Optics and Laser Technology 97 (2017) 308–315

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Optics and Laser Technology

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Full length article

Effect of laser shock processing on fatigue life of 2205 duplex stainless

steel notched specimens
César A. Vázquez Jiménez a,⇑, Gilberto Gómez Rosas b, Carlos Rubio González c, Vignaud Granados Alejo c,
Silvina Hereñú d
a
Posgrado en Ciencia de Materiales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara,
Jal. 44430, Mexico
b
Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, Jal. 44430, Mexico
c
Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Pie de la cuesta 702, Desarrollo San Pablo, Querétaro, Qro. 76130, Mexico
d
Instituto de física Rosario, Bv. 27 de febrero 210 bis (2000) Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effect laser shock processing (LSP) on high cycle fatigue behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS)
Received 23 December 2016 notched samples was investigated. The swept direction parallel (LSP 1) and perpendicular (LSP 2) to roll-
Received in revised form 10 July 2017 ing were used in order to examine the sensitivity of LSP to manufacturing process since this steel present
Accepted 17 July 2017
significantly anisotropy. The Nd:YAG pulsed laser operating at 10 Hz frequency and 1064 nm wavelength
was utilized. The LSP configuration was the water jet mode without protective coating. Notched speci-
mens 4 mm thick were treated on both sides, and then fatigue loading was applied with R = 0.1. The
Keywords:
results showed that the LSP 2 condition induces higher compressive residual stresses as well as a higher
Laser shock processing
Fatigue test
fatigue life than the LSP 1 condition. By applying LSP 2 condition, an enhancement of fatigue life up to
Duplex stainless steel 402% is reported. In addition, the microhardness profiles showed different depths of hardening layer
Residual stress for each direction, according to the anisotropy observed.
Microhardness Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rolling direction

1. Introduction reported significant improvements increasing in limit resistance

In industrial components, a lot fatigue failures appear near a
discontinuity [1–8], either accidentally due to the machining
(grooves, indentations or surface marks) generated during opera-
tion of the workpiece (by wear, impact, etc.) or imposed by the
design of a mechanical component while binding or interacting
with another (grooves, holes, threads, keyways, fillets, etc.). These
discontinuities are preferential areas for nucleation of a crack due
to high stress concentration generated in adjacent areas. The pro-
cesses that generate compressive residual stresses can be benefi-
cial and prolong fatigue life in metallic materials [9–12]. The LSP
treatment is based on the induction of a field of residual compres-
sive stresses through the propagation of shock waves at high pres-
sure on the material surface [13]. This technique allows to treat
specific areas by programming of laser impacts on critical areas
of stress concentration in mechanic components to reduce the high
probability of failure that characterize these geometries. Stress
concentrators like open holes [14–18] and notches [19–21], have
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: vazquez_cesar@ucol.mx (C.A. Vázquez Jiménez).
to fatigue and the number of cycles to failure by applying LSP treat-
ment. However not all cases have proved beneficial, in some mate-
rials, LSP treatment has deteriorated fatigue properties [22,23].
It is known that the LSP treatment has proven to be an effective
technique to improve fatigue resistance in various metal alloys.
However, the fatigue behavior may vary depending on the type
of stress concentrator and the material, which makes necessary
to characterize this behavior for alloys with high impact in differ-
ent industrial sectors. The 2205 DSS has various industrial applica-
tions (offshore platforms, power plants, desalination plants and gas
gathering) in components submitted to cyclic loads in corrosive
environments. Different properties of 2205 DSS have been studied
by applying LSP treatment, such as the change in fatigue crack
growth rate [24], abrasive wear and corrosion resistance [25],
and hardness [26,27], obtaining significant improvements in all
cases. However, no previous work has been reported to evaluate
the effect of LSP in fatigue resistance of 2205 DSS with stress con-
centrators. The objective of this paper is dual; first is to analyze the
effect of LSP treatment on high cycle fatigue behavior of 2205 DSS
in notched specimens and also evaluate the effect of LSP swept ori-
entation with respect to rolling direction since this steel presents a

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.07.020
0030-3992/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 C.A. Vázquez Jiménez et al. / Optics and Laser Technology 97 (2017) 308–315
significant anisotropy. Residual stress distribution and microhard-
ness profiles are determined by hole drilling method and Vickers
indentation, respectively. In addition, the fracture surface is ana-
lyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
2. Material and methods
The specimens were obtained from a plate of 2205 DSS with
9.5 mm thickness. The chemical composition of 2205 DSS analyzed
by spark emission spectrometer is listed in Table 1. The mechanical
properties of the samples were determined by tensile test using
dog-bone type specimens. The offset tensile yield stress is
520 MPa, ultimate tensile strength is 710 MPa and elastic modulus
is 190 GPa. The microstructure of 2205 DSS is shown in Fig. 1. The
austenite phase (light color) is distributed inside the ferritic phase
matrix (dark color). This steel presents a significant anisotropy, the
rolling direction (Fig. 1a) shows a higher elongation of austenite
phase in comparison with the perpendicular direction (Fig. 1b).
The specimens for fatigue tests were cut with a waterjet
machine at high pressure to minimize the thermal damage and
roughness along the cut surface, then the thickness was reduced
by CNC to 4 mm and finally the machining marks were erased with
a surfaces grinding, leaving a finish surface of 0.1 µm in the longi-
tudinal axis direction of the sample (rolling direction and loading
axis). Through optical observation it was corroborated that the ani-
sotropy of the phases morphologies does not change along the
thickness. The dimensions of the specimens are shown in Fig. 2.
The fatigue tests were performed on a MTS810 servo-hydraulic
system at room temperature in the air. All specimens were tested
in tension-tension (axial) fatigue at a 20 Hz frequency, a R = 0.1
stress ratio and a maximum applied stress was between 275 and
300 MPa. The fracture surface was analyzed by SEM microscopy.
Vickers microhardness measurements were performed over the
parallel and perpendicular direction to rolling of each material con-
Table 1
Chemical composition of 2205 DSS.
Element C Si Mn
wt (%) 0.021 0.42 1.22
Fig. 1. Microstructure of 2205 DSS: (a) parallel to rolling and (b) perpendicular to rolling.
309
Fig. 2. Dimension of samples for fatigue tests (mm).
dition (untreated, LSP 1 and LSP 2). The Vickers indentations were
performed with a load of 200 g during 10 s. With these results
thereafter, the microhardness profiles were obtained.
Residual stress distribution was determined by the hole drilling
method according to the ASTM standard E837-01 [28]. Strain gages
rosettes EA-13-062RE-120 along with a RS-200 Milling Guide from
Measurements Group were used. The samples were prepared with
the same surface finish as the fatigue specimens and the measure-
ments were performed in the center of the sample as shown in
Fig. 3.
The experimental array of LSP treatment is shown in Fig. 4. It
consists of a Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser, Quantel Brilliant b
model, operating at 10 Hz with a wavelength of 1064 nm. The
pulse duration (FWHM) was 6 ns. The laser beam is deflected by
a mirror and focused by lens to deliver 0.85 J per pulse in 1 mm
diameter (spot size) onto the target surface with a fluence of
108.2 J/cm2. The plasma is formed when the interaction between
the laser pulse and the material surface occurs as illustrated in
Fig. 5. A thin layer of water (2 mm) is used to confine the plasma
during expansion, increasing the pressure on the material surface
in the order of GPa. This pressure, leads to shock waves formation,
which propagates into the material inducing a compressive
P Cr Mo Ni N
0.028 22.13 3.08 5.56 0.188
310 C.A. Vázquez Jiménez et al. / Optics and Laser Technology 97 (2017) 308–315

eter is determined by controlling the motors speed. The treatment

modality used was without ablative layer [29].
The LSP treatment is applied in an area of 2.5  2.5 cm on both
sides of the fatigue test specimen. Two swept directions of LSP
treatment were applied: (a) parallel to rolling direction (LSP 1)
and (b) perpendicular to rolling direction (LSP 2), as shown in
Fig. 6.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Microhardness

The microhardness profiles comparison for untreated and trea-

Fig. 3. Specimens for residual stress measurements.
residual stress field due to the plastic deformation of the treated
sample. A motorized x-y system with 0.1 µm of resolution and
maxim velocity of 2.5 mm/s was utilized to guide the path of the
impacts (swept direction) in the treatment zone. The pulses den-
sity used for these experiments was 2500 pulses/cm2. This param-
ted samples is shown in Fig. 7. The microhardness of untreated
material takes a constant value of approximately 290 HV along
the parallel direction to rolling (Fig. 7a). The microhardness pro-
files for both LSP conditions are similar. The maximum value
obtained was 360 HV at a depth of 100 µm, corresponding to
increases of 24%, then drop gradually to the microhardness of
untreated material around a depth of 300 lm. For the perpendicu-
lar direction to rolling (Fig. 7b), the microhardness of untreated
material takes a constant value of approximately 260 HV. In this
direction, both LSP conditions also present similar microhardness
profiles. The maximum value obtained was 360 HV at a depth of

Fig. 4. Experimental set-up of LSP.

Fig. 5. Principle of LSP: (a) Schematic and (b) Real sample during LSP treatment.
 C.A. Vázquez Jiménez et al. / Optics and Laser Technology 97 (2017) 308–315 311

Fig. 6. Specimens for fatigue test: (a) LSP 1: swept direction parallel to rolling, (b)
LSP 2: swept direction perpendicular to rolling.

100 µm, corresponding to 38.5% improvement, then drop gradually

to the microhardness of untreated material around a depth of
500 lm. It is found that the untreated material presents a slight
increase of microhardness in the parallel direction to rolling, this
can be attributed to more compact and elongated phases distribu-
tion as a consequence of rolling process [30,31]. However, the ben- Fig. 7. Micro-hardness profile in both directions: (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular
efit of the LSP treatment is that it increases the hardness and to rolling.
eliminates anisotropy in near-surface (360 HV in both directions).
E. Castañeda [26], reported an increase in near-surface micro-
hardness of 12% with similar LSP parameters (0.85 J pulse energy,
6 ns pulse duration, 1.5 mm spot diameter and 2500 pulses/cm2)
in 2205 DSS. However, this microhardness increase is lower than
that found in the present work. This fact could be attributed to
the smaller spot size (1 mm) which produces a higher energy per
unit area. H. Lim [27], reports a similar microhardness increase
in 2205 DSS using ablative layer during LSP treatment.

3.2. Residual stress

The residual stress distribution of untreated material with

respect to the depth is shown in Fig. 8. A tensile stress is observed.
The maximum tensile stress in the rolling direction (Sxx) is
475 MPa at a depth of about 0.25 mm, while the maximum tensile
stress in the perpendicular direction to rolling (Syy) is 260 MPa
corresponding to the same depth. It is observed that the residual
stresses do not tend to equilibrium itself in the first millimeter of
depth. However, with the equipment available it was only possible
to perform the measurements up to this depth. The anisotropy
Fig. 8. Residual stress distribution of untreated material.
shown in residual stress components can be attributed to different
phase morphologies in each direction and therefore, different
strain level induced by the rolling process [32].
The residual stress distribution as a function of depth with LSP1 nent is observed; Correa et al. [33] explains the anisotropy in the
treatment condition is shown in Fig. 9, in which a compressive compressive residual stresses distribution induced by treatment
residual stress state induced by LSP treatment is observed. The LSP treatment through overlapping and the swept direction effects
maximum compressive stress in the rolling direction (Sxx) is by simulating impacts using the finite element method. It has been
510 MPa at a depth of about 0.4 mm, while the maximum com- found the stress component perpendicular to swept direction is
pressive stress in the perpendicular direction to rolling (Syy) is greater than the parallel component. Similar observations have
700 MPa corresponding to the same depth. A smaller Sxx compo- been reported for different metal alloys [34,35].
312 C.A. Vázquez Jiménez et al. / Optics and Laser Technology 97 (2017) 308–315

Fig. 9. Residual stress distribution of LSP1 treatment condition. Fig. 10. Residual stress distribution of LSP2 treatment condition.

The residual stress distribution as a function of depth with LSP2

treatment condition is shown in Fig. 10 in which a compressive
residual stresses state is also observed. The maximum compressive
stress in the rolling direction (Sxx) is 770 MPa at a depth of about
0.14 mm, while the maximum compressive stress in the perpen-
dicular direction to rolling (Syy) is 780 MPa corresponding to the
same depth. The residual stress distribution is modified with this
LSP configuration. It can be attributed to the effect of the swept
direction with respect to the rolling orientation. The LSP 2 condi-
tion produces on the 2205 DDS a significant decrease in the aniso-
tropy of the residual stress field and higher compressive residual
stress values with respect to the effect generated by the LSP 1
condition.

3.3. Fatigue test

Fatigue life results are shown in Fig. 11. Considering the fatigue
life of untreated specimen as the reference, in both LSP conditions
an increase of fatigue life is observed. The best improvement is
given by LSP2 condition. It can be observed that LSP2 condition
lasted 889,900 cycles to failure corresponding to 79% improvement
with respect to untreated specimens (496,500 cycles to failure).
While LSP1 condition lasted 669,000 cycles to failure correspond-
ing to 35% improvement.
C. Correa et al. [36] investigated the effect of the swept direction
on the fatigue life of 316 L stainless steel alloy. Contrary to the
results displayed in the present DSS, these authors reported that
improvement of fatigue life was observed when the swept direc-
tion is parallel to the specimen longitudinal axis. In this regard, fac-
tors such as tensile residual stresses in the mid-thickness (due to
equilibrium of stress state) and residual stresses induced at the
sample edges [37,38] are ascribed to have a high influence on the
fatigue life. Additionally, the LSP patterns should also be taken into
account. Spiral and zig-zag type swept directions were compared
in Al 6061-T6 by A. Salimianrizi [34]. The maximum surface hard-
ness was obtained with the spiral-type swept direction. Alterna-
tively, C. Correa [33] proposes a random type swept pattern,
which achieves a significant decrease the residual stresses aniso-
tropy in comparison with zig-zag swept pattern. Therefore, though
the anisotropy of induced residual stress by LSP has been studied in
relation to swept direction and the pulses sequence, no work was
found considering the material’s microstructural anisotropy. In this
work, it is evidenced that the material’s microstructural anisotropy
caused by rolling also affects the distribution of induced residual
Fig. 11. Fatigue properties comparison with different swept directions.
stresses and consequently changes the fatigue behavior. It is well
known that in DSS microstructural features including chemical
composition, volume fraction of phases, phase distribution, grain
size and heat treatment influence short crack initiation and
growth. During a fatigue test, the amount of plastic deformation
each phase bears depends on the elastoplastic properties and the
load sharing between austenite and ferrite [39] In this respect,
attempting to have a more complete understanding between the
residual stress anisotropy and microstructure, future work will
analyze other microstructural features such as dislocation struc-
ture and grain size.
Two more fatigue tests were performed with LSP-2 condition.
The results are shown in Fig. 12. When the maximum applied
stress was 287.5 MPa, fatigue lives were 456,600 and 623,000
cycles to failure for untreated specimens, and 2,128,500 cycles to
failure for LSP treated specimens, corresponding to an average
improvement of 294%. When the maximum applied stress was
275 MPa, fatigue life was 836.700 cycles to failure for untreated
specimen, while the LSP treated specimen reached 4,200,000 cycles
 C.A. Vázquez Jiménez et al. / Optics and Laser Technology 97 (2017) 308–315 313

without presenting fracture; this point is indicated by an arrow in

Fig. 12. Up to this point an improvement up to 402% is achieved by
LSP. It can be see that as the maximum stress is decreased on the
fatigue test fatigue life is significantly increased on specimens trea-
ted by LSP.
Fatigue life is associated with the accumulation of plastic defor-
mation in regions localized (crystalline defects), which, after sev-
eral loading cycles gives rise to the crack incubation. The
compressive residual stresses induced by LSP inhibit the effect of
external force and decreases the strain magnitude in the region
near surface. Likewise, the increase in hardness, delay the process
of fatigue crack initiation in theses vulnerable regions. Thus, both
the presence of compressive residual stresses and the increase in
surface hardness, result in a significant increase in fatigue life of
2205 DSS.

4. Fracture surface

Fig. 12. Fatigue test results for LSP2.

Figs. 13 and 14 shows aspects of fracture surface of untreated
and treated specimens, respectively, at 287.5 MPa stress ampli-

Fig. 13. Fracture surface of specimen without LSP: (a) crack initiation, (b) crack growth, (c) fatigue striation and (d) final rupture.

Fig. 14. Fracture surface of specimen with LSP: (a) crack initiation, (b) crack growth, (c) fatigue striation and (d) final rupture.
314 C.A. Vázquez Jiménez et al. / Optics and Laser Technology 97 (2017) 308–315
tude. The crack initiation in the untreated specimen (Fig. 13a)
occurs near-surface (50 µm). While for treated specimen
(Fig. 14a) occurs 400 µm below the surface. The shift observed is
attributed to hardening layer induced near surface by LSP treat-
ment, which increases the resistance to fatigue crack nucleation
and decreases the probability that the crack starts at the surface.
This effect has also been observed by Zhang [40,41] and Ren [42]
in different aluminum alloys and Hongchao [43] in Ti17 titanium
alloy.
Figs. 13b and 14b show the appearance of fracture surface of
treated and untreated specimens respectively, at stable crack
growth zone. It can be observed in both cases that there is no
change in the morphology; the high plastic deformation can be
attributed to the high ductility of DSS 2205 (50% deformation). In
the same region, the fatigue striation is shown in Figs. 13c and
14c for untreated and treated specimens respectively. In general,
the fatigue striation spacing may have different values in different
zones along the cross section, and striation are not completely reg-
ular. It can be noted that an average fatigue striation spacing of
0.20 µm in both cases. Finally, for final rupture region, in
Figs. 13d and 14d similar sizes of dimples and significant thickness
reduction are observed corresponding to a ductile failure mecha-
nism. From these figures, it is evident that the LSP influences the
crack initiation. This fact can be rationalized by the stability of
induced compressive residual stresses. As a long as the stress
applied by external load is less than the magnitude of the induced
residual stress, the effect of the LSP treatment has a great influence
on the fatigue behavior [44]. Once the crack starts and increases in
length, the area of the cross section decreases. When the area is
sufficiently small, the elastic limit is exceeded and high cyclic plas-
tic deformations are experienced inhibiting the effect of the resid-
ual stresses induced by the LSP. This is the reason why the same
morphology is observed in the final rupture zone and its surround-
ing regions in untreated and treated samples.
5. Conclusions
A study was conducted on 2205 DSS notched samples treated
with LSP, using two different swept directions: parallel and per-
pendicular to rolling direction. The effect of LSP treatment on
microhardness, residual stress, fatigue life, and fracture surface
morphology were characterized. The following conclusions can
be drawn:
- By applying the LSP treatment, microhardness near-surface can
be increased by 24 and 38.5% for the parallel and perpendicular
direction to rolling, respectively. The perpendicular direction to
rolling presents a greater hardened layer induced by LSP than
the parallel direction to rolling. This can be attributed to differ-
ent morphology of phases and therefore, different deformation
capacity for each direction during LSP treatment.
- It has been shown experimentally that LSP treatment for both
swept direction (parallel and perpendicular to rolling direction)
eliminates the tensile residual stress due to manufacturing pro-
cesses and induces high level compressive residual stress with
different distribution for each direction according to anisotropy
observed in 2205 DSS.
- It has been demonstrated that the LSP treatment is an effective
technique for improving fatigue life in notched specimens of
2205 DSS. By setting the swept direction perpendicular to roll-
ing direction, the increase of fatigue life achieves a value of 79%
at 275 MPa of stress amplitude, while with the swept direction
parallel to rolling direction; the fatigue life improvement is only
35% at the same stress level.
- It has been demonstrated experimentally that the best treat-
ment condition to improve fatigue life was the swept direction
perpendicular to rolling direction. In this treatment condition,
for values of stress amplitudes between 275 and 300 MPa, an
enhancement of 79% up to 402% was obtained.
- The fracture surface morphology is not modified by LSP treat-
ment. No changes were found in fatigue striation and final rup-
ture surface. Only preferential fatigue crack initiation zone was
changed from the surface at inward surface due to hardened
layer induced near surface by LSP treatment.
- In this paper, sensitivity of LSP to manufacturing processes such
as rolling is evidenced. The rolling direction is considered to
optimize fatigue life of DSS 2205 by LSP treatment. This opti-
mization can be applied in other properties of DSS 2205 and dif-
ferent metal alloys.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank to Institute of Physics Rosario-Argentina-
PICT-2013-1105, CONACYT, CIDESI and University of Guadalajara
(Mexico) for their support in the realization of this work.
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