Ans Sheet IHOC 23115

Sahyadri College of Fire Engineering & Safety Management, Nashik
Subject : INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ( 23115)
Sub: - 23115
Q1. Write list of notifiable diseases w.r.t. third schedule of the factories act 1948.
Ans :- Schedule III

[Sections 89 & 90]
LIST OF NOTIFIABLE DISEASES
1. Lead poisoning including poisoning by any preparation or compound of lead or their sequelae.
2. Lead-tetra-ethyl poisoning.
3. Phosphorus poisoning or its sequelae.
4. Mercury poisoning or its sequelae.
5. Manganese poisoning or its sequelae.
6. Arsenic poisoning or its sequelae.
7. Poisoning by nitrous fumes.
8. Carbon bisulphide poisoning.
9. Benzene poisoning, including poisoning by any of its homologues, their nitro or amide derivatives or
its sequelae.
10. Chrome ulceration or its sequelae.
11. Anthrax.
12. Silicosis.
13. Poisoning by halogens or halogen derivatives of the hydrocarbons of the aliphatic series.
14. Pathological manifestations due to-
(a) radium or other radioactive substances;
(b) X-rays.
15. Primary epitheliomatous cancer of the skin.
16. Toxic anaemia.
17. Toxic jaundice due to poisonous substances.
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[18. Oil acne or dermatitis due to mineral oils and compounds containing mineral oil base.
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19. Byssionosis.
20. Asbestosis.
21. Occupational or contact dermatitis caused by direct contact with chemicals and paints. These are of
two types, that is, primary irritants and allergic sensitizers.
22. Noise induced hearing loss (exposures to high noise levels).]
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[23. Beryllium poisoning.
24. Carbon monoxide.
25. Coal miner's pneumoconiosis.
26. Phosgene poisoning.
27. Occupational cancer.
28. Isocyanates poisoning.
29. Toxic nephritis.]
Q2. Give list of contents of Frist-aid box.
Ans :- It's important to have a well-stocked first aid kit in your home so you can deal with minor accidents
and injuries.
Your first aid kit should be locked and kept in a cool, dry place out of the reach of children.
Many people also keep a small first aid kit in their car for emergencies.
Your basic first aid kit
A basic first aid kit may contain:

 plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes
 small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings
 at least 2 sterile eye dressings
 triangular bandages
 crêpe rolled bandages
 safety pins
 disposable sterile gloves
 tweezers
 scissors
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 alcohol-free cleansing wipes

 sticky tape
 thermometer (preferably digital)
 skin rash cream, such as hydrocortisone or calendula
 cream or spray to relieve insect bites and stings
 antiseptic cream
 painkillers such as paracetamol (or infant paracetamol for children), aspirin (not to be given to children
under 16), or ibuprofen
 cough medicine
 antihistamine cream or tablets
 distilled water for cleaning wounds
 eye wash and eye bath
It may also be useful to keep a basic first aid manual or instruction booklet with your first aid kit.
Medicines should be checked regularly to make sure they're within their use-by dates.
Q3. How respiratory personal protective equipment are selected.
Ans :- Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)

Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) is a particular type of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),
used to protect the individual wearer against the inhalation of hazardous substances in the workplace
air. RPE should only be used where adequate control of exposure cannot be achieved by other
means, in other words, as a last resort within the hierarchy of control measures: Elimination,
Substitution, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, PPE.
Employers are required to firstly attempt to eliminate the hazard at source. RPE should only be used
after all other reasonably practicable control measures have been taken. PPE is considered a last
resort because it only protects individual workers, is prone to failure or misuse, such as wearing the
wrong RPE for the job, and employees wearing RPE may get a false sense of security when using
RPE.
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) not worn or selected appropriately is totally
ineffective and may give the user a false sense of protection.
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Seven Elements of a Respiratory Programme

1. A written plan detailing how the programme is managed
2. A complete assessment and knowledge of respiratory hazards that will be encountered in the
workplace
3. Procedures and equipment to control respiratory hazards, including the use of engineering
controls and work practices designed to limit or reduce employee exposures to such hazards
4. Guidelines for the proper selection of appropriate respiratory protective equipment
5. An employee training program covering hazard recognition, the dangers associated with
respiratory hazards, and proper care and use of respiratory protective equipment
6. Inspection, maintenance, and repair of respiratory protective equipment
7. Medical surveillance of employees, where necessary
Q4. Explain auditory and non-auditory ill-effects of noise on human health.
Ans :- Non-auditory effects of noise on health
Noise and sleep disturbance
There is both objective and subjective evidence for sleep disturbance by noise 4. Exposure to noise
disturbs sleep proportional to the amount of noise experienced in terms of an increased rate of
changes in sleep stages and in number of awakenings. Habituation occurs with an increased
number of sound exposures by night and across nights. One laboratory study, however, found no
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habituation during 14 nights of exposure to noise at maximum noise level exposure 5. Objective
sleep disturbance is likely to occur if there are more than 50 noise
events per night with a maximum level of 50 dBA indoors or more. In fact, there is a low
association between outdoor noise levels and sleep disturbance.
In the Civil Aviation Authority Study6 around Heathrow and Gatwick airports, the relative
proportion of total sleep disturbance attributable to noise increased in noisy areas but not the level
of total sleep disturbance. In effect, the work suggested a symptom reporti ng or attribution effect
rather than real noise effects. In a subsequent actigraphy study around four UK airports, sleep
disturbance was studied in relation to a wide range of aircraft noise exposure over 15 consecutive
nights7. Although there was a strong association between sleep EEGs and actigram-measured
awakenings and self-reported sleep disturbance, none of
the aircraft noise events were associated with awakenings detected by actigram and the chance of
sleep disturbance with aircraft noise exposure of <82 dB was insignificant. Although it is likely
that the population studied was one already adapted to aircraft noise exposure, this study is also
likely to be closer to real life than laboratory studies with subjects newly exposed to noise.
However, the actigraph as a sensitive measure of sleep disturbance has been questioned.
Noise exposure during sleep may increase blood pressure, heart rate and finger pulse amplitude as
well as body movements. There may also be after-effects during the day following disturbed
sleep; perceived sleep quality, mood and performance in terms of reaction time all decreased
following sleep disturbed by road traffic noise. Studies on noise abatement show that, by reducing
indoor noise level, the amount of REM sleep and slow wave sleep can be increased8. It thus seems
that, although there may be some adaptation to sleep disturbance by noise, complete habituation
does not occur, particularly for heart rate.
Noise exposure and performance
There is good evidence, largely from laboratory studies, that noise exposure impairs performance9.
Performance may be impaired if speech is played while a subject reads and
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remembers verbal material, although this effect is not found with non-speech noise10. The effects
of ‘irrelevant speech’ are independent of the intensity and meaning of the speech. The
susceptibility of complex mental tasks to disruption by ‘irrelevant speech’ suggests that reading,
with its reliance on memory, may also be impaired.
Perceived control over and predictability of noise has been found to be important in determining
effects and after-effects of noise exposure. Glass and Singer11 found that tasks performed during
noise were unimpaired but tasks that were carried out after noise had been switched off were
impaired, this being reduced when subjects were given perceived control over the noise. Indeed,
even anticipation of a loud noise exposure in the absence of real exposure may impair
performance and an expectation of control counters this effect. Noise exposure may also slow
rehearsal in memory, influence processes of selectivity in memory, and choice of strategies for
carrying out tasks1. There is also evidence that noise may reduce helping behaviour, increase
aggression and reduce the processing of social cues seen as irrelevant to task performance12.
Noise and cardiovascular disease
Physiological responses to noise exposure
Noise exposure causes a number of predictable short-term physiological responses mediated

through the autonomic nervous system. Exposure to noise causes physiological activation
including increase in heart rate and blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction and thus increased
peripheral vascular resistance. There is rapid habituation to brief noise exposure but habituation to
prolonged noise is less certain8.
Occupational studies: noise and high blood pressure
The strongest evidence for the effect of noise on the cardiovascular system comes from studies of
blood pressure in occupational settings13 (Table 1). Many occupational studies have suggested that
individuals chronically exposed to continuous noise at levels of at least 85 dB have higher blood
pressure than those not exposed to noise14,15. In many of these studies, noise exposure has also
been an indicator of exposure to other factors, both physical and psychosocial, which are also
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associated with high blood pressure. Unless these other risk factors are controlled, spurious
associations between noise and blood pressure may arise. A recent pioneering longitudinal
industrial noise study has shown that noise levels predicted raised systolic and diastolic pressure in
those doing complex but not simple jobs16, and predicts increased mortality risk. Occupational
noise exposure has also recently been linked to greater risk of death from motor vehicle injury 17.
One possibility is that the effects of noise on blood pressure are mediated through an intermediate
psychological response such as noise annoyance18 although this has not been convincingly proved.
Noise and cardiovascular disease in the community
Aircraft noise exposure around Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam has been related to more medical
treatment for heart trouble and hypertension, more cardiovascular drug use and higher blood
pressure, even after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, eight/weight and socio-economic
differences19. The evidence of the effects of noise on coronary risk factors has not been especially
consistent: effects of noise have been shown on systolic blood pressure (but not diastolic
pressure), total cholesterol, total triglycerides20, blood viscosity, platelet count and glucose level21.
However, a recent Swedish study found that the prevalence of hypertension was higher among
people exposed to time-weighted energy averaged aircraft noise levels of at least 55 dBA or
maximum levels above 72 dBA around Arlanda airport, Stockholm22. In summary, there is some
evidence from community studies that environmental noise is related to hypertension and there is
also evidence that environmental noise may be a minor risk factor for coronary heart disease
(Relative Risk 1.1–1.5)22–24.
A sudden intense exposure to noise may stimulate catecholamine secretion and precipitate cardiac
dysrhythmias. However, neither studies in coronary care units of the effect of speech noise nor
studies of noise from low altitude military flights on patients on continuous cardiac monitoring
have detected changes in cardiac rhythm attributable to noise25.
Endocrine responses to noise
Exposure to high intensity noise in industry has been linked in some studies to raised levels of
noradrenaline and adrenaline26. In one study, catecholamine secretion decreased when workers
wore hearing protection against noise. Some studies, but not all, have shown raised cortisol in
relation to noise27. The general pattern of endocrine responses to noise is indicative of noise as a
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stressor, exciting short-term physiological responses, but there are inconsistencies between
studies.
Noise and psychiatric disorder
It has been postulated that noise exposure creates annoyance which then leads on to more serious
psychological effects. This pathway remains unconfirmed; rather it seems that noise causes
annoyance and, independently, mental ill-health also increases annoyance. A more complex
model28 incorporates the interaction between the person and their environment. In this model, the
person readjusts their behaviour in noisy conditions to reduce exposure. An important addition is
the inclusion of the appraisal of noise (in terms of danger, loss of environmental quality, meaning
of the noise, challenges for environmental control, etc.) and coping (the ability to alter behaviour
to deal with the stressor). This model emphasizes that dealing with noise is not a passive process.
Noise exposure and psychological symptoms
Symptoms reported among industrial workers regularly exposed to high noise levels in settings
such as schools29 and factories30 include nausea, headaches, argumenttativeness and changes in
mood and anxiety. Many of these industrial studies are difficult to interpret, however, because
workers were exposed to other stressors such as physical danger and heavy work demands, in
addition to excessive noise. Community surveys have found that high percentages of people
reported ‘headaches’, ‘restless nights’, and ‘being tense and edgy’ in high-noise areas12,31. An
explicit link between aircraft noise and symptoms emerging in such studies raised the possibility
of a bias towards over-reporting of symptoms32. Notably, a study around three Swiss airports33,
which did not mention that it was related to aircraft noise, did not find any association between the
level of exposure to aircraft noise and symptoms.
Noise and common mental disorder
Early studies found associations between the level of aircraft noise and psychiatric hospital
admission rates both in London34 and Los Angeles35, but this has not been convincingly confirmed
by more recent studies36. In community studies such as the West London Survey of Psychiatric
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Morbidity37, no overall relationship was found between aircraft noise and the prevalence of
psychiatric morbidity using various indices of noise exposure. In longitudinal analyses in the
Caerphilly Study, no association was found between road traffic noise and psychiatric disorder,
even after adjustment for socio-demographic factors and baseline psychiatric disorder, although
there was a small non-linear association of noise with increased anxiety scores38.
Some studies have found dose–response associations: exposure to higher levels of military aircraft
noise around Kadena airport in Japan was related in a dose–response relationship to
depressiveness and nervousness39, and road traffic noise has been weakly associated with mental
health symptoms after adjusting for age, sex, income and length of residence 40. Overall,
environmental noise seems to be linked to psychological symptoms but not to clinical psychiatric
disorder. However, there may be a link to psychiatric disorder at much higher noise levels.
Noise annoyance
The most widespread and well documented subjective response to noise is annoyance, which may
include fear and mild anger, related to a belief that one is being avoidably harmed 41. Noise is also
seen as intrusive into personal privacy, while its meaning for any individual is important in
determining whether that person will be annoyed by it 42.
Annoyance reactions are often associated with the degree of interference that any noise causes in
everyday activities, which probably precedes and leads on to annoyance 43. In both traffic and
aircraft noise studies, noise levels have been found to be associated with annoyance in a dose–
response relationship44,45. Overall, it seems that conversation, watching television or listening to
the radio (all involving speech communication) are the activities most disturbed by aircraft noise
while traffic noise, if present at night, is most disturbing for sleep.
Acoustic predictors of noise annoyance in community surveys
One of the primary characteristics affecting the unwantedness of noise is its loudness or perceived
intensity. Loudness comprises the intensity of sound, the tonal distribution of sound and its
duration. The evidence is mixed on the importance of both the duration and the frequency
components of sound and also the number of events involved in determining annoyance 46. High
frequency noise has been found to be more annoying than low frequency noise47. Vibrations are
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perceived as a complement to loud noise in most community surveys of noise and are found to be
important factors in determining annoyance, particularly because they are commonly experienced
through other senses as well as hearing. Fields48 found that, after controlling for noise level, noise
annoyance increases with fear of danger from the noise source, sensitivity to noise, the belief that
the authorities can control the noise, awareness of the non-noise impacts of the source and the
belief that the noise source is not important.
Combined effects of noise exposure and other stressors
Noise effects on health may be augmented by, or in turn may augment, the impact of other
stressors on health. Stressors may act synergistically, antagonistically or not at all. Stressors may
include physical, chemical, biological, social and work organizational factors 49. In a laboratory
based experiment, an interaction was found between having a cold and noise exposure on simple
reaction time50. There was little difference between healthy and cold subjects’ performance tested
in quiet conditions, but for subjects tested in noisy conditions (70 dBA), performance was much
slower for the cold subjects. Synergistic effects of exposure to noise and vibration have been
demonstrated on diastolic blood pressure, whereas temperature and noise have been shown to
affect morning adrenaline secretion51,52.
There has been much emphasis on laboratory studies without considering that results of such
studies may lack external validity. Past research on combined effects has not considered common
conditions and levels of stressors across studies, direct and indirect effects, long durations of
exposure and complex tasks. Field studies suggest that the effects of multiple stressors have
greater combined effects than simply summing individual stressors53. Few field studies have
examined the effects of multiple environmental stressors. This could be an important new area for
the development of noise research
Q5. Write importance of good housekeeping and maintenance for industrial

hygiene.
Ans :- There are various things which can define the fate of a restaurant and among
that is the hygiene a restaurant carries. Restaurant hygiene is not just for ensuring
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health and safety of the staffs and customers but also plays a major role in defining the
perception of a restaurant.
Customers are now very specific in terms of the outlets they choose for dining out.
From great food to ambiance, they want a place which is clean and serves hygienic
food. We can say that hygiene is the second most important factor which is required to
run a restaurant after maintaining the quality of food. Therefore, hygiene is one key
which can help your restaurant sustain in the food industry.
“Hygiene is one of the important things that a restaurateur needs to keep in mind while
running a venture. To maintain the hygiene at your restaurant, one needs to keep the
kitchen and the surroundings clean which will result in a healthy environment attracting
a lot of customers,” says Sagar Sharma, owner, Nutritious Nation.
5 practices to maintain the hygiene standards at restaurants

1) Regular inspection of areas like kitchen and dining
There should be regular inspection of areas like kitchen and dining by the managers so
that the health aspect of a restaurant is up to the mark. It is essential in meeting health
and hygiene requirements which have been stated by the Food Safety and Standards of
India (FSSAI).
2) Staffs maintaining personal hygiene

The saying is true that cleanliness begins at home. This is also applicable for
maintaining the hygiene at a restaurant. The staff needs to be properly trained for
maintaining personal hygiene at restaurants. They should adapt with clean clothes,
hairnets and other hygienic tools which are necessary for maintaining a healthy
environment.
3) Sanitizer for kitchen equipment

Employees should be educated properly on the use of equipment which is available in
the restaurant. Along with the usage, maintenance of equipment can eventually help in
increasing the hygiene factor of a restaurant. They should be familiar with the use of
equipment along with cleaning and maintaining them.
4) Developing restaurant hygiene checklist
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The manager of a restaurant should create a checklist of the specific cleaning duties and
tasks which are performed in the restaurant on a daily basis. Keeping the checklist
updated will make sure that the proper duties are being done, increasing the hygienic
factor of the restaurant. The manager can assign the tasks according to shift so that a
person doesn’t get tired and the maintenance is properly taken care of.
5) Proper ventilation
Ventilation is something which is really very important for both the customers as well
as for staffs. It plays an integral role in maintaining the hygiene factor of a restaurant.
Proper ventilation is essential for the preparation and storage of food also boosting the
morale of customers and staffs present in the restaurant. Who would like to visit a
restaurant whose atmosphere is filled with smoke, heat, and moisture?
“One big reason for maintaining the hygiene in a restaurant is that restaurants with bad
hygiene are likely to fail in the upcoming time ultimately causing them to shut down.
With the trend of eating and being healthy, customers are now way smarter than
ever. They want everything healthy in their surroundings with mouth-watering food,”
shares Vedant Goyal who is the owner of Threads café.
Therefore, keeping the hygiene factor in mind can help you in maintaining the high
standard of your restaurant.
Q6. Explain application of ergonomics in industry for SHE with example.
Ans What Is Ergonomics?

The International Ergonomics Association published the following definition of
ergonomics: “[Ergonomics is] the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance.”
An example of ergonomics is raising a work table or shelf so the worker doesn’t have
to bend over to use it. While it may seem harmless enough, constantly bending over
day after day can take its toll on workers, promoting back pain and increasing the risk
of injury. Another example is a worker using a hand truck to lift and haul heavy
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objects. Even if the worker is physically capable of handling the objects, a hand truck
reduces stress on his or her body, which subsequently reduces the risk of injury.
Ergonomics is the study of people's efficiency in their working environment. This

efficiency is achieved by comfort design, functional design, and systems design. It
mainly takes into account the interaction between the user and the machine and the
environment.
Ergonomics is mainly classified into 3 parts namely -
Physical Ergonomics - It mainly concerns with human anatomy.
Cognitive Ergonomics - It concerns with mental processes.
Organisational Ergonomics - It concerns with optimization of socio-technical systems.
So while designing any workplace or an equipment or a device, ergonomics needs to be

taken into account in order to make the system safer and more efficient because of
effective interaction between the other elements of the system and the user.
For a simple example, the difference between a conventional chair and an

ergonomically designed chair can be seen here.
This is a conventional chair with no hand rests and no cushioning etc.
This is an ergonomically designed chair with adjustable hand rests, adjustable height,
cushioning effect etc.
The chair which is ergonomically designed allows the worker to work more
comfortably while sitting on it than the conventional chair does. Also in the long run,
the user stays healthy if he/she uses the well designed chair.
This was a simple example and the application of ergonomics can be seen in a lot of
places these days. Also, ergonomics is a research oriented field and there is constant
development going on in it.
Q7. Explain stroboscopic effect.
Ans :- The stroboscopic effect is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs
when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples. It
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occurs when the view of a moving object is represented by a series of short samples as
distinct from a continuous view, and the moving object is in rotational or other cyclic
motion at a rate close to the sampling rate. It also accounts for the "wagon-wheel
effect", so-called because in video, spoked wheels on horse-drawn wagons sometimes
appear to be turning backwards.
A strobe fountain, a stream of water droplets falling at regular intervals lit with a strobe
light, is an example of the stroboscopic effect being applied to a cyclic motion that is
not rotational. When viewed under normal light, this is a normal water fountain. When
viewed under a strobe light with its frequency tuned to the rate at which the droplets
fall, the droplets appear to be suspended in mid-air. Adjusting the strobe frequency can
make the droplets seemingly move slowly up or down.
Consider the stroboscope as used in mechanical analysis. This may be a "strobe light"
that is fired at an adjustable rate. For example, an object is rotating at 60 revolutions
per second: if it is viewed with a series of short flashes at 60 times per second, each
flash illuminates the object at the same position in its rotational cycle, so it appears that
the object is stationary. Furthermore, at a frequency of 60 flashes per
second, persistence of vision smooths out the sequence of flashes so that the perceived
image is continuous.
If the same rotating object is viewed at 61 flashes per second, each flash will illuminate
it at a slightly earlier part of its rotational cycle. Sixty-one flashes will occur before the
object is seen in the same position again, and the series of images will be perceived as
if it is rotating backwards once per second.
The same effect occurs if the object is viewed at 59 flashes per second, except that each
flash illuminates it a little later in its rotational cycle and so, the object will seem to be
rotating forwards.
The same could be applied at other frequencies like the 50 Hz characteristic of electric
distribution grids of most of countries in the world.
In the case of motion pictures, action is captured as a rapid series of still images and the
same stroboscopic effect can occur.
Q8. Explain control of heat exposure at source with one example.
Ans :- Most heat-related health problems can be prevented, or the risk of developing
them can be reduced. For indoor environments, refer to the information below.
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Engineering Controls
The best way to prevent heat-related illness is to make the work environment cooler. A
variety of engineering controls can reduce workers' exposure to heat:
 Air conditioning (such as air-conditioned crane or construction equipment cabs, air

conditioning in break rooms).
 Increased general ventilation.
 Cooling fans.
 Local exhaust ventilation at points of high heat production or moisture (such as
exhaust hoods in laundry rooms).
 Reflective shields to redirect radiant heat.
 Insulation of hot surfaces (such as furnace walls).
 Elimination of steam leaks.
Work Practices
 Employers should have an emergency plan in place that specifies what to do if a

worker has signs of heat-related illness, and ensures that medical services are
available if needed.
 Employers should take steps that help workers become acclimatized (gradually
build up exposure to heat), especially workers who are new to working in the heat
or have been away from work for a week or more. Gradually increase workloads
and allow more frequent breaks during the first week of work.
 Workers must have adequate potable (safe for drinking) water close to the work
area, and should drink small amounts frequently.
 Rather than being exposed to heat for extended periods of time, workers should,
wherever possible, be permitted to distribute the workload evenly over the day and
incorporate work/rest cycles. (See About Work/Rest Schedules.)
 If possible, physical demands should be reduced during hot weather, or heavier
work scheduled for cooler times of the day.
 Rotating job functions among workers can help minimize overexertion and heat
exposure.
 Workers should watch out for each other for symptoms of heat-related illness and
administer appropriate first aid to anyone who is developing a heat-related illness.
 In some situations, employers may need to conduct physiological monitoring of
workers - see Monitoring Workers at Risk of Heat-related Illness.
Personal Protective Equipment

Workers should be aware that use of certain personal protective equipment (e.g.,
certain types of respirators and impermeable clothing) can increase the risk of heat-
related illness.
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In some situations, special cooling devices can protect workers in hot environments:
 In some workplaces, insulated gloves, insulated suits, reflective clothing, or infrared

reflecting face shields may be needed.
 Thermally conditioned clothing might be used for extremely hot conditions; for
example:
o A garment with a self-contained air conditioner in a backpack.
o A garment with a compressed air source that feeds cool air through a vortex
tube.
o A plastic jacket whose pockets can be filled with dry ice or containers of ice.
Training
Workers and supervisors should be trained about the hazards of heat exposure and their
prevention. Topics should include:
 Risk factors for heat-related illness.

 Different types of heat-related illness, including how to recognize common signs
and symptoms.
 Heat-related illness prevention procedures.
 Importance of drinking small quantities of water often.
 Importance of acclimatization, how it is developed, and how your worksite
procedures address it.
 Importance of immediately reporting signs or symptoms of heat-related illness to
the supervisor.
 Procedures for responding to possible heat-related illness.
 Procedures to follow when contacting emergency medical services.
 Procedures to ensure that clear and precise directions to the work site will be
provided to emergency medical services
Q9. Brief the role of medical officer in the factories.
Ans :- DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CHIEF MEDICAL OFFICER

• The Chief Medical Officer is the officer of the Board in charge of its Medical Department and shall report
to the Deputy Chairman and Chairman.
• He/She must make himself/herself conversant with all the relevant acts, rules and regulations and
government orders that may be in force from time to time and must see that they are fully observed so
far as they relate to the working of his/her Department.
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• Chief Medical Officer is the overall in charge of the general administration and discipline of the Medical
Department.
• He/She is responsible for ensuring the smooth delivery of health care to the employees of the Trust and
their families.
• He/She is responsible for preparing the Budget Estimate and the Revised Budget Estimate of the
Department every year.
• He/She is responsible for taking action for procurement of Medical and Surgical stores every year. •
He/She is responsible for preparing plan and non-plan proposals for hospital buildings and hospital
equipments, etc. and submit it to Chairman.
• He/She will submit annually an administration report on the working of the Department.
• He/She will conduct surprise inspection of the Hospital and Dispensaries attached to the Department.
• He/She will accompany the Deputy Chairman/Chairman on his inspection whenever required.
• He/She will conduct periodical progress and review meetings of the Medical Department.
• He/She is responsible for conducting training programmes and recommending/sponsoring

officers/employees of the Department for various training programmes.
• He/ She is responsible for filling up of vacant posts through recruitment / promotions to fulfill the
requirement of the department in accordance with the rules and regulations in force.
• He/She is responsible for tendering and award of Diet, Laundry and Bio-medical Waste disposal
contracts.
• He/She will sanction leave for second level officers.
Q10. Explain the first-aid measures for fracture.
Ans :- A fracture is a broken bone. It requires medical attention. If the broken bone is the result of
major trauma or injury, call 911 or your local emergency number.
Also call for emergency help if:
 The person is unresponsive, isn't breathing or isn't moving. Begin CPR if there's no breathing or
heartbeat.
 There is heavy bleeding.
 Even gentle pressure or movement causes pain.
 The limb or joint appears deformed.
 The bone has pierced the skin.
 The extremity of the injured arm or leg, such as a toe or finger, is numb or bluish at the tip.
 You suspect a bone is broken in the neck, head or back.
Don't move the person except if necessary to avoid further injury. Take these actions immediately while
waiting for medical help:
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 Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece
of clothing.
 Immobilize the injured area. Don't try to realign the bone or push a bone that's sticking out back in. If
you've been trained in how to splint and professional help isn't readily available, apply a splint to the
area above and below the fracture sites. Padding the splints can help reduce discomfort.
 Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain.Don't apply ice directly to the skin. Wrap the ice
in a towel, piece of cloth or some other material.
 Treat for shock. If the person feels faint or is breathing in short, rapid breaths, lay the person down
with the head slightly lower than the trunk and, if possible, elevate the legs.
Q11. Define ergonomics. Explain in brief the applications of ergonomics to

protect workforce in industry.
Ans :- The term 'ergonomics' is derived from the Greek word 'ergo' meaning work and
strength and 'nomos' meaning rule or law. It simply means "fitting the job to the worker (and not
the worker to the job)". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man
and his work to improve his convenience, efficiency and well being". Ergonomic approach
includes designing of machines, tools, controls, equipment, process, layout, housekeeping etc. to
increase efficiency of both - man and the machine. Application of ergonomics reduces accidents
and improves health and efficiency.
Ergonomics is also defined as 'the study of human characteristics for the appropriate
design of the living and work environment'. It is human centered, transdisciplinary and application
oriented. It can be applied to jobs, equipment, working place, tools, utensils or any complicated
working system (e.g. multi-person socio-technical system).
Successful application is measured by improved efficiency, safety, productivity and
acceptance of the ergonomic design.
Application of Ergonomics for Safety and Health:
Application of ergonomics can solve the problems of stress and strain due to work load,
high or low temperature, more or low illumination or glare, noise, vibration, radiation, awkward
work positions and orthopaedic problems due to them. The field of application is very wide which
includes following as some of the areas :-
1. Hand tools.
2. Design of Controls.
3. Design of work.
4. Design of information displays.
18
5. Man/machine information exchange.

6. Limitations of the sense organs.
7. Age, fatigue, vigilance and accidents.
8. Problems of body size and posture.
9. Effects of climate.
10. Human energy, optimising its efficient use.
11. 'Work tolerance.
12. Anatomy of function.
13. Physiologic measurements.
14. Application of skeletal-muscular forces (e.g. manual handling and lifting.)
Ergonomics is also utilised at design stage where it is called. "System Ergonomics" in
contrast to "Classical Ergonomics" which is applied to solve the ergonomic problems as and
when they occur once a design has been put in use. System ergonomics is a higher level of
practice involving a knowledge of (1) Different tasks the machines can perform. (2) The relative
cost. (3) A variety of tasks and satisfactory work for personnel.
In designing work, ergonomics can be applied for the design of systems, work places,
environments, interfaces and work situations. Some examples are as under:'
Sr. No. Type of Design Examples.
1 Systems Man-machine relationship, procedure.
2 Workplace Posture, seat and control design, bench position, displays.
Required lighting, heating, ventilation, noise, vibration

3 Environmental
etc.
Exchange of information between man and machine /

4 Interface environment, scales, pointers, letters, numbers, their size,
shapes, position, forces etc.
Hours of work, rest pauses, shift work, inter personal and

5. Work situation
organisational aspects of work.
Following are some of the examples of application of ergonomics (human engineering) to

matters of health and safety :
1. Stresses of excessive heat, light, humidity, noise, vibration etc., their safe limits, type of
worker e.g. age, sex, fitness etc., and task to be performed - all should be considered
19
and suitable environmental conditions should be designed to fit appropriately to the

worker and his task.
2. Surrounding space, seat design, bench design and positioning of displays, controls,
materials, tools, equipment, instruments etc. should fit the human body so that he can work
without excessive effort within the range of healthy posture.
3. Interface display and control design should consider effective information between the
man and the machine or environment in type and size of numbers, letters, pointers, shapes
and discrimination, identification etc.
4. Working hours, rest pauses, shift work, interpersonal and management problems should be
studied and resolved to maintain health and safety of work people.
5. It should be aimed to do work with a minimal use of energy and materials and without
waste resulting from mistakes. Human errors should be minimised for safety and health.
6. Design and production of automotive vehicles, communication equipment, farm
machinery, military service, aerospace systems, computers and electronic equipment can
be made safe and most suitable to the operators.
7. Highway signs, typewriters, data processing systems, machine tools, kitchen stoves, street
and highway design, rapid-transit facilities, health facilities, housing , pollution control,
education, law enforcement, postal service, airports etc. are newer areas where ergonomic
design can give good results and reduce accidents.
8. Deciding allocation of functions between men and machines. Functions' of perceiving,
responding to emergency situations, some ' typical judgements etc. are better done by men
than by machines. Functions of heavy lifting, computing, auto regulation, handling large
amount of information etc. are better performed by machines than by men. These are to be
considered at an early stage of design.
9. Task analysis to decide selection standards, workloads, training requirement, manpower
requirement, equipment design can be carried out.
10. Factors of control design, e.g. control display ratio, safeguards against accidental
activation, control coding etc. are part of ergonomic design.
11. Workplace dimensions, location of controls and displays, seat and penal design, the design
of doors and access for easy entry and exit and protective devices for emergency situations
need to be well designed.
20
12. For good maintenance easy and simple maintenance manuals, tools and test equipment,
better location of units for easy access, faultfinding techniques etc. are to be designed
properly.
13. Allowance for local weather conditions, ventilation in cramped premises, providing stool
to put container to avoid frequent bending, elementary checklists are ergonomic aspects.
14. Manual material handling has a large scope of ergonomic considerations. Process flow, job
design, layout, selection of equipment, machine, tools, space requirement, control design,
visibility, colour and signs, allowing push and pull instead of lift and lower, avoiding
severe bending, lifting and lowering between knuckle (hip) height and shoulder height,
avoiding excessive weight, avoiding sharp edges, corners, pinch points, training for safe
lifting practice and lifting rules (dos and don'ts), personnel selection etc. must be well
considered.
15. Wrong design of hand tools can create bending of wrist, pressure points between the hand
and the handle, sustained exertions, vibrations etc. Therefore handtools should be designed
in such a way that they eliminate or minimise these hazards. Oblique angle of the handle,
proper shape, diameter and length of the handle, rounding off all edges and sharp corners,
minimising noise and vibration etc. are useful criteria.
16. Office, other work places and workstation design call for specific criteria. Ideal, practical
and detail planning, work process, equipment, workplace layout, final enclosure, mock-up,
trial and redesign, clearance for the operator's body, sufficient head room, visual field,
auditory information, standing or sitting position (both have advantages and
disadvantages), work space dimensions, body position to operate computer, healthy work
postures, eye height, elbow height, knee height, seat design to reduce physiological and
biomechanical stresses by providing wide range of adjustments and postures to suit the
individual (seat height adjustable between 15 to 20 inch, deep 15 to 17 inch, wide 18 inch
or more and backrest to support back and neck and opportunity to change body posture
frequently) etc. are some important criteria:
17. Controls - continuous or detent - should be designed by considering consistency of
movement, control actuation force, multidimensional operation, operator-control
orientation, control-effect relationship, time lag, arrangement and grouping, coding and
prevention of accidental activation etc.
21
18. Light signals provide useful safety and functional indications as mentioned below : See
also Part 7.3 of Chapter-9.
19. Displays provide necessary information to the operator. They may be visual (lights, scales,
counters), auditory (bells, horns), tactile (shaped knobs. Braille writing) or audio-visual
(buzzer with light, TV display). Selection depends on type of information to be provided
and to whom provided.
20. Labeling permits rapid and accurate performance of controls, displays and other items that
should be identified, read, manipulated or located. Label characteristics are: accuracy, time
of response or recognition, distance, illumination, nature of function and consistency.
Their visibility, legibility, location, orientation, abbreviation, brevity and standardization
are necessary. Legal notices must be displayed.
From above varieties of examples it is evident that ergonomics has wide applicability to
many functions in addition to health and safety.
Q12. What is personal sampler and high volume sampler. How and where it is
used for air monitoring in industry.
Ans :- High and low volume air samplers

High and low volume air samplers are instruments used to collect samples of air particles.
The difference between high and low volume air samplers is the amount of air sampled.
High volume air samplers typically sample more than 1500 cubic metres (m3) of air over a 24-
hour period, while low volume air samplers draw through only 24m3 of air, or less.
Air Sampling :
Basic need of air quality sampling and work environment monitoring and analysis is to
find the level of pollution and to work out strategy to reduce it. Need of sampling and
monitoring is statutorily suggested by Form no. 37, Rule 12B of the Gujarat Factories Rules. The
format calls for identification of airborne contaminants, sampling instruments and methods,
number of samples and comparison of measured value with the TWA concentration in 2nd
schedule of the Factories Act to assess the working environment and also the number of workers
exposed to that. Correct record of such workplace monitoring is essential for good health and
good housekeeping.
22
Need of sampling and monitoring is also inferred from the types, sources and hazards of
air pollutants mentioned below. Monitoring is more than air sampling or medical examination of a
worker. It includes a series of actions to assess the protection necessary.
Purpose & Types of Air Sampling:
Purpose of sampling are (1) To determine type and concentration of exposure due to health
hazards to workers (2) To determine the types and effectiveness of the control measures provided,
any change if necessary in them and new control measures to be provided (3) To investigate
complaints and (4) For research purposes.
Types of Air Sampling : They are (1) Personal sampling (2) Area sampling (3) Grab
sampling and (4) Integrated sampling.
In personal sampling the sampling device is worn by the worker near his breathing zone to
evaluate personal or individual exposure to him.
In area sampling the air samples are taken at fixed places in a workroom or confined
spaces to evaluate general concentrations of flammable, explosive or toxic material in air for the
purpose of isolation or restriction to work or to design the control measures. It includes continuous
monitors for leak detection, ventilation failure, equipment malfunction etc.
Short period (instantaneous) sampling is called grab sampling and long-period sampling is
called integrated sampling. Grab sampling is used to measure concentration at a particular time (at
least two samples within 5 minutes) e.g. peak value of NH3 or Cl2 at a particular time. The sample
is collected in evacuated flask or plastic bag, sealed and sent to a laboratory where trace analysis is
carried out by gas chromatography, IR spectrophotometry etc. Direct reading instruments can also
be used for grab sampling. Temperature and pressure should be recorded during sampling. It
should not be used for reactive gases.
Integrated air sampling is carried out by direct reading instruments (e.g. gas detector tubes
or digital meters) to measure STEL value for 15 minutes and TLV for 8 hr TWA limits. An air-
sampling train consisting of air-inlet orifice, collection media (solid or liquid sorbent, filters and
passive monitors), air-flow meter, flow-rate control valve and suction pump, is used by qualified
and trained personnel. Direct-reading gas and vapour monitors include (1) Colorimetric devices -
stain tubes and hand or battery operated pump (2) Colorimetric paper tape samplers (3) Electrical
instruments (4) 0 monitors (4) CO monitors and (5) IR analysers.
Types of sampling is also classified as
23
(1) Passive or diffusive' air sampling which involves collection of airborne gases/
vapours through a diffusion barrier onto absorbing medium without the use of air
sampling pump and
(2) Active air sampling which involves collection of airborne contaminants by
means of a forced movement of air by a sampling pump and through appropriate
collection medium i.e. filter.
Selection of equipment for air-sampling is important and depends on many factors such
as purpose of sampling, type of sampling, type of equipment available, nature of toxicant,
environmental conditions, required accuracy and sensitivity, reliability, property of air-
contaminant, presence of other chemicals which may mix or interfere, duration of sampling, cost
etc.
Sampling Calculations : Calculations for gas and vapour concentrations depend on gas laws that
where temperature, volume, pressure, Concentration (mass/volume), molecular wt., density of
gas are considered
Concentration is normally expressed in ppm or mg/m3.
The following equation is used –
Samples are collected in the areas of (1) Breathing zone of the worker (2) General
atmosphere of the room (3) Operation itself.
The factors determining the duration of sampling or the volume of the air to be sampled
are: (1) Sensitivity of the analytical procedure (2) TLV, STEL etc. (3) The expected air
concentrations.
The number of samples to be collected depends on (1) The purpose of sampling (2) The
concentration of the contaminant.
A minimum of 3 to 5 samples are necessary.
Air Sampling Methods:
Two basic methods employed to collect the gaseous contaminants are :
1. Use of a gas collector, such as an evacuated flask. The collector is resealed immediately to
prevent loss before to the sample is analysed and
2. Passing a known volume of gas or air through an absorbing medium to remove the desired
contaminants from the sampled atmosphere. The absorbing medium is chosen according to
its efficiency for a particular contaminants.
Field methods require (1) Survey of work environment to collect basic data (2) Sampling
principles or strategies to decide location of measurement (nose level of the worker, at source of
24
emission and in general atmosphere of the workroom) (3) Types of samples (4) Minimum and
optimum volume of sample (5) Duration and time of sampling and (6) Number of samples.
Then air sample is collected and the contaminant is removed for analysis. Gas detection
tables, papers and liquids are used and finally the results are interpreted.
Sampling Strategies : Factors to be considered while deciding sampling strategy are as under :
1. Collection techniques : The sampling device is attached to the worker who wears it
during his presence in the workplace. It can be held at his breathing zone (nose level). For
environmental monitoring, it is placed in a fixed location in the work area. For designing
engineering control, it should be placed near the source of emission.
2. Place of Sampling : Purpose of sampling should be decided and accordingly the place, e.g.
breathing zone, source of emission, work area, confined space, place of highest
concentration, garage, tunnel etc. should be decided.
3. Selection of highly exposed worker : A worker who is closest to the source of toxic
emission should be selected. Individual differences in work habits can show different
levels of exposure at the same place - the same job, or the same material. Their work
methods should be noticed. Air movement pattern should be studied. The ventilation
booths, air supply inlets, open doors, windows, combustion or heating processes are some
factors which can produce higher concentrations away from the source.
4. Time of Sampling : When there are wide temperature difference during different seasons
(e.g. summer & winter), samples should be taken during all such seasons. When there are
more than one shifts, it should be taken in all shifts. For A.C. area, normally the
contaminants remains same throughout the year. The time of highest degree of hazard
should be selected.
5. Duration of Sampling : The volume of air and duration of sample depend on the type of
measurement i.e. 8-hour TWA TLV or 15 minutes STEL value and also on the sensitivity
of the analytical procedure or direct-reading instrument.
6. Types of Samples : They may be instantaneous or spot samples collected within short
period of 2 to 10 minutes and continuous samples collected over a long period in different
shifts or on different days for the same spot or the same worker.
7. Minimum Required Volume (MRV) : If the volume is insufficient, false result is
possible. For detection of lower concentration, larger air samples are required. The
minimum required volume is given by -
MRV = S x 22400 x 760 x 273+t
M x TLV P 273
where MRV = minimum required volume of sample (litres), S = sensitivity of analytical

method mg, M = molecular weight of contaminant, TLV in ppm, P = barometric pressure in mm
Hg and t = air temp °C.
25
If t = 25 °C (or near about) and P = 760,
MRV = S x 24450
M x TLV
and if TLV is in mg/m' instead of ppm,
MRV = S x 1000
1. Number of Samples : Again depending on purpose, the number of samples can be

decided. For TLV or STEL value, several dozen samples may be necessary to have
accurate result Amount should be sufficient for laboratory use and decision.
2. Accuracy and Precision : They should be maintained for meaningful data, reliability
and compliance of the statutory requirement.
Q13. Discuss the non-respiratory personal protective equipment.
Ans :- 2.1.2: Non-Respiratory PPE ( Head protection, Ear protection. Face and
Eye protection. Hand protection, Foot protection, body protection.)
Selection and Classification of PPE according to the body part and hazards:
Body-Part Hazard PPE necessary
Head Falling objects, shock, chemical spurting Safety helmet, hard hats, safety caps,
headgear
Eye Chemical splash, dust, flying, particles, Spectacles, lenses and goggles for chemical,
gas, welding radiation. welding, grinding, furnace, dust etc.
Ear High level noise (> 90 dB) Earmuffs, plugs, inserts
Nose Dust, toxic gases Dust mask, cloth mask, rubber mask, fume
mask, respirators for dust, gas and vapour,
rescuer plus pressure suit, breathing
apparatus (O2 or Air), Canister gas masks, air
line respirators, chemical / mechanical filters.
Face Chemical splash, flying objects, hot Face shield, welding screen, furnace mask,
substance. face guard.
Hand Hot substance, acid, alkali, pigments, Hand gloves of rubber, PVC, hosiery cotton,
chemicals, handling, cut, sharp edge. leather, asbestos, canvas, fibre glass,
electrical rubber gloves, surgical gloves, arm
26
sleeves.
Body Chemicals splashes, hot substance, Aprons, coats and pants, pressure suit, suits
fire,handling, of rubber, PVC etc.
Foot / Leg Striking against objects,

chemicals Leather or rubber sole shoes, steel toe-boots,
falling bodies antiskid sole shoes, ammunition boots,
gumboots, leg sleeves.
Overall Falling from heights, hurt by falling Safety belts, pole strap belt, nylon safety
bodies, chemicals harness, all purpose safety harness belt,
vertical lift safety harness, Boatswain’s chair,
rope ladders, nets, safety hooks.
Q14. What are the principles of good illumination and its benefits?
Ans :- General Principles of Good Lighting:

General Principles or requirements of good lighting are as follows :
1. Adequate illumination.
2. Avoidance of glare.
3. Avoidance of shadow.
4. Uniform lighting.
5. Appropriate contrast.
6. Appropriate colour contrast.
7. Colour effect and
8. Avoidance of flicker and
stroboscopic effect.
27
These are briefly explained below :
Adequate Illumination :
Adequate, rational or good illumination needs sufficient quantity of illumination necessary
for avoiding discomfort to the worker and undue strain on eyes-
The quantity or intensity of illumination is given by luminous flux, luminous intensity,
illuminance, luminance and reflection factor as explained in the foregoing part 3.1. Its
requirement varies from place to place, person to person and with the age of person also.
Therefore by experiments, standards of illumination are recommended for a variety of places
and jobs to have sufficient quantity of light for better work performance. Such statutory
standards and Indian standards are separately given in part 4 of this Chapter.
Visual acuity (sharpness of vision) increases with light intensity and is about equal to
daylight acuity as 1000 lux is approached. However, this degree of acuity is seldom required
and it is apparent that the desired amount of lighting will vary with the amount of detail
required in the work. For example, for very fine work like distinguishing black thread on
black cloth, intensity of 2000 lux is required but for exit road, car parking, storage area 20 lux
is required.
Although individuals differ in amount of light they find most desirable, 65% of the subjects
of one study judged intensity between 10 to 30 foot-candles or 100 to 300 lux, the most
comfortable for reading.
The quality of illumination depends on three factors - diffusion, distribution and
colour value. Regardless of the quantity of illumination, its effects may be impaired because
of the unevenness, the glare or the faulty direction of the light.
Diffusion is the breaking up of a beam of light and the spreading of its rays in many
directions by a surface. It is the process of reflection of -light by a reflecting surface or of
transmission of light through a translucent material.
Thus adequate illumination requires sufficient quantity and good quality of light necessary
for the work.
Q15. Discuss classification of respiratory personal protective devices.
Ans :- Classification of PPE for selection and understanding is given below Table
28
For Protection of Head, Eyes, Ears, Face, Hands, Arms, Feet, Legs and Body. Special work
clothing- e.g. asbestos, aluminised, leather and wool garments, lead clothing, disposal
clothing etc.
Table Selection and Classification of PPE according to the body part and hazards :
Body-Part Hazard PPE necessary
Head Falling objects, shock, chemical Safety helmet, hard hats, safety caps,
spurting headgear
Eye Chemical splash, dust, flying, particles, Spectacles, lenses and goggles for
gas, welding radiation. chemical, welding, grinding, furnace,
dust etc.
Ear High level noise (> 90 dB) Earmuffs, plugs, inserts
Nose Dust, toxic gases Dust mask, cloth mask, rubber mask,
fume mask, respirators for dust, gas
and vapour, rescuer plus pressure
suit, breathing apparatus (O2 or Air),
Canister gas masks, air line
respirators, chemical / mechanical
filters.
Face Chemical splash, flying objects, hot Face shield, welding screen, furnace
substance. mask, face guard.
Hand Hot substance, acid, alkali, pigments, Hand gloves of rubber, PVC, hosiery
chemicals, handling, cut, sharp edge. cotton, leather, asbestos, canvas, fibre
glass, electrical rubber gloves,
surgical gloves, arm sleeves.
Body Chemicals splashes, hot substance, Aprons, coats and pants, pressure
fire,handling, suit, suits of rubber, PVC etc.
Foot / Leg Striking against objects, chemicals Leather or rubber sole shoes, steel
falling bodies toe-boots, antiskid sole shoes,
ammunition boots, gumboots, leg
sleeves.
Overall Falling from heights, hurt by falling Safety belts, pole strap belt, nylon
bodies, chemicals safety harness, all purpose safety
harness belt, vertical lift safety
harness, Boatswain’s chair, rope
ladders, nets, safety hooks.
Selection and classification of Respiratory equipment based on type of hazard :
Q16. Define occupational health as per WHO. Discuss its significance in

controlling health hazards at work-place.
29
Ans :- Occupational health refers to the identification and control of the risks arising from
physical, chemical, and other workplace hazards in order to establish and maintain a safe and
healthy working environment. These hazards may include chemical agents and solvents,
heavy metals such as lead and mercury, physical agents such as loud noise or vibration, and
physical hazards such as electricity or dangerous machinery. Since 1986, the NIEHS has
supported training and education programs designed to protect workers and their
communities from exposure to toxic materials encountered during hazardous waste
operations and chemical emergency response. This includes safety and health training for
workers who are involved in hazardous waste removal and comprehensive training and
environmental restoration for residents living near heavily polluted industrial waste sites .
Hazard Prevention and Control

Effective controls protect workers from workplace hazards; help avoid injuries, illnesses, and
incidents; minimize or eliminate safety and health risks; and help employers provide workers
with safe and healthful working conditions. The processes described in this section will help
employers prevent and control hazards identified in the previous section.
To effectively control and prevent hazards, employers should:
 Involve workers, who often have the best understanding of the conditions that create
hazards and insights into how they can be controlled.
 Identify and evaluate options for controlling hazards, using a "hierarchy of controls."
 Use a hazard control plan to guide the selection and implementation of controls, and
implement controls according to the plan.
 Develop plans with measures to protect workers during emergencies and nonroutine
activities.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing controls to determine whether they continue to
provide protection, or whether different controls may be more effective. Review new
technologies for their potential to be more protective, more reliable, or less costly.
Action item 1: Identify control options

Action item 2: Select controls
Action item 3: Develop and update a hazard control plan
Action item 4: Select controls to protect workers during nonroutine operations and
emergencies
Action item 5: Implement selected controls in the workplace
Action item 6: Follow up to confirm that controls are effective
Action item 1: Identify control options

A wealth of information exists to help employers investigate options for controlling identified
hazards. Before selecting any control options, it is essential to solicit workers' input on their
feasibility and effectiveness.
30
How to accomplish it
Collect, organize, and review information with workers to determine what types of hazards
may be present and which workers may be exposed or potentially exposed. Information
available in the workplace may include:
 Review sources such as OSHA standards and guidance, industry consensus standards,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) publications,
manufacturers' literature, and engineering reports to identify potential control measures.
Keep current on relevant information from trade or professional associations.
 Investigate control measures used in other workplaces and determine whether they would
be effective at your workplace.
 Get input from workers who may be able to suggest and evaluate solutions based on their
knowledge of the facility, equipment, and work processes.
 For complex hazards, consult with safety and health experts, including OSHA's On-site
Consultation Program.
Action item 2: Select controls
Employers should select the controls that are the most feasible, effective, and permanent.
 Eliminate or control all serious hazards (hazards that are causing or are likely to cause
death or serious physical harm) immediately.
 Use interim controls while you develop and implement longer-term solutions.
 Select controls according to a hierarchy that emphasizes engineering solutions (including
elimination or substitution) first, followed by safe work practices, administrative controls,
and finally personal protective equipment.
 Avoid selecting controls that may directly or indirectly introduce new hazards. Examples
include exhausting contaminated air into occupied work spaces or using hearing
protection that makes it difficult to hear backup alarms.
 Review and discuss control options with workers to ensure that controls are feasible and
effective.
31
 Use a combination of control options when no single method fully protects workers.
Note: Whenever possible, select equipment, machinery, and materials that are inherently
safer based on the application of "Prevention through Design" (PtD) principles. Apply PtD
when making your own facility, equipment, or product design decisions. For more
information, see the link to the NIOSH PtD initiative in Additional Resources.
Action item 3: Develop and update a hazard control plan

A hazard control plan describes how the selected controls will be implemented. An effective
plan will address serious hazards first. Interim controls may be necessary, but the overall goal
is to ensure effective long-term control of hazards. It is important to track progress toward
completing the control plan and periodically (at least annually and when conditions,
processes or equipment change) verify that controls remain effective.
 List the hazards needing controls in order of priority.

 Assign responsibility for installing or implementing the controls to a specific person or
persons with the power or ability to implement the controls.
 Establish a target completion date.
 Plan how you will track progress toward completion.
 Plan how you will verify the effectiveness of controls after they are installed or
implemented.
Action item 4: Select controls to protect workers during nonroutine operations and
emergencies
The hazard control plan should include provisions to protect workers during nonroutine
operations and foreseeable emergencies. Depending on your workplace, these could include
fires and explosions; chemical releases; hazardous material spills; unplanned equipment
shutdowns; infrequent maintenance activities; natural and weather disasters; workplace
violence; terrorist or criminal attacks; disease outbreaks (e.g., pandemic influenza); or
medical emergencies. Nonroutine tasks, or tasks workers don't normally do, should be
approached with particular caution. Prior to initiating such work, review job hazard analyses
and job safety analyses with any workers involved and notify others about the nature of the
work, work schedule, and any necessary precautions.
 Develop procedures to control hazards that may arise during nonroutine operations (e.g.,
removing machine guarding during maintenance and repair).
 Develop or modify plans to control hazards that may arise in emergency situations.
 Procure any equipment needed to control emergency-related hazards.
 Assign responsibilities for implementing the emergency plan.
 Conduct emergency drills to ensure that procedures and equipment provide adequate
protection during emergency situations.
32
Note: Depending on your location, type of business, and materials stored or used on site,
authorities including local fire and emergency response departments, state agencies, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Homeland Security, and OSHA may
have additional requirements for emergency plans. Ensure that your procedures comply with
these requirements.
Action item 5: Implement selected controls in the workplace

Once hazard prevention and control measures have been identified, they should be
implemented according to the hazard control plan.
 Implement hazard control measures according to the priorities established in the hazard
control plan.
 When resources are limited, implement measures on a "worst-first" basis, according to
the hazard ranking priorities (risk) established during hazard identification and
assessment. (Note, however, that regardless of limited resources, employers have an
obligation to protect workers from recognized, serious hazards.)
 Promptly implement any measures that are easy and inexpensive—e.g., general
housekeeping, removal of obvious tripping hazards such as electrical cords, basic
lighting—regardless of the level of hazard they involve.
Action item 6: Follow up to confirm that controls are effective

To ensure that control measures are and remain effective, employers should track progress in
implementing controls, inspect and evaluate controls once they are installed, and follow
routine preventive maintenance practices.
 Track progress and verify implementation by asking the following questions:

o Have all control measures been implemented according to the hazard control plan?
o Have engineering controls been properly installed and tested?
o Have workers been appropriately trained so that they understand the controls,
including how to operate engineering controls, safe work practices, and PPE use
requirements?
o Are controls being used correctly and consistently?
 Conduct regular inspections (and industrial hygiene monitoring, if indicated) to confirm
that engineering controls are operating as designed.
 Evaluate control measures to determine if they are effective or need to be modified.
Involve workers in the evaluation of the controls. If controls are not effective, identify,
select, and implement further control measures that will provide adequate protection.
 Confirm that work practices, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment
use policies are being followed.
 Conduct routine preventive maintenance of equipment, facilities, and controls to help
prevent incidents due to equipment failure.
33
Q17. Explain anthropometric measurements and their usefulness in industry.
Ans :- Anthropometric measurements and their usefulness in industry.

Introduction to Anthropometry.
Anthropometry and biomechanics are branches of ergonomics dealing with physical
dimensions and properties of. the human body.
Anthropometry means measuring the human body. Height, breadth, depth and various
distances of the body parts are measured. Curvatures and circumferences are also measured.
Measurements are taken in stand-erect or seated position.
Body dimensions are measured by anthropometers, calipers, taps and a scale. Such
dimensions are useful in designing work spaces, tools, equipment, seating arrangement,
vehicles and workstations so that' they can best fit to the users.
Q18. Explain cardio pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). When and how is it

given?
Ans :- *Cardio pulmonary resuscitation-

It both respiration and circulation have stopped then
1)First give 5 to 6 quick breath by mouth to mouth method and check carotid pulse. If
pulse is left continue mouth to mouth respiration only.
1) If carotid pulse is not felt after 5 to 6 mouth to mouth breaths compress chest 15
times as described in external cardiac massage and then give quick mouth to mouth
breaths till medical help is available. If any assistance is available, one person should give
one quick mouth to mouth breath while other 5 chest compressions immediately after it
maintain this 1 to 5 rhythm till medical assistance is available.
*Take the following actions for cardio pulmonary resuscitation-

Assessment- Check surrounding beware of danger e.g. - electricity, fire, smoke etc. check for
unresponsiveness. Top, gently shake shoulders and shout is you ok.
A) Action – Remove casualty from danger and ensure your personal safety.
B) Conscious- checks injuries.
C) Unresponsive- call out “Help “position the victim open air way by lifting chin and
placing other hand on for head.
2) Check for breathing-
34
Look listen and fell for sign of breathing look for chest movement listen and feel the
movement of air through mouth and nose
Digestive system
The system is concerned with digestion of food. Parts of digestive system are mouth,
esophagus. (Food pipe) stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, spleen and gall bladder
tongue.
Our digestive systems consist of the digestive track and various glands that secrete digestive
juices in to the track. The track includes now pharynx,oesoprhags stomach, small intestine ,
large intestine rectum and anus.
There accessory glands include culinary glands gallbladder and pancreas.
Teeth are used to tear the food into pieces and chew it, at the same time saliva is produced
from the salivary glands dry food is mixed with the saliva to moisten it. Ptllene in the saliva
digest carbohydrates in mouth itself, the food. The food reaches the stomach through the
esophagus. There it mixes rennin , pepsin and hydrochloric acid which are the digestive
juices then it passes in to small intestine time where mixes pancreatic juice and bile which
digest the food further
Product if digestions are absorbed in small intestine time and undigested and waste products
passes to the large intestine. Water is absorbed from it and the resiclue thrown out through
the rectum and anus.
The muscular system
It consists of different types of muscles of the body. All musclesof the body. All muscles of
the body. All muscles are divided into three types.
1) Stricted or skeleted muscles- These are attached some part of skeleton across the joints
between bones. Their contraction and relaxation produce voluntary movements.
2) Smooth muscles- These are small and delicate. They are found in walls of bowds,
respiratory ‘track and blood vessels. They are known as involuntary because one does not
have direct control over their activity.
3) Cardiac muscles- These muscles are soft and its fibers show some striations under a
microscope but it is involuntary in nature. These muscles forms heart.
Urinary system
It consist of two kidneys, two ureters a urinary bladder and urethra. It involved in
removal of chemical liquid waste from the blood and helps to balance water and self
level s of the blood by excreting urine.
When it fills to about 200 to 250 ml. one gets a sensation of full bladder of then
expels the urine by voluntary contraction of the bladder muscles.
Q19. What is difference in-between the natural and mechanical ventilation.
Ans :- TYPES OF VENTILATION: Classification of Ventilation Systems :

For better grasping, major ventilation systems are classified as below:
Ventilation systems are of two types (1) Supply air system and (2) Exhaust system. Supply
air system has two purposes (A) heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) for
35
comfortable environment and (B) to replace exhausted air from the plant. Exhaust system is
of two types: General and Local exhaust type. General exhaust system is for heat control
and/or removal of contaminant by dilution ventilation and Local exhaust system is for
capturing contaminant at source.
The details of these varieties of ventilation and calculation methods occupy much space.
Their design is a specialized job for ventilating engineers. Here they "are explained in brief as
follows.
Natural Ventilation :
Natural ventilation is induced because of two reasons (1) outside wind pressure i.e., wind
action and (2) temperature difference of the air inside and outside the room i.e. chimney
effect. There is a positive pressure on windward side and negative pressure on leeward side.
By providing adequate openings in these pressure areas, natural ventilation can be achieved.
The rate of ventilation by natural means through windows or other openings depends on
direction and velocity .of wind outside, solar radiation, size and disposition of opening (wind
action), convection currents arising from temperature or vapor pressure difference (or both)
between
36
Ventilation Systems
Natural Mechanical
Ventilation Ventilation
1 Dilution or Cross
ventilation (Wind
action)
2 Roofed
ventilation (Stack
action)
(A) For Building (B) For Contaminants

1 Exhaust or Control
Negative 1 Dilution or forced
(Induced draft)
2 Plenum or 2 Local Exhaust or
Positive Extract
(Forced Draft)
3 Emergency
3 Combined or Ventilation
Compound
Ventilation
4 Roof Ventilation
5 Comfort
Ventilation
(Air
Conditioning)
(a) Refrigeration
(b) Heating
(c) Humidity Control or
Evaporative Cooling
inside and outside the room and the difference of height between the outlet and inlet openings
(stack effect). They are of two types as under
(1) Dilution or Cross Ventilation: Inlet openings should be located on the windward side at a
low level and outlet openings should be located on the leeward side near to the top so that
incoming air stream is passed over the occupants. Greatest flow per unit area opening is
obtained by using inlet and outlet openings of nearly equal areas. Under the Factories Rules
ventilation opening area in a work room shall be at least 15% of the floor area. At least 10%
of the floor area shall be located at not more than one meter sill level height from the floor
level. Wind velocity in hot weaver should be 40 to 60 mt/min. Ventilation due to wind
outside is given by the formula Q = kAV given in Part-9.
Inlet openings should not be obstructed by surrounding buildings, walls, partitions, trees
and other obstructions in air path. Great advantage is available by providing windows in west
37
and east direction. However if wind direction is not effectively available, openings in all four
sides can help the natural ventilation.
Fig. With flat roof, cross ventilation is effective when span is less than 20 meters.
When the room temperature is higher than that of outside because of hot processes, season
etc., cool outside air tends to enter through openings at low level and warm air tends to leave
through openings at high level. Therefore it would be advantageous to provide ventilators
near to the ceilings.
(2) Roofed Ventilation: Cross ventilation suitable for narrow building is not much suitable
for large buildings and where roofed ventilation is suitable. Here ventilators are provided in
roofs viz. cowl, vent pipe, covered roof and ridge vent to give stack effect.
For a 60 cm (24 in) diameter cowl type ventilator the formula's -
Q= A (8 H(ti-t0)+5.82V)
Where Q = capacity of the ventilator in m3/min, A = cross sectional area of the ventilator
in 2 H = height of the ventilator above the inlets in m, t. and t are the inside and outside
temperatures in °C and V = wind velocity in kmph.
See fig. for different types of roof and fig. for modified roof ventilation.
Fig.: Types of roof for natural ventilation
38
Fig: Modified pitched roof and monitor roof.
In roofed ventilation, natural ventilation is used by chinmey (stack) effect due to temperature
difference. This effect is counteracted by wind blows straight against roof openings. By
suitable design of itched roof, saw-tooth roof or monitor roof this interference can be
reduced.
Cowl type Roof Ventilation : Fixed or rotating owl (hood on roof vent) is provided to
accelerate natural roofed ventilation. The performance of roof cowls depends on temperature
difference between inside and outside air, velocity of incoming wind, cross sectional area of
the ventilator and its height above air inlet. For a 60 cm (2 ft) diameter cowl, air flow
capacity is given by the formula stated above.
Rotating cowl requires a lubricant reservoir for its long service to run without jamming.
Mechanical Ventilation : Mechanical ventilation is employed for building i.e. workroom
and also for process for removal of contaminants. Both the types are explained below.
Building Ventilation: These are of many types as classified earlier. When natural ventilation
is not sufficient to keep thermal environment within the limits specified by dry and wet-bulb
schedule under the Factories Rules, or where the span of work room exceeds 18 meters or
where any work place is more than 9 meters away from a ventilation opening, mechanical
39
ventilation (exhaust, positive or their combination) shall be provided and in case of positive
ventilation, air shall be cleaned and cooled before sending into the work room.
(1) Exhaust or Negative Ventilation: Exhauster induced draft fans are provided in walls
on one side of the building or in the attic and roofs to draw large volumes of air through
building. These fans are generally propeller type. The windows and other openings near the
fans should be kept closed to avoid 'short circulating of air'. Adequate inlet openings shall be
provided on opposite side of the building to limit inlet velocities. When fans are centrally
located on an attic or arranged to draw from exhaust appliances with ducting, they should be
centrifugal or axial types to overcome duct resistance. The total inlet area should be at least 3
times the total disc area of the fan.
The exhaust fans should have wind shields on outside of the wall so that wind pressure may
not decrease their efficiency. The fans discharge should be diverted into large ducts carried
vertically upwards with rain water cap at the top. Fans should have proper guarding or
fencing.
(2) Plenum or Positive Ventilation : It is provided by centrally located supply fans
(generally centrifugal type) having a wide range of capacity and quiet operation. Air-tight
ducts increase the advantage. Unit ventilators should be provided for individual rooms and
may be placed against outside wall near the central line of the room. Evaporative cooling
coils can be incorporated for cooling purpose.
Plenum ventilation is useful for large workrooms where exhaust ventilation is normally
not effective. Its air movement and regulation are more than that by exhaust ventilation.
Better dilution of contamination is also possible. The air velocities should not be excessive to
disturb manufacturing processes. Good distribution can be achieved by using diffusers or
swivel type ejector nozzles at high velocity at the inlets. For positive ventilation, the volume
40
of air is given by Q = AV, where Q = air volume in m"/ in, A = free area of intake openings
of ducts in m' and V= average velocity of air in m/min.
The positive air pressure inside the room disallows outside hot or cold air leakage inside.'
Better dilution is achieved. Ducts should be smooth, straight, with minimum bends and
without sudden enlargements or contractions. The air velocity should not be too excessive to
interfere with the manufacturing process or be unpleasant. Discharge nozzles should
discharge air horizontally at a height little above the heads of the workers. Air velocity in a
duct should be @10 m/s for gases and @20 m/s for particulates.
(3) Combined (Compound) Ventilation : It is the combination of positive and negative
(exhaust) ventilation with the advantage of better air distribution over the entire area of a
large building. By supplying proper volumes of air at suitable velocities at the required areas
through duct and by extracting the air in the return duct and re-circulating this air after proper
cleaning and mixing it with cool fresh air, good results can be obtained. It is preferable to
provide slight excess of exhaust if there are adjoining occupied spaces and a slight excess of
supply if there are no such spaces. Unit exhausters can be used to match with unit ventilators
exteriors and located along the outside wall.
(4) Mechanical Roof Ventilation : It is used for augmenting natural ventilation in buildings
with large width (>30 m) or where the heat load is very heavy. Exhaust fans exercise very
little influence beyond a velocity contour at about 15 m/min which is a short distance from
the fan. The volume of air required in removal of sensible heat gained (in Kcal/hr) can be
calculated from the formula -
Q= Kcal/hr x 3.462
Temperature rise in °C
Where Q is the volume of air in m3/hr, and allowable temperature rise = Inlet opening temp.
Outside temp., is given by following approximate figures.
Roof elevation in mt Rise in oC

6 3 to 4.5
9 4.5 to 6.5
12 6.5 to 11
These values are at roof exit and not the floor temperatures. The maximum allowable
temperature rise for an air stream as it leaves the grills and reaches the working level is 1.7 to
2.8 °C (5 °F).
(5) Comfort Ventilation: It is the method by which the interior of a room is heated or
cooled or the humidity altered for process control or comfort conditions.
As refrigeration is very expensive, evaporative cooling may be adopted with advantage where
summers are dry with low wet bulb temperatures. The quantity of air required for ventilation
could be reduced if the outside air is cooled before the air is discharged into the building.
Although the relative humidity of supply air will be increased but due to the large sensible
heat loads, the resultant relative humidity in the workroom will be lowered after mixing with
the inside air to produce body cooling.
Water spray chamber and a fan to supply outside air into the workroom through a
distribution duct is preferable to spray which only humidifies the air where the cooling
capacity of the air is not much improved and no hot air is removed from the building.
41
Evaporative cooling is generally used in cotton textile mills where humidification is
necessary to meet the process conditions. It can also be used in chemical plants (where water
is not reactive), non-ferrous casting shops, tobacco factories etc. It is useful in rubber factory
to prevent static electricity due to solvent and in printing or lithographic works to maintain
paper size. It is suitable where dry bulb temperature is 35 °C (95 °C) or more, wet bulb
temperature 25 °C (67 "F) or less and relative humidity 5% or more during 15th March to
15th July as required under Rule 18A(3) of the Gujarat Factories Rules.
The spray chamber (air washers) and single or multi bank up or down spray system
can be designed after careful considerations. Make-up water in circulation (about 1.5 to 2%)
can be calculated from evaporation losses, bleed off losses and driftage. For safety in air-
conditioning and mechanical refrigeration, IS:659 and 660 shall be referred respectively.
Q20. What are the methods of control of noise hazards?
Ans :- Occupational noise hazards are one of the most common workplace safety concerns.
Our hearing is sensitive and it doesn’t take much to temporarily impair or permanently
damage it. Noise hazards vary widely in extremity and cause but no matter if it’s an airport
terminal or demolition site, steps must be taken to protect worker’s hearing. When identifying
potential noise hazards in the workplace, the first step is taking a second to consider what
qualifies a noise as a ‘hazard’.
When Is Noise A Hazard?

Noise is any sound that the human ear finds unpleasing and disruptive to concentration.
When annoying sounds become noise hazards is when that noise begins interfering with
communication and warning signals on the job and causes chronic health problems. These
hazards occur when sounds workers are exposed to are greater than 85 decibels, weighted
over an eight hour shift. To give you an idea of what exactly 85 decibels is: the rustling of
leaves is typically 10 decibels, a normal conversation is between 50-60 decibels, a chainsaw
or drill produces 110 decibels while a jet engine is near the top of end of the scale producing
about 140 decibels of sound.
Identifying Noise Hazards

1. Look for the Signs — Look for existing safety signage indicating known noise hazards
and the necessity of PPE. Even if a work site is labeled, it still may not be safe. If machinery
has been replaced or moved since the signage was put up the noise hazard may be more
severe.
2. Shout at an Arm’s Length — The fastest and easiest way to test if there is a potential
noise hazard in a specific area of a job site is to have workers stand at an arm’s length from
each other and have a conversation. If one worker must raise their voice or the other has a
difficult time hearing, there is most mostly a noise hazard present. This is the most practical
way to keep employees safe: if in that environment they can’t hear a conversation at arm’s
length what are the odds they can hear a cry for help or be heard, themselves?
3. Ringing or Humming — If you leave work with any sort of ringing in your ear, have
difficulty hearing others or you believe you can still hear machines running, there is
likelihood you have suffered temporary hearing damage. You should report this to your
supervisor immediately and seek medical attention, if needed.
42
4. Related Health Issues — There are a number of other serious health issues that can be
directly linked to over exposure of occupational noise hazards. Some related health effects
include: A decrease over time in coordination and concentration, sleeping issues and fatigue,
and an increase in nervousness and stress which can be the beginning of another set of health
problems. If you’ve experienced any of these due to noisy working conditions, immediately
report these health conditions to your supervisor.
There are two methods called ‘controls,’ used to eliminate noise hazards; administrative and
engineering. Administrative controls are changes that can reduce or eliminate worker
exposure, while engineering controls are changes that reduce the sound levels in the facility.
When working to eliminate noise hazards, costs add up. Here are a range of four cost-
effective ways to reduce or eliminate occupational noise at any facility
Eliminating Noise Hazards

1. Machine Maintenance — The number one cost effective engineering control used to
reduce industrial noise hazards is to make sure that all machinery being used is properly
maintained. Machinery where metal on metal contact is present should be lubricated
regularly. This type of ‘preventative maintenance’ can extend the life of machinery and save
production time from unexpected failures. In many cases, low level noise hazards can be
solved all together with proper machine maintenance, as in this story of one of North
America’s top bottling companies.
2. Limits shifts — Limiting exactly how long workers are exposed to noise hazards is an
administrative control that can greatly reduce negative health effects. This can be an
alternative to running a costly hearing conservation program for employees, but as this case
study from the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) will tell you, the costs
associated with the time spent managing noise hazards will always outweigh the costs of
attempting to fix worker’s hearing.
3. Enclose or Isolate the Noise — This is one way that a little engineering combined with a
little capital can result in the reduction or elimination of a noise hazard. If there are large non-
human operated machines in a work area, when possible, move these machines away from
workers or into less populated rooms. If moving the machinery isn’t an option, an enclosure
can be built and appropriately labeled to reduce noise levels. If humans are required as
operators, an enclosure with an entrance can be constructed and proper PPE provided.
Working in these enclosures may require a shorter shift, if the sound produced inside the
enclosure requires it.
4. Properly Used PPE — This is the last resort method to deal with a noise hazards. It does
not address the problem at the source but acts as a last line of defense for your ears. Proper
PPE to protect hearing includes earplugs and ear muffs, often worn together. PPE should be
used either in response to low level noise hazards or as a temporary solution until the source
of the noise can be controlled or modified.
Q21. Explain the concept of threshold limit values and its significance.
Ans :- The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is believed to be a level to
which a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effects.
43
Strictly speaking, TLV is a reserved term of the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLVs issued by the ACGIH are the most widely accepted
occupational exposure limits both in the United States and most other countries.[1] However,
it is sometimes loosely used to refer to other similar concepts used in occupational
health and toxicology, such as acceptable daily intake (ADI) and tolerable daily intake (TDI).
Concepts such as TLV, ADI, and TDI can be compared to the no-observed-adverse-effect
level (NOAEL) in animal testing, but whereas a NOAEL can be
established experimentally during a short period, TLV, ADI, and TDI apply to human beings
over a lifetime and thus are harder to test empirically and are usually set at lower levels.
TLVs, along with biological exposure indices (BEIs), are published annually by the ACGIH.
The TLV is an estimate based on the known toxicity in humans or animals of a given
chemical substance, and the reliability and accuracy of the latest sampling and analytical
methods. It is not a static definition since new research can often modify the risk
assessment of substances and new laboratory or instrumental analysis methods can improve
analytical detection limits. The TLV is a recommendation by ACGIH, with only a guideline
status. As such, it should not be confused with exposure limits having a regulatory status, like
those published and enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
The OSHA regulatory exposure limits permissible exposure limits (PELs) published in
29CFR 1910.1000 Table Z1 are based on recommendations made by the ACGIH in 1968,
although other exposure limits were adopted more recently. Many OSHA exposure limits are
not considered by the industrial hygiene community to be sufficiently protective levels since
the toxicological basis for most limits have not been updated since the 1960s. The National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) publishes recommended exposure
limits (RELs) which OSHA takes into consideration when promulgating new regulatory
exposure limits.
Q22. What is heat stress? Explain its adverse effects on human body.
Ans :- Heat stress

This page tells you about the risks of overheating when working in hot conditions and gives
practical guidance on how to avoid it. It does not address issues of thermal comfort in the
workplace.
In many jobs heat stress is an issue all year round (such as bakeries, compressed air tunnels,
foundries and smelting operations), but this information is also applicable during the hot
summer months where there may be an increased risk of heat stress for some people.
Heat stress occurs when the body’s means of controlling its internal temperature starts to fail.
As well as air temperature, factors such as work rate, humidity and clothing worn while
working may lead to heat stress. Therefore it may not be obvious to someone passing through
the workplace that there is a risk of heat stress.
You and your employees must be aware of how to work safely in heat, the factors that can
lead to heat stress, and how to reduce the risk of it occurring.
How does the body react to heat?

The body reacts to heat by increasing the blood flow to the skin’s surface, and by sweating.
This results in cooling as sweat evaporates from the body’s surface and heat is carried to the
44
surface of the body from within by the increased blood flow. Heat can also be lost by
radiation and convection from the body’s surface.
Typical example of a heat stress situation

Someone wearing protective clothing and performing heavy work in hot and humid
conditions could be at risk of heat stress because:
 sweat evaporation is restricted by the type of clothing and the humidity of the environment
 heat will be produced within the body due to the work rate and, if insufficient heat is lost,
core body temperature will rise
 as core body temperature rises the body reacts by increasing the amount of sweat
produced, which may lead to dehydration
 heart rate also increases which puts additional strain on the body
 if the body is gaining more heat than it can lose the deep body temperature will continue to
rise
 eventually it reaches a point when the body’s control mechanism itself starts to fail
The symptoms will worsen the longer someone remains working in the same conditions.
What are the effects of heat stress?

Heat stress can affect individuals in different ways, and some people are more susceptible to
it than others.
Typical symptoms are:
 an inability to concentrate
 muscle cramps
 heat rash
 severe thirst - a late symptom of heat stress
 fainting
 heat exhaustion - fatigue, giddiness, nausea, headache, moist skin
 heat stroke - hot dry skin, confusion, convulsions and eventual loss of consciousness. This
is the most severe disorder and can result in death if not detected at an early stage
Effects on human body
The negative effects of heat stress on human performance are well-documented. Private
research and government tests have consistently proven that an ambient temperature
exceeding a person's normal skin temperature (90-95° F at the surface) causes mental fatigue
and physical exhaustion.
The reason is simple: The skin is the human body's primary cooling system. In fact, 65
percent of the heat generated by our bodies exhausts, or radiates, out of our skin. An
additional 25 percent evaporates through sweat glands in our skin. However, this remarkably
efficient cooling system is also a double-edged sword. The same skin that helps keep us cool
is nearly defenseless against external heat sources greater than our own body temperature. As
the body releases heat, it also allows heat in. Thus, any environmental condition or
circumstance that tips the natural balance between a warm body and a cooler surrounding will
quickly and dramatically stress a body's ability to function at peak performance.
45
A NASA study concluded that when the temperature is 95° F for an extended period, people
can make 60 mistakes per hour – without realizing it. When the ambient temperature reaches
95° F, almost half of the blood moves to the skin to produce moisture (in the form of
perspiration) to naturally cool the body. The heart is pumping up to 150 beats per minute with
less volume to get the blood to the skin. That means the rest of the organs, including the brain
and muscles, are only operating on half the blood they normally need. This interferes with
cognitive thinking skills and can provoke emotions such as anger – and even combative
behavior.
Any environment or circumstance that blocks the body's natural ability to release internal
heat energy – including heavy outdoor work, extreme working conditions, and any activity
involving protective clothing or heavy gear – can cause heat stress. Similarly, any
environment or circumstance that exposes the body to heat sources higher than 90-95° F will
quickly overwhelm a person physically and mentally. This can happen at low temperatures
over time or instantly under extreme conditions.
In conclusion, mental errors by workers in ambient temperatures higher than 95° F are caused
by the inability of the body to release internal heat energy and the eventual overheating and
dehydration of the body. These two factors are responsible for a cascading series of events
that cause a person to be both physically uncomfortable and fatigued, along with diminished
thinking skills.
Q23. What is SCBA? Explain the instructions, training for its use.
Ans :- A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) sometimes referred to as a compressed

air breathing apparatus (CABA), or simply breathing apparatus (BA), is a device worn
by rescue workers, firefighters, and others to provide breathable air in an immediately
dangerous to life or health atmosphere (IDLH). When not used underwater, they are
sometimes called industrial breathing sets. The term self-contained means that the breathing
set is not dependent on a remote supply (e.g., through a long hose). If designed for use under
water, it is called SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus).
An SCBA typically has three main components: a high-pressure tank (e.g., 2,216 to
5,500 psi (15,280 to 37,920 kPa), about 150 to 374 atmospheres), a pressure regulator, and an
inhalation connection (mouthpiece, mouth mask or face mask), connected together and
mounted to a carrying frame.[1]
A self-contained breathing apparatus may fall into two different categories. These are open
circuit and closed circuit.[2]
Closed-circuit SCBA
The closed-circuit type filters, supplements, and recirculates exhaled gas: see rebreather for
more information. It is used when a longer-duration supply of breathing gas is needed, such
as in mine rescue and in long tunnels, and going through passages too narrow for a big open-
circuit air cylinder. Before open-circuit SCBA's were developed, most industrial breathing
sets were rebreathers, such as the Siebe Gorman Proto, Siebe Gorman Savox, or Siebe
Gorman Salvus. An example of modern rebreather SCBAs would be the SEFA. As
rebreathers used underwater do not release bubbles, they make it easier for divers involved in
covert operations to avoid detection.
46
Open-circuit
A person wearing an MSA brand breathing mask with a Nomex hood on. This face piece
attaches with a regulator to form a full SCBA.
SCBA packs carried on a rack in a firetruck

For underwater open-circuit breathing sets see Scuba set#Types.
Open-circuit industrial breathing sets are filled with filtered, compressed air, rather than
pure oxygen. Typical open-circuit systems have two regulators; a first stage to reduce the
pressure of air to allow it to be carried to the mask, and a second stage regulator to reduce
it even further to a level just above standard atmospheric pressure. This air is then fed to
the mask via either a demand valve (activating only on inhalation) or a continuous
positive pressure valve (providing constant airflow to the mask).
An open-circuit rescue or firefighter SCBA has a fullface mask, regulator, air cylinder,
cylinder pressure gauge, remote pressure gauge (sometimes with an integrated PASS
device), and a harness with adjustable shoulder straps and waist belt which lets it be worn
on the back. The air cylinder usually comes in one of three standard sizes: 4 liter, 6 liter,
or 6.8 liter. The duration of the cylinder can be calculated with this formula: volume (in
liters) * pressure (in bars) / 40 - 10 in minutes (the 10 is subtracted to provide a safety
margin), so a 6-liter cylinder, of 300bar, is 6 X 300 / 40 - 10 = 35 minutes working
duration. The relative fitness, and especially the level of exertion of the wearer, often
results in variations of the actual usable time that the SCBA can provide air, often
reducing the working time by 25% to 50%.
SCBA apparatus with PASS device(ADSU)

Air cylinders are made of aluminium, steel, or of a composite construction
(usually carbon-fiber wrapped.) The composite cylinders are the lightest in weight and
are therefore preferred by fire departments (UK: fire and rescue services previously
called fire brigades), but they also have the shortest lifespan and must be taken out of
service after 15 years. Air cylinders must be hydrostatically tested every 5 years. During
extended operations, empty air cylinders can be quickly replaced with fresh ones and then
refilled from larger tanks in a cascade storage system or from an air compressor brought
to the scene.
SCBA Training
Instruction and Training in the use of Respirators :
Instructions for care should include the following aspects :
1. Why and how it is to be used.
47
2. Protecting the equipment from dust, heat, moisture, extreme cold and damaging
chemicals. Storing in a dry cool place.
3. Checking that it is in good operating condition. Valves should be maintained in
efficient working condition.
4. Fitting of respirator on the wearer and
5. Proper use and maintenance of the respirator.
6. Cleaning and keeping it in a sealed plastic bag with name tag of the user.
Training for respiratory equipment should include following points :
1. Reasons of need of respiratory protection and limitation or inability of other controls
or
Methods.
2. Identification and understanding of the hazard for which the equipment is to be used
and selection procedure;
3. Limitation, capability, function and operation of the respirator.
4. Proper fitting, wearing, adjusting face piece & valves and removing of the respirator.
5. Maintenance and storage procedure.
6. Practice to wear first in a safe atmosphere to become familiar with its characteristics.
7. Practice to wear in a test atmosphere under close supervision of the trainer, and to do
similar activities and to detect respirator leakage or malfunction.
8. How to ascertain and handle emergency situation.
9. Statutory provisions regarding use of respirators.
10. When and how to replace filters, cartridges, canisters and cylinders.
11. Instructions for special use if any.
The trainer should be qualified safety officer, industrial hygienist, safety

professional or manufacturer's representative
Q24. Write the health effects of working postures on cardio-vascular and

musculoskeletal systems.
48
Ans :- 7.1.2: Physiology and Ergonomics at Work : Working posture : Its
effect on cardio-vascular and musculo-skeletal system and implications on
health & Control measures
Nutrition and its importance in manual work. Nutritional requirements and

nutritional of diet.
Physiological effects of working posture on cardio-vascular system in Hot Environment
are :
(1) Cardiovascular stress
(2) Heart rate
(3) Cardiac cost
(4) Blood pressure
(5). O2 uptake and (6) Sweat loss
Physiological effects of repeated work cycles in Hot Environment are :

(1) Heart rate
(2) Recovery time
(3) Cardiac cost and
(4) Sweat loss.
Psychic factors affecting muscular (service) functions are attitude and motivation.
Environmental factors that affect are heat, cold, noise, vibration, gas pressure, altitude, air
pollution.
Physiological effects of working posture on musculo-Skeletal System:
Muscle system consists of about 200 skeletal .muscles in the body. They are in the
form of bundles of muscles and wrapped on each other. They are connected with tissue
carrying nerves and blood vessels inside. The tissues combine to form tendons which connect
the ends of the muscle to bones. The sheaths of the connective tissues provide mechanical
properties to the muscle.
A muscle has only action to contract. Elongation is by
external force. Filaments of muscle sliding along each other
provide automatic contraction after elongation. Signal to
contract comes from brain by the neuromuscular system.
Signals coming to motor units of the muscle can be
observed by electromyogram (EMG).
49
Lever system is consisted of links (bones) joined in their articulations and powered by
muscles bridging the joints. As elbow angle changes, lever arm (LA) also changes with the
muscle force (MF).
Safe use of these muscle and lever system of human body is most desirable to prevent
injury, damage or pain to the body. Excessive load causes excessive stress in muscle which
may result in strain, stretch or pain. Therefore excessive weight limits are legally prescribed.
Some safety measures are as under:
1. While handling material, force exerted by hands should be transmitted through the
whole body parts including feet to the floor. In this chain of forces, weak link is spinal
column, particularly at the low back. This limits the capability of a person to work.
Therefore task should not be too heavy.
2. Tasks, equipment and system should be designed to provide ease and efficiency of
manual handling.
3. Layout of material transfer and facilities should be convenient and comfortable to the
people.
4. Job design should be safe, efficient and agreeable for the worker.
5. Selection of tools, machines, equipment should be proper. Sufficient space for

movement, visibility, lighting, colour coding and control design are important.
6. Select persons capable of performing the job. The job should be designed to fit the
worker.
7. Give training for safe lifting practices.
Q25. What are the roles, responsibilities and qualities of first aiders?
Ans :- The role of a first aider

First aid is the help given to someone who is injured or ill, to keep them safe until they can
get more advanced medical treatment by seeing a doctor, health professional or go to
hospital.
The role of a first aider is to give someone this help, while making sure that they and anyone
else involved are safe and that they don’t make the situation worse.
If you think someone needs your help, these are the seven things you need to do as a first
aider:
1. Assess the situation quickly and calmly:
• Safety: Are you or they in any danger? Is it safe for you to go up to them?
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• Scene: What caused the accident or situation? How many casualties are there?
• Situation: What’s happened? How many people are involved and how old are they? What
do you think the main injuries could be?
2. Protect yourself and them from any danger:
• Always protect yourself first - never put yourself at risk
• Only move them to safety if leaving them would cause them more harm
• If you can’t make an area safe, call 999/112 for emergency help
3. Prevent infection between you and them:
• Wash your hands or use alcohol gel
• Wear disposable gloves
• Don’t touch an open wound without gloves on
• Don’t breathe, cough or sneeze over a wound or a casualty
4. Comfort and reassure:
• Stay calm and take charge of the situation
• Introduce yourself to them to help gain their trust
• Explain what’s happening and why
• Say what you’re going to do before you do it
5. Assess the casualty:
• If there’s more than one casualty, help those with life-threatening conditions first
• Start with the Primary Survey and deal with any life-threatening conditions
• Then, if you’ve dealt with these successfully, move on to the Secondary Survey
6. Give first aid treatment:
• Prioritise the most life-threatening conditions
• Then move on to less serious ones
• Get help from others if possible
7. Arrange for the right kind of help:
• Call 999/112 for an ambulance if you think it’s serious
• Take or send them to hospital if it’s a serious condition but is unlikely to get worse
• For a less serious condition call 111 for medical advice (in England)
• Suggest they see their doctor if they’re concerned about a less serious condition
• Advise them to go home to rest, but to seek help if they feel worse
• Stay with them until you can leave them in the right care.
51
OR
An emergency first aider has various roles and responsibilities. It is important first aiders take
these roles and responsibilities seriously as first aid is potentially lifesaving in an emergency
situation.
The role of a first aider is to provide immediate, lifesaving, medical care before the arrival of
further medical help. This could include performing procedures such as:
 Placing an unconscious casualty into the recovery position

 Performing Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
 Using an automated external defibrillator (AED)
 Stopping bleeding using pressure and elevation
 Keeping a fractured limb still
A first aider’s overall aim should be to preserve life. Other aims of first aid include prevent
the worsening of the patient’s condition and to promote recovery. Take a look at our article
on the aims of first aid for more information.
A first aider has various responsibilities when dealing with an emergency situation. A first
aider should:
 Manage the incident and ensure the continuing safety of themselves, bystanders and the
casualty
 Assess casualties and find out the nature & cause of their injuries
 Arrange for further medical help or other emergency services to attend (e.g: the fire
service)
 If trained, prioritise casualties based upon medical need
 Provide appropriate first aid treatment as trained
 If able, make notes/observations of casualties
 Fill out any paperwork as required
 Provide a handover when further medical help arrives
Q26. Write factors affecting aerobic capacity and work performance.
Ans :- 7.1.4 Aerobic work capacity (physical work capacity), methods of its
determination (use of bicycle, ergometer, treadmill, step-stool ergometer).
Factors affecting aerobic capacity and work performance.
Aerobic (Physical) Work Capacity

The evaluation of a worker is made from his physical work capacity i.e. his maximum 0,
intake or aerobic capacity, other physiological functions under classified workloads and his
tolerance limit to work in hot environment.
The physical work capacity of an individual is measured by the physiological work capacity.
This is a measure of his physical fitness and estimated in terms of his maximum oxygen
uptake capacity. The upper level of physiological work capacity of an individual depends on
52
his capacity to utilise the inhaled oxygen to its maximum possible limit. Beyond this, any
additional work has to be carried out only on oxygen debt. Thus, there is an upper limit of
oxygen uptake, being a measure of his maximal aerobic power and the best index to judge
one's total physical fitness. This is important for many practical purposes such as selection of
right jobs, disability evaluation, and rehabilitation of disabled and diseased workers. It is
practiced in all developed countries.
Factors affecting Aerobic Capacity & Work Performance:

Oxygen intake and oxygen debt are the limiting factors in physical exertion. Factors
determining the rate of 0, intake i.e. the efficient supply of 0, to the active tissues are -
1. Ventilation of the lungs.
2. O2 carrying capacity of the blood.
3. Unloading of O2 at the tissues, and
4. Minute volume of the heart.
Physical fitness is not a static condition. It varies with age, body dimensions, general health
and nutritional state (diet) of the worker. Due to illness or other reason, he may lose his
fitness for some time and may regain after some time. A worker doing light work may adjust
himself to a low level of physical fitness and vice versa, but a change from light to heavy job
necessitates a period of training and adjustment and calls for extra strain on the worker.
Normally female workers can be expected to show 70% aerobic power of males of the same
age. Ageing effect decreases heart rate from an average of @ 200 to @ 165 beats/min
between the age from 25 to 55 years in both males and females alongwith decrease in
functional capacity of other organs.
Maximum aerobic power is determined by measuring the maximum oxygen uptake during
dynamic muscular exercise. This can be done in two ways. In the direct method, muscular
exercises are performed with increasing intensity until a work rate is established above which
there is no further increases in oxygen uptake. In the indirect method, a linear relationship is
established between the heart rate and oxygen uptake when the metabolic rate, circulation and
respiration have reached a steady state at sub-maximal work rate and the curve is then
extrapolated to the maximum heart rate.
Methods of determination of Aerobic work capacity (physical work
capacity), with the use of bicycle
During muscular work, .physiological functions change from the resting level and heart rate,
blood, pressure, cardiac output, respiration, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon
dioxide production, chemical composition of blood and urine, body temperature, rate of
53
perspiration, etc. increase. They come back to resting level when the work stops. The period
during which the work continues is known as "Work Cycle" and the period during which the
physiological functions return to the resting level is known as "Recovery Period." Both
together is known as Bicycle
By measuring one or more physiological variables during activity, it is possible to
determine in what degree the working level differs from the resting level. This gives an
estimate of the physiological stress experienced in performing a given task. When the activity
ceases, it is possible to follow the return of the same variables to the resting level and to
determine the duration of the recovery period, at the end of which the individual has returned
to his pre-activity physiological equilibrium. In order to evaluate total physiological
expenditure, one must consider physiological reactions, both during the work and during the
recovery period. A complete work cycle includes physiological cost of work plus the
physiological cost of recovery.
When muscles work they increase heat production from about 4 kJ/min (resting level) to 200
kJ/min (max.) i.e. about 50 times more. The rate of heat removal, CO, water, waste products
etc. must also be increased proportionally. To maintain physical and chemical equilibrium of
the cells, a tremendous increase in the exchange of molecules between intra and extra cellular
fluid is required. Normal pulse rate 60-72 beats/min can rise upto 220 beats/min, normal
oxygen consumption rate 0.2 to 3 lit/min can go upto 4 lit/min and corresponding energy
level rises from I Kcal/min to @ 20 Kcal/min. The energy expenditure, core temperature,
sweat rate, skin galvanic resistance, heart stroke volume and pulmonary ventilation also
increase.
To restore the energy content of the body, working at maximum capacity upto 4 times, more
food must be digested, than when the individual is at rest. Moreover, during physical work,
many of the hormone producing glands are involved in the regulation of metabolic and
circulatory functions of the body.
The energy expended by muscles during work comes from food intake. There are two sources
of this energy supply, one is aerobic i.e. direct oxygen intake from air to oxidised food to get
energy and the other anaerobic i.e. consuming chemically combined oxygen in the body.
During sever muscular exercise, oxygen demand goes up and up and a stage comes when the
body cannot maintain demand and supply. Metabolites like lactic and pyrovic acid get
accumulated and the person gets exhausted or feels fatigue. Such physical fatigue, static or
dynamic should be removed daily by regular light exercises (Yogasan) and deep breathing in
a fresh cool air (in early morning").
54
In Maximum permissible load limits, three criteria are considered (1) Male or Female as their
lifting capability differs at the same age (2) Age as physical muscle strength varies from child
to an adult person and (3) Safe load limit which should not cause any injury or back pain.
capacity), with the use of ergometer
Pulmonary function test: dynanamic
This test is the simplest test in which an ergometer is used to measure exhaled air volume and
by comparing it with standard average values, the physical fitness or any disorder is judged.
Other exercise tests are also used to determine physiological load and functional capacities of
the cardio respiratory system. In abnormalities e.g. an electrical activity of the heart,
cardiovascular disease or improvement after illness or injury.
In young adults 170 beats/min has been widely used as a level at which the intensity of work
indicates physical working capacity.
capacity), with the use of treadmill
It was intended to select the work rates corresponding to 20, 30, 40, 50 & 70% RL (relative
Load)in order to determine the AWL ( Acceptable work load ). These work rates were
determined by using the monogram constructed by Margaria et al. (1963) for different speed
of walking and gradient of the treadmill . however , the intended rates of work could not be
obtained; the observed mean RLs were 20,28,36,50,62,and70%.
Work –schedule of treadmill running
After an initial rest of 30 min, the subjects were asked to run on the treadmill at the pre-
determine rates for 8 hr from 0930 to 1730 hr with a lunch breaks of 15 min each
Q27. Explain the heat balance equation.
Ans :- Heat Balance Equation

The heat balance of any organism can be expressed by an equation with the form
(13.1)R¯n+M¯=C¯+λE¯+G¯.
The individual terms are

R¯n=net gain of heat from radiation,M¯=net gain of heat from metabolism,C¯=loss of
sensible heat by convection,λE¯=loss of latent heat by evaporation,G¯=loss of heat by
conduction to environment.
The overbars in Eq. (13.1) indicate that each term is an average heat flux per unit surface
area. (In the rest of this chapter, they are implied but not printed.) In this context, it is
55
convenient to define surface area as the area from which heat is lost by convection although
this is not necessarily identical to the area from which heat is gained or lost by radiation. The
conduction term G¯ is included for completeness but is negligible for plants and has rarely
been measured for animals. An equation similar to (13.1) applies to bare soil surfaces or
water bodies but without the term M¯.
The grouping of terms in the heat balance equation is dictated by the arbitrary sign
convention that fluxes directed away from a surface are positive. (When temperature
decreases with distance z from a surface so that ∂T/∂z<0, the outward flux of heat C∝-
∂T/∂z is a positive quantity, see p. 29.) The sensible and latent heat fluxes C and λE are
therefore taken as positive when they represent losses of heat from the surface to the
atmosphere, and as negative when they represent gains. On the left-hand side of the
equation, R and M are positive when they represent gains and negative when they represent
losses of heat. When both sides of a heat balance equation are positive, the equation is a
statement of how the total supply of heat available from sources is divided between
individual sinks. When both sides are negative, the equation shows how the total demand for
heat from sinks is divided between available sources.
The sections which follow deal with the size and manipulation of individual terms in the heat
balance equation (13.1), with some fundamental physical implications of the equation, and
with several examples of biological applications.
13.1.1 Convection and Long-Wave Radiation
When the surface of an organism loses heat by convection, the rate of loss per unit area is
determined by the scale of the system as well as by its geometry, by windspeed, and by
temperature gradients. Convection is usually accompanied by an exchange of long-wave
radiation between the organism and its environment at a rate which depends on geometry and
on differences of radiative temperature but is independent of scale. The significance of scale
can be demonstrated by comparing convective and radiative losses from an object such as a
cylinder with diameter d and uniform surface temperature T0 exposed in a wind tunnel whose
internal walls are kept at the temperature T of the air flowing through the tunnel with
velocity u. When Re exceeds 103, the resistance to heat transfer by convection increases
with d according to the relation rH=d/(κNu)∝d0.4V-0.6 (see Appendix, Table A.5). In
contrast, the corresponding resistance to heat transfer by radiation rR (p. 41) is independent
of d. Figure 13.1 compares rH and rR for cylinders of different diameters at windspeeds of 1
and 10ms-1 chosen to represent outdoor conditions. Corresponding rates of heat loss are
shown in the right-hand axis for a surface temperature excess (T0-T)of 1 K.
56
Because the dependence of rH on scale and windspeed is similar for planes, cylinders, and
spheres provided that the appropriate dimension is used to calculate Nusselt numbers, a
number of generalizations may be based on Figure 13.1. For organisms on the scale of a
small insect or leaf (0.1<d<1cm), rH is much smaller than rR, implying that convection is a
much more effective mechanism of heat transfer than long-wave radiation. The organism is
tightly coupled to air temperature but not to the radiative temperature of the environment. For
organisms on the scale of a farm animal or a man (10<d<100cm)rH and rR are of comparable
importance at low windspeeds. For very large mammals (d>100cm), rH can exceed rR at low
windspeeds, and in this case the surface temperature will be coupled more closely to the
radiative temperature of the environment than to the air temperature. These predictions are
consistent with measurements on locusts and on piglets, for example, and they emphasize the
importance of wall temperature as distinct from air temperature in determining the thermal
balance of large farm animals in buildings with little ventilation. They also explain why
warming the air in a cold room does not induce a feeling of comfort for people occupying the
room if the radiative temperature of the walls remains low.
When an organism with an emissivity of unity and a surface temperature of T0 exchanges
heat (a) by convection to air at temperature T and (b) by radiation to an environment with a
mean radiative temperature equal to air temperature, the net rate at which heat is gained or
lost is
(13.2)ρcp(T-T0)/rH+T-T0/rR=ρcp(T-T0)/rHR,
57
where rHR=rH-1+rR-1-1 is a combined resistance for convection (p. 31) and long-wave
radiation (p. 41) formed by grouping the component resistances in parallel because the fluxes
are in parallel.
Q28. Explain Bio-chemical action of toxic substances.
Ans :- Biochemical responses of animals to environmental chemicals (biochemical

biomarkers) can give measures of exposure, and sometimes also toxic effect. They are
particularly valuable where they can be used to measure the toxic effects of chemicals in the
field, employing non-destructive sampling methods. Measurements of exposure are useful in
the case of non-persistent chemicals (e.g. organophosphorus, carbamate, or pyrethroid
insecticides) which are difficult or impossible to detect by chemical analysis. They can also
be useful to provide an integrated measure of the level of exposure to a group of related
chemicals. Biochemical biomarkers are likely to provide a measure of toxic effect, where
they are based upon a molecular mechanism which underlies toxicity. A widely-used
biochemical biomarker is cholinesterase depression, which may involve destructive sampling
(brain acetylcholinesterase) or non-destructive sampling (serum butyrylcholinesterase). For
genotoxic chemicals, techniques which measure DNA damage (e.g. detection of DNA
adducts) provide a powerful tool in measuring environmental effects. The detection of
biochemical changes caused by anticoagulant rodenticides (e.g. abnormal levels of clotting
proteins in blood) provides another example of this approach. In general, the development of
simple, sensitive, and specific assays that are 'user-friendly' would open the way for much
wider use of biochemical biomarkers in environmental monitoring.
A mode of toxic action is a common set of physiological and behavioral signs that
characterize a type of adverse biological response.[1] A mode of action should not be
confused with mechanism of action, which refer to the biochemical processes underlying a
given mode of action.[2] Modes of toxic action are important, widely used tools
in ecotoxicology and aquatic toxicology because they
classify toxicants or pollutants according to their type of toxic action. There are two major
types of modes of toxic action: non-specific acting toxicants and specific acting toxicants.
Non-specific acting toxicants are those that produce narcosis, while specific acting toxicants
are those that are non-narcotic and that produce a specific action at a specific target site.
Q29. Explain pre-employment, periodic and post-employment medical

examinations. Why those examinations are essential.
Ans :- Pre-employment check-ups are required to cover occupational and safety hazards at
workplace and ensure that the selected candidate is medically fit for the job. – e.g.: a person
with TB in a call center, a cook with typhoid in a restaurant, an asthmatic as an AC mechanic
or a color blind person in a clothing store, etc
What do they consist of?
58
 Complete Medical / Physical Examination
 Laboratory InvestigationsComplete Blood Count (26 parameters)Blood Sugar
FastingUrine Routine & MicroscopyErythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)Blood
Group & Rh Factor
 X-RAY Chest
 Optional TestsECGHIV (For AIDS)SGPT (For Liver)Cholesterol (Heart)HBsAg
(Hepatitis)Creatinine (Kidney)
Why Pre employment checkups?
Safety
New applicant should be free from medical conditions that could result in sudden
incapacitation that can lead to an accident, especially, for health and safety sensitive jobs.
Examples of such jobs are driving, piloting, etc.
Health
Pre-employment is a means to establish baseline health data against which future health
status of the employee be compared. It is also a means of identifying existing medical
conditions, including contagious diseases which could be adversely affected by occupational
exposures.
Productivity and Efficiency

Pre-employment medical examination is the means by which employers can satisfy
themselves that new recruits are free from medical conditions which can affect the
productivity of the new recruits once they are employed.
Cost
The cost of medical treatment is escalating. Employers who provide coverage on medical
care especially the ones, who provide full, unlimited coverage, are concerned on this. They
are not willing to employ job applicants who suffer from medical conditions that have high
medical cost potential. It is a good practice if measures are taken at protecting co-workers as
well as the public from becoming infected through direct contact with an infected food
handler or by means of contaminated food handled by such a person.
Other pre-employment Check Ups
Lists of test to be done in persons with open sores, ulcers, pustules:
 PUS Culture
 Nasal Swabs
Other diseases that need to be checked prior to employment and later at 6 months interval are:
 Chest and respiratory diseases like TB which could pose a hazard to co-workers
 Blood-Borne Infections like HIV, Hepatitis B
Returning to work after an illness
In most cases of infection, bacteria and viruses can still be found in someone’s feces after
symptoms stop. It is therefore important that managers continue to exclude food handlers for
a period of time after this. 48 hours is the recommended length of time.
Extra care should be taken over personal hygiene practices on return to work though,
especially hand washing.
59
Lists of test to be done in case of person returning from a diarrhea illness:
 Stool Routine
 Stool Culture (3 consecutive stool samples taken 48 hours apart in case of cholera,
typhoid and dysentery should be tested negative)
 Widal Test
OR
For every organization it is essential that their workforce is not only competent but is also
healthy. So while you make all due efforts to ensure that your employee is professionally one
of the best, it is also important that they are healthy. This ensures that your workforce will be
more productive, less workday offs hampering production creating a better and healthy
environment at your workplace. This is where we as one of the leading Health Consultants
help you with getting a medically fit workforce. If you’re running a business or a company
here’s our comprehensive guide to help you with everything about Pre-Employment Medical
Assessments/ Tests.
What is a pre-employment test/assessment?
The preliminary medical examination or check up before you hire an employee for your
business is popularly known as the pre-employment test/assessment. These assessments are
professionally conducted by a team of expert medical practitioners and is administered by
organizations that help businesses with their pre-employment test process. Industrial Health
Consultants is a pioneer organization dedicated to ensure accurate and hassle free pre-
employment tests. Here the Medical examinations are conducted according to the Medical
Examinations Rules, 2005.
What we look for in a pre-employment process?
At Industrial Health Consultants our comprehensive medical examinations identify pre-

existing injuries or underlying medical conditions, and determine an employee’s ability to
perform the essential duties associated with his or her job. Being aware of pre-existing
conditions and/or risk factors may help lower your workers’ compensation and general
disability claims.
What are the different types of Pre-employment Tests?
The pre-employment tests are conducted to ensure that every possible information pertaining
to the medical condition of your potential employee is thoroughly verified and examined.
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With Industrial Health Consultants this robust process of medical examination is conducted
by experts and so we have several levels and types of pre-employment tests:
1. Clinical/physical examination which includes blood pressure, body mass index,

cardiac, respiratory, abdominal, nervous system and musculoskeletal systems
2. Lung function test
3. Audiometric (hearing tests)
4. Ophthalmological –Eye tests
5. Toxicology/ drug screening
Pre-employment process with Industrial Health Consultants: What it includes?
We at Industrial Health Consultants have a series of Tests carried out for employees which
includes a comprehensive history which takes into account previous medical, occupational
and social aspects .The medical examination with Industrial Health consultants has various
components which include:-
1. Questionnaire. This includes the employee’s relevant medical and personal history, as
well as a past work history. Where necessary further details are added.
2. Clinical/physical Examination including Blood pressure measurement, weight
measures, body mass index, and physical examination of the various body systems (
cardiac, respiratory, abdominal, nervous system and musculoskeletal systems)
3. Lung Function Test
4. – Clinical chest examination
5. – Auscultation with a stethoscope
6. – Spirometry test
7. Audiometric ( Hearing Tests)
8. – History taking
9. – Clinical ear examination
10. – Audiometric testing with audiometer for hearing levels
11. Ophthalmological –Eye tests
12. – Visual acuity
13. – Test for color blindness/driving strain
14. Toxicology/ drug screening
Why is it important for your company to conduct a thorough pre-employment tests?
There are several benefits of conducting a thorough pre-employment test and especially at
Industrial health consultants we ensure that your business gets all these benefits of a Pre-
Employment test. So let’s take a look how a pre-employment test with Industrial Health
Consultants benefits you:
1. Being aware of pre-existing conditions and/or risk factors may help lower your
workers’ compensation and general disability claims.
61
2. Medical tests help ensure the long-term health of employees, particularly those who
may be exposed to potentially harmful substances or hazardous working conditions.
3. Our health monitoring exams are an effective safeguard against the financial and
emotional costs of illness and injury, with a positive effect on employee health,
wellness and productivity.
4. Conducting pre-employment medical testing that matches those demands, you can
determine whether employees can safely perform a job, reducing insurance claims,
lost time and related medical costs.
5. Identify work environment risks and ensure you comply with current laws and
regulations.
6. When you and an employee part ways, it’s good to know that they are leaving with a
clean bill of health to limit your future risk and ensure liability resides with the right
party.
The Pre-Employment Medical Assessments are not only important but also a must for any
business which is hiring employees for their business. The most important factor to consider
is that you Pre-Employment medical test is conducted by professionals who ensure the
accuracy of the test and also offer a complete range of all types of Medical Assessments
under the relevant Medical examination laws. This is what Industrial Health Consultants do
to help you get the most out of the Pre-employment Medical tests and also without having to
make any undue expenses.
Q30. Explain the requirement of personal protective equipment in foundry

w.r.t. health hazards.
Ans :- Foundry Safety Equipment

As the foundry processes occur in very hot, noisy and potentially grave conditions, safety and
environment equipment are a must for the protection of workers and environment.
Safety and EnvironmentalDeafness, lung cancer and respiratory problems are just some of the
serious health troubles that the workers can get if they are regularly exposed to noise,
exuberant heat and harmful substances. Hence, it is essential that the workers are provided
with suitably designed and guarded machinery, proper ventilation, and proper personal
protective equipment. Foundry works involve the process of making a metal casting of a
target by pouring molten metal into the mold. The molds are made by using a pattern of the
articles required.
There are two types of foundries, that are -

 Ferrous foundries - produces iron and steel castings.
 Non-ferrous foundries - produces castings of copper-based alloys (brass, bronze),

aluminum-based alloys (lead, zinc, nickel, magnesium) and other alloys.
Foundry Health & Environmental Hazards
62
The main health and environmental hazards of a foundry are -
 Heat
 Hazardous substances and dangerous goods

 Gases, vapors, dust and fumes
 Manual tasks
 Noise and vibration
 Molten metal
 Plant, machinery and electricity
Types of Equipment
A comprehensive range of safety and environment protection equipment are available for
varied uses and applications in foundries. These machines and equipment are designed
keeping the requirements of various works and tasks exercised in a foundry.
Air Pollution Control Radioactive Detection Systems for

Collectors
Equipment Scrap
Gas Environmental Control

Environmental Waste Treatment
Analyzers Equipment
Gas Detectors Hazardous Waste Recycling Radioactive Handling Equipment
Gloves Hand Protective Creams Water Pollution Control Equipment
Safety
Hazardous Dust Treatment Water Treatment Compounds
Glasses
Safety Gloves Safety Shields Safety Clothing & Equipment
Safety Hats Safety Shoes Radioactive Detection Devices
Some of the common safety and environmental equipment used in foundries are -
Working with molten metals, has always been a dangerous line of work. Responsible foundry
managers acknowledge the risks and the possibilities of serious accidents and they minimize
these risks by adopting appropriate measures. Though it is virtually impossible to eliminate
the risks from melting metal, it is possible to make the foundry an accident-free workplace.
To accomplish this goal, foundries should adopt suitable preventive measures along with
appropriate safety and environmental protection equipment.
63
Essential Elements
Some of the essential elements of safety and environment protection in foundries are -
 Measurable objectives, which encourage continual improvement toward zero
incidents and the prevention of pollution.
 Commitment of management, effective communication and training to assure the
safety and health of employees, community and the protection of environment.
 Acknowledgment by all the employees and management that safety and
environmental protection is a precondition of employment and that they are
responsible for their safety and the safety of those around them.
 Identification and controlling of risks into the business plans, decisions, and
operations.
 Compliance with all applicable regulations, legislation and relevant industry
standards.
 Providing decent resources to put through the safety and environmental protection
policies.
Q31. Explain the basis requirements while giving first-aid for thermal burns
and chemical burns.
Ans :-
The burn penetrates all layers of the skin.
 The skin is leathery or charred looking, with white, brown, or black patches.
 The hands, feet, face, or genitals are burned.
 The person is an infant or a senior.
For All Burns
1. Stop Burning Immediately
 Put out fire or stop the person's contact with hot liquid, steam, or other material.
 Help the person "stop, drop, and roll" to smother flames.
 Remove smoldering material from the person.
 Remove hot or burned clothing. If clothing sticks to skin, cut or tear around it.
2. Remove Constrictive Clothing Immediately
 Take off jewelry, belts, and tight clothing. Burns can swell quickly.
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Then take the following steps:
For First-Degree Burns (Affecting Top Layer of Skin)
1. Cool Burn
 Hold burned skin under cool (not cold) running water or immerse in cool water until
pain subsides.
 Use compresses if running water isn’t available.
2. Protect Burn
 Cover with sterile, non-adhesive bandage or clean cloth.

 Do not apply butter or ointments, which can cause infection.
3. Treat Pain
 Give over-the-counter pain reliever such

as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), acetaminophen (Tylenol), or naproxen (Aleve).
OR
A burn is tissue damage that results from scalding, overexposure to the sun or other radiation,
contact with flames, chemicals or electricity, or smoke inhalation.
Is it a major or minor burn?

Call 911 or seek immediate care for major burns, which:
 Are deep
 Cause the skin to be dry and leathery
 May appear charred or have patches of white, brown or black
 Are larger than 3 inches (about 8 centimeters) in diameter or cover the hands, feet, face,
groin, buttocks or a major joint
A minor burn that doesn't require emergency care may involve:
 Superficial redness similar to a sunburn

 Pain
 Blisters
 An area no larger than 3 inches (about 8 centimeters) in diameter
Treating major burns
Until emergency help arrives:
 Protect the burned person from further harm. If you can do so safely, make sure the
person you're helping is not in contact with the source of the burn. For electrical burns,
make sure the power source is off before you approach the burned person.
 Make certain that the person burned is breathing. If needed, begin rescue breathing if
you know how.
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 Remove jewelry, belts and other restrictive items,especially from around burned areas
and the neck. Burned areas swell rapidly.
 Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist bandage or a clean cloth.
 Don't immerse large severe burns in water. Doing so could cause a serious loss of
body heat (hypothermia).
 Elevate the burned area. Raise the wound above heart level, if possible.
 Watch for signs of shock. Signs and symptoms include fainting, pale complexion or
breathing in a notably shallow fashion.
Treating minor burns
For minor burns:
 Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water or apply a cool,
wet compress until the pain eases.
 Remove rings or other tight items from the burned area.Try to do this quickly and
gently, before the area swells.
 Don't break blisters. Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks,
clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a
rash appears, stop using the ointment.
 Apply lotion. Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains
aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.
 Bandage the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap
it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area,
reduces pain and protects blistered skin.
 If needed, take an over-the-counter pain reliever, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB,
others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).
Q32. What are the adverse health effects of ionising and non-ionising
radiations?
Ans :- Adverse health effects of thermal radiation, lonising and non-lonising

radiations.
Ionising & Non-ionising Radiation :
Electromagnetic radiation consists of varying electric and magnetic fields, operating
at right angles to each other. It has both particulate and wavelike aspects. Following table
shows the wavelength and frequency for various electromagnetic radiation. Longwaves have
low energy, short-waves have high. The higher energy wavelengths (short-waves) are more
penetrating i.e. more damaging. X-rays, Gamma rays and cosmic rays have short
wavelengths, 10" cm and less, and high frequency, 10'6 c/s and above and cause ionising
radiation.
Others i.e. electric waves, radio waves, micro waves, visible light, IR, UV and lasers
have longer wavelength and less frequency and cause non-ionising radiation. Lasers are
involved in visible light, IR and UV regions of the spectrum given below :
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy Form Frequency c/s Wavelength, cms
Non-ionising radiation :
Electric waves 102 to 104 1012 to 106
Radio waves 104 to 1011 106 to 10-1
Infrared (IR) 1011 to 1014 10-1 to 10-4
Visible light 1015 7x10-5 to 4x10-5
Ultraviolet (UV) 1015 to 1016 10-5 to 10-6
Ionising radiation :
X-rays 1016 to 1018 10-6 to 10-9
Gamma rays 1018 to 1021 10-10
Cosmic rays 1021 on 10-11 on
Types and Limits of Radiation :
(A) Ionising Radiation:

Ionising radiation means electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation capable of
producing ions directly or indirectly in its passage through matter. It is not visible by normal
eyes. X-rays, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, fast neutrons, thermal neutrons and radionuclides are
ionising radiation. Radioactive substance (chemical) must be firmly sealed within metal
container to prevent dispersion to active material into surrounding. Radiation hazard means
the danger to health arising from exposure to ionising radiation which may be external or
internal.
Animal and human studies have shown that exposure to ionizing radiation can cause
carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic effects, as well as other sequelae. The NCRP has
formulated exposure limits. Some such limits are given below :
Q33. How the assessment of work capacity, fatigue and rest allowance is
done at industrial work-stations?
Ans :- 7.1.3 : Assessment of Work Capacity Fatigue and Rest

Allowances, Physiological Test for Assessment of Occupational
Health Nutrition: Nutritional requirements and the Diets for
Exercise, Work and Physical Fitness.
Assessment of Work Capacity:
Fatigue and Rest Allowances :
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Physiological fatigue is characterised by the gradual decrement of work performance effected
by various factors viz. physical, physiological, psychological and wrong working posture. It
is manifested by gradual increase in physiological strain as the work of the day progresses.
During work in a hot environment, the body gains heat due to work and external
environment. These two factors put a lot of thermal stress on human beings. A continuous
work in such environment may lead to exhaustion, if sufficient cooling of the body is not
possible. This also leads to lower efficiency and reduced productivity. Under the
circumstances a rest interval or pause is essential for the workers to recover from exhaustion
as well as to increase efficiency and productivity. Frequent rest pauses reduce fatigue better
than a few long breaks.
Rest Allowance in Energetic Work :

Following formula gives percentage rest time Tr as
Tr = Mmax – M x 100
Mr – M
where Mmax is the upper limit of the metabolic cost for sustained work, M the
metabolic cost of the job (task) and Mr the resting (sitting) metabolism.
Tr = 400-500 x 100 = -100 x 100 = 25%
100-500 -400
This means, rest intervals should have 20% time i.e. 20% x 8 hr = 0.20 x 8 x 60 = 96 min.
This can be divided in 3 pauses of 32 min or 4 pauses of 24 min in an 8 hr shift, or 20% per
hour i.e., 12 min per each working hour. .
Combination of heavy and light work provide indirect rest. Walking to give or take material,
counting for some time, writing record or sharpening tools etc. are examples of light work
changes.
According to a German Physiologist (Lehmann), 200 Kcal/hr represents the upper

permissible limit, and about 250 'work' Kcal per hour or 4 work Kcal per min. +1 Kcal for
resting metabolism represent upper limits for more sustained work. Based on these figures,
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Spitzer (one of Lehmann's co-workers) has arrived at the following formula to calculate rest
allowance for workers engaged in energetic heavy work.
Rest Allowance percent = (Kcal/min – 1) x 100
The above formula may, however, not be applicable to Indians having lower body weights
and low physical fitness standard. In their case 3 'work' Kcal per min will represent the upper
limit for sustained work. The above formula may accordingly be modified to work out the
rest allowances for Indian workers engaged in manual work. -
Above formula represents a method to calculate rest allowance percentage time in total
working time. Another method to determine rest pause is from heart beats and is given in the
following table –
Rest Allowances at Different Heart Rates
Heart Rate Energy Rest Fraction in 8 hrs working minutes

Expenditure Allowance (%
(avg. beats/ Kcal/min of working Work Rest Total
min time)
110 4.3 - 480 - 480

115 4.9 15 420 60 480
120 5.4 30 370 110 480
130 6.3 65 290 190 480
140 7.3 100 240 240 480
150 8.3 136 205 275 480
160 9.2 170 180 300 480
170 10.2 200 160 320 480
180 11.2 235 145 335 480
After working out the time of rest pauses it should be decided that how it should be
given to minimise the fatigue.
Reducing Stress and Fatigue :
The decrease in the stress upon the workers and consequently the higher efficiency
and morale in the plant may be achieved by :
1. Reducing energetic workload through mechanisation.
2. Reducing the heat load by better ventilation or screening.
3. Machines and tools can be designed for maximum efficiency with minimum
physiological cost.
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4. The workers can be chosen on the basis of their physiological fitness for specific
tasks, to work on furnaces.
5. Provision of air-conditioned rest rooms.
6. Adequate rest periods by adjustment of work and rest periods.
7. Organising workers' team. More workers should be added if the workload in a team is
considered very heavy.
8. Compensating for sweat loss by adequate intake of water and salt. There should be
easy access of cold drinking water close to the workplace.
Q34. Explain the classification of PPE.
Ans :- Classification of PPE
Depending on its protective effects, PPE may be classified as:
 Partial: aimed at protecting against hazards that are localised in specific areas or parts of the
body (e.g. helmets, boots, gloves, etc.).
 Complete: which protects against hazards whose scope of action does not have a specific
area of localization (e.g. fireproof clothing, safety belts, etc.).
The following table shows the different types of PPE and their classification:
Protective Headgear Helmet
Earplugs,
Ear Protection Earmuffs
Protection for the Eyes and Face Goggles, Visors

PPE
Protection for the Respiratory
OFFERING
Tract Masks
PARTIAL
PROTECTION
Arm and Hand Protection Gloves
Back belts,
Foot and Leg Protection Aprons
Back belts,
Trunk and Abdomen Protection Aprons
PPE Barrier Protection Creams

OFFERING
Fall-arrest Protection Belts, Harnesses
COMPLETE
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PROTECTION Specific Protective Equipment Fireproof clothing
Q35. Explain the term Suffocation.
Ans :- Suffocation :
1. Remove the patient from the source of danger.
2. Make a rapid examination to ensure that the air passages are free and to clean them if
necessary.
3. Restore natural breathing by artificial respiration, if breathing has ceased.
Q36. Discuss the various routes of entry of toxic substances in human body.
Ans :- Toxic Ingestion:

Poisoning by Swallowing (Mouth route):
Sometimes acids, alkalis, disinfectants etc., are swallowed by mistake. They burn the
lips, tongue, throat, food passage and stomach and cause great pain. Other swallowed
poisons cause vomiting, pain and later on diarrhoea. Poisonous fungi, berries,' metallic
poisons and stale food belong to the later group. Some swallowed poisons affect the nervous
system. To this group belong (a) alcoholic drink (methylated spirit, wine, whisky etc.) when
taken in large quantities, and (b) tablets for sleeping, tranquillisers and pain killing drugs
(Aspirin or Largectil). All these victims must be considered as seriously ill. The symptoms
are either delirium or fits or coma (unconsciousness). Some poisons act on nervous system
(belladonna, strychnine).
Poisoning by Gases (Nose route) :

Fumes or gases from charcoal, stoves, household gas, motor exhausts, chemicals and
smoke from explosions etc.; cause choking (asphyxia) which may result in unconsciousness
in addition to difficulty in breathing.
Poisoning by Injection (Skin route) :
Poisons get into the body through injection, bites of poisonous snakes and rabid dogs
or stings by scorpions and insects. Danger to life is again by choking and coma.
General First Aid in Poisoning:
1. Poisoning is a serious matter. Patient must be removed to a hospital/or a doctor be
sent for, at once with a note of the findings and, if possible, the name of the poison.
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2. Preserve packets or bottles which you suspect contained the poison and also any
vomits, sputum etc.,. for the doctor to deal with.
3. If poison is' not known :
Make a quick assessment of the likely route of exposure by examining the eyes,
mouth, nose and skin of the victim for signs of the chemical itself or damage it has
caused such as swelling, redness, bleeding, burns, discharge of fluid or mucous or
pallor. Drooling, difficulty in swallowing, a distended, painful, hard, or rigid abdomen
all indicates possible ingestion of a corrosive or caustic substance. If respiration is
rapid, shallow, noisy or laboured, suspect inhalation. If the face has been splashed
with chemical, eye contact is likely.
4. Poisoning by inhalation:
Remove victim from exposure while protecting yourself from exposure.
If breathing has stopped, administer artificial respiration using a bag-valve mask. Do
not use mouth to mouth resuscitation. Instead, use chest pressure-arm lift technique.
Maintain an open airway.
Arrange for transport of the victim to a medical facility.
5. Poisoning by Ingestion
Do not induce vomiting if he has abdominal pain or burns in mouth. If no such
problem, then induce vomiting by syrup of ipecac. Lastly give I or 2 cups of water to
drink.
6. Poisoning by skin contact:
Remove the victim from the contaminated area: Be careful to protect your lungs, skin
and eyes while doing so. Remove the victim's clothing, shoes and jewelry from the
affected areas, cutting them off if necessary. Do this under a shower or while flushing
with water. Continue to flush with water until all traces of the chemical are gone and
any feeling of soapiness has disappeared also. Rinse for at least 15 minutes cover the
victim with a blanket or dry clothing. Inform and refer the victim immediately to .a
physician for his advice.
In case of inflammation, burns, blisters or pain-
Loosely apply a dry sterile dressing if available or use a clean dry cloth for it. Inform
and refer the victim immediately to a physician for his advice.
If the victim is in a state of shock -
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Lay him down on his side and cover him with a blanket. Elevate his feet. Inform and
refer the victim immediately to a physician for his advice. Do not break open blisters
or remove skin. If clothing is stuck to the skin after flushing with water, do not
remove it.
Do not rub or apply pressure to the affected skin
Do not apply any oily substance to the affected skin.
Do not use hot water.
7. Poisoning by eye contact:
Remove the victim from the contaminated area. Be careful to protect your lungs, skin
and eves while doing so. Act quickly. Flush the victim's eyes with clean tepid water
for at least 15 minutes. Has the victim lie or sit down and tilt his head back Hold his
eyelids open and pour water slowly over the eyeballs starting at the inner corners by
the nose and letting the water run out of the corners.
The victim may be in great pain and want to keep his eyes closed or rub them but you
must rinse the chemical out of the eyes in order to prevent possible damage.
Ask victim to look up, down and side to side as you rinse.
Transport victim to the medical facility as soon as possible. Even if there is no pain
and vision is good, a physician should examine the eyes since delayed damage may
occur.
If eyes are painful,
1. Cover loosely with gauze or a clean, dry cloth.

2. Maintain verbal and physical contact with the victim.
8. If unconscious - (a) Do not induce vomiting (b) Make the casualty lie on his back on
a hard, flat bed without any pillow and turn the head to one side. As there is no
pressure on the stomach and the gullet is horizontal the vomited matter will not get
into the voice box and the tongue will not close the air passage. This is also the best
posture for giving artificial respiration, if needed (c) Sometimes when there is excess
of vomiting the three-quarterprone posture (i.e. the casualty is made to lie on his side
with one leg stretched, the other bent at knee and thigh) will make things easier for
73
the casualty (d) If breathing is very slow or stopped, start artificial respiration and
keep it up till the doctor comes, (e) Maintain open airways (f) Do not use mouth to
mouth re$uscitation (g) Do not give any thing by mouth (h) In case of signs of shock,
elevate-his feet, 20-30 cm and cover him with a blanket (i) Arrange for sending to
medical facility.
9. If conscious - (a) Aid vomiting by tickling the back of throat or make him drink tepid
water mixed with 2 tablespoons of common salt for a tumbler of water (b) Even if
conscious, when the poison is a corrosive do not induce vomiting. Signs of
corrosives: Lips, mouth and skin show grey white or yellow, patches which are to be
looked for :acids, alkalis etc., cause such burns.
First Aid: Factories which use certain poisons shall have the respective antidotes
ready and displayed in an easily available place. The personnel should be taught
about the use of antidotes - so that anyone can render assistance in case of emergency.
For antidotes see Part-10.6.
The poison must be diluted by giving large quantities of cold water (chilled, if possible) This
will dilute the irritant and delay absorption and will replace fluid lost by vomiting.
Tender coconut water will be even better as this will be a food and also a diuretic.
Soothing drinks should be given. Milk, egg beaten and mixed with water or
sojee congee are good for the purpose.
Alcohol Poisoning :
Alcohol taken in considerable (toxic) quantities may cause fatal poisoning,. A fatal
dose of ethyl alcohol is 8 g per I kg body weight. Alcohol affects the heart, blood vessels,
gastro intestinal tract, liver, kidneys and mainly the brain. In a case of severe intoxication,
sleep is followed by unconscious state. • Vomiting and involuntary urination are frequent
symptoms. The respiratory centre is drastically inhibited, which is manifested by irregular
breathing. Death ensues when the respiratory centre becomes paralysed.
First aid : Fresh air should be provided (a window open or the victim taken outside)
and vomiting induced by 'minor lavageas'. If the patient is still conscious, he should be given
hot strong coffee. A respiratory arrest is managed by artificial respiration.
Poisoning with Acids and Alkalis :
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In poisoning with concentrated acids and alkalis, a grave condition rapidly develops,
in the first place, to extensive burns in the mouth, throat, oesophagus, stomach and often the
larynx. Later, the absorbed toxins affect the vital organs (e.g. liver, kidneys, lungs, or heart).
Concentrated acids and alkalis are able to destroy .tissues. The mucous membranes, being
less resistant than the skin, are destroyed and necrosis occurs more rapidly involving deeper
layers.
Burns and scabs form on the mucous membrane of the mouth and lips. In a bum due
to sulphuric acid, the scabs are black, in a burn due to nitric acid they are greyish-yellow, in
one due to hydrochloric acid they are yellowish-green and in one due to acetic acid greyish-
white.
Alkalis more easily penetrate the skin and affect deeper layers. The burnt surface is
loose, decomposed and whitish in colour.
As soon as an acid or alkali is swallowed the patient feels strong pain in the mouth,
behind the breast bone and in the epigastrium. When laid down he tosses in bed from
unbearable pain. There is almost always tormenting vomiting often with admixtures of blood.
Painful shock rapidly develops. The larynx may swell and asphyxia develops. When an acid
or alkali is taken in great amount, cardiac weakness and collapse rapidly develop.
Poisoning with ammonium hydroxide takes a grave course. The pain syndromes is
attended by asphyxia because the airways are also affected.
The person -who is rendering first aid must find out at once which chemical caused
the poisoning because the treatment varies according to the type of poison.
If the poisoning was caused by concentrated acids and the symptoms of oesophageal
or gastric perforation are absent, the stomach should be leveraged through a thick stomach
tube using for it 610 litres of warm water mixed with magnesium oxide (20 g per litre of
liquid) or lime water. Sodium carbonate is contraindicated for a gastric lavage. "Minor
lavage " i.e. drinking 4-5 glasses of water and then inducing vomiting, will not alleviate the
patient's condition and sometimes may even promote absorption of the poison.
If a stomach tube is unavailable, the patient may be given milk, oil, egg, white,
mucilaginous decoctions, or smoothing substances. In poisoning with carbolic acid (Phenol,
Lysol) milk, oil or fat should not be taken. Magnesium oxide mixed with water or lime water
should be given in this case, as in poisoning by all other acids. Cold compresses or ice
should be put on the epigastric region to lessen pain.
75
When the poisoning is due to concentrated alkalis, the stomach should be immediately
lavaged with 6 10 litres of tepid water or a I per cent citric or acetic acid solution within four
hours of the poisoning. When a stomach tube is unavailable and the patient's grave condition
(swelling of the larynx) prevents a stomach lavage, mucilaginous solutions are given, 23 per
cent citric or acetic acid solution (I tablespoonful every 5 minutes), or lemon juice. Rinsing of
the mouth or administration of sodium hydrochloride solution is contraindicated.
The patient should be immediately admitted to a medical institution where he will be

given the necessary urgent medical help.
It should be kept in mind that when a perforation of the oesophagus or stomach is

suspected, they being manifested by severe pain in the stomach and unbearable pain behind
the breast bone, drinking and moreover, lavage of the stomach are not permitted.
Poisoning with Toxic Chemicals :
The latent course of the disease is 15-60 minutes, after which the symptoms of the
affection of the nervous system appear (e.g. enhanced salivation, discharge of sputum and
perspiration). Breathing accelerates and becomes noisy, as rail heard at a distance. The
patient becomes restless and excited. Cramp appears in the legs and the intestine undergoes
increased peristalsis which is followed by muscular paralysis and paralysis of the respiratory
muscles. The respiratory arrest that follows, causes asphyxia and death.
In accidents connected with the inhalation of the toxic chemicals the victim must be
immediately hospitalised. If possible, he should be given 6-8 drops of a 0.1 per cent atropine
solution or 1-2 tablets of belladonna. When respiration is arrested, artificial respiration
should be carried out. When the poisoning is caused by toxins getting into the gastro-
intestinal tract, the stomach should be washed with water mixed with suspension of activated
carbon Saline purgatives should also be prescribed. The toxic substances should be removed
from the skin and mucous membranes with running water.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning :
Carbon monoxide poisoning may occur in the chemical

industry where it is used for synthesizing certain organic
compounds (acetone, methyl alcohol, phenol etc.), in
poorly ventilated garages, in furnaces or in stuffy, freshly
painted premises. It may also happen in households
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when the stove shutters are closed too early in premises with stove heating.
The early symptoms are headache, heaviness in the head, nausea, dizziness, noise in
the ears and palpitation. Later muscular weakness and vomiting occur. If the victim remains
in the poisonous atmosphere, the weakness intensifies, somnolence, clouding of
consciousness and dyspnoea develop. The skin turns pale and sometimes bright red spots
appear on the body. In further exposure to carbon monoxide the patient's respiration
becomes shallow, convulsions develop and paralysis of the respiratory centre terminates in
death.
First Aid : The victim must be immediately removed from the poisonous surrounding,
better into the open air in warm weather. If his breathing is weak and shallow or arrested,
artificial respiration should be continued until adequate natural breathing or the true signs of
biological death appear. Rubbing should be carried out and hot water bottles applied to the
legs. A brief whiff of ammonium hydroxide is beneficial A patient with severe carbon
monoxide poisoning must be immediately hospitalized in order to prevent possible grave
complications in the lungs and nervous system which may develop later.
Antidotes for some common Chemicals :
Antidotes are therapeutic agents used to counteract the toxic effects of specific
xenobiotics. These are heterogenous group of substances consisting of pharmaceuticals,
biological agents and immunoglobulin fragments. Different mechanisms of action are
involved Some specifically act at the receptor sites while others exert their effect by changing
the metabolism of the poison counteracting the toxic injury or just forming the inert complex
with the poison.
Antidotes acting at receptor sites: Drug intoxications are mostly treated with these
antidotes. However, Atropine is a specific antidote for organophosphate or carbamate
pesticide poisoning. Similarly physostigmine for Dhatura and neostigmine for Curare
poisonings are useful. Others include, naloxone for opioid, flumazenil for benzodiazepines
and physostigmine for atropine poisoning.
Antidotes changing the metabolism of the poison: These antidotes either interfere
with the metabolism of the toxic agent thereby reducing the toxicity or strengthen the
detoxifying capacity of the body. Antidotes included in this group are ethanol, 4-methyl
pyrazole, acetylcysteine, sodium thiosulphate, folinic acid and pyridoxine.
Antidotes binding with the poison and forming less toxic complexes: In this category,
poison may be adsorbed or chelated by the antidote. Activated charcoal effectively adsorbs a
large variety of drugs and toxins, thereby decreasing their bioavailability and enhancing
77
elimination. Role of multiple doses of activated charcoal as gastrointestinal dialyzer is being
recognised in the treatment of poisoning, due to drugs. On the other hand, chelating agents
like BAL, penicillamine and DMSA form complexes with heavy metals, thereby preventing
or reversing the binding of metallic cations to body ligands.
Antidotes counteracting the toxic injury: The agents in this group reverse a chemically
induced damage or functional disturbance and restore physiological conditions. Amyl nitrite,
sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulphate, methylene blue, dantrolene, benzyl penicillin, glucagon,
oximes, etc. are common examples.
In general, antidotes should be given in adequate doses as early as possible in cases of
poisoning. Some antidotes cause serious adverse reactions. Hence, both the risk and the
benefits of the antidotal therapy must, therefore, be carefully evaluated and the patient must
be monitored regularly. At times the half-life of some antidotes like naloxone, atropine is
much shorter than the toxin, in which cases the antidotal therapy must be continued till the
symptoms of the poisoning subside.
Q37. Define industrial hygiene and control methods.
Ans :- More than 40% of the OSHA compliance officers who inspect America’s workplaces
are industrial hygienists (OSHA.gov). Industrial Hygiene (IH) is the practice of regulating,
anticipating, evaluating and participating in the prevention of hazards within the workplace
that will affect the wellbeing of workers.
Health and safety hazards cover a wide-range of physical, chemical and biological stressors
which may cause sickness, impaired health or significant discomfort among workers or
citizens of your community.
There are numerous hazards that can exist between employees who work with chemicals,
pathogens and contaminants. Setting practice controls ensure that the environmental and
physical hazards are best taken care of in a developed and mandated setting.
Some types of hazards, as categorized by OSHA1, are:
Environmental
Air contaminants are classified by OSHA in their IH guidelines as either particulate or gas
and vapor contaminants. OSHA states that the most common particulate contaminants are:
 Dusts
 Fumes
 Mist
 Aerosols
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 Fibers
 Gases
 Vapors
Chemical
OSHA considers chemical hazards as vapors exerted by inhalation, absorption, ingestion or

are airborne. The degree of worker risk varies with exposure to any substance and depends on
the nature and potency of the toxic effects and magnitude of exposure.
Biological
Bacteria, fungi, viruses and other living organisms are considered biological hazards. OSHA
states that such organisms can cause acute and chronic infections either directly or through
breaks in the skin.
Physical
OSHA refers to excessive levels of ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation,

noise, vibration, illumination and temperature as physical hazards. Danger from radiation
increases with the amount of exposure time.
Ergonomic
The science of ergonomic studies as reported by OSHA evaluates a full range of tasks
including and not limited to—holding, lifting, pushing, walking and reaching.
How to Identify Hazards
It is important to note that a hazard is something that has the potential to cause harm. Jeffery
Dalto via Convergence Training, notes these three facts about hazards:
1. A hazard is not the same thing as the injury or illness itself

2. A hazard may never cause an injury or an illness (even though it has potential to)
3. Identifying hazards before they cause harm gives a chance to remove or reduce potential for
harm
The Hierarchy of Controls
Dalto also explains the hierarchy of controls and why they are ordered the way that they are.
He states, "if elimination isn’t possible or feasible then you should continue down the list
trying substitution, then engineering controls, administrative controls and finally, as a last
resort PPE.”
Controls for IH Hazards
According to OSHA, recognizing and working to control hazards are the primary means of
reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards.
79
Here are three types of controls that are listed by OSHA that when practiced help minimize
exposure:
1.Engineering Controls
Engineering controls are placed in effort to reduce or remove the hazard at the source by
isolating the worker from the hazard. For example, eliminating toxic chemicals and
substituting non-toxic chemicals, enclosing work processes or confining work operations and
the installation of general and local ventilation systems.
2.Work Practice Controls
Fundamental controls include adjusting work practices to follow procedures that will
minimize exposures during production, putting in place good housekeeping processes,
effective supervision and mandating that certain behaviors in regulated areas are prohibited.
3.Administrative Controls
Administrative controls exist in the form of scheduling production and tasks to minimize
exposure levels.
An Industrial Hygiene Module
An Industrial Hygiene module allows companies to perform qualitative assessments using

Similar Exposure Group (SEG) methodologies for the categorization of hazard types, job
roles, processes, locations and other demographics. Through IH qualitative methods, it is
possible to create sampling plans, track results, monitor and perform calculations (TWA) and
compare to threshold limits (PEL), (STEL) and targets as part of compliance determination
needs.
Companies who use IH modules gain the ability to prioritize information and control health
risks through data analysis and enhanced reporting. Linkage and oversight of testing
equipment through Assets, Calibration and Maintenance along with tables and references for
OELs, PELs, STELs and more determinations for compliance helps workers operate at a
comfortable yet productive pace to protect against incidents, accidents and hazards.
Other Tools that Assist with Setting Controls
Emissions Inventory Module
An Emissions Inventory (EI) solution is one of the many tools that assist in improving air
quality and EHS and sustainability regulations. An Emissions Inventory module calculates
the volume of air pollutants charged into the atmosphere during a specific time period and
then is able to generate reports surrounding the pollutants. EI allows companies to comply
with air pollutant and emission regulations as well as permit requirements around the world
by calculating at high volume on an on-going basis to ensure accuracy.
Chemical Compliance Module
80
A chemical compliance solution allows companies to oversee all chemical activities within
all locations through the chemical approval process. Chemical compliance involves the
creation and management of Safety Data Sheets (SDS), transportation and management of
dangerous goods, labeling and packaging along with hazard classification and any part of the
supply chain with dangerous goods or chemical products.
Job Safety Analysis
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) breaks down job positions into various operational steps to better
analyze each action. Organizing job tasks within the EHS environment helps to teach—
correct work practices, set appropriate engineering controls, evaluate work conditions from
an ergonomics standpoint and determine the physiological and psychological demands of
each worker to lower operating costs, achieve more effective use of personnel and ensure
fewer accidents.
JSA is one of the many tools able to rank and determine risks and then assign Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) for job functions.
Safety Data Sheet Software (SDS)
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) software allows an organization to store documentation that relates
to the safe disposition of its products and components which require specific handling and
instructions.
SDS links proper methods and sources of HAZMAT documents as well as SDS documents
for storage. SDS benefits fire fighters, hazardous material crews, emergency technicians and
room personnel as well as employees who may be exposed to specific hazards in their daily
routine.
Employee Training
Employee training helps to build out a training plan for each employee or group with certain
requirements for each. It allows new documents or processes to be updated and put into
formation with little to no delay. Training within an EHS organization, where there are
potential hazards at arms-length daily is crucial.
OSHA states that where there is potential exposure to biological hazards, workers should
practice proper personal hygiene, ventilation, PPE, adequate waste disposal systems and
appropriate controls including isolation in instances of particularly contagious diseases.
The goal of an industrial hygienist, according to AIHA is to keep workers, their families and
the community healthy and safe. They must ensure that federal, state and local laws and
regulations are followed in the work environment.
Optimizing risk management and employee training using components of industrial hygiene
within and EHS organization can help control potential hazards that might impact workers,
the environment and an organization.
Risk Management
81
An employee’s risk of a hazard is determined first by their nature and potency, as well as the
effects, magnitude and duration of exposure.
How you manage risk has a direct impact on the economic performance and reputation as
well as environmental, safety and societal outcomes. Operational Risk Management solutions
work to register, assess, respond and treat risks to decrease the likelihood of occurrence.
Risk Assessment and risk register tools along with corrective action linked to document
control help improve the identification of opportunities and threats that effectively allocate
resources for treatment.
Behavior Based Safety (BBS)
A Behavior Based Safety program is proactive in nature. BBS examines leading indicators to
ensure a healthy safety culture by focusing on the process rather than the outcome and
attributes positive activators to produce behavior modification.
BBS allows for a fully customizable observation event that effortlessly works to improve
safety performance in the workplace with risk assessment, risk rankings, assigning actions
and preventive actions and reporting on incidents and trends.
Audit Management
Audit Management is an excellent tool to ensure that all hazard areas are examined and
controlled. Monitoring air ventilation, noise extremes, environmental bacteria, administrative
controls and PPE hazards creates a healthy and safe operating environment.
After a hazard is identified, actions can be taken to substitute a chemical for one that is less
hazardous, improve ventilation or adjust equipment.
Closing Thoughts
Engaging in activities within the workforce can differ from day to day, as can hazardous
outcomes. It is important to build methods of risk and sustainability into organizations so that
operating under corporate, regulatory and social demands are met with ease.
OR
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE – METHODS OF CONTROL
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON –DOWNTOWN CAMPUSFALL 2014
2 DEFINITIONIndustrial Hygiene (IH) is that science devoted to the anticipation,

recognition, measurement, evaluation, and control of adverse stresses or agents which could
cause sickness and impaired health among workers and the community. The basic goal of IH
is to promote a safe and healthful work environment.
3 IH ELEMENTSAnticipationRecognitionEvaluationControl
82
4 RECOGNITIONDetailed information to be obtained regarding types of hazardous materials
used, type of job operation, worker exposures and patterns, levels of air contaminants,
exposure duration, control measures, etc. Consult product information including MSDSs.
5 EVALUATIONInvolves monitoring and analytical methods required to detect the extent of

exposure; decision-making process resulting in an opinion on the degree of health hazard that
exists; extent of potential health hazards based on comparisons of environmental
measurements with current governmental regulations and recommended guidelines.
6 CONTROLInvolves the reduction of environmental stresses to levels that the worker can
tolerate without impairment of health or productivity; various general control methods
employed.
7 CONTROL METHODSEngineering – remove the hazard; should be considered first.

Administrative – reduce exposures through scheduling; also included is employee training;
not generally favored. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – use should be secondary to
engineering.
8 ENGINEERING CONTROLS Substitution Change in process Isolation

EnclosureWet methodsVentilationGeneralDilution
9 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
Examples: - Arranging work schedules and the related duration of exposure to limit employee
exposures to health hazards. - Transferring employees at PELs to an environment where no
additional exposure will be experienced. - Housekeeping
10 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
Administrative controls must be designed only by knowledgeable health and safety
professionals, and used cautiously. Not as satisfactory as engineering controls and have been
criticized as a means of spreading exposures instead of reducing or eliminating the exposure.
11 PPEPPE may be used to protect the worker when it is not feasible to render the working
environment completely safe. This is considered a secondary control method to engineering
and administrative controls and should be used as a last resort.
12 EFFECTIVE IH PROGRAMApplies knowledge to the anticipation and recognition of

health hazards arising out of work operations and processes, evaluation and measurement of
the magnitude of the hazard based on past experience and study, and control of the hazards.
13 POTENTIAL HAZARDSChemicalPhysicalBiologicalErgonomic
14 CHEMICAL HAZARDSVarious forms – vapors, gases, dusts, fumes, mists, or by skin

contactDegree of risk depends on magnitude and duration of exposureHazard identification
through use of MSDSs
15 PHYSICAL HAZARDS Noise Radiation - Ionizing - Non-ionizing Lighting

Heat/Cold StressPressure Extremes
16 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Bioaerosols Surface/Bulk Contamination Tuberculosis

Bloodborne PathogensIndoor Air Quality Issues
83
17 ERGONOMIC HAZARDS Musculoskeletal Disorders
Cumulative Trauma DisordersCarpal Tunnel SyndromeMaterial Handling/LiftingWorkplace
Design Considerations
18 OTHER HAZARDS Confined Spaces Waste Management Lab Health and Safety
Emergency Planning
19 FEDERAL REGULATIONSOccupational Safety and Health Act Enacted on December

29, 1970 Effective on April 28, 1971 Purpose: “assure so far as possible every working man
and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve out human
resources.”
20 OHS GOALPrevent occupational injury and illness by anticipating, recognizing,

evaluation, and controlling occupational health and safety hazards.
21 VITAL COMPONENTSEffective health and safety program is the commitment of Senior

Management and Line Management.Includes visible involvement; assignment of authority as
well as the responsibility to carry out the health and safety program.
22 IH PROGRAM ELEMENTS Written Program/Policy Statement

Hazard Recognition ProceduresHazard Evaluation and Exposure AssessmentHazard
ControlEmployee TrainingEmployee InvolvementProgram Evaluation and
AuditRecordkeeping
23 OST TEAM COMPONENTS Industrial Hygienist Safety Professional

Occupational Health NurseOccupational Medicine PhysicianEmployeesSenior Line
Management
24 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTIndustrial Hygienists are occupational health professionals

concerned primarily with the control of environmental stresses or occupational health hazards
that arise as a result of or during the course of work.
25 SAFETY PROFESSIONALSpecialized knowledge in the physical and social

sciencesUnderstand factors contributing accident occurrence along with motivation, behavior
and communication to control safety hazardsPotential combination of IH and Safety positions
due to relatively common responsibilities
26 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE

Key to delivery of comprehensive health care services to workersFocused on promotion,
protection, and restoration of workers’ health within the context of the work
environmentCritical link between employee’s health status, work process, and the
determination of employee ability to do job.Case management approach to return injured
employees to work on a timely basis
27 OCCUPATIONAL PHYSICIAN
Goal is to prevent occupational illness and when illness occurs, to restore employee health
within the context of a health and safe workplaceRegulations require medical surveillance
programs with specific criteriaDetermination of work-relatedness of disease
28 OTHER COMPONENTSEmployeeSafety and Health Committee
84
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Sahyadri College of Fire Engineering & Safety Management, Nashik

Subject : INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ( 23115)

Ans :- Schedule III

LIST OF NOTIFIABLE DISEASES

3. Phosphorus poisoning or its sequelae.

4. Mercury poisoning or its sequelae.

5. Manganese poisoning or its sequelae.

6. Arsenic poisoning or its sequelae.

7. Poisoning by nitrous fumes.

8. Carbon bisulphide poisoning.

10. Chrome ulceration or its sequelae.

14. Pathological manifestations due to-

(a) radium or other radioactive substances;

15. Primary epitheliomatous cancer of the skin.

16. Toxic anaemia.

17. Toxic jaundice due to poisonous substances.

22. Noise induced hearing loss (exposures to high noise levels).]

24. Carbon monoxide.

25. Coal miner's pneumoconiosis.

26. Phosgene poisoning.

27. Occupational cancer.

28. Isocyanates poisoning.

29. Toxic nephritis.]

Q2. Give list of contents of Frist-aid box.

Your basic first aid kit

A basic first aid kit may contain:

 alcohol-free cleansing wipes

Q3. How respiratory personal protective equipment are selected.

Ans :- Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)

Seven Elements of a Respiratory Programme

Q4. Explain auditory and non-auditory ill-effects of noise on human health.

Ans :- Non-auditory effects of noise on health

Noise and sleep disturbance

Noise exposure and performance

Noise and cardiovascular disease

Physiological responses to noise exposure

Noise exposure causes a number of predictable short-term physiological responses mediated

Occupational studies: noise and high blood pressure

Noise and cardiovascular disease in the community

Endocrine responses to noise

Noise and psychiatric disorder

Noise exposure and psychological symptoms

Noise and common mental disorder

Acoustic predictors of noise annoyance in community surveys

Combined effects of noise exposure and other stressors

Q5. Write importance of good housekeeping and maintenance for industrial

5 practices to maintain the hygiene standards at restaurants

2) Staffs maintaining personal hygiene

3) Sanitizer for kitchen equipment

4) Developing restaurant hygiene checklist

Q6. Explain application of ergonomics in industry for SHE with example.

Ans What Is Ergonomics?

Ergonomics is the study of people's efficiency in their working environment. This

Ergonomics is mainly classified into 3 parts namely -

Physical Ergonomics - It mainly concerns with human anatomy.

Cognitive Ergonomics - It concerns with mental processes.

Organisational Ergonomics - It concerns with optimization of socio-technical systems.

So while designing any workplace or an equipment or a device, ergonomics needs to be

For a simple example, the difference between a conventional chair and an

This is a conventional chair with no hand rests and no cushioning etc.

Q7. Explain stroboscopic effect.

Q8. Explain control of heat exposure at source with one example.

 Air conditioning (such as air-conditioned crane or construction equipment cabs, air

 Employers should have an emergency plan in place that specifies what to do if a