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1.3 Integrals 1.3 Intgrals

Given a closed curve C, the line integral is given by Given a closed curve C, the line integral is given by
I
A · ds. (1.3.1)
C

where the counterclockwise direction around C is considered positive.

Now consider a closed surface S, or a surface S bounded by a closed curve C. The possible surface
integrals that can be taken are
ZZ ZZ ZZ
p dS, A · dS and A ⇥ dS. (1.3.2)
S S S

where dS = n dS with n being the unit normal vector. For closed surface S, n points outward.
Consider a volume ⌫. Possible volume integrals are
ZZZ ZZZ
p d⌫ and A d⌫. (1.3.3)
⌫ ⌫

1.4 Integral Theorems

There are several theorems using the integral described in the previous paragraph. If S is the surface
bounded by the closed curve C, Stokes’ theorem states that
I ZZ
A · ds = (r ⇥ A) · dS. (1.4.1)
C S

If ⌫ is the volume closed by the closed surface S, Gauss’ divergence theorem states that
ZZ ZZZ
A · dS = (r · A)d⌫. (1.4.2)
S ⌫

Analogous to this equation is the gradient theorem, which states that

ZZ ZZZ
p dS = rp d⌫. (1.4.3)
S ⌫

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