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CENTRALBICOLSTATEUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTURE
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ISO9001:2015
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Name: Denise S Bendicio Date

Course and Section: BSES 1A

LABORATORYEXERCISE#1MICROSCOPY
PART1:THECOMPOUNDMICROSCOPE
Thecompoundmicroscopeisaprecisionopticalinstrumentdesignedtoenlarge or
magnify the image of microscopic structures, i.e., minute structureswhich cannot
or readily observed by the naked eyes. There are several designs ofthe compound
microscope, but all of them essentially consist of a stage, lenssystem,
controllable illumination system and geared focusing mechanism.
Figure 1 shows the main parts of the compound microscope.

https://microscopeclarity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DiagramFullSized.png

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PARTSOFTHECOMPOUNDMICROSCOPE
1. Head (Body) - The head, also referred to as the body of the microscope, is
astructuralcomponentthatcontainstheopticalpartsofthemicroscope.
2. Arm - The arm of the microscope is another structural piece. The arm
connectsthe base of the microscope to the head/body of the microscope.
3. Base - The base is the last structural piece of the microscope. The base is
atthe bottom of the microscope and is used to support the microscope.
4. Eyepiece - The eyepiece, also known as the “Ocular”, is thefirst
magnification lensyouwilllookthroughinacompoundmicroscope.Usually
eyepieces come in 10X magnification, or 15X magnification but theycan vary
from 5X – 30X.
5. Eyepiece tube - The eyepiece tube, also known as the body tube, holds
theeyepiece in place and is the bridge between the eyepiece and the
objectivelens.
6. Objective Lens - Objective lenses are arguably the most identifiable parts of
amicroscope because these are the lenses you see pointing at the specimen.
7. RevolvingNosepiece-The nosepiece iswheretheobjectivelensesarescrewed in
and can be rotated to easily change to the next objective lens.
8. Rack Stop - A rack stop is a part that prevents the stage from being raised
toofar and hitting the objective lens.
9. CourseAdjustmentKnobs-The coarseadjustmentknobs areusedtoobviously
focus the microscope by raising and lowering the stage closer orfurther away
from the objective lens.
10. Fineadjustmentknobs-Fineadjustmentknobs incontrast to the
coarseadjustmentknobsaregoingtomove the stage much slower and give
youmuch more control over the movement up or down of the stage.
11. Stage - The stage is where the specimen is placed for examination under
themicroscope.Thestageisaflatplatformthatmovesupanddownbyturning
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the coarse and fine adjustment knobs. The movement closer or further
awayfrom the objective lens is what allows the specimen to come into focus.
12. Aperture-Theapertureistheholeinthe center of the microscope stagewhere light
makes its way to the stage.
13. Illuminator - The illuminator as you can probably derive from the name, is
thelight source of the microscope.
14. Condenser - The condenser is used to capture and focus the light up
throughthe stage.
15. Diaphragm - The Diaphragm, also called “Iris”, is located under the stage andis
used to adjust and change the intensity and size of the cone of light thatshines
up through the side.
Exercise 1
Proper Use of the Compound Microscope
Materials:Compoundmicroscope,glassslide,coverslip,tapwater,cottonfibersSources:
How to Focus a Microscope & How the Field of View Changes -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzamomqlwxU
Biology 10 - Basic Microscope Setup and Use -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUo2fHZaZCUTh
e Famous Microscope Letter E Slide -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKnypybq7L0

Procedure:Watchthevideodiscussiononhowtoproperlyusethecompoundmicroscope.
Observe and take note of the preparations and procedures done.
Observation and Discussion:
Answer the following:
1. Describethedirectionofmovementoftheimageofthespecimenwhentheslide is
move
a) Totheright
When I'm looking at the slide, the image appears to have moved when the
slide is moving toward me.

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b) Totheleft
A slide moved left while being examined under a microscope will appear to
move right, and vice versa, much as how a slide pushed down will appear to
move up

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c) Towardstheobserver
When I'm looking at the slide, the image appears to have moved when the
slide is moving toward me.
d) Awayfromtheobserver
In the opposite direction, the slide would approach me while it moved away.
2. Whathappenswhenthesizeoftheapertureoropeningoftheirisdiaphragmis
a) Increased
Increasing the microscope's aperture's ins diaphragm will
increase the amount of light passing through and more fully illuminate the
specimen to create brighter picture
b) Reduced
the diameter of the aperture via which light enters the specimen
The iris diaphragm in light microscopy controls the and condenser. Closing
The iris diaphragm will lessen the specimen's illumination, although
increases the contrast level.

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PART2:MAGNIFICATION
Magnification is the number of times the image of an object is enlarged by
alens or a lens system or the number of times an object is enlarged or reduced
insize in a drawing or picture.
A. Magnification of the Image of an Object
If the object is observed under a 10X hand lens, then the magnification of
theimage is 10X. The image of an object observed under the compound
microscopewill be enlarged both by the eyepiece and the objective lens. The
magnification ofmicroscope object is equal to the number of times it is magnified
by the eyepiecemultiplied by the number of times it is magnified by the objective
lens.
Linear magnification: (eyepiece) x (objective lens) = magnification of the
imageExample: 10X x 10X = 100X
B. Magnification of a Drawing
Magnification of a drawing is determined by using the following equation:
𝑠 𝑖 𝑧 𝑒 𝑜 𝑓 𝑑 𝑟 𝑎 𝑤𝑖 𝑛 𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑔 𝑛 𝑖 𝑓 𝑖 𝑠 𝑖 𝑧 𝑒 𝑜 𝑓 𝑠 𝑝 𝑒 𝑐 𝑖 𝑚𝑒 𝑛

where the size of the drawing and the size of the specimen
areexpressed in the same unit.

Example: If an object is 5mm in diameter and a drawing of this object is

50mmin diameter, then the magnification of the drawing is 10X. The
magnification ofthe drawing is indicated by writing X10 beneath or after the
descriptive label ofthe drawing.

Exercise

2MagnificationofaDrawing

Materials:Compoundmicroscope,glassslide,coverslip,tapwater,cottonfibersOnline
Sources: How to calculate magnification -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdaLMkoHF2o
Procedure:Watchthevideodiscussiononhowtocalculatemagnification.Observeand
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take note of the computations and procedures.Answer the activity provided.
Observation and Discussion:

A. Get a leaf, measure its length and width in millimeters. Draw the
leaf50mm in length. Reduce also the width in proportion to the length.
Computethe magnification of your drawing.

B. Determine the magnification of the following:

a. Anorganismhasanactuallengthof0.060mm.Ifyoudrawadiagramwhichis85.0m
m,whatisthemagnification?
Solution: 85.0mm ÷ 0.60mm =141.6mm

b. Anorganismhasanactuallengthof0.050mm.Ifyoudrawadiagramwhichis36mm,
whatisthemagnification?

Solution: 36mm ÷ 0.050mm = 720mm

c. Anobjecthasanactuallengthof0.025mm.Ifyouuseascaleof1:1000,whatwillbeth
esizeofthedrawing?

Solution: 1:1000 =1mm ÷ 0.025 = 40mm

d. Anorganismhasanactuallengthof0.033mm.Ifyouuseascaleof1:250,whatwil
lbethesizeofthedrawing?

Solution: 1:250 = 6.35mm ÷ 0.033mm = 192.42mm

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