1. State your psychological construct.

Define and provide justification why there is a need

to develop a test for it.

Firstborn Children’s Academic Pressure (FCAP)

Regarding a person's success and quality of life, the birth order is significantly related.

The firstborn or the eldest child often receives all the high expectancy from her/ his parents. On

the other hand, this pressure affects their self-esteem, negative mood, and state anxiety,

particularly the firstborn children, who experiences anxiety, and rates poorer on the self-

esteem (Callaway, 2018). For this reason, the firstborn child is frequently the one who fulfills all

of their parents' expectations for them, including their skills, attitude, academic performance,

and success in life. The study of Srivastava (2017) regarding of overly ambitious parents of their

eldest child frequently make them feel dissatisfied and less capable, and s/he may grow to

dislike studies that suggest this element is to blame for the rise in psychosomatic, cognitive, and

behaviour issues in youngsters.

Furthermore, firstborn children experience greater parental pressure, particularly in

Asian nations. Firstborn children frequently feel pressure to set an example for their younger

siblings through great achievement, high self-esteem, and good behavior in order to live up to

their parents' and other people's expectations (Wadley, 2018).This concept came out from

Adler’s theory, he believed that an individual’s birth order can have a direct association with

personality characteristics. According to Adler’s theory firstborns in the household are believed

to be leaders who follow rules and submit to authority. They are often more ambitious than other

birth order positions and are more conforming to the rules of the household and they also tend

to be motivated to achieving their goals than the later bones. Adler also believed that they need

to deal with a feeling being dethroned with the birth of a second sibling.
 In addition, according to Wallace (2019), parents frequently set unreasonable

expectations for their firstborn child's behaviour and the things they did. However, it presents

challenges for the firstborn child since they want to appear somewhat flawless in the eyes of

their parents and those around them. The oldest child is frequently the one on whom parents

rely for practically everything. For such reasons, this test will assist the researcher in

determining the level of stress and pressure placed on the firstborn children to meet their

parents' standards for academic achievement. Moreover, this will measure the firstborn child

academic stress and the factors that affect their eagerness to be succeed academically.

A. Provide a strong theoretical foundation for the construct you want to measure.

The confluence model was used by the researcher to pinpoint the firstborn child's

particular academic stress and the factors of commitment in academic achievement. According

to the confluence model, a person's intellectual growth depends on the intellectual environment

they are exposed to at home. It is assumed that families with numerous children who live near

to one another have less stimulating intellectual surroundings than do households with few

children who live far apart. This approach, commonly referred to as the controversial theory,

uses the child's birth order to determine the level of intelligence of each child who have siblings.

It measures the comprehension of developmental changes by identifying the reciprocal

influences between the individual and their social environment as they grow over the time. It

also explains birth-order disparities in intellectual performance through quantifying the shifting

family dynamic. Confluence theories examine environmental and societal aspects that may

affect the creative process in addition to the particular person. (Weisberg, 2020). This allows

researchers to identify the startling pattern in the connection between the sequence of birth, the

size of the family, and the cognitive activities of the child within a family. This model will help the

researcher determine the impact of being the family's firstborn on the pressure to succeed

academically and live up to parental or guardian expectations.

 2. Choose an estimate of reliability method you would apply for that test and justify why you

think that is the best for your construct.

The researcher will employ test-retest reliability method in administering this test.

Giving the group of participants the identical test, they were required to retake the specific test

that will enable the researcher to determine the consistency of the results using this method.

Moreover, using this technique, the researcher will be able to determine whether or not having

academic success as a firstborn is a pressure from their parents has any major effects on them

or how reliable the test is in relation to these aspects. The fact that they should be consistent

with a sample population that has the same qualifications as a firstborn child makes the

researcher believe that this is the strategy that will be most useful for this test. Since the results

from the first test and the second test should exactly the same, the researcher will be able to

evaluate its constancy. This is a means to assess a test's dependability specifically, and it

pertains to the degree to which a test generates reliable outcomes over the duration.
References:

 Srivastava, A. (2017). Impact of Parental Pressure on Academic Achievement. Retrieved

from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344137451_Impact_of_Parental_Pressure_on

_Academic_Achievement

 Callaway, A. (2018). Birth Order as a Predictor of Anxiety. Retrieved from

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Birth-Order-as-a-Predictor-of-Anxiety-Callaway/

8b6391ccb4002e85c38da75103925d056486fc90

 Kihlstrom, J. (2018). Confluence Model. Springer Link. Retrieved from

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1617-

1Kihlstrom, J. (2018). Confluence Model. Springer Link. Retrieved from

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1617-1

 Wadley, J. (2018). Firstborn Asians feel added pressure with family responsibilities. The

University record. Retrieved fromhttps://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-raise-

happy-cooperative-child/201902/the-challenges-facing-firstborn-child

 Wallace, M. (2019). The challenges facing a Firstborn Child. Psychology Today.

Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-raise-happy-cooperative-

child/201902/the-challenges-facing-firstborn-child

 Reliability in Research: Definition and Assessment Types. (2021). Indeed Philippines.

Retrieved from https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/reliability-in-

research#:~:text=4%20ways%20to%20assess%20reliability%20in%20research

%201,reliability%20...%204%204.%20Internal%20consistency%20reliability%20

 Zach. (2021). What is Test-Retest reliability? Definition and examples. Statology.

Retrieved from https://www.statology.org/test-retest-reliability/

 Weisberg, R. (2020). Two confluence theories of creativity, Cambrigde core. Retrieved

from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/rethinking-creativity/two-confluence-

theories-of-creativity/E126777855D354DB2A8A55BF3F129C08