Introduction of a uniform system of gold and silver coinage.
 The first regular postal system in the world
 Taxation system, an important component of the Achaemenid state administration.
 Qanat is a gently sloping underground channel that carries water from an aquifer or water well to
houses and fields. It is used for drinking water and irrigation of crops.
 Sulfuric acid was first discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi.

 Medieval Times
 The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D
 is generally known as the period of history between Ancient Times and Modern Times.
 This is usually divided into the so called Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages.
 The Age of Exploration.
 The start of the middle ages was marked by massive invasions and migrations.
 The Islamic world had become a civilization of colossal expansive and had imposed a unity
of religion and culture on much of southwest Asia and North Africa.

 Technological advances during the Middle Ages include the following:

1. Printing press- After the Chinese, Johann Gutenberg developed a more reliable and way of printing
using a cast type. Gutenberg utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to
them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which
then made an extract impression on paper.
2. Gunpowder and Canon- appeared around the 9th century A.D, followed by vigorous development of
explosive weapons from 1040 A.D about three centuries before it appeared in Europe. From fire-lance
using a rocket combination and bamboo tube as close combat weapon, all barrier guns and cannon
were constructed at the beginning of the 12th century A.D.
3. Water mill – it was an integral part of the feudal economy. By using suitable mechanism, its rotary
motion could be converted to reciprocal motion making it a source of general power.
4. Windmill was used primarily for blowing bellows, filling cloth, forging iron, sawing, weaving and
threshing.
5. Mechanical clock- tells time using gears driven by weights that pull the gears at the right pace.
6. Horse Harness and Horse shoe allowed the horse to increase its” attractive” effort five times and for
protection. This innovation came from the 7 th century A.D china reaching Europe early in the eleventh
century, resulting in the horse taking the place of oxen at the plough. In addition, the introduction of the
horses’ modes put the horse on the road for pack and wagon.
7. Distillation and Alcohol- the first preparation of strong spirits of wine was made in Europe in the 12 th
century. As the distillation of perfumes and oil was already known, alcohol was probably produced by
accident in the course of some medical preparation.
8. Universities and Scholastics- By the twelfth century, these schools swelled to become universities
with set of courses and teaching the seven liberal arts, philosophy and theology. The first and most
famous of these was the University of Paris in 1160. In the eleventh century A.D, medical school had
been existence in Salermo.
9. Church, medieval towns, Iron-chain suspension bridges, segmental arch structures were built.
10. Canon of Medicine- authored by Avicenna, an Arab physician. It contained a good summary of the
period’s medical knowledge and accurate descriptions of meningitis, tetanus and other diseases.
 11. War Weapons such as cross bows, long bows was developed so that they could attack the enemies
at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of wall and fortresses. Soldiers wear body
armors and chainmail to protect themselves.
12. Lenses with spectacles- The discovery of lenses resulted in the invention of spectacles in Italy around
1350 A.D. This gave impetus to the study of light or optics. Grosseteste, Dietrich and Roger Bacon
explained how a lens could focus light rays and magnify things. The demand for spectacles gave rise to
lens grinding/trading and spectacle-makers.
13. The sternpost rudder apparently came also from China . This led to the development of the sail that
could be adjusted such that ship voyages could be made in rougher weather.
14. Mariner’s Magnetic Compass- the ability of a natural magnet to show direction was known o the
Chinese several centuries ago or about sixth century A.D before it passed to the West or Europe.
15. Flying Buttress- one of the architectural innovations associated with Gothic churches. This allowed
buildings to have much higher ceilings and larger windows.
16. Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena- considered to be first ever public library in the world.
17. Coffee House became popular in Arabic and Ottoman lands.

 Renaissance ( 14th century -16th century)

 The period of rebirth
 Beginning of the cultural movement
 Rediscovery of ancient texts was accelerated after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
 Technology for printing books was regarded as the most important invention that facilitated
dissemination of knowledge and new ideas.
 Paracelsus- an alchemist and physician of the Renaissance. Medieval alchemists worked with two
main elements: Sulphur and mercury.
 The astronomy was based on geocentric model (earth-centered) described by Claudius Ptolemy.
 Nicolas Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”.
 Andreas Vesalius described the anatomy of the brain’s function. He wrote the book “On the Fabric
of the Human Body”.

 Modern Times
The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be
produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and
cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and
easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to established connections between
and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to
massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing
and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern.

1. Pasteurization- invented by Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist, the process
of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.
2. Petroleum Refinery- is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants.
Kerosene was referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting homes.
It was invented by Samuel M. Kier.
3. Telephone- invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a way to easily maintain connection and
communication with each other in real time.
4. Calculator- a faster way to compute more complicated equations.
5. Electricity- the heart of many modern technologies, is the set of physical phenomena associated with
presence and motion of electric charge.
6. Electric power- where electric current is used to energize equipment.
7. Electronics- which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as
vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection
technologies.
8. Smartwatches- a variation of regular watches but coming with a whole bunch of features as your
smartphone.
9. Robotics- is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical
engineering, electronics engineering, computer science and others. It deals with the design,
construction, operation and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory
feedback and information processing.
10. Incandescent light bulb- is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that
it glows with visible light (incandescence). It is widely used in household and commercial lighting, for
portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps and flashlights and for decorative and advertising
lighting.
11. Airplane- is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled by thrust from a jet engine, propeller or
rocket engine. The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as “the first
sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight. It is used to transport parcels as well as
people to other side of the world in less than a day or weeks.
12. Computer- is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer programming. It is also used as control systems for a wide variety of
industrial and consumer devices. Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath,
originated the concept of a programmable computer.
13. Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive- also known as thumb drive pen, pen drive, gig stick, flash
stick, jump drive, disk key, disk on key- is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an
integrated USB interface.
14. Cellphone or mobile phone- a device that has at least the same functions of a standard wired
telephone but is smaller and more mobile.
15. Internet- is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the internet protocol suite
( TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It carries a vast range of information resources and services such
as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW). Electronic
mail, telephony and file sharing.
16. Television- is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome
(black and white) or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It is a mass medium for
advertising, entertainment and news.
17. Veterinary medicine was for the first time, truly separated from human medicine in 1761, when French
Veterinarian Claude Bourgelat founded the world’s first veterinary school in Lyon, France
18. Penicillin- discovered by Alexander Fleming in September 1928, marks the start of modern antibiotics.
19. Genomics- is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure, function, evolution,
mapping and editing of genomes- is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
20. Biotechnology- is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or
make products, or any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or
derivatives thereof, to make or modify products for specific use.
21. Automobile ( car)- is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation
22. Nuclear weapon- is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either
fission or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions.
23. Nuclear power- is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which
most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuc;ear power plant.
24. Satellites- is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. They are used for many
purposes such as military and civilian Earth observation, telecommunication, navigation, weather
forecast and space telescopes.
25. Vaccine- is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
26. telegraphy-is the long distance transmission of textual or symbolic messages without the physical
exchange of an object bearing the message.
27. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner - is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to
form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.
28. Computed tomography (CT) scan- makes use of computer-processes combinations of many X-ray
measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of
scanned object, allowing the user to see the object without cutting.
29. Liquid-crystal display (LCD projector)- is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or
computer data on a screen or other flat surface.
30. Bluetooth- is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and
mobile devices and building personal area networks.
 31. Wi-Fi- is a technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices.
32. Printer- is a peripheral device which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or
text on paper.
33. Camera- is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored locally,
transmitted to another location or both.
34. Closed-circuit television (CCTV)- also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to
transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
35. Submarine- is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It is used in military, marine
science, search-and-rescue and tourism.
36. Stethoscope- is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an
animal or human body.
37. Laptop or notebook computer- is a small, portable personal computer with a “clamshell”form factor
having typically a thin LCD or LED computer screen mounted on the inside of the upper lid of the
“clamshell”and an alphanumeric keyboard on the inside of the lower lid.
38. Credit card- is a payment card issued to users to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods
and services.
39. Steam engine- is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
40. Light Amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (Laser)- is a device that emits light through a
process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

Chapter 3: Intellectual Revolutions

 Scientific Revolution
 It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and
technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants.
 Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for
the people.
 There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s
perceptions and beliefs.
 Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution.
 Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the great intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth
to seventeenth century marking a radical change in the assumption’s attitudes and methods in
scientific inquiry.
 Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was
also a deeply trying moments to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or
condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion and theological
views.
 The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of the Renaissance. The same questioning spirit
that fueled the Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church about the
workings of the universe. It was a new way of thinking about the natural world.
 Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth
 A geocentric model of the universe, in which the Earth is at the center was supported during the
Middle Ages
 Until the mid-1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an
ancient Greek astronomer.
 Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe.
 People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church.
 It was not until some startling discoveries caused Europeans to change the way they viewed the
physical world.
 Industrial revolution- refers to complex technological innovations from 1750 to 1895 characterized
by the substitutions of machines for human skill and machine power for that of human and animal
bringing a shift from handicraft to manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy.
 Causes or Genesis of the Scientific Revolution
 The remarkable achievements of specific individuals such as Nicolas Copernicus, Francis
Bacon, Rene Descartes, Andreas Vesalius, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke and
Isaac Newton.
 The philosophy of new science, a new way of doing science using what is known as the
scientific method advocated by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes among others.
 The desire to break away from the ideas of the feudal middle ages and the Aristotelian view.
 The establishments of the universities from the 12th century which were later engaged in the
critical analysis of the Aristotelean views.
 The Renaissance hopeful period of concerned with the present life as well as the empirical and
mundane interest in the natural world and humanity.
 Important inventions such as mechanical clock, lenses, telescope, microscope etc.
 The combinations and cooperation’s of the skills of the craftsmen and the intellectual,
computational and logical method of the scholars.
 Printing press spread new ideas
 Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research because of technology needed for
navigation
 Translation of the works of Muslim scholars opened the minds of European thinkers to new
scientific knowledge

 Nicolaus Copernicus
 Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer who studied in Italy.
 In 1543 Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres).
 In his book, Copernicus made two conclusions: The universe is heliocentric, or sun-centered.
o The Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun.

 Copernicus’ model of the solar system:

1. Sun
2. Moon
3. Mercury
4. Venus
5. Earth
6. Mars
7. Jupiter
8. Saturn

 Copernicus came to these conclusions using mathematical formulas.

 The Copernican conception of the universe marked the start of modern science and astronomy.
 Up to the time of Copernicus, people thought that there was a sort of crystal sphere that kept
the planets, moon, and stars in orbit around the Earth. It was Copernicus that proposed the idea
that the Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice versa… The sun was the center of the
Universe, not the Earth.
 Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory.
 Most scholars rejected his theory because it went against Ptolemy, the Church, and because it
called for the Earth to rotate on its axis.
 Many scientists of the time also felt that if Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was wrong,
then the whole system of human knowledge could be wrong.

 Tycho Brahe
 In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
  Brahe set up an astronomical observatory.
 Every night for years he carefully observed the sky, accumulating data about the movement of
the stars and planets.

 Johannes Kepler
 After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the German astronomer and mathematician Johannes
Kepler, used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.
 Kepler’s calculations supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
 His calculations also showed that the planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and not perfect
circles, as Ptolemy and Copernicus believed.
 Kepler’s finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today.

 Galileo Galilei
 Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by
Copernicus and Kepler.
 Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and
fiery spots on the sun.
 He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter – exactly the way Copernicus said the
Earth rotated around the sun.
 Galileo also discovered that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight.
 The Church punished him for his belief in this idea. He was questioned by the Inquisition and
forced to confess that his ideas were wrong.
 The Church came against Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and unmoving.
 When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his beliefs, even
though he knew the Earth moved.
 Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas.

 Sir Isaac Newton

 Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
 Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution.
 He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around
the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth.
 Newton published his scientific ideas in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
 He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion:
1. A body at rest stays at rest
2. Acceleration is caused by force
3. For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
 He invented calculus: a method of mathematical analysis.

 Charles Darwin
 Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology at Cambridge
 Interest in natural history
 Taught by a freed black slave who told him exciting tales of the South American Rainforest
 Darwin developed the biological theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms
evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors
 In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle that would change his life.
 Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among
the different Galapagos Islands. Among the tortoises, the shape of the shell corresponds to
different habitats.
  Darwin thought about the patterns he’d seen on his voyage
 He realized that there were many similarities between the animals he’d seen.
 There was evidence that suggested that species were not fixed and that they could change by
some natural process.

 Artificial Selection
 To find an explanation for change in nature, Darwin studied the changes produced by plant and
animal breeders
 Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits than others
 Some cows give more or less milk than others in their herd
 This told Darwin that variation could be passed from parents to offspring and used to improve
crops and livestock
 In artificial selection, nature provides the variations, and humans select the ones they find useful
 Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild species as well as domesticated species
 He realized that that natural variation provided the raw material for evolution
 Darwin wanted to gather as much evidence as he could to support his ideas before he made
them public
 In 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred Wallace whose thoughts about evolution were almost
identical to his!
 In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin decided to present his work at a scientific meeting in 1858
along with some of Wallace’s essay
 The next year, Darwin published his complete work on evolution: On the Origin of Species
 Struggle for Existence
 From Malthus’ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are
produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other
necessities of life
 Darwin described this as the struggle for existence
 Variation and Adaptation
 Individuals have natural variations among their inheritable traits
 Some variations are better suited to life in their environment than others
 Fast predators capture prey more efficiently
 Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or better protected avoid being caught.

 Variation and Adaptation

 Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in
its environment is called an adaptation
 Examples of Adaptations:
 Tiger’s claws
 Camouflage colors
 Plant structures
 Avoidance behaviors

 Survival of the Fittest

 Darwin felt that there must be a connection between an animal’s environment and how it
survives
 Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called FITNESS
 Fitness depends upon how well an organism is suited for its environment
 Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION
 Good adaptations allow organisms to survive and are passed on to their offspring.
  Good fitness: Reproduce
 Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction
 Darwin thought that this seemed very similar to artificial selection
 He referred to “survival of the fittest” as Natural Selection
 Survival means more than just staying alive. It means reproducing and passing adaptations on
to the next generation
 Natural Selection: Nature chooses
 Artificial selection: Man chooses
 Favorable characteristics are inherited over several generations.
 Natural Selection is the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local
environment survive and leave more offspring
 Natural Selection occurs in any situation in which more individuals are born than can survive
 Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.
 These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment.
 A single “tree of life” links all living things
 This is known as the principle of common descent.
 Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on Earth for millions of years.
 Today, fields like genetics and molecular biology support Darwin’s basic ideas about evolution

 Darwin's Four Postulates

 individuals within species vary
 some of these variations are passed on to offspring
 individuals vary in their ability to survive and reproduce
 Individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
 Natural selection produces organisms with different structures than their ancestor, different
niches, and new habitats.
 Each living species has descended, with changes, over time.

 Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses

 Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time.
 These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation.
 Suggest that species are not fixed
 Explain that evolution uses natural processes
 Recognize that there is a link between an organism’s environment and its body
structures
 Lamarck’s work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin.

 Thomas Malthus
 In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that people were being born faster than people were dying
 He reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there would not be enough living
space and food for everyone
 The forces that work against human population growth are war, famine and disease
 He reasoned that what Malthus proposed for human populations also applied to all living things.
 He observed that most organisms produce many more offspring than survive.
 He wondered which individuals would survive . . . and why
 If all the offspring that were produced did survive, they would overrun the world.

 Organic Evolution
  the slow and gradual process by which living organisms have changed from the simplest
unicellular form to the most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing today.

 Sigmund Freud

 An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying hysteria.

 Father of psychoanalysis.
 Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science.
 Psychoanalysis- is the study that explains human behavior.

 Levels of Consciousness: Iceberg theory

1. Conscious mind – like the top of the iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is
accessible to us.
2. Preconscious mind – material that is unconscious, but can be easily brought into
awareness. Moves back & forth easily between conscious & unconscious.
3. Unconscious mind – is completely outside of our awareness (could produce anxiety if
made conscious).

 Structures of Personality
1. Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious impulses that want to be gratified, without
regard to potential punishment.
1. Original Core of an Individual personality
2. Biological Driven
3. Primarily Unconscious
2. Ego “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id impulses while minimizing punishment &
guilt.
1. Self- Identity which arises out of ID
• It controls voluntary motion and self- reservation
behavior
3. 3.Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality which tells us right from wrong
our conscience.
 Developing out of the Ego - Serves as conscience

 Conscious mind- consists of thoughts that focus on the present state of the mind
 Preconscious mind- consists of what can be retrieved from the memory
 Subconscious mind- consists of primitive desires, wishes or impulse which is mediates by
the preconscious mind

Chapter 4: Science, Technology and Society

 Pre-Colonial Period
 Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the natives of the archipelago already had practices
linked to science and technology. Filipinos were engaged in different kinds of activities like farming,
weaving, shipbuilding and mining.
  The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the cultured products of engineering that were built with
minimal equipment, largely by hand. These are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the
rainforests above terraces.
 They already had an alphabet called alibata and the emergence of writing system called
baybayin, primarily used by certain inhabitants of Luzon and Visayas.
 The Laguna Copperplate Inscription which is a legal document inscribed on a copper plate, is said
to be the earliest known calendar-dated document found in the Philippines. Just like other
civilizations, astronomy is shown by fixing precise day within the month in relation to the phases of
the moon. They had also a standard system of weights and measures for shipbuilding. The
Philippine shamans or babaylans were the first healers within the tribal communities and the use of
medicinal or herbal plants was the common way of treating ailments.

 Colonial Period
 When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, they introduced formal education and founded
scientific institution.
 The Spaniards provided the Philippines with parish schools in which religion, arithmetic,
writing, reading and music were taught. In fact, University of Santo Tomas was started by the
Spanish Archbishop of Manila as a seminary.
 The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering by constructing roads, churches,
bridges, walls, forts and other infrastructures. In Medicine, both the Spanish government and
Religious Franciscan and Dominican missionaries established a number of hospitals in the
Philippines and also acted as hospital founders and the surveyors of herbal medicines.
 The American period provided the Philippines with an extensive public education system.
The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories allocated for
the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. Then, it was replaced by the Bureau of
Science, the primary research center of the Philippines.

 Post-Colonial Period
 Marcos Era and Martial Law
 President Ferdinand Marcos strengthened the development of science and technology in the
Philippines. Many agencies, institutions and projects were established including National
Grains Authority for the development of rice and corn industry, Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research for the development of agriculture, fisheries and forestry. Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) to ensure the
safety of the people. Philippine National Oil Company to promote industrial and economic
development, National Academy of Science and Technology which is composed of scientists
with innovative achievement in the basic and applied sciences, Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research and resources, Plant breeding Institute, International Rice Research
Institute, Bureau of Plant Industry and Bureau of Forest Products. Furthermore, President
Marcos established the Philippine Science High School in Mindanao and Visayas to encourage
careers in science and technology.

 Corazon Aquino Presidency

 Department of Science and Technology formerly known as National Science and technology
Authority was given a representation in the cabinet. President Aquino encouraged scientists to bring
the Philippines to its former position as second to only Japan in the field of science and technology.
 The Science and Technology Master Plan was formulated which aimed at the modernization of the
production sector, upgrading research activities and development of infrastructure for science and
technological purposes.
 Fidel Ramos Presidency
 During his term, there was a significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and
technology field. Health care services were promoted through local programs such as
“Doctors to the Barrio Program”. Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel was
established. He believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the
Philippines could attain the status of new industrialized country.

 Joseph Estrada Presidency

 President Estrada signed the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, designed to protect and
preserve the environment and Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 which outlaw’s computer
hacking.

 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Presidency

 Several laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to push technology
as a tool to increase the country’s economic level. The term “Filipinnovation” was the term
used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia. Philippine Science High School
focuses in science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum. President Arroyo passed
the Biofuels act” that promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country
Arroyo’s administration improves the Agriculture and Fisheries sector through Mechanization.

 National Scientist
1. Ramon C. Barba
 a Filipino inventor and horticulturist, best known for inventing a way to induce more flowers in
mango trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate.
2. Edgardo Gomez
 a Filipino biologist who led the world’s first national-scale assessment of damge to coral reefs.
He also pioneered giant clam breeding and other protective areas for coastal communities of
the Philippines.
3. Gavino C. Trono
 -“The father of Kappaphycus farming”, a Filipino biologist who focus on marine phycology
particularly seaweed biodiversity .
4. Angel Alcala
 a Filipino biologist who promotes biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems of the Philippines.
5. Fe Del Mundo
 Filipina pediatrician, the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines.
6. Eduardo Quisumbing
 a Filipino biologist, a leading authority of plants in the Philippines. He is the author of taxonomic
and morphological papers, many of which deal with orchids including Medicinal Plants in the
Philippines.
7. Emil Q Javier
 Filipino plant geneticist and agronomist who contributed in Agriculture.
8. Germiniano T. de Ocampo
 Filipino ophthalmologist known to some as the Father of Modern Philippine ophthalmology. He
was the founder of the Philippine Eye Bank.