International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

國際機能、失能和健康分類
International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health
王顏和譯
衛生署委託「國際健康功能與身心障礙分類系統-兒童與青少年版推動計畫」99M4073
International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health
王顏和譯
衛生署委託「國際健康功能與身心障礙分類系統-兒童與青少年版推動計畫」99M4073
目錄 Contents 頁數
ICF 簡介 A. Introduction 1
1.背景 1. Background 2
2. ICF 的目的 2. Aims of ICF 6
3. ICF 的特性 3. Properties of ICF 8
4. ICF 要素概述 4. Overview of ICF components 12
5.機能與失能的模式 5. Model of Functioning and Disability 24
6. ICF 的使用 6. Use of ICF 28
第一層級分類 B. One-level classification 35
第二層級分類 C. Two-level classification 39
ICF 詳細分類及定義 D. Detailed classification with definitions 65
身體功能 Body Functions 66
身體結構 Body Structures 146
活動和參與 Activities and Participation 168
環境因素 Environmental Factors 234
ICF 附錄 E. Annexes 287
1.分類學和術語學議題 1. Taxonomic and terminological issues 288
2. ICF 編碼指引 2. Guidelines for coding ICF 298
3.可能使用的活動和參與表單 3. Possible uses of the Activities and Participation list 320
4.個案例子 4. Case examples 326
5. ICF 與身心障礙者 5. ICF and people with disabilities 332
6.使用 ICF 的倫理指引 6. Ethical guidelines for the use of ICF 336
7.修訂過程摘要 7. Summary of the revision process 338
8. ICF 的未來方向 8. Future directions for the ICF 344
9.建議理想和最小健康資訊系統 9. Suggested ICF data requirements for ideal and 348
或調查的 ICF 資料需求 minimal health information systems or surveys
10.致謝 10. Acknowledgements 358
ICF 索引 F. Index 359
ICF
簡介
Introduction
ICF 簡介
1. 背景
本書卷包含國際機能、失能和健康分類 (International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health)，以ICF知名。1 ICF分類全面目的在於提供統一和標準的語言和架
構以描述健康與其健康相關狀態，它界定健康與幸福的一些健康相關要素(如教育與勞
動)。因此，ICF所包含的範疇可看成健康範疇與健康相關範疇。這些範疇從身體、個體
和社會的觀點以兩個基本表單來描述：(1)身體功能和結構；及(2)活動和參與。2 作為分
類，ICF對於每人在特定健康狀況下，有系統地歸類出不同範疇3 (如有疾病或疾患的人
所做或能做)。機能係一傘式術語涵括所有身體功能、活動和參與；同樣地，失能係作
為損傷、活動限制或參與受限的傘式術語。ICF也列出所有這些建構互動的環境因素。
這樣，它便能讓使用者記錄個體機能、失能和健康在各種範疇的有用概況。
ICF 屬於世界衛生組織(WHO)為健康不同方面的應用而發展出的國際分類「家族」
。WHO
的國際分類家族提供一架構以編碼關於健康廣泛範圍的資訊(如診斷、機能和失能、接
觸健康服務的原因)，並允許跨世界各種學科和科學對關於健康及健康照顧能使用標準
化共同語言來溝通。
註解：
1
此正文代表國際損傷、失能和殘障分類(International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities, and Handicaps, ICIDH)的修訂版，這是由世界衛生組織為試驗目的在 1980
年第一次出版。它是過去五年來藉系統性實地試驗和國際諮詢所發展，在 2001 年 5 月
22 日第 54 屆世界衛生大會認可為國際使用(WHA54.21 號決議)。
2
這些術語，取代從前使用的術語「損傷」
、「失能」和「殘障」
，擴展分類的範圍以容許
描述正向經驗。新術語在本簡介有進一步定義，並在分類中詳述。應該注意的是，這
些術語在使用上有特定意義，可能有別於日常所使用者。
3
範疇是相關生理功能、解剖結構、動作、任務、或生活領域的實用且有意義的集組。
2
1. Background
This volume contains the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health,
known as ICF.1 The overall aim of the ICF classification is to provide a unified and standard
language and framework for the description of health and health-related states. It defines
components of health and some health-related components of well-being (such as education
and labour). The domains contained in ICF can, therefore, be seen as health domains and
health-related domains. These domains are described from the perspective of the body, the
individual and society in two basic lists: (1) Body Functions and Structures; and (2) Activities
and Participation.2 As a classification, ICF systematically groups different domains3 for a
person in a given health condition (e.g. what a person with a disease or disorder does do or
can do). Functioning is an umbrella term encompassing all body functions, activities and
participation; similarly, disability serves as an umbrella term for impairments, activity
limitations or participation restrictions. ICF also lists environmental factors that interact with
all these constructs. In this way, it enables the user to record useful profiles of individuals’
functioning, disability and health in various domains.
ICF belongs to the “family” of international classifications developed by the World Health
Organization (WHO) for application to various aspects of health. The WHO family of
international classifications provides a framework to code a wide range of information about
health (e.g. diagnosis, functioning and disability, reasons for contact with health services) and
uses a standardized common language permitting communication about health and health care
across the world in various disciplines and sciences.
Note:
1
The text represents a revision of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities,
and Handicaps (ICIDH), which was first published by the World Health Organization for
trial purposes in 1980. Developed after systematic field trials and international consultation
over the past five years, it was endorsed by the Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly for
international use on 22 May 2001 (resolution WHA54.21).
2
These terms, which replace the formerly used terms “impairment”, “disability” and
“handicap” , extend the scope of the classification to allow positive experiences to be
described. The new terms are further defined in this Introduction and are detailed within the
classification. It should be noted that these terms are used with specific meanings that may
differ from their everyday usage.
3
A domain is a practical and meaningful set of related physiological functions, anatomical
structures, actions, tasks, or areas of life.
3
ICF 簡介
在WHO的國際分類，健康狀況(疾病、疾患、傷害等)主要在ICD-10(國際疾病分類第十
版的簡寫)分類，4 它提供病因學架構。機能和失能關聯健康狀況分類在ICF。ICD-10和ICF
因而互補，5 並鼓勵使用者一起利用這兩個WHO國際分類家族的成員。ICD-10提供疾
病、疾患或其他健康狀況的「診斷」，而這資訊能豐富ICF在機能賦予的附加資訊。6兩
者併用，診斷加上機能的資訊提供人們或族群健康更廣泛及更有意義的圖畫，並能使用
在決策目的。
WHO國際分類家族提供有用的工具以描述和比較國際情境族群的健康。死亡率(ICD-10
提供)和健康成效(ICF提供)的資訊可結合作族群健康彙總測量，以監測族群健康與其分
佈，並也評量不同原因死亡率和發病率的作用。
ICF已從「疾病後果」分類(1980版本)移轉成「健康要素」分類。「健康要素」確認健康
的成分，而「後果」聚焦在疾病或其他健康狀況接著的結果造成的衝擊。所以，ICF關
於病因採中立立場，使研究者能用適當科學方法作出因果推論。同樣地，這取向也與「健
康決定因子」或「風險因素」取向不同。為促進決定因子或風險因素的研究，ICF包括
環境因素表單以描述個體生活的情境。
註解：
4
國際疾病與相關健康問題統計分類，第 10 版，1-3 冊，日內瓦，世界衛生組織，1992-1994。
5
認識ICD-10 和ICF間的重疊也是很重要的，兩分類都始自身體系統。損傷提及身體結構
和功能，這通常是「疾病進程」的一部分，且因此也用於ICD-10。然而，ICD-10 使用
損傷(如症狀與病徵)作為「疾病」形成群集的一部分，或有時作為接觸健康服務的理由，
然而ICF系統使用損傷作為身體功能和結構關聯健康狀況的問題。
6
有相同疾病的兩個人可能有不同層級的機能，而有相同層級機能的兩個人不必然有相
同的健康狀況。因此，聯合使用可在醫療用途提高資料品質。使用ICF時不應越過正規
診斷程序。在其他用途，ICF可單獨使用。
4
In WHO’s international classifications, health conditions (diseases, disorders, injuries, etc.)
are classified primarily in ICD-10 (shorthand for the International Classification of Diseases,
Tenth Revision),4 which provides an etiological framework. Functioning and disability
associated with health conditions are classified in ICF. ICD-10 and ICF are therefore
complementary,5 and users are encouraged to utilize these two members of the WHO family
of international classifications together. ICD-10 provides a “diagnosis” of diseases, disorders
or other health conditions, and this information is enriched by the additional information
given by ICF on functioning.6 Together, information on diagnosis plus functioning provides a
broader and more meaningful picture of the health of people or populations, which can then
be used for decision-making purposes.
The WHO family of international classifications provides a valuable tool to describe and
compare the health of populations in an international context. The information on mortality
(provided by ICD-10) and on health outcomes (provided by ICF) may be combined in
summary measures of population health for monitoring the health of populations and its
distribution, and also for assessing the contributions of different causes of mortality and
morbidity.
ICF has moved away from being a “consequences of disease” classification (1980 version) to
become a “components of health” classification. “Components of health” identifies the
constituents of health, whereas “consequences” focuses on the impacts of diseases or other
health conditions that may follow as a result. Thus, ICF takes a neutral stand with regard to
etiology so that researchers can draw causal inferences using appropriate scientific methods.
Similarly, this approach is also different from a “determinants of health” or “risk factors”
approach. To facilitate the study of determinants or risk factors, ICF includes a list of
environmental factors that describe the context in which individuals live.
Note:
4
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth
Revision, Vols. 1-3. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992-1994.
5
It is also important to recognize the overlap between ICD-10 and ICF. Both classifications
begin with the body systems. Impairments refer to body structures and functions, which are
usually parts of the “disease process” and are therefore also used in the ICD-10. Nevertheless,
ICD-10 uses impairments (as signs and symptoms) as parts of a constellation that forms a
“disease”, or sometimes as reasons for contact with health services, whereas the ICF system
uses impairments as problems of body functions and structures associated with health
conditions.
6
Two persons with the same disease can have different levels of functioning, and two persons
with the same level of functioning do not necessarily have the same health condition. Hence,
joint use enhances data quality for medical purposes. Use of ICF should not bypass regular
diagnostic procedures. In other uses, ICF may be used alone.
5
ICF 簡介
2. ICF的目的
ICF是一多用途的分類，設計來服務各種學科和不同部門。其特定目的可摘要如下：
• 提供科學性基礎以瞭解和研究健康與健康相關狀態、成效和決定因子；
• 建立共通語言以描述健康與健康相關狀態，以便改進不同使用者間的溝通，如健康照
顧工作者、研究員、政策決定者和公眾，包括身心障礙者；
• 允許跨國家、健康照顧學科、服務和時間資料的比較；
• 提供健康資訊系統一系統性編碼方案。
這些目的是互相關聯的，因為ICF的需求和使用需要建構一有意義且實用的系統以能供
不同文化的健康政策、品質保險和成效評估的各種消費者使用。
2.1 ICF的應用
因在1980年所出版為試驗版本，ICIDH曾使用在各種用途，例如：
• 作為統計工具 - 收集和記錄資料(如人口研究和調查或管理資訊系統)；
• 作為研究工具 - 測量成效、生活品質或環境因素；
• 作為臨床工具 - 需求評量、特殊狀況下配合治療、職業評量、復健和成效評估；
• 作為社會政策工具 - 社會安全計畫、補償系統、及政策設計和實施；
• 作為教育工具 - 課程設計及喚起覺識和從事社會行動。
由於ICF原本是健康與健康相關的分類，它也被各部門使用，如保險、社會安全、勞動、
教育、經濟、社會政策和一般立法發展、及環境改造。它被接受為聯合國社會分類之一，
並參照且結合身心障礙者機會平等標準規則。7 因此，ICF對於實施指定國際人權授權與
國家立法提供一適當工具。
ICF對廣泛範圍的不同應用很有用，例如社會安全、管理健康照顧評估，及地方、國家
和國際層級的人口調查。它提供資訊的概念架構，其可應用於個人健康照顧，包括預防、
健康推展、與去除或減輕社會障礙來增進參與，並鼓勵提供社會支持和促進因子。就評
估和政策規劃兩者而言，它在健康照顧系統的研究也很有用。
註解：
7
身心障礙者機會平等標準規則，聯合國一般大會 1993 年 12 月 20 日第 48 會期採納(決
議 48/96)，紐約，聯合國通訊部，1994。
6
2. Aims of ICF
ICF is a multipurpose classification designed to serve various disciplines and different sectors.
Its specific aims can be summarized as follows:
• to provide a scientific basis for understanding and studying health and health-related states,
outcomes and determinants;
• to establish a common language for describing health and health-related states in order to
improve communication between different users, such as health care workers, researchers,
policy-makers and the public, including people with disabilities;
• to permit comparison of data across countries, health care disciplines, services and time;
• to provide a systematic coding scheme for health information systems.
These aims are interrelated, since the need for and uses of ICF require the construction of a
meaningful and practical system that can be used by various consumers for health policy,
quality assurance and outcome evaluation in different cultures.
2.1 Applications of ICF
Since its publication as a trial version in 1980, ICIDH has been used for various purposes, for
example:
• as a statistical tool - in the collection and recording of data (e.g. in population studies and
surveys or in management information systems);
• as a research tool - to measure outcomes, quality of life or environmental factors;
• as a clinical tool - in needs assessment, matching treatments with specific conditions,
vocational assessment, rehabilitation and outcome evaluation;
• as a social policy tool - in social security planning, compensation systems and policy design
and implementation;
• as an educational tool - in curriculum design and to raise awareness and undertake social
action.
Since ICF is inherently a health and health-related classification it is also used by sectors such
as insurance, social security, labour, education, economics, social policy and general
legislation development, and environmental modification. It has been accepted as one of the
United Nations social classifications and is referred to in and incorporates The Standard Rules
on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities.7 Thus, ICF provides an
appropriate instrument for the implementation of stated international human rights mandates
as well as national legislation.
ICF is useful for a broad spectrum of different applications, for example social security,
evaluation in managed health care, and population surveys at local, national and international
levels. It offers a conceptual framework for information that is applicable to personal health
care, including prevention, health promotion, and the improvement of participation by
removing or mitigating societal hindrances and encouraging the provision of social supports
and facilitators. It is also useful for the study of health care systems, in terms of both
evaluation and policy formulation.
Note:
7
The Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities.
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its 48th session on 20 December 1993
(resolution 48/96). New York, NY, United Nations Department of Public Information, 1994.
7
ICF 簡介
3. ICF的特性
分類對於其所分類應該清楚：它的整體性、它的範圍、它的分類單位、它的組織、及這
些元素就其彼此關係而言如何建造。下列節段解釋這些ICF的基本特性。
3.1 ICF的整體性
ICF涵括各方面人類健康與幸福的一些健康相關要素，並以健康範疇與健康相關範疇術
語來描述它們。8 這分類保持健康的廣泛情境，並不涵蓋非健康相關的情況，如那些社
會經濟因素所引起者。例如，因為他們的種族、性別、宗教、或其他社會經濟特徵，人
們在其現時環境執行某任務可能受到限制，但這些並非如ICF所分類之健康相關的參與
受限。
有一廣泛持有的誤解，就是ICF只關於身心障礙者；事實上，它關於所有的人。健康與
健康相關狀態關聯的所有健康狀況都能用ICF描述。換句話說，ICF是整體性應用。9
3.2 ICF的範圍
ICF提供關於人類機能與其受限處境的描述，並作為組織這些資訊的架構。它建造資訊
成一有意義、互有關聯且容易使用的方式。
ICF組織資訊成兩分部。第一分部處理機能和失能，而第二分部涵蓋情境因素。每一分
部有兩個要素：
1.機能和失能的要素
身體要素包含兩分類，一是身體系統的功能，另一是身體結構。這兩分類章節係按照身
體系統來編排。
活動和參與要素涵蓋代表從個體和社會兩者觀點的機能方面範疇的完整範圍。
2.情境因素的要素
環境因素表單是情境因素的第一個要素。環境因素衝擊機能和失能的所有要素，而且從
個體最近周遭環境到一般環境的次序來組織。
個人因素也是情境因素的要素，但它並未在 ICF 分類，因為關聯它們有很大的社會和文

化差異。
ICF第一分部的機能和失能要素可以兩種方式來表達。一方面它們能用來指明問題(如損
傷、活動限制及參與受限總結在傘式術語失能之下)；另一方面它們能指明非問題(如健
康與健康相關狀態的中立觀點總結在傘式術語機能之下)。
註解：
8
健康範疇的例子包括視覺、聽覺、行走、學習和記憶，而健康相關範疇的例子包括運
輸、教育和社會互動。
9
Bickenbach JE, Chatterji S, Badley EM, Üstün TB. Models of disablement, universalism and
the ICIDH, Social Science and Medicine, 1999, 48:1173-1187。
8
3. Properties of ICF
A classification should be clear about what it classifies: its universe, its scope, its units of
classification, its organization, and how these elements are structured in terms of their relation
to each other. The following sections explain these basic properties of ICF.
3.1 Universe of ICF
ICF encompasses all aspects of human health and some health-relevant components of
well-being and describes them in terms of health domains and health-related domains.8 The
classification remains in the broad context of health and does not cover circumstances that are
not health-related, such as those brought about by socioeconomic factors. For example,
because of their race, gender, religion or other socioeconomic characteristics people may be
restricted in their execution of a task in their current environment, but these are not
health-related restrictions of participation as classified in ICF.
There is a widely held misunderstanding that ICF is only about people with disabilities; in
fact, it is about all people. The health and health-related states associated with all health
conditions can be described using ICF. In other words, ICF has universal application.9
3.2 Scope of ICF
ICF provides a description of situations with regard to human functioning and its restrictions
and serves as a framework to organize this information. It structures the information in a
meaningful, interrelated and easily accessible way.
ICF organizes information in two parts. Part 1 deals with Functioning and Disability, while
Part 2 covers Contextual Factors. Each part has two components:
1. Components of Functioning and Disability
The Body component comprises two classifications, one for functions of body systems, and
one for body structures. The chapters in both classifications are organized according to the
body systems.
The Activities and Participation component covers the complete range of domains denoting
aspects of functioning from both an individual and a societal perspective.
2. Components of Contextual Factors
A list of Environmental Factors is the first component of Contextual Factors. Environmental
factors have an impact on all components of functioning and disability and are organized in
sequence from the individual’s most immediate environment to the general environment.
Personal Factors is also a component of Contextual Factors but they are not classified in ICF
because of the large social and cultural variance associated with them.
The components of Functioning and Disability in Part 1 of ICF can be expressed in two ways.
On the one hand, they can be used to indicate problems (e.g. impairment, activity limitation or
participation restriction summarized under the umbrella term disability); on the other hand,
they can indicate nonproblematic (i.e. neutral aspects of health and health-related states
summarized under the umbrella term functioning).
Note:
8
Examples of health domains include seeing, hearing, walking, learning and remembering,
while examples of health-related domains include transportation, education and social
interactions.
9
Bickenbach JE, Chatterji S, Badley EM, Üstün TB. Models of disablement, universalism and
the ICIDH, Social Science and Medicine, 1999, 48:1173-1187.
9
ICF 簡介
這些機能和失能的要素可以用四個分離但相關的建構來詮釋，這些建構用限定值來操
作。身體功能和結構可以用生理系統或解剖結構的改變來詮釋。而活動和參與要素，有
兩個建構可用：容能和表現 (參考4.2段)。
一個人的機能和失能被認為是健康狀況(疾病、疾患、傷害、外傷等)和情境因素間的動
態互動。10 如上所指，情境因素包括個人和環境因素兩者。ICF包括環境因素的綜合表
單，作為分類的必要要素。環境因素與機能和失能的所有要素互動，環境因素要素的基
本建構是自然、社會和態度世界特色的促進性或妨礙性衝擊。
3.3 分類單位
ICF對健康與健康相關狀態作分類，因此，分類單位在健康與健康相關範疇是類目。因
此，重要的是要注意，在ICF個人並非分類單位；那就是，ICF並不分類人們，而是描述
每個人在健康與健康相關範疇系列內的處境。此外，描述所為經常是在環境和個人因素
的情境下。
3.4 ICF的呈現
ICF呈現兩種版本，以便符合不同使用者對各種層級細節的需要。
ICF完整版，如本書卷所包含，提供四個層級細節的分類。這四個層級能聚集成一較高
層級分類系統，此包括第二層級的所有範疇。這兩層級系統就是也可用的ICF簡短版。
註解：
10
這互動可視為取決於使用者的過程或結果。
10
These components of functioning and disability are interpreted by means of four separate but
related constructs. These constructs are operationalized by using qualifiers. Body functions
and structures can be interpreted by means of changes in physiological systems or in
anatomical structures. For the Activities and Participation component, two constructs are
available: capacity and performance (see section 4.2).
A person’s functioning and disability is conceived as a dynamic interaction10 between health
conditions (diseases, disorders, injuries, traumas, etc.) and contextual factors. As indicate
above, Contextual Factors include both personal and environmental factors. ICF includes a
comprehensive list of environmental factors as an essential component of the classification.
Environmental factors interact with all the components of functioning and disability. The
basic construct of the Environmental Factors component is the facilitating or hindering impact
of features of the physical, social and attitudinal world.
3.3 Unit of classification
ICF classifies health and health-related states. The unit of classification is, therefore,
categories within health and health-related domains. It is important to note, therefore, that in
ICF persons are not the units of classification; that is, ICF does not classify people, but
describes the situation of each person within an array of health or health-related domains.
Moreover, the description is always made within the context of environmental and personal
factors.
3.4 Presentation of ICF
ICF is presented in two versions in order to meet the needs of different users for varying
levels of detail.
The full version of ICF, as contained in this volume, provides classification at four levels of
detail. These four levels can be aggregated into a higher-level classification system that
includes all the domains at the second level. The two-level system is also available as a short
version of ICF.
Note:
10
This interaction can be viewed as a process or a result depending on the user.
11
ICF 簡介
4. ICF要素概述
定義11
在健康情境：
身體功能係指身體系統的生理功能(包括心理功能)。
身體結構係指身體的解剖部分，如器官、肢體與其要素。
損傷係指身體功能或結構的問題，如顯著偏差或喪失。
活動係指個體執行任務或行動。
參與係指涉及生活處境。
活動限制係指個體執行活動時可能有的困難。
參與受限係指個體涉及生活處境時可能經歷的問題。
環境因素係指構成人們生活與引導其生活的自然、社會、和態度環境。
這些概念的概述見於表一；它們在第5.1段會以操作性術語進一步解釋。如表所示：
• ICF 有兩分部，每一分部有兩要素：
第一分部：機能和失能
(a)身體機能和結構
(b)活動和參與
第二分部：情境因素
(c)環境因素
(d)個人因素
• 每一要素可以正向和負向兩種術語表達。
• 每一要素由各種範疇組成，且在每一範疇內，類目為分類的單位。個體的健康與健康
相關狀態可挑選適當的類目代碼或諸代碼來記錄，再接著加入限定值，此為數值代碼
以明定該類目機能或失能的程度或大小，或環境因素是促進因子或阻礙因子的程度。
註解：
11
也見於附錄一分類學與術語學議題。
12
4. Overview of ICF components
DEFINITIONS11
In the context of health:
Body functions are the physiological functions of body systems (including psychological
functions).
Body structures are anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their
components.
Impairments are problems in body function or structure such as a significant deviation or
loss.
Activity is the execution of a task or action by an individual.
Participation is involvement in a life situation.
Activity limitations are difficulties an individual may have in executing activities.
Participation restrictions are problems an individual may experience in involvement in
life situations.
Environmental factors make up the physical, social and attitudinal environment in which
people live and conduct their lives.
An overview of these concepts is given in Table 1; they are explained further in operational
terms in section 5.1. As the table indicates:
• ICF has two parts, each with two components:
Part 1. Functioning and Disability
(a) Body Functions and Structures
(b) Activities and Participation
Part 2. Contextual Factors
(c) Environmental Factors
(d) Personal Factors
• Each component can be expressed in both positive and negative terms.
• Each component consists of various domains and, within each domain, categories, which
are the units of classification. Health and health-related states of an individual may be
recorded by selecting the appropriate category code or codes and then adding qualifiers,
which are numeric codes that specify the extent or the magnitude of the functioning or
disability in that category, or the extent to which an environmental factor is a facilitator or
barrier.
Note:
11
See also Annex 1, Taxonomic and Terminological Issues.
13
ICF 簡介
表 1. ICF 概述
第一分部：機能和失能第二分部：情境因素
要素身體功能和結構活動和參與環境因素個人因素
身體功能生活領域機能和失能的機能和失能的
範疇
身體結構 (任務、行動) 外在影響內在影響
身體功能改變容能自然、社會、態度個人屬性的衝擊
(生理) 標準環境執行任務世界特色的
建構促進或妨礙衝擊
身體結構改變表現
(解剖) 現時環境執行任務
功能和結構完整性活動
正向方面參與促進因子不適用
機能
損傷活動限制
負向方面參與受限阻礙因子/妨礙不適用
失能
4.1 身體功能和結構及損傷
定義：身體功能係指身體系統的生理功能(包括心理功能)。
(1)身體功能和身體結構分類在兩個不同節段，這兩分類設計為平行使用。例如，身體功
能包括基本人類感覺，如「視覺功能」，而其關聯結構以「眼睛與相關結構」形式存
在。
(2)「身體」提及人類器官為全體；因此它包括腦部與其功能，如心思。心智(或心理)功
能因此被包含在身體功能之下。
(3)身體功能和結構係根據身體系統來分類；因此，身體結構不能視為器官。12
註解：
12
雖然 1980 年版本的ICIDH提到器官層級，但「器官」的定義並不清楚。傳統上眼睛和
耳朵被視為器官；然而，確認和界定它們的界線是困難的，而且肢體和內在器官也同
樣如此。取代「器官」取向，這暗示著實體的存在或身體內的單位，ICF用「身體結構」
來取代這個術語。
14
Table 1. An overview of ICF
Part 1: Functioning and Disability Part 2: Contextual Factors
Body Functions and Activities and Environmental Personal Factors
Components
Structures Participation Factors
Body functions Life areas External influences Internal influences
Domains Body structures (tasks, actions) on functioning and on functioning and
disability disability
Change in body Capacity Facilitating or Impact of attributes
functions Executing tasks hindering impact of of the person
(physiological) in a standard features of the
environment physical, social, and
Constructs attitudinal world
Change in body Performance
structures Executing tasks
(anatomical) in the current
environment
Functional and Activities
Positive structural integrity Participation Facilitators not applicable
aspect
Functioning
Impairment Activity limitation
Negative Participation Barriers/
not applicable
aspect restriction hindrances
Disability
4.1 Body Functions and Structures and impairments

Definitions: Body functions are the physiological functions of body systems (including
psychological functions).
Body structures are anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their
components.
Impairments are problems in body function or structure as a significant
deviation or loss.
(1) Body functions and body structures are classified in two different sections. These two
classifications are designed for use in parallel. For example, body functions include basic
human senses such as “seeing functions” and their structural correlates exist in the form of
“eye and related structures”.
(2) “Body” refers to the human organism as a whole; hence it includes the brain and its
functions, i.e. the mind. Mental (or psychological) functions are therefore subsumed under
body functions.
(3) Body functions and structures are classified according to body systems; consequently,
body structures are not considered as organs.12
Note:
12
Although organ level was mentioned in the 1980 version of ICIDH, the definition of an
“organ” is not clear. The eye and ear are traditionally considered as organs; however, it is
difficult to identify and define their boundaries, and the same is true of extremities and
internal organs. Instead of an approach by “organ”, which implies the existence of an entity
or unit within the body, ICF replaces this term with “body structure”.
15
ICF 簡介
(4)結構的損傷可涉及身體結構的異常、缺陷、喪失、或其他顯著偏差。損傷曾被概念化
與組織或細胞層級及次細胞或分子層級生物學知識是一致的。然而，為了實務理由，
這些層級未被列出。13 損傷的生物學基礎引導分類，且使細胞和分子層級的分類可能
有擴充的空間。對醫療使用者，應該注意損傷並不等同於潛伏的病理，卻為病理的顯
現。
(5)損傷代表偏離於身體與其功能在生物醫學狀態某些普遍接受的族群標準，且所進行的
成分的定義主要是由那些合格者根據這些標準來判斷身體和心智機能。
(6)損傷可以是暫時或永久的；漸進、退行或靜態的；間歇或連續的。對於族群正常值的
偏離可以是輕微或嚴重的，且可能隨時間變動。擷取這些特徵主要是在代碼上藉點號
後限定值作進一步描述。
(7)損傷在病因或其如何發展並非偶發；例如，視覺或肢體喪失可能是基因異常或傷害所
引起。損傷的存在必然地暗示原因；然而，這原因可能不足以解釋所造成的損傷。又，
當有損傷時，就是身體功能或結構的功能障礙，但這可能與任何不同的疾病、疾患或
生理狀態相關。
(8)損傷可能是健康狀況的部分或表現，但不必然指明疾病存在或個體應該被視為生病。
(9)損傷的範圍比疾患或疾病更廣泛且更周延；例如，喪失一條腿是身體結構的損傷，但
並不是疾患或疾病。
(10)損傷可能導致其他損傷，例如，肌力缺乏可能減損動作功能，心臟功能可能與呼吸
功能不足相關，而知覺減損可能與思想功能相關。
(11)一些身體功能和結構要素類目與ICD-10類目似乎重疊，特別是關於症狀與病徵。然
而這兩種分類的目的並不一樣。ICD-10將症狀分類在特別章節以記錄罹病率或服務使
用；反之ICF以身體功能的部分來顯示它們，其能用來預防或確認病人的需要。最重
要的，ICF身體功能和結構分類是有意與活動和參與類目一起使用。
(12)損傷是用已定義的確認標準作適當類目的分類(如依據閾值為存在或不存在)，身體
功能和結構的這些標準是相同的。它們是：(a)喪失或缺乏；(b)減少；(c)增加或過度；
和(d)偏差。一旦損傷出現，它能用ICF中通用限定值在其嚴重性方面作出衡量。
(13)環境因素與身體功能交互作用，如空氣品質和呼吸、光線和視覺、聲音和聽覺、分
心刺激和注意力、地板材質和平衡、及周圍溫度和身體溫度調節間的交互作用。
註解：
13
如此使用ICF完整版來編碼的損傷應該被其他人或直接觀察或從觀察推論有關的人所
偵測到或注意到。
16
(4) Impairments of structure can involve an anomaly, defect, loss or other significant
deviation in body structures. Impairments have been conceptualized in congruence with
biological knowledge at the level of tissues or cells and at the subcellular or molecular
level. For practical reasons, however, these levels are not listed.13 The biological
foundations of impairments have guided the classification and there may be room for
expanding the classification at the cellular or molecular levels. For medical users, it
should be noted that impairments are not the same as the underlying pathology, but are the
manifestations of that pathology.
(5) Impairments represent a deviation from certain generally accepted population standards in
the biomedical status of the body and its functions, and definition of their constituents is
undertaken primarily by those qualified to judge physical and mental functioning
according to these standards.
(6) Impairments can be temporary or permanent; progressive, regressive or static; intermittent
or continuous. The deviation from the population norm may be slight or severe and may
fluctuate over time. These characteristics are captured in further descriptions, mainly in
the codes, by means of qualifiers after the point.
(7) Impairments are not contingent on etiology or how they are developed; for example, loss
of vision or a limb may arise from a genetic abnormality or an injury. The presence of an
impairment necessarily implies a cause; however, the cause may not be sufficient to
explain the resulting impairment. Also, when there is an impairment, there is a
dysfunction in body functions or structures, but this may be related to any of the various
diseases, disorders or physiological states.
(8) Impairments may be part or an expression of a health condition, but do not necessarily
indicate that a disease is present or that the individual should be regarded as sick.
(9) Impairments are broader and more inclusive in scope than disorders or diseases; for
example, the loss of a leg is an impairment of body structure, but not a disorder or a
disease.
(10) Impairments may result in other impairments; for example, a lack of muscle power may
impair movement functions, heart functions may relate to deficit in respiratory functions,
and impaired perception may relate to thought functions.
(11) Some categories of the Body Functions and Structures component and the ICD-10
categories seem to overlap, particularly with regard to symptoms and signs. However, the
purposes of the two classifications are different. ICD-10 classifies symptoms in special
chapters to document morbidity or service utilization, whereas ICF shows them as part of
the body functions, which may be used for prevention or identifying patients’ needs. Most
importantly, in ICF the Body Functions and Structures classification is intended to be used
along with the Activities and Participation categories.
(12) Impairments are classified in the appropriate categories using defined identification
criteria (e.g. as present or absent according to a threshold level). These criteria are the
same for body functions and structures. They are: (a) loss or lack; (b) reduction; (c)
addition or excess; and (d) deviation. Once an impairment is present, it may be scaled in
terms of its severity using the generic qualifier in the ICF.
(13) Environmental factors interact with body functions, as in the interactions between air
quality and breathing, light and seeing, sounds and hearing, distracting stimuli and
attention, ground texture and balance, and ambient temperature and body temperature
regulation.
Note:
13
Thus impairments coded using the full version of ICF should be detectable or noticeable by
others or the person concerned by direct observation or by inference from observation.
17
ICF 簡介
4.2 活動和參與/活動限制和參與受限
定義：活動係指個體執行任務或行動。
(1)活動和參與要素的範疇列於單一表單，其涵蓋生活領域的全部範圍(從基本學習或觀
察到複合領域，如人際互動或就業)。該要素可用來表示活動 (a) 或參與 (p) 或兩者，
這要素的範疇由表現和容能兩個限定值來限定。因此，從表單所收集的資訊提供資
料矩陣並不重疊或多餘(見表2)。
表2. 活動和參與：資訊矩陣
範疇限定值
表現容能
d1 學習和應用知識
d2 一般任務和需求
d3 溝通
d4 移動
d5 自我照顧
d6 居家生活
d7 人際互動和關係
d8 主要生活領域
d9 社區、社交和公民生活
(2)表現限定值描述一個體在他或她的現時環境之所為，因為現時環境包括社會情境，
表現也可理解為人們在其所生活實際情境的「涉及生活處境」或「生活經驗」。14 這
情境包括環境因素 – 各方面的自然、社會與態度世界，其可用環境因素要素來編碼。
註解：
14
「參與」的定義引進涉入的概念，一些提議的「涉入」定義結合參加、被包括或從事
於生活領域、被接受、或接近需要的資源。在表 2 的資訊矩陣中，參與唯一可能指標
是透過表現來編碼，這不意味參與自動地等於表現。涉入的概念也應該與涉入的主觀
經驗(「歸屬」感)加以區辨。使用者想要對涉入個別地編碼應該參照附錄二編碼指引。
18
4.2 Activities and Participation/activity limitations and participation restrictions
Definitions: Activity is the execution of a task or action by an individual.
Activity limitations are difficulties an individual may have in executing
activities.
Participation restrictions are problems an individual may experience in
involvement in life situations.
(1) The domains for the Activities and Participation component are given in a single list that
covers the full range of life areas (from basic learning or watching to composite areas such
as interpersonal interactions or employment). The component can be used to denote
activities (a) or participation (p) or both. The domains of this component are qualified by
the two qualifiers of performance and capacity. Hence, the information gathered from the
list provides a data matrix that has no overlap or redundancy (see Table 2).
Table 2. Activities and Participation: information matrix
Domains Qualifiers
Performance Capacity
d1 Learning and applying knowledge
d2 General tasks and demands
d3 Communication
d4 Mobility
d5 Self-care
d6 Domestic life
d7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships
d8 Major life areas
d9 Community, social and civic life
(2) The performance qualifier describes what an individual does in his or her current
environment. Because the current environment includes a societal context, performance
can also be understood as “involvement in a life situation” or “the lived experience” of
people in the actual context in which they live.14 This context includes the environmental
factors - all aspects of the physical, social and attitudinal world, which can be coded using
the Environmental Factors component.
Note:
14
The definition of “participation” brings in the concept of involvement. Some proposed
definitions of “involvement” incorporate taking part, being included or engaged in an area of
life, being accepted, or having access to needed resources. Within the information matrix in
Table 2, the only possible indicator of participation is coding through performance. This does
not mean that participation is automatically equated with performance. The concept of
involvement should also be distinguished from the subjective experience of involvement (the
sense of “belonging”). Users who wish to code involvement separately should refer to the
coding guidelines in Annex 2.
19
ICF 簡介
(3)容能限定值描述個體執行任務或行動的能力，這建構目的在指明一個人於特定時刻
在特定範疇所能達到的最高可能機能程度。為評量個體的最大能力，需要有「標準化」
環境來中和不同環境對個體能力的不同衝擊。這標準化環境可以是：(a)在測試設置
通常被用作容能評量的實際環境；或(b)如果這不可能，可以想成具有一致衝擊的假
定環境。這環境可以稱為「一致」或「標準」環境。因此，容能反映個體的環境適應
能力，這適應對於所有國家所有人必須是相同的，才容許作國際比較。一致或標準環
境的特色能用環境因素分類加以編碼。容能和表現間的差距反映現時和一致環境衝擊
的差異，因此提供關於個體為改進表現對環境所能作為的有用指引。
(4)容能和表現兩限定值進一步可用於有或沒有輔助器具或別人輔助。當器具或別人輔助
都不能消除損傷時，他們就可在特定範疇移除對機能的限制。這類編碼在確認沒有輔
助器具時個體機能受到多少限制特別有用(見附錄二編碼指引)。
(5)當個體在進行這些範疇功能遇到定性和定量改變時，會引起這些範疇的困難或問題。
限制或受限是評量違反一般接受的族群標準。違反個體容能和表現的標準或常模是
與個體沒有類似健康狀況(疾病、疾患或傷害等)來作比較。限制或受限記錄觀察與預
期表現間的不協和。預期表現是族群常模，代表人們在沒有特定健康狀況的經驗。相
同的常模用於容能限定值，故可以推論出個體為增強表現對環境所能作為。
(6)即使當個體沒有損傷，表現的問題可直接由社會環境引起。例如，沒有症狀或疾病的
人類免疫缺乏病毒陽性的個體，或帶有某種疾病遺傳素因的某人，可能沒有顯出損傷
或有足夠能力工作，卻因為無法進入服務部門、歧視或污名而無法如此工作。
(7)在活動和參與要素範疇的基礎下去區辨「活動」和「參與」是困難的，同樣地，在國
際性差異及專家和理論架構取向的差別下，要在範疇基礎區分「個體」和「社會」觀
點並不可能。因此，只要使用者願意，ICF提供可以使用的單一表單以其自己操作方
式來區分活動和參與。這在附錄三有進一步解釋，有四種可能方式來如此作：
(a)指定某些範疇為活動而其它為參與，不容任何重疊；
(b)同上述(a)，但容許部分重疊；
(c)指定所有詳細的範疇為活動，而廣泛類目標題為參與；
(d)使用所有範疇為活動和參與兩者。
20
(3) The capacity qualifier describes an individual’s ability to execute a task or an action. This
construct aims to indicate the highest probable level of functioning that a person may
reach in a given domain at a given moment. To assess the full ability of the individual, one
would need to have a “standardized” environment to neutralize the varying impact of
different environments on the ability of the individual. This standardized environment
may be: (a) an actual environment commonly used for capacity assessment in test settings;
or (b) in cases where this is not possible, an assumed environment which can be thought
to have a uniform impact. This environment can be called a “uniform” or “standard”
environment. Thus, capacity reflects the environmentally adjusted ability of the individual.
This adjustment has to be the same for all persons in all countries to allow for
international comparisons. The features of the uniform or standard environment can be
coded using the Environmental Factors classification. The gap between capacity and
performance reflects the difference between the impacts of current and uniform
environments, and thus provides a useful guide as to what can be done to the environment
of the individual to improve performance.
(4) Both capacity and performance qualifiers can further be used with and without assistive
devices or personal assistance. While neither devices nor personal assistance eliminate the
impairments, they may remove limitations on functioning in specific domains. This type
of coding is particularly useful to identify how much the functioning of the individual
would be limited without the assistive devices (see coding guidelines in Annex 2).
(5) Difficulties or problems in these domains can arise when there is a qualitative or
quantitative alteration in the way in which an individual carries out these domain
functions. Limitations or restrictions are assessed against a generally accepted population
standard. The standard or norm against which an individual’s capacity and performance is
compared is that of an individual without a similar health condition (disease, disorder or
injury, etc.). The limitation or restriction records the discordance between the observed
and the expected performance. The expected performance is the population norm, which
represents the experience of people without the specific health condition. The same norm
is used in the capacity qualifier so that one can infer what can be done to the environment
of the individual to enhance performance.
(6) A problem with performance can result directly from the social environment, even when
the individual has no impairment. For example, an individual who is HIV-positive without
any symptoms or disease, or someone with a genetic predisposition to a certain disease,
may exhibit no impairments or may have sufficient capacity to work, yet may not do so
because of the denial of access to services, discrimination or stigma.
(7) It is difficult to distinguish between “Activities” and “Participation” on the basis of the
domains in the Activities and Participation component. Similarly, differentiating between
“individual” and “societal” perspectives on the basis of domains has not been possible
given international variation and differences in the approaches of professionals and
theoretical frameworks. Therefore, ICF provides a single list that can be used, if users so
wish, to differentiate activities and participation in their own operational ways. This is
further explained in Annex 3. There are four possible ways of doing so:
(a) to designate some domains as activities and others as participation, not allowing any
overlap;
(b) same as (a) above, but allowing partial overlap;
(c) to designate all detailed domains as activities and the broad category headings as
participation;
(d) to use all domains as both activities and participation.
21
ICF 簡介
4.3 情境因素
情境因素代表個體生命和生活的完整背景，它們包括兩個要素：環境因素和個人因素 -
其對於個體健康狀況及個體健康與健康相關狀態會有衝擊。
環境因素係指構成人們生活與引導其生活的自然、社會、和態度環境。這些因素對於個
體是外在，且對個體作為社會成員的表現、個體執行行動或任務的容能、或個體身體功
能和結構會有正向或負向影響。
(1)環境因素在分類的組織上，聚焦在兩個不同層級。
(a)個體 - 個體的周遭環境，包括設置如住家、工作場所和學校。這層級所包括為個
體面對面環境的自然和物質特色，與其他直接接觸者，如家人、熟人、同儕和陌生
人。
(b)社會 - 社區或社會上正式與非正式的社會結構、服務及包羅萬象的取向或系統，對
個體有所衝擊。這層級包括工作環境、社區活動、政府機構、通訊和運輸服務相關
的組織和服務，與非正式社會網路和法律、法令、正式和非正式規則、態度和理念。
(2)環境因素與身體功能和結構及活動和參與要素交互作用。對每個要素，這些交互作用
的性質與程度可以由未來科學工作來鑽研。失能是以個體健康狀況和個人因素間複雜
關係，與代表個體生活情況的外在因素的成效或結果為特徵。因為這關係，不同環境
對於相同個體在特定健康狀況可能會有非常不同的衝擊。有阻礙因子或沒有促進因子
的環境會限制個體的表現；其他較促進性的環境會增強其表現。社會可能妨礙個體表
現，因為它產生阻礙因子(如難進入的建築物)或它沒有提供促進因子(如無法取得輔助
器具)。
個人因素是個體生命與生活的特殊背景，並包含個體非健康狀況或健康狀態部分的特
色，這些因素可包括性別、種族、年齡、其他健康狀況、體適能、生活方式、習慣、教
養、因應方式、社會背景、教育、專業、過去和現時經驗(過去生活事件和併生事件)、
全面行為類型和特徵風格、個體心理素質與其他特徵，所有或任一在失能任一層級都能
扮演角色。個人因素在 ICF 沒有被分類。然而，它們包含在圖 1 以顯示其作用，這對於
各種介入的成效可能有衝擊。
22
4.3 Contextual Factors
Contextual Factors represent the complete background of an individual’s life and living. They
include two components: Environmental Factors and Personal Factors - which may have an
impact on the individual with a health condition and that individual’s health and health-related
states.
Environmental factors make up the physical, social and attitudinal environment in which
people live and conduct their lives. These factors are external to individuals and can have a
positive or negative influence on the individual’s performance as a member of society, on the
individual’s capacity to execute actions or tasks, or on the individual’s body function or
structure.
(1) Environmental factors are organized in the classification to focus on two different levels.
(a) Individual - in the immediate environment of the individual, including settings such as
home, workplace and school. Included at this level are the physical and material
features of the environment that an individual comes face to face with, as well as direct
contact with others such as family, acquaintances, peers and strangers.
(b) Societal - formal and informal social structures, services and overarching approaches
or systems in the community or society that have an impact on individuals. This level
includes organizations and services related to the work environment, community
activities, government agencies, communication and transportation services, and
informal social networks as well as laws, regulations, formal and informal rules,
attitudes and ideologies.
(2) Environmental factors interact with the components of Body Functions and Structures and
Activities and Participation. For each component, the nature and extent of that interaction
may be elaborated by future scientific work. Disability is characterized as the outcome or
result of a complex relationship between an individual’s health condition and personal
factors, and of the external factors that represent the circumstances in which the individual
lives. Because of this relationship, different environments may have a very different
impact on the same individual with a given health condition. An environment with barriers,
or without facilitators, will restrict the individual’s performance; other environments that
are more facilitating may increase that performance. Society may hinder an individual’s
performance because either it creates barriers (e.g. inaccessible buildings) or it does not
provide facilitators (e.g. unavailability of assistive devices).
Personal factors are the particular background of an individual’s life and living, and comprise
features of the individual that are not part of a health condition or health states. These factors
may include gender, race, age, other health conditions, fitness, lifestyle, habits, upbringing,
coping styles, social background, education, profession, past and current experience (past life
events and concurrent events), overall behaviour pattern and character style, individual
psychological assets and other characteristics, all or any of which may play a role in disability
at any level. Personal factors are not classified in ICF. However, they are included in Fig.1 to
show their contribution, which may have an impact on the outcome of various interventions.
23
ICF 簡介
5. 機能和失能的模式
5.1 機能和失能的過程
作為分類，ICF並不塑造機能和失能的「過程」
，然而，它能用來描述藉提供描繪不同建
構和範疇之方法的過程。它為機能和失能分類提供一多重觀點的取向，作為交互作用和
演變的過程。它可提供想要創造模式及研究這過程不同方面的使用者建築的積木。在這
觀念下，ICF可視為語言：正文可以按使用者、其創造力與其科學導向而創造。為觀察
現時理解的不同要素間的交互作用，呈現在圖 1 的圖表可能是有用的。15
在這圖表中，在一特定範疇的個體機能與其健康狀況和情境因素間是一交互作用或複雜
關係(如環境和個人因素)。這些實體是動態交互作用：對一實體的介入有可能會修改一
個或多個其他實體。這些交互作用是特定的，且不永遠是可預測的一對一關係。這些交
互作用以兩個方向運作；失能的存在甚至可能修改健康狀況本身。從單一或許多損傷來
推論容能的限制，或從單一或許多限制來的表現上受限，通常似乎是合理的。然而，重
要的是獨立收集這些建構的資料，並在之後探究它們之間的關聯和因果聯結。若要描述
完整的健康經驗，所有要素都是有用的。例如，一個人可能：
圖 1. ICF 各要素間的交互作用
健康狀況
(障礙或疾病)
身體功能和結構活動參與
環境因素個人因素
註解：
15
ICF與 1980 年版本的ICIDH在敘述機能和失能的相互關係上有實質的不同。應該注意
的是，任何圖表可能是不完整的，而且因為多向度模式交互作用的複雜性而易於不實
陳述。這個模式被描繪來闡明多重交互作用，其他敘述指出過程的其他重要焦點是必
然可能。對於不同要素和建構間交互作用的詮釋也可能多樣化(例如，環境因素對身體
功能的衝擊必然不同於其對參與的衝擊)。
24
5. Model of Functioning and Disability
5.1 Process of functioning and disability
As a classification, ICF does not model the “process” of functioning and disability. It can be
used, however, to describe the process by providing the means to map the different constructs
and domains. It provides a multi-perspective approach to the classification of functioning and
disability as an interactive and evolutionary process. It provides the building blocks for users
who wish to create models and study different aspects of this process. In this sense, ICF can
be seen as a language: the texts that can be created with it depend on the users, their creativity
and their scientific orientation. In order to visualize the current understanding of interaction of
various components, the diagram presented in Fig. 1 may be helpful.15
In this diagram, an individual’s functioning in a specific domain is an interaction or complex
relationship between the health condition and contextual factors (i.e. environmental and
personal factors). There is a dynamic interaction among these entities: interventions in one
entity have the potential to modify one or more of the other entities. These interactions are
specific and not always in a predictable one-to-one relationship. The interaction works in two
directions; the presence of disability may even modify the health condition itself. To infer a
limitation in capacity from one or more impairments, or a restriction of performance from one
or more limitations, may often seem reasonable. It is important, however, to collect data on
these constructs independently and thereafter explore associations and causal links between
them. If the full health experience is to be described, all components are useful. For example,
one may:
Fig. 1. Interactions between the components of ICF
Health condition
(disorder or disease)
Body Functions Activities Participation

and Structures
Environmental Personal
Factors Factors
Note:
15
ICF differs substantially from the 1980 version of ICIDH in the depiction of the
interrelations between functioning and disability. It should be noted that any diagram is
likely to be incomplete and prone to misrepresentation because of the complexity of
interactions in a multidimensional model. The model is drawn to illustrate multiple
interactions. Other depictions indicating other important foci in the process are certainly
possible. Interpretations of interactions between different components and constructs may
also vary (for example, the impact of environmental factors on body functions certainly
differs from their impact on participation).
25
ICF 簡介
• 有損傷但沒有容能限制(如漢生病人毀形對個人容能不會有影響)；
• 有表現問題和容能限制但沒有明顯損傷(如降低與許多疾病有關聯的日常活動表現)；
• 有表現問題但沒有損傷或容能限制(如一人類免疫缺乏病毒陽性的個體，或從精神病痊
癒的前病人，在人際關係和工作上面臨污名化或歧視)；
• 在沒有輔助下有容能限制，但在現時環境沒有表現問題(如一移動限制的個體可在社會
提供輔助技術下四處移動)；
• 經歷相反方向的某程度影響(如肢體缺乏使用會造成肌肉萎縮；收容在養老院會造成社
交技能喪失)。
附錄四的案例將進一步闡明建構間交互作用的可能性。
圖 1 所示圖示證明情境因素(如環境和個人因素)在過程所扮演的角色。這些因素與個體
健康狀況的互動，並決定個體機能的層級和程度。環境因素對個體是外在的(如社會態
度、建築特徵、和法律制度)，且在環境因素分類中加以分類。另一方面，個人因素並
沒有在 ICF 現時版本中加以分類，它們包括性別、種族、年齡、體適能、生活方式、習
慣、因應方式與其他這類因素。若有需要，它們的評量留交使用者。
5.2 醫療與社會模式
種種概念模式16曾被提出來瞭解和解釋失能和機能，這些可以「醫療模式」對「社會模
式」的辨證來表達。醫療模式視失能為個人問題，直接由疾病、外傷或其他健康狀況造
成，需由專家以個體治療方式提供醫療照顧。失能管理的目的在於治癒或個體適應和行
為改變。醫療照顧被視為是主要議題，且政治層級的主要反應是健康照顧政策的修改和
改革。另一方面，失能的社會模式主要視此議題為社會引起的問題，且基本上是個體完
全整合到社會的問題。失能不是個體的屬性，而是狀況的複雜集合，其中許多是由社會
環境所引起。因此問題的處理需要社會行動，而且這是整個社會的集體責任為身心障礙
者在社會生活所有領域全面參與所需而作的環境改善。因此這議題是需要社會改變的態
度和理念，其在政治層級成為人權的問題。在這模式，失能是一政治議題。
ICF是基於這兩個相反模式的整合。為了擷取機能各種觀點的整合，故使用「生物心理
社會」取向。因此，ICF嘗試達成一綜合體，以便提供從生物、個體和社會觀點的健康
不同觀點的連貫看法。17
註解：
16
術語「模式」在此意味建構或典範，不同於先前節段使用的術語。
17
也可見附錄五 -「ICF與身心障礙者」。
26
• have impairments without having capacity limitations (e.g. a disfigurement in leprosy may
have no effect on a person’s capacity);
• have performance problems and capacity limitations without evident impairments (e.g.
reduced performance in daily activities associated with many diseases);
• have performance problems without impairments or capacity limitations (e.g. an HIV-
positive individual, or an ex-patient recovered from mental illness, facing stigmatization or
discrimination in interpersonal relations or work);
• have capacity limitations without assistance, and no performance problems in the current
environment (e.g. an individual with mobility limitations may be provided by society with
assistive technology to move around);
• experience a degree of influence in a reverse direction (e.g. lack of use of limbs can cause
muscle atrophy; institutionalization may result in loss of social skills).
Case examples in Annex 4 further illustrate possibilities of interactions between the
constructs.
The scheme shown in Fig. 1 demonstrates the role that contextual factors (i.e. environmental
and personal factors) play in the process. These factors interact with the individual with a
health condition and determine the level and extent of the individual’s functioning.
Environmental factors are extrinsic to the individual (e.g. the attitudes of the society,
architectural characteristics, the legal system) and are classified in the Environmental Factors
classification. Personal Factors, on the other hand, are not classified in the current version of
ICF. They include gender, race, age, fitness, lifestyle, habits, coping styles and other such
factors. Their assessment is left to the user, if needed.
5.2 Medical and social models

A variety of conceptual models16 has been proposed to understand and explain disability and
functioning. These may be expressed in a dialectic of “medical model” versus “social model”.
The medical model views disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease,
trauma or other health condition, which requires medical care provided in the form of
individual treatment by professionals. Management of the disability is aimed at cure or the
individual’s adjustment and behaviour change. Medical care is viewed as the main issue, and
at the political level the principal response is that of modifying or reforming health care policy.
The social model of disability, on the other hand, sees the issue mainly as a socially created
problem, and basically as a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. Disability
is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of
which are created by the social environment. Hence the management of the problem requires
social action, and it is the collective responsibility of society at large to make the
environmental modifications necessary for the full participation of people with disabilities in
all areas of social life. The issue is therefore an attitudinal or ideological one requiring social
change, which at the political level becomes a question of human rights. For this model
disability is a political issue.
ICF is based on an integration of these two opposing models. In order to capture the
integration of the various perspectives of functioning, a “biopsychosocial” approach is used.
Thus, ICF attempts to achieve a synthesis, in order to provide a coherent view of different
perspectives of health from a biological, individual and social perspective.17
Note:
16
The term “model” here means construct or paradigm, which differs from the use of the term
in the previous section.
17
See also Annex 5 - “ICF and people with disabilities”.
27
ICF 簡介
6. ICF 的使用
ICF 是人類機能和失能的分類，它有系統地將健康與健康相關範疇作分組。在每一要素，
範疇根據他們共同特徵來進一步分組(如它們的起源、型式、或相似性)，並以一有意義
的方式排序。這個分類根據一組原則來組織(見附錄一)，這些原則參照層級的相互關聯
與分類的層級體系(層級的集合)。然而，在 ICF 有些類目是以一非層級體系方式安排，
沒有順序而是如同分支的相同成員。
下列是該分類在使用上有關的結構特色：
(1)ICF賦予健康與健康相關範疇標準操作定義，此與健康的「白話」定義相反。這些定
義描述每一範疇的基本屬性(如品質、特性、和關係)，並包含每一範疇所納入或排除
的資訊。該定義包含常用的評量定位點使其可以轉換成問卷。相反地，從現有評量工
具的結果也能以ICF術語來編碼。例如，
「視覺功能」可從不同距離、用單眼或雙眼所
感受的形狀和輪廓方面的功能來定義，因此視力困難的嚴重性可以編碼為與這些變數
有關的輕度、中度、重度或全盲程度。
(2)ICF使用字母數字系統以字母 b、s、d、e 來代表身體功能、身體結構、活動和參與、

及環境因素。這些字母跟著數字代碼，由章節數字開始(一位數)、再跟著是第二層級
(兩位數)、再是第三和第四層級(各一位數)。
(3)ICF類目係「巢狀式」，以界定較廣泛類目來包括較詳細母體類目的次類目。(例如，
第四章活動和參與要素的移動包括站、坐、走、運送用品等的個別類目。)簡短(簡明)
版本涵蓋兩個層級，而完整(詳細)版本擴展到四個層級。簡短版本和完整版本的代碼
是對應的，而簡短版本可由完整版本縮集而成。
(4)任何個體在每一層級可有代碼的範圍，這些可能是獨立的或相互關聯的。
(5)ICF代碼只有在限定值的存在下才完整，此表示健康程度的數值(如問題的嚴重性)，
限定值在點號(或區分者)後以一個、兩個或更多數字來編碼。使用任何代碼應該伴隨
至少一個限定值。沒有限定值，代碼就失去固有意義。
(6)身體功能和結構的第一個限定值、活動和參與的表現和容能限定值、及環境因素的第
一個限定值都在個別要素中描述問題的程度。
28
6. Use of ICF
ICF is a classification of human functioning and disability. It systematically groups health and
health-related domains. Within each component, domains are further grouped according to
their common characteristics (such as their origin, type, or similarity) and ordered in a
meaningful way. The classification is organized according to a set of principles (see Annex 1).
These principles refer to the interrelatedness of the levels and the hierarchy of the
classification (sets of levels). However, some categories in ICF are arranged in a
non-hierarchical manner, with no ordering but as equal members of a branch.
The following are structural features of the classification that have a bearing on its use.
(1) ICF gives standard operational definitions of the health and health-related domains as
opposed to “vernacular” definitions of health. These definitions describe the essential
attributes of each domain (e.g. qualities, properties, and relationships) and contain
information as to what is included and excluded in each domain. The definitions contain
commonly used anchor points for assessment so that they can be translated into
questionnaires. Conversely, results from existing assessment instruments can be coded in
ICF terms. For example, “seeing functions” are defined in terms of functions of sensing
form and contour, from varying distances, using one or both eyes, so that the severity of
difficulties of vision can be coded at mild, moderate, severe or total levels in relation to
these parameters.
(2) ICF uses an alphanumeric system in which the letters b, s, d and e are used to denote Body
Functions, Body Structures, Activities and Participation, and Environmental Factors.
These letters are followed by a numeric code that starts with the chapter number (one
digit), followed by the second level (two digits), and the third and fourth levels (one digit
each).
(3) ICF categories are “nested” so that broader categories are defined to include more detailed
subcategories of the parent category. (For example, Chapter 4 on Mobility in the Activities
and Participation component includes separate categories on standing, sitting, walking,
carrying items, and so on). The short (concise) version covers two levels, whereas the full
(detailed) version extends to four levels. The short version and full version codes are in
correspondence, and the short version can be aggregated from the full version.
(4) Any individual may have a range of codes at each level. These may be independent or
interrelated.
(5) The ICF codes are only complete with the presence of a qualifier, which denotes a
magnitude of the level of health (e.g. severity of the problem). Qualifiers are coded as one,
two or more numbers after a point (or separator). Use of any code should be accompanied
by at least one qualifier. Without qualifiers, codes have no inherent meaning.
(6) The first qualifier for Body Functions and Structures, the performance and capacity
qualifiers for Activities and Participation, and the first qualifier for Environmental Factors
all describe the extent of problems in the respective component.
29
ICF 簡介
(7)在ICF分類中所有三個要素(身體功能和結構、活動和參與、及環境因素)都是用相同
的通用量尺來量化。依建構有問題可能意味損傷、限制、受限、或阻礙。下表括弧所
列適當的限定單字應該根據相關的分類範疇來選擇(xxx代表第二層級範疇的數字)。
為能以通用方式使用此量化，評量步驟需經由研究來發展。提供廣泛範圍百分比給那
些個案，其以可取得之已校正評量儀器或其他標準來量化損傷、容能限制、表現問題
或阻礙因子。例如，當「沒有問題」和「完全問題」特定來編碼時，誤差界限可達5
％，「中度問題」定義為達到全部困難時間的一半或量尺的一半。不同範疇中的百分
比要參考人口標準百分位加以校正。
xxx.0 沒有問題 (沒有、缺乏、可忽略、…) 0-4 %
xxx.1 輕度問題 (稍微、低度、…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 中度問題 (中度、尚可、…) 25-49 %
xxx.3 重度問題 (高度、極度、…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 完全問題 (全部、…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 不特定
xxx.9 不適用
(8)在環境因素個案中，這第一個限定值可用來表示環境的正向影響程度如促進因子，或
負向影響程度如阻礙因子。兩者使用相同的 0-4 量尺，但表示促進因子時，點號被加
號取代：如 e110+2。環境因素可編碼(a)與個別的每一建構相關，或(b)整體言，與個
別建構無關。第一個選項較可取，因為它能更清楚地確認衝擊和屬性。
(9)對不同使用者，在每一項目的編碼增加其他種類資訊可能是適當且有幫助的。種種附
加的限定值可能是有用的，表3 展現每個要素限定值的細節，並建議將要發展的附加
限定值。
(10)健康與健康相關範疇的描述提及其在某特定時刻的使用(如一快照)。然而，使用多
重時間點有可能描述一個隨時間和過程的軌跡。
(11)在ICF，一個人的健康與健康相關狀態可賦予由涵括分類中兩個分部的代碼組列。因
此每一人最大代碼數目在一位數字層級可以有34個(身體功能8個、身體結構8個、表
現9個和容能9個代碼)。同樣地，兩個層級項目的代碼總數是362。在更詳細的層級，
這些代碼數目可達1424項目。在ICF的現實生活應用上，一組由3到18個代碼可以足夠
描述個案精確到兩層級(三位數)。一般地更詳細的四個層級版本是用於專家服務(如復
健成效、老人醫學)，而兩個層級的分類可用於調查和臨床成效評估。
進一步的編碼指引呈現於附錄二，強烈建議使用者透過 WHO 與其合作中心的網路來得

到使用此分類的訓練。
30
(7) All three components classified in ICF (Body Functions and Structures, Activities and
Participation, and Environmental Factors) are quantified using the same generic scale.
Having a problem may mean an impairment, limitation, restriction or barrier depending on
the construct. Appropriate qualifying words as shown in brackets below should be chosen
according to the relevant classification domain (where xxx stands for the second-level
domain number). For this quantification to be used in a universal manner, assessment
procedures need to be developed through research. Broad ranges of percentages are
provided for those cases in which calibrated assessment instruments or other standards are
available to quantify the impairment, capacity limitation, performance problem or barrier.
For example, when “no problem” or “complete problem” is specified the coding has a
margin of error of up to 5%. “Moderate problem” is defined as up to half of the time or
half the scale of total difficulty. The percentages are to be calibrated in different domains
with reference to relevant population standards as percentiles.
xxx.0 NO problem (none, absent, negligible,…) 0-4 %
xxx.1 MILD problem (slight, low,…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 MODERATE problem (medium, fair,…) 25-49 %
xxx.3 SEVERE problem (high, extreme,…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 COMPLETE problem (total,…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 not specified
xxx.9 not applicable
(8) In the case of environmental factors, this first qualifier can be used to denote either the
extent of positive effects of the environment, i.e. facilitators, or the extent of negative
effects, i.e. barriers. Both use the same 0-4 scale, but to denote facilitators, the point is
replaced by a plus sign: for example e110+2. Environmental Factors can be coded (a) in
relation to each construct individually, or (b) overall, without reference to any individual
construct. The first option is preferable, since it identifies the impact and attribution more
clearly.
(9) For different users, it might be appropriate and helpful to add other kinds of information to
the coding of each item. There are a variety of additional qualifiers that could be useful.
Table 3 sets out the details of the qualifiers for each component as well as suggested
additional qualifiers to be developed.
(10) The descriptions of health and health-related domains refer to their use at a given
moment (i.e. as a snapshot). However, use at multiple time points is possible to describe a
trajectory over time and process.
(11) In ICF, a person’s health and health-related states are given an array of codes that
encompass the two parts of the classification. Thus the maximum number of codes per
person can be 34 at the one-digit level (8 body functions, 8 body structures, 9 performance
and 9 capacity codes). Similarly, for the two-level items the total number of codes is 362.
At more detailed levels, these codes number up to 1424 items. In real-life applications of
ICF, a set of 3 to 18 codes may be adequate to describe a case with two-level (three-digit)
precision. Generally the more detailed four-level version is used for specialist services
(e.g. rehabilitation outcomes, geriatrics), whereas the two-level classification can be used
for surveys and clinical outcome evaluation.
Further coding guidelines are presented in Annex 2. Users are strongly recommended to
obtain training in the use of the classification through WHO and its network of collaborating
centres.
31
ICF 簡介
表3. 限定值
要素第一個限定值第二個限定值
身體功能(b) 負向量尺的通用限定值用以指明無
損傷的程度或大小
例如：b167.3指明語言的特定心智
功能有重度損傷
身體結構(s) 負向量尺的通用限定值用以指明用以指明個別身體結構改變的

損傷的程度或大小性質：
0 結構未變
1 完全缺失
2 部分缺失
例如：s730.3指明上肢有重度損傷 3 附加部分
4 異常尺寸
5 不連續性
6 偏離位置
7 結構質性改變，包括液體堆積
8 不特定
9 不適用
例如：s730.32指明上肢有部分
缺失
活動和參與(d) 表現容能
通用限定值通用限定值
個人現時環境的問題沒有輔助的限制
例如：d5101.1_指明一個人在他或例如：d5101._2指明沐浴全身有
她現時環境下，使用可取得的輔助中度困難；暗指在沒有輔助器
器具來沐浴全身有輕度困難。具或個人幫助有中度困難。
環境因素(e) 正向和負向量尺的通用限定值，以無
分別表示促進因子和阻礙因子的
程度。
例如：e130.2指明教育的產品是一
中度阻礙因子。相反地，e130+2
是指明教育的產品是一個中度促
進因子。
32
Table 3. Qualifiers
Components First qualifier Second qualifier
Body Functions (b) Generic qualifier with the negative None
scale used to indicate the extent or
magnitude of an impairment
Example: b167.3 to indicate a
severe impairment in specific
mental functions of language
Body Structures (s) Generic qualifier with the negative Used to indicate the nature of the
scale used to indicate the extent or change in the respective body
magnitude of an impairment structure:
0 no change in structure
1 total absence
2 partial absence
Example: s730.3 to indicate a 3 additional part
severe impairment of the upper 4 aberrant dimensions
extremity 5 discontinuity
6 deviating position
7 qualitative changes in
structure, including
accumulation of fluid
8 not specified
9 not applicable
Example: s730.32 to indicate the
partial absence of the upper
extremity
Activities and Performance Capacity
Participation (d) Generic qualifier Generic qualifier
Problem in the person’s current Limitation without assistance
environment
Example: d5101.1_ to indicate mild Example: d5101._2 to indicate
difficulty with bathing the whole moderate difficulty with bathing
body with the use of assistive the whole body; implies that
devices that are available to the there is moderate difficulty
person in his or her current without the use of assistive
environment devices or personal help
Environmental Generic qualifier, with negative and None
Factors (e) positive scale, to denote extent of
barriers and facilitators respectively
Example: e130.2 to indicate that
products for education are a
moderate barrier. Conversely,
e130+2 would indicate that
products for education are a
moderate facilitator
33
ICF 簡介
第54屆世界衛生大會認可ICF為國際性使用
WHA54.21 決議如下：
第 54 屆世界衛生大會，
1.認可第二版的國際損傷、失能和殘障分類(International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities and Handicaps, ICIDH)，以國際機能、失能和健康分類(International
Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health)為標題，今後作簡寫為 ICF。
2.敦促會員國在研究、監測和報告時適當地使用 ICF，考慮會員國的特殊處境，並特別
考慮可能的未來改版。
3.要求主席在會員國使用 ICF 有其要求時提供支持。
54th World Health Assembly endorsement of ICF for international use

The resolution WHA54.21 reads as follows:
The Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly,
1. ENDORSES the second edition of the International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH), with the title International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health, henceforth referred to in short as ICF;
2. URGES Member States to use ICF in their research, surveillance and reporting as
appropriate, taking into account specific situations in Member States and, in particular, in
view of possible future revisions;
3. REQUESTS the Director-General to provide support to Member States, at their request, in
making use of ICF.
34
ICF
第一層級分類
分類章節標題表單
One-level classification
List of chapter headings in the classification
35
ICF 第一層級分類
身體功能
第一章心智功能
第二章感官功能和疼痛
第三章嗓音和言語功能
第四章心血管、血液、免疫和呼吸系統功能
第五章消化、代謝和內分泌系統功能
第六章泌尿生殖和生育功能
第七章神經肌肉骨骼與動作相關的功能
第八章皮膚與相關結構的功能
身體結構
第一章神經系統結構
第二章眼睛、耳朵與相關的結構
第三章嗓音和言語結構
第四章心血管、免疫和呼吸系統結構
第五章消化、代謝和內分泌系統相關的結構
第六章泌尿生殖和生育系統相關的結構
第七章動作相關的結構
第八章皮膚與相關的結構
活動和參與
第一章學習和應用知識
第二章一般任務和需求
第三章溝通
第四章移動
第五章自我照顧
第六章居家生活
第七章人際互動和關係
第八章主要生活領域
第九章社區、社交和公民生活
環境因素
第一章產品和技術
第二章自然環境及環境的人為改變
第三章支持和關係
第四章態度
第五章服務、制度和政策
36
Body functions
Chapter 1 Mental functions
Chapter 2 Sensory functions and pain
Chapter 3 Voice and speech functions
Chapter 4 Functions of the cardiovascular, haematological, immunological and respiratory
systems
Chapter 5 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems
Chapter 6 Genitourinary and reproductive functions
Chapter 7 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions
Chapter 8 Functions of the skin and related structures
Body structures
Chapter 1 Structures of the nervous system
Chapter 2 The eye, ear and related structures
Chapter 3 Structures involved in voice and speech
Chapter 4 Structures of the cardiovascular, immunological and respiratory systems
Chapter 5 Structures related to the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems
Chapter 6 Structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems
Chapter 7 Structures related to movement
Chapter 8 Skin and related structures
Activities and participation

Chapter 1 Learning and applying knowledge
Chapter 2 General tasks and demands
Chapter 3 Communication
Chapter 4 Mobility
Chapter 5 Self-care
Chapter 6 Domestic life
Chapter 7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships
Chapter 8 Major life areas
Chapter 9 Community, social and civic life
Environmental factors
Chapter 1 Products and technology
Chapter 2 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment
Chapter 3 Support and relationships
Chapter 4 Attitudes
Chapter 5 Services, systems and policies
37
ICF
第二層級分類
分類章節標題和第一分支層級表單
Two-Level Classification
List of chapter headings and first branching
level in the classification
39
ICF 第二層級分類
身體功能
第一章心智功能
總體心智功能(b110-b139)
b110 意識功能
b114 定向功能
b117 智力功能
b122 總體心理社會功能
b126 氣質和人格功能
b130 精力和驅力功能
b134 睡眠功能
b139 總體心智功能，其他特定者和未特定者
特定心智功能(b140-b189)
b140 注意力功能
b144 記憶功能
b147 心理動作功能
b152 情緒功能
b156 知覺功能
b160 思想功能
b164 高階認知功能
b167 語言心智功能
b172 計算功能
b176 排序複雜動作的心智功能
b180 自我和時間經驗功能
b189 特定心智功能，其他特定和未特定者
b198 心智功能，其他特定者
b199 心智功能，未特定者
第二章感官功能和疼痛
視覺與相關的功能(b210-b229)
b210 視覺功能
b215 眼睛鄰近結構的功能
b220 眼睛和鄰近結構關聯的感覺
b229 視覺與相關的功能，其他特定者和未特定者
聽覺和前庭功能(b230-b249)
b230 聽覺功能
b235 前庭功能
b240 聽覺和前庭功能關聯的感覺
b249 聽覺和前庭功能，其他特定者和未特定者
附屬感官功能(b250-b279)
b250 味覺功能
b255 嗅覺功能
b260 本體感覺功能
40
Body functions
Chapter 1 Mental functions
Global mental functions (b110-b139)
b110 Consciousness functions
b114 Orientation functions
b117 Intellectual functions
b122 Global psychosocial functions
b126 Temperament and personality functions
b130 Energy and drive functions
b134 Sleep functions
b139 Global mental functions, other specified and unspecified
Specific mental functions (b140-b189)
b140 Attention functions
b144 Memory functions
b147 Psychomotor functions
b152 Emotional functions
b156 Perceptual functions
b160 Thought functions
b164 Higher-level cognitive functions
b167 Mental functions of language
b172 Calculation functions
b176 Mental function of sequencing complex movements
b180 Experience of self and time functions
b189 Specific mental functions, other specified and unspecified
b198 Mental functions, other specified
b199 Mental functions, unspecified
Chapter 2 Sensory functions and pain

Seeing and related functions (b210-b229)
b210 Seeing functions
b215 Functions of structures adjoining the eye
b220 Sensations associated with the eye and adjoining structures
b229 Seeing and related functions, other specified and unspecified
Hearing and vestibular functions (b230-b249)
b230 Hearing functions
b235 Vestibular functions
b240 Sensations associated with hearing and vestibular function
b249 Hearing and vestibular functions, other specified and unspecified
Additional sensory functions (b250-b279)
b250 Taste function
b255 Smell function
b260 Proprioceptive function
41
b265 觸覺功能
b270 溫度和其他刺激相關的感官功能
b279 附屬感官功能，其他特定者和未特定者
疼痛(b280-b289)
b280 痛覺
b289 痛覺，其他特定者和未特定者
b298 感官功能和疼痛，其他特定者
b299 感官功能和疼痛，未特定者
第三章嗓音和言語功能
b310 嗓音功能
b320 構音功能
b330 言語功能的流暢和節律
b340 替代性發聲功能
b398 嗓音和語言功能，其他特定者
b399 嗓音和語言功能，未特定者
第四章心血管、血液、免疫和呼吸系統功能
心血管系統功能(b410-b429)
b410 心臟功能
b415 血管功能
b420 血壓功能
b429 心血管系統功能，其他特定者和未特定者
血液和免疫系統功能(b430-b439)
b430 血液系統功能
b435 免疫系统功能
b439 血液和免疫系統功能，其他特定者和未特定者
呼吸系統功能(b440-b449)
b440 呼吸功能
b445 呼吸肌功能
b449 呼吸系統功能，其他特定者和未特定者
心血管和呼吸系統的附屬功能和感覺(b450-b469)
b450 附屬呼吸功能
b455 運動耐受功能
b460 心血管和呼吸功能關聯的感覺
b469 心血管和呼吸系統附屬功能和感覺，其他特定者和未特定者
b498 心血管、血液、免疫和呼吸系統功能，其他特定者
b499 心血管、血液、免疫和呼吸系統功能，未特定者
42
b265 Touch function
b270 Sensory functions related to temperature and other stimuli
b279 Additional sensory functions, other specified and unspecified
Pain (b280-b289)
b280 Sensation of pain
b289 Sensation of pain, other specified and unspecified
b298 Sensory functions and pain, other specified
b299 Sensory functions and pain, unspecified
Chapter 3 Voice and speech functions

b310 Voice functions
b320 Articulation functions
b330 Fluency and rhythm of speech functions
b340 Alternative vocalization functions
b398 Voice and speech functions, other specified
b399 Voice and speech functions, unspecified
Chapter 4 Functions of the cardiovascular, haematological, immunological and

respiratory systems
Functions of the cardiovascular system (b410-b429)
b410 Heart functions
b415 Blood vessel functions
b420 Blood pressure functions
b429 Functions of the cardiovascular system, other specified and unspecified
Functions of the haematological and immunological systems (b430-b439)
b430 Haematological system functions
b435 Immunological system functions
b439 Functions of the haematological and immunological systems, other specified and
unspecified
Functions of the respiratory system (b440-b449)
b440 Respiration functions
b445 Respiratory muscle functions
b449 Functions of the respiratory system, other specified and unspecified
Additional functions and sensations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
(b450-b469)
b450 Additional respiratory functions
b455 Exercise tolerance functions
b460 Sensations associated with cardiovascular and respiratory functions
b469 Additional functions and sensations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems,
other specified and unspecified
b498 Functions of the cardiovascular, haematological, immunological and respiratory
systems, other specified
systems, unspecified
43
第五章消化、代謝和內分泌系統功能
消化系統相關的功能(b510-b559)
b510 攝食功能
b515 消化功能
b520 同化功能
b525 排便功能
b530 體重維持功能
b535 消化系統關聯的感覺
b539 消化系統關聯的功能，其他特定者和未特定者
代謝和內分泌系統相關的功能(b540-b569)
b540 一般代謝功能
b545 水、礦物質和電解質平衡功能
b550 體溫調節功能
b555 内分泌腺功能
b559 代謝和內分泌系統相關的功能，其他特定者和未特定者
b598 消化、代謝和內分泌系統功能，其他特定者
b599 消化、代謝和內分泌系統功能，未特定者
第六章泌尿生殖和生育功能
泌尿功能(b610-b639)
b610 尿液排泄功能
b620 排尿功能
b630 泌尿功能關聯的感覺
b639 泌尿功能，其他特定者或未特定者
生殖和生育功能(b640-b679)
b640 性功能
b650 月經功能
b660 生產功能
b670 生殖和生育功能關聯的感覺
b679 生殖和生育功能，其他特定者和未特定者
b698 泌尿生殖和生育功能，其他特定者
b699 泌尿生殖和生育功能，未特定者
第七章神經肌肉骨骼與動作相關的功能
關節和骨骼功能(b710-b729)
b710 關節移動功能
b715 關節穩定功能
b720 骨骼移動功能
b729 關節和骨骼功能，其他特定者和未特定者
肌肉功能(b730-b749)
b730 肌肉力量功能
b735 肌肉張力功能
b740 肌肉耐力功能
44
Chapter 5 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems
Functions related to the digestive system (b510-b559)
b510 Ingestion functions
b515 Digestive functions
b520 Assimilation functions
b525 Defecation functions
b530 Weight maintenance functions
b535 Sensations associated with the digestive system
b539 Functions related to the digestive system, other specified and unspecified
Functions related to metabolism and the endocrine system (b540-b559)
b540 General metabolic functions
b545 Water, mineral and electrolyte balance functions
b550 Thermoregulatory functions
b555 Endocrine gland functions
b559 Functions related to metabolism and the endocrine system, other specified and
unspecified
b598 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, other specified
b599 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, unspecified
Chapter 6 Genitourinary and reproductive functions

Urinary functions (b610-b639)
b610 Urinary excretory functions
b620 Urination functions
b630 Sensations associated with urinary functions
b639 Urinary functions, other specified and unspecified
Genital and reproductive functions (b640-b679)
b640 Sexual functions
b650 Menstruation functions
b660 Procreation functions
b670 Sensations associated with genital and reproductive functions
b679 Genital and reproductive functions, other specified and unspecified
b698 Genitourinary and reproductive functions, other specified
b699 Genitourinary and reproductive functions, unspecified
Chapter 7 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions

Functions of the joints and bones (b710-b729)
b710 Mobility of joint functions
b715 Stability of joint functions
b720 Mobility of bone functions
b729 Functions of the joints and bones, other specified and unspecified
Muscle functions (b730-b749)
b730 Muscle power functions
b735 Muscle tone functions
b740 Muscle endurance functions
45
b749 肌肉功能，其他特定者及未特定者
動作功能(b750-b799)
b750 運動反射功能
b755 不隨意動作反應功能
b760 隨意動作控制功能
b765 不隨意動作功能
b770 步態類型功能
b780 肌肉和動作功能相關的感覺
b789 動作功能，其他特定者和未特定者
b798 神經肌肉骨骼與動作相關的功能，其他特定者
b799 神經肌肉骨骼與動作相關的功能，未特定者
第八章皮膚與相關結構的功能
皮膚功能(b810-849)
b810 皮膚保護功能
b820 皮膚修復功能
b830 皮膚其他功能
b840 皮膚相關的感覺
b849 皮膚功能，其他特定者和未特定者
毛髮和指甲功能(b850-b869)
b850 毛髮功能
b860 指甲功能
b869 毛髮和指甲功能，其他特定者和未特定者
b898 皮膚與相關結構的功能，其他特定者
b899 皮膚與相關結構的功能，未特定者
46
b749 Muscle functions, other specified and unspecified
Movement functions (b750-b789)
b750 Motor reflex functions
b755 Involuntary movement reaction functions
b760 Control of voluntary movement functions
b765 Involuntary movement functions
b770 Gait pattern functions
b780 Sensations related to muscles and movement functions
b789 Movement functions, other specified and unspecified
b798 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions, other specified
b799 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions, unspecified
Chapter 8 Functions of the skin and related structures

Functions of the skin (b810-b849)
b810 Protective functions of the skin
b820 Repair functions of the skin
b830 Other functions of the skin
b840 Sensation related to the skin
b849 Functions of the skin, other specified and unspecified
Functions of the hair and nails (b850-b869)
b850 Functions of hair
b860 Functions of nails
b869 Functions of the hair and nails, other specified and unspecified
b898 Functions of the skin and related structures, other specified
b899 Functions of the skin and related structures, unspecified
47
身體結構
第一章神經系統結構
s110 腦部結構
s120 脊髓與相關的結構
s130 腦膜結構
s140 交感神經系統結構
s150 副交感神經系統結構
s198 神經系統結構，其他特定者
s199 神經系統結構，未特定者
第二章眼睛、耳朵與相關的結構
s210 眼窩結構
s220 眼球結構
s230 眼睛周圍結構
s240 外耳結構
s250 中耳結構
s260 內耳結構
s298 眼睛、耳朵與相關的結構，其他特定者
s299 眼睛、耳朵與相關的結構，未特定者
第三章涉及嗓音和言語的結構
s310 鼻結構
s320 口結構
s330 咽結構
s340 喉結構
s398 涉及嗓音和言語的結構，其他特定者
s399 涉及嗓音和言語的結構，未特定者
第四章心血管、免疫和呼吸系統結構
s410 心血管系統結構
s420 免疫系統結構
s430 呼吸系統結構
s498 心血管、免疫和呼吸系統結構，其他特定者
s499 心血管、免疫和呼吸系統結構，未特定者
第五章消化、代謝和內分泌系統相關的結構
s510 唾液腺結構
s520 食道結構
s530 胃結構
s540 腸結構
s550 胰臟結構
s560 肝臟結構
48
Body structures
Chapter 1 Structures of the nervous system
s110 Structure of brain
s120 Spinal cord and related structures
s130 Structure of meninges
s140 Structure of sympathetic nervous system
s150 Structure of parasympathetic nervous system
s198 Structure of the nervous system, other specified
s199 Structure of the nervous system, unspecified
Chapter 2 The eye, ear and related structures

s210 Structure of eye socket
s220 Structure of eyeball
s230 Structures around eye
s240 Structure of external ear
s250 Structure of middle ear
s260 Structure of inner ear
s298 Eye, ear and related structures, other specified
s299 Eye, ear and related structures, unspecified
Chapter 3 Structures involved in voice and speech

s310 Structure of nose
s320 Structure of mouth
s330 Structure of pharynx
s340 Structure of larynx
s398 Structures involved in voice and speech, other specified
s399 Structures involved in voice and speech, unspecified
Chapter 4 Structures of the cardiovascular, immunological and respiratory

systems
s410 Structure of cardiovascular system
s420 Structure of immune system
s430 Structure of respiratory system
s498 Structures of the cardiovascular, immunological and respiratory systems, other
specified
s499 Structures of the cardiovascular, immunological and respiratory systems, unspecified
Chapter 5 Structures related to the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems

s510 Structure of salivary glands
s520 Structure of oesophagus
s530 Structure of stomach
s540 Structure of intestine
s550 Structure of pancreas
s560 Structure of liver
49
s570 膽囊和膽管結構
s580 內分泌腺結構
s598 消化、代謝和內分泌系統相關的結構，其他特定者
s599 消化、代謝和內分泌系統相關的結構，未特定者
第六章泌尿生殖和生育系統相關的結構
s610 泌尿系統結構
s620 骨盆底結構
s630 生育系統結構
s698 泌尿生殖和生育系統相關的結構，其他特定者
s699 泌尿生殖和生育系統相關的結構，未特定者
第七章動作相關的結構
s710 頭頸部結構
s720 肩部結構
s730 上肢結構
s740 骨盆部結構
s750 下肢結構
s760 軀幹結構
s770 動作相關的附屬肌肉骨骼結構
s798 動作相關的結構，其他特定者
s799 動作相關的結構，未特定者
第八章皮膚與相關的結構
s810 皮膚區域結構
s820 皮膚腺體結構
s830 指甲結構
s840 毛髮結構
s898 皮膚與相關的結構，其他特定者
s899 皮膚與相關的結構，未特定者
50
s570 Structure of gall bladder and ducts
s580 Structure of endocrine glands
s598 Structures related to the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, other specified
s599 Structures related to the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, unspecified
Chapter 6 Structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems

s610 Structure of urinary system
s620 Structure of pelvic floor
s630 Structure of reproductive system
s698 Structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems, other specified
s699 Structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems, unspecified
Chapter 7 Structures related to movement

s710 Structure of head and neck region
s720 Structure of shoulder region
s730 Structure of upper extremity
s740 Structure of pelvic region
s750 Structure of lower extremity
s760 Structure of trunk
s770 Additional musculoskeletal structures related to movement
s798 Structures related to movement, other specified
s799 Structures related to movement, unspecified
Chapter 8 Skin and related structures

s810 Structure of areas of skin
s820 Structure of skin glands
s830 Structure of nails
s840 Structure of hair
s898 Skin and related structures, other specified
s899 Skin and related structures, unspecifed
51
活動和參與
第一章學習和應用知識
有目的的感官經驗(d110-129)
d110 看
d115 聽
d120 其他有目的的感覺
d129 有目的的感官經驗，其他特定者和未特定者
基本學習(d130-159)
d130 模仿
d135 複誦
d140 學習閱讀
d145 學習書寫
d150 學習計算
d155 獲得技能
d159 基本學習，其他特定者和未特定者
應用知識(d160-d179)
d160 集中注意力
d163 思考
d166 閱讀
d170 書寫
d172 計算
d175 解決問題
d177 作決策
d179 應用知識，其他特定者和未特定者
d198 學習和應用知識，其他特定者
d199 學習和應用知識，未特定者
第二章一般任務和需求
d210 從事單一任務
d220 從事多重任務
d230 進行日常工作
d240 處理壓力與其他心理需求
d298 一般任務和需求，其他特定者
d299 一般任務和需求，未特定者
第三章溝通
溝通 - 接收(d310-d329)
d310 以口語訊息溝通 - 接收
d315 以非語言訊息溝通 - 接收
d320 以正式手語訊息溝通 - 接收
d325 以書寫訊息溝通 - 接收
d329 溝通 - 接收，其他特定者和未特定者
52
Activities and participation
Chapter 1 Learning and applying knowledge
Purposeful sensory experiences (d110-d129)
d110 Watching
d115 Listening
d120 Other purposeful sensing
d129 Purposeful sensory experiences, other specified and unspecified
Basic learning (d130-d159)
d130 Copying
d135 Rehearsing
d140 Learning to read
d145 Learning to write
d150 Learning to calculate
d155 Acquiring skills
d159 Basic learning, other specified and unspecified
Applying knowledge (d160-d179)
d160 Focusing attention
d163 Thinking
d166 Reading
d170 Writing
d172 Calculating
d175 Solving problems
d177 Making decisions
d179 Applying knowledge, other specified and unspecified
d198 Learning and applying knowledge, other specified
d199 Learning and applying knowledge, unspecified
Chapter 2 General tasks and demands

d210 Undertaking a single task
d220 Undertaking multiple tasks
d230 Carrying out daily routine
d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands
d298 General tasks and demands, other specified
d299 General tasks and demands, unspecified
Chapter 3 Communication
Communicating - receiving (d310-d329)
d310 Communicating with - receiving - spoken messages
d315 Communicating with - receiving - nonverbal messages
d320 Communicating with - receiving - formal sign language messages
d325 Communicating with - receiving - written messages
d329 Communicating - receiving, other specified and unspecified
53
溝通 - 產生(d330-d349)
d330 講話
d335 產生非語言訊息
d340 產生正式手語訊息
d345 書寫訊息
d349 溝通 - 產生，其他特定者和未特定者
交談及使用溝通裝置和技術(d350-d369)
d350 交談
d355 討論
d360 使用溝通裝置和技術
d369 交談及使用溝通裝置和技術，其他特定者和未特定者
d398 溝通，其他特定者
d399 溝通，未特定者
第四章移動
改變和維持身體姿勢(d410-d429)
d410 改變基本身體姿勢
d415 維持身體姿勢
d420 自行移位
d429 改變和維持身體姿勢，其他特定者和未特定者
運送、移動和處理物品(d430-d449)
d430 舉起和運送物品
d435 用下肢移動物品
d440 精細手部使用
d445 手和臂使用
d449 運送、移動和處理物品，其他特定者和未特定者
步行和移動(d450-d469)
d450 步行
d455 四處移動
d460 在不同地點四處移動
d465 使用裝備四處移動
d469 步行和移動，其他特定者和未特定者
使用運輸工具四處移動(d470-d479)
d470 使用運輸工具
d475 駕駛
d480 騎乘動物為運輸工具
d489 使用運輸工具四處移動，其他特定者和未特定者
d498 移動，其他特定者
d499 移動，未特定者
54
Communicating - producing (d330-d349)
d330 Speaking
d335 Producing nonverbal messages
d340 Producing messages in formal sign language
d345 Writing messages
d349 Communication - producing, other specified and unspecified
Conversation and use of communication devices and techniques (d350-d369)
d350 Conversation
d355 Discussion
d360 Using communication devices and techniques
d369 Conversation and use of communication devices and techniques, other specified and
unspecified
d398 Communication, other specified
d399 Communication, unspecified
Chapter 4 Mobility
Changing and maintaining body position (d410-d429)
d410 Changing basic body position
d415 Maintaining a body position
d420 Transferring oneself
d429 Changing and maintaining body position, other specified and unspecified
Carrying, moving and handling objects (d430-d449)
d430 Lifting and carrying objects
d435 Moving objects with lower extremities
d440 Fine hand use
d445 Hand and arm use
d449 Carrying, moving and handling objects, other specified and unspecified
Walking and moving (d450-d469)
d450 Walking
d455 Moving around
d460 Moving around in different locations
d465 Moving around using equipment
d469 Walking and moving, other specified and unspecified
Moving around using transportation (d470-d489)
d470 Using transportation
d475 Driving
d480 Riding animals for transportation
d489 Moving around using transportation, other specified and unspecified
d498 Mobility, other specified
d499 Mobility, unspecified
55
第五章自我照顧
d510 清洗自身
d520 照顧身體部位
d530 如廁
d540 穿著
d550 吃
d560 喝
d570 照顧個人健康
d598 自我照顧，其他特定者
d599 自我照顧，未特定者
第六章居家生活
獲得必需品(d610-d629)
d610 獲得居住地方
d620 獲得商品和服務
d629 獲得必需品，其他特定者和未特定者
家庭任務(d630-d649)
d630 準備餐食
d640 做家事
d649 家庭任務，未特定者
照顧家庭物品和協助他人(d650-d669)
d650 照顧家庭物品
d660 協助他人
d669 照顧家庭物品和協助他人，其他特定者和未特定者
d698 居家生活，其他特定者
d699 居家生活，非特定者
第七章人際互動和關係
一般人際互動(d710-d729)
d710 基本人際互動
d720 複雜人際互動
d729 一般人際互動，其他特定者和未特定者
特殊人際關係(d730-d779)
d730 與陌生人關係
d740 正式關係
d750 非正式社會關係
d760 家庭關係
d770 親密關係
d779 特殊人際關係，其他特定者和未特定者
d798 人際互動和關係，其他特定者
d799 人際互動和關係，未特定者
56
Chapter 5 Self-care
d510 Washing oneself
d520 Caring for body parts
d530 Toileting
d540 Dressing
d550 Eating
d560 Drinking
d570 Looking after one’s health
d598 Self-care, other specified
d599 Self-care, unspecified
Chapter 6 Domestic life

Acquisition of necessities (d610-d629)
d610 Acquiring a place to live
d620 Acquisition of goods and services
d629 Acquisition of necessities, other specified and unspecified
Household tasks (d630-d649)
d630 Preparing meals
d640 Doing housework
d649 Household tasks, other specified and unspecified
Caring for household objects and assisting others (d650-d669)
d650 Caring for household objects
d660 Assisting others
d669 Caring for household objects and assisting others, other specified and unspecified
d698 Domestic life, other specified
d699 Domestic life, unspecified
Chapter 7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships

General interpersonal interactions (d710-d729)
d710 Basic interpersonal interactions
d720 Complex interpersonal interactions
d729 General interpersonal interactions, other specified and unspecified
Particular interpersonal relationships (d730-d779)
d730 Relating with strangers
d740 Formal relationships
d750 Informal social relationships
d760 Family relationships
d770 Intimate relationships
d779 Particular interpersonal relationships, other specified and unspecified
d798 Interpersonal interactions and relationships, other specified
d799 Interpersonal interactions and relationships, unspecified
57
第八章主要生活領域
教育(d810-d839)
d810 非正式教育
d815 學前教育
d820 學校教育
d825 職業訓練
d830 高等教育
d839 教育，其他特定者和未特定者
工作和就業(d840-d859)
d840 學徒(工作準備)
d845 獲得、保有和終止工作
d850 有酬就業
d855 無酬就業
d859 工作和就業，其他特定者和未特定者
經濟生活(d860-d879)
d860 基本經濟交易
d865 複雜經濟交易
d870 經濟自足
d879 經濟生活，其他特定者和未特定者
d898 主要生活領域，其他特定者
d899 主要生活領域，未特定者
第九章社區、社交和公民生活
d910 社區生活
d920 娛樂和休閒
d930 宗教和靈性
d940 人權
d950 政治生活和公民權
d998 社區、社交和公民生活，其他特定者
d999 社區、社交和公民生活，未特定者
58
Chapter 8 Major life areas
Education (d810-d839)
d810 Informal education
d815 Preschool education
d820 School education
d825 Vocational training
d830 Higher education
d839 Education, other specified and unspecified
Work and employment (d840-d859)
d840 Apprenticeship (work preparation)
d845 Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job
d850 Remunerative employment
d855 Non-remunerative employment
d859 Work and employment, other specified and unspecified
Economic life (d860-d879)
d860 Basic economic transactions
d865 Complex economic transactions
d870 Economic self-sufficiency
d879 Economic life, other specified and unspecified
d898 Major life areas, other specified
d899 Major life areas, unspecified
Chapter 9 Community, social and civic life

d910 Community life
d920 Recreation and leisure
d930 Religion and spirituality
d940 Human rights
d950 Political life and citizenship
d998 Community, social and civic life, other specified
d999 Community, social and civic life, unspecified
59
環境因素
第一章產品和技術
e110 個人食用的產品或物質
e115 個人日常生活使用的產品和技術
e120 個人室內和室外移動及運輸的產品和技術
e125 溝通的產品和技術
e130 教育的產品和技術
e135 就業的產品和技術
e140 文化、娛樂和運動的產品和技術
e145 實踐宗教和靈性的產品和技術
e150 公共使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
e155 私人使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
e160 土地開發的產品和技術
e165 資產
e198 產品和技術，其他特定者
e199 產品和技術，未特定者
第二章天然環境及環境的人為改變
e210 自然地理
e215 人口
e220 植物群和動物群
e225 氣候
e230 天然事件
e235 人為事件
e240 光
e245 時間相關的改變
e250 聲音
e255 振動
e260 空氣品質
e298 天然環境及環境的人為改變，其他特定者
e299 天然環境及環境的人為改變，未特定者
第三章支持和關係
e310 直系親屬
e315 大家庭
e320 朋友
e325 熟人、同儕、同事、鄰居、和社區成員
e330 上司
e335 下屬
e340 個人照顧者和個人助理
e345 陌生人
e350 家畜
60
Environmental factors
Chapter 1 Products and technology
e110 Products or substances for personal consumption
e115 Products and technology for personal use in daily living
e120 Products and technology for personal indoor and outdoor mobility and transportation
e125 Products and technology for communication
e130 Products and technology for education
e135 Products and technology for employment
e140 Products and technology for culture, recreation and sport
e145 Products and technology for the practice of religion and spirituality
e150 Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for public use
e155 Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for private use
e160 Products and technology of land development
e165 Assets
e198 Products and technology, other specified
e199 Products and technology, unspecified
Chapter 2 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment

e210 Physical geography
e215 Population
e220 Flora and fauna
e225 Climate
e230 Natural events
e235 Human-caused events
e240 Light
e245 Time-related changes
e250 Sound
e255 Vibration
e260 Air quality
e298 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment, other specified
e299 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment, unspecified
Chapter 3 Support and relationships

e310 Immediate family
e315 Extended family
e320 Friends
e325 Acquaintances, peers colleagues, neighbours and community members
e330 People in positions of authority
e335 People in subordinate positions
e340 Personal care providers and personal assistants
e345 Strangers
e350 Domesticated animals
61
e355 健康專家
e360 其他專家
e398 支持和關係，其他特定者
e399 支持和關係，未特定者
第四章態度
e410 直系親屬成員個人態度
e415 大家庭成員個人態度
e420 朋友個人態度
e425 熟人、同儕、同事、鄰居和社區成員個人態度
e430 上司個人態度
e435 下屬個人態度
e440 個人照顧者或個人助理個人態度
e445 陌生人個人態度
e450 健康專家個人態度
e455 其他專家個人態度
e460 社會態度
e465 社會規範、實務和理念
e498 態度，其他特定者
e499 態度，未特定者
第五章服務、制度和政策
e510 消費品生產的服務、制度和政策
e515 建築和建構的服務、制度和政策
e520 開放空間規劃的服務、制度和政策
e525 住宅的服務、制度和政策
e530 公用事業的服務、制度和政策
e535 通訊的服務、制度和政策
e540 運輸的服務、制度和政策
e545 公民保護的服務、制度和政策
e550 法律的服務、制度和政策
e555 社團和組織的服務、制度和政策
e560 媒體的服務、制度和政策
e565 經濟的服務、制度和政策
e570 社會安全的服務、制度和政策
e575 一般社會支持的服務、制度和政策
e580 健康的服務、制度和政策
e585 教育和訓練的服務、制度和政策
e590 勞動和就業的服務、制度和政策
e595 政治的服務、制度和政策
e598 服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e599 服務、制度和政策，未特定者
62
e355 Health professionals
e360 Other professionals
e398 Support and relationships, other specified
e399 Support and relationships, unspecified
Chapter 4 Attitudes
e410 Individual attitudes of immediate family members
e415 Individual attitudes of extended family members
e420 Individual attitudes of friends
e425 Individual attitudes of acquaintances, peers colleagues, neighbours and community
members
e430 Individual attitudes of people in positions of authority
e435 Individual attitudes of people in subordinate positions
e440 Individual attitudes of personal care providers and personal assistants
e445 Individual attitudes of strangers
e450 Individual attitudes of health professionals
e455 Individual attitudes of other professionals
e460 Societal attitudes
e465 Social norms, practices and ideologies
e498 Attitudes, other specified
e499 Attitudes, unspecified
Chapter 5 Services, systems and policies

e510 Services, systems and policies for the production of consumer goods
e515 Architecture and construction services, systems and policies
e520 Open space planning services, systems and policies
e525 Housing services, systems and policies
e530 Utilities services, systems and policies
e535 Communication services, systems and policies
e540 Transportation services, systems and policies
e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies
e550 Legal services, systems and policies
e555 Associations and organizational services, systems and policies
e560 Media services, systems and policies
e565 Economic services, systems and policies
e570 Social security services, systems and policies
e575 General social support services, systems and policies
e580 Health services, systems and policies
e585 Education and training services, systems and policies
e590 Labour and employment services, systems and policies
e595 Political services, systems and policies
e598 Services, systems and policies, other specified
e599 Services, systems and policies, unspecified
63
ICF
詳細分類及定義
分類所有類目及其定義、納入和排除
Detailed classification with

definitions
All categories within the classification with
their definitions, inclusions and exclusions
65
ICF 詳細分類及定義：身體功能
身體功能
定義：身體功能係指身體系統的生理功能 (包括心理功能)。
限定值
負向量尺的通用限定值，用來指明損傷的程度或大小：
xxx.0 沒有損傷 (沒有、缺乏、可忽略、…) 0-4 %

xxx.1 輕度損傷 (輕微、低度、…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 中度損傷 (中度、尚可、…) 25-49 %
xxx.3 重度損傷 (高度、極度、…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 完全損傷 (全部、…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 不特定
xxx.9 不適用
提供廣泛範圍百分比給那些個案，其以可取得之已校正評量儀器或其他標準來量化身體
功能損傷。例如，當身體功能以「沒有損傷」或「完全損傷」編碼時，此量尺的誤差界
限可達 5%。而「中度損傷」通常達到全部損傷量尺的一半。不同範疇中的百分比要參
考人口標準百分位加以校正。為能以一致方式使用此量化，評量步驟需經由研究來發展。
為進一步解釋ICF編碼的公約，參照附錄二。
66
BODY FUNCTIONS
Definitions: Body functions are the physiological functions of body systems (including
psychological functions).
deviation or loss.
Qualifier
Generic qualifier with the negative scale, used to indicate the extent or magnitude of an
impairment:
xxx.0 NO impairment (none, absent, negligible,… ) 0-4 %
xxx.1 MILD impairment (slight, low,…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 MODERATE impairment (medium, fair,...) 25-49 %
xxx.3 SEVERE impairment (high, extreme,…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 COMPLETE impairment (total,…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 not specified
Broad ranges of percentages are provided for those cases in which calibrated assessment
instruments or other standards are available to quantify the impairment in body function. For
example, when “no impairment” or “complete impairment” in body function is coded, this
scaling may have margin of error of up to 5%. “Moderate impairment” is generally up to half
of the scale of total impairment. The percentages are to be calibrated in different domains with
reference to population standards as percentiles. For this quantification to be used in a
uniform manner, assessment procedures need to be developed through research.
For a further explanation of coding conventions in ICF, refer to Annex 2.
67
第一章
心智功能
本章是關於腦部的功能：兼有總體心智功能，如意識、精力和驅力，及特定心智功能，
如記憶、語言和計算心智功能。
總體心智功能(b110-b139)
b110 意識功能
覺察和警覺狀態的一般心智功能，包括清醒狀態的清晰和連續性。
納入：意識狀態、連續性和品質的功能；意識喪失、昏迷、植物人狀態、神遊、
恍惚狀態、附體狀態、藥品誘發意識改變、譫妄、木僵
排除：定向功能(b114)；精力和驅力功能(b130)；睡眠功能(b134)
b1100 意識狀態
當心智功能改變時會產生的狀態，如意識模糊、木僵或昏迷。
b1101 意識連續性
產生持續清醒、警覺和覺察的心智功能，與當破壞時，可能產生神遊、恍惚
或其他相似狀態。
b1102 意識品質
當心智功能改變時會影響清醒、警覺和覺察感覺的特徵，如藥品誘發改變狀
態或譫妄。
b1108 意識功能，其他特定者
b1109 意識功能，未特定者
b114 定向功能
知道並確定個人與自我、他人、時間及個人周圍關係的一般心智功能。
納入：時間、地點和人物定向功能；自我和他人的定向；時間、地點和人物的失
向
排除：意識功能(b110)；注意力功能(b140)；記憶功能(b144)
b1140 時間定向
產生對日、日期、月和年覺察的心智功能。
b1141 地點定向
產生對個人位置，如個人周遭事物、個人市鎮或國家覺察的心智功能。
b1142 人物定向
在周遭環境產生對個人自己身分和個體覺察的心智功能。
b11420 自我定向
產生對個人自己身分覺察的心智功能。
68
Chapter 1
Mental functions
This chapter is about the functions of the brain: both global mental functions, such as
consciousness, energy and drive, and specific mental functions, such as memory, language
and calculation mental functions.
Global mental functions (b110-b139)

b110 Consciousness functions
General mental functions of the state of awareness and alertness, including the clarity
and continuity of the wakeful state.
Inclusions: functions of the state, continuity and quality of consciousness; loss of
consciousness, coma, vegetative states, fugues, trance states, possession states,
drug-induced altered consciousness, delirium, stupor
Exclusions: orientation functions (b114); energy and drive functions(b130); sleep
functions (b134)
b1100 State of consciousness
Mental functions that when altered produce states such as clouding of
consciousness, stupor or coma.
b1101 Continuity of consciousness
Mental functions that produce sustained wakefulness, alertness and awareness
and, when disrupted, may produce fugue, trance or other similar states.
b1102 Quality of consciousness
Mental functions that when altered effect changes in the character of wakeful,
alert and aware sentience, such as drug-induced altered states or delirium.
b1108 Consciousness functions, other specified
b1109 Consciousness functions, unspecified
b114 Orientation functions
General mental functions of knowing and ascertaining one’s relation to self, to others, to
time and to one’s surroundings.
Inclusions: functions of orientation to time, place and person; orientation to self and
others; disorientation to time, place and person
Exclusions: consciousness functions (b110); attention functions (b140); memory
functions (b144)
b1140 Orientation to time
Mental functions that produce awareness of day, date, momth and year.
b1141 Orientation to place
Mental functions that produce awareness of one's location, such as one's
immediate surroundings, one's town or country.
b1142 Orientation to person
Mental functions that produce awareness of one's own identity and of individuals
in the immediate environment.
b11420 Orientation to self
Mental functions that produce awareness of one's own identity.
69
b11421 他人定向
在個人周遭環境產生對其他個體身分覺察的心智功能。
b11428 人物定向，其他特定者
b11429 人物定向，非特定者
b1148 定向功能，其他特定者
b1149 定向功能，未特定者
b117 智力功能
需要瞭解與建構性整合各種心智功能的一般心智功能，包括所有認知功能與其在
生命壽限的發展。
納入：智力發育功能；智力障礙，智能障礙，癡呆
排除：記憶功能(b144)；思想功能(b160)；高階認知功能(b164)
b122 總體心理社會功能
在其生命壽限發展中，需要瞭解與建構性地整合心智功能，以引起形成在意義和
目的兩方面建立交互社會互動所需人際技能的一般心智功能。
納入：如自閉症
b126 氣質和人格功能
個體對處境以特別方式反應之構成性特質的一般心智功能，包括使個體有別於他
人之心智特徵的集組。
納入：外向、內向、隨和、嚴謹、精神和情緒穩定、及經驗開放性的功能；樂觀；
獵奇；自信；可信賴性
排除：智力功能(b117)；精力和驅力功能(b130)；心理動作功能(b147)；情緒功能
(b152)
b1260 外向
產生直率、好交際和感情流露之個人特質的心智功能，相對於怕羞、拘束和
羞怯。
b1261 隨和
產生合作、友善和親切之個人特質的心智功能，相對於敵意、對抗和蔑視。
b1262 嚴謹
產生如努力工作、有條不紊和謹慎之個人特質的心智功能，相對於產生如懶
惰、不可靠和不負責特質的心智功能。
b1263 精神穩定性
產生性情平和、鎮靜和沉著之個人特質的心智功能，相對於易怒、發愁、古
怪和喜怒無常。
70
b11421 Orientation to others
Mental functions that produce awareness of the identity of other
individuals in one's immediate environment.
b11428 Orientation to person, other specified
b11429 Orientation to person, unspecified
b1148 Orientation functions, other specified
b1149 Orientation functions, unspecified
b117 Intellectual functions
General mental functions, required to understand and constructively integrate the
various mental functions, including all cognitive functions and their development over
the life span.
Inclusions: functions of intellectual growth; intellectual retardation, mental retardation,
dementia
Exclusions: memory functions (b144); thought functions (b160); higher-level cognitive
functions (b164)
b122 Global psychosocial functions
General mental functions, as they develop over the life span, required to understand and
constructively integrate the mental functions that lead to the formation of the
interpersonal skills needed to establish reciprocal social interactions, in terms of both
meaning and purpose.
Inclusion: such as in autism
b126 Temperament and personality functions
General mental functions of constitutional disposition of the individual to react in a
particular way to situations, including the set of mental characteristics that makes the
individual distinct from others.
Inclusions: functions of extraversion, introversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness,
psychic and emotional stability, and openness to experience; optimism; novelty
seeking;confidence; trustworthiness
Exclusions: intellectual functions (b117); energy and drive functions (b130);
psychomotor functions (b147); emotional functions (b152)
b1260 Extraversion
Mental functions that produce a personal disposition that is outgoing, sociable
and demonstrative, as contrasted to being shy, restricted and inhibited.
b1261 Agreeableness
Mental functions that produce a personal disposition that is cooperative,
amicable, and accommodating, as contrasted to being unfriendly, oppositional
and defiant.
b1262 Conscientiousness
Mental functions that produce personal dispositions such as in being
hard-working, methodical and scrupulous, as contrasted to mental functions
producing dispositions such as in being lazy, unreliable and irresponsible.
b1263 Psychic stability
Mental functions that produce a personal disposition that is even-tempered, calm
and composed, as contrasted to being irritable, worried, erratic and moody.
71
b1264 經驗開放性
產生好奇、富想像力、好問和尋求經驗之個人特質的心智功能，相對於遲鈍、
怠慢和不善表達情緒。
b1265 樂觀
產生愉快、活潑和希望之個人特質的心智功能，相對於沮喪、低沈和絕望。
b1266 自信
產生有自信的、大膽和武斷之個人特質的心智功能，相對於膽怯、不安和自
輕。
b1267 可信賴性
產生可靠和有原則之個人特質的心智功能，相對於虛假和反社會。
b1268 氣質和人格功能，其他特定者
b1269 氣質和人格功能，未特定者
b130 精力和驅力功能
使個體以持久態度邁向滿足特定需要及一般目標之生理和心理機制的一般心智功
能。
納入：精力程度、動機、食慾、渴望(包括對可被濫用物質的渴望)、及衝動控制的
功能
排除：意識功能(b110)；氣質和人格功能(b126)；睡眠功能(b134)；心理動作功能
(b147)；情緒功能(b152)
b1300 精力程度
產生活力和耐力的心智功能。
b1301 動機
產生行動誘因的心智功能；行動之有意識或無意識的驅動力量。
b1302 食慾
產生自然渴求或慾望的心智功能，特別是對食物和飲料之自然和再發慾望。
b1303 渴望
產生消耗物質之衝動的心智功能，包括可被濫用的物質。
b1304 衝動控制
調節和抗拒突然強烈衝動想做某事的心智功能。
b1308 精力和驅力功能，其他特定者
b1309 精力和驅力功能，未特定者
72
b1264 Openness to experience
Mental functions that produce a personal disposition that is curious, imaginative,
inquisitive and experience-seeking, as contrasted to being stagnant, inattentive
and emotionally inexpressive.
b1265 Optimism
Mental functions that produce a personal disposition that is cheerful, buoyant
and hopeful, as contrasted to being downhearted, gloomy and despairing.
b1266 Confidence
Mental functions that produce a personal disposition that is self-assured, bold
and assertive, as contrasted to being timid, insecure and self-effacing.
b1267 Trustworthiness
Mental functions that produce a personal disposition that is dependable and
principled, as contrasted to being deceitful and antisocial.
b1268 Temperament and personality functions, other specified
b1269 Temperament and personality functions, unspecified
b130 Energy and drive functions
General mental functions of physiological and psychological mechanisms that cause the
individual to move towards satisfying specific needs and general goals in a persistent
manner.
Inclusions: functions of energy level, motivation, appetite, craving (including craving
for substances that can be abused), and impulse control
Exclusions: consciousness functions (b110); temperament and personality functions
(b126); sleep functions (b134); psychomotor functions (b147); emotional functions
(b152)
b1300 Energy level
Mental functions that produce vigour and stamina.
b1301 Motivation
Mental functions that produce the incentive to act; the conscious or unconscious
driving force for action.
b1302 Appetite
Mental functions that produce a natural longing or desire, especially the natural
and recurring desire for food and drink.
b1303 Craving
Mental functions that produce the urge to consume substances, including
substances that can be abused.
b1304 Impulse control
Mental functions that regulate and resist sudden intense urges to do something.
b1308 Energy and drive functions, other specified
b1309 Energy and drive functions, unspecified
73
b134 睡眠功能
從個人周遭環境伴隨特有生理改變之週期性、可逆性和選擇性身體和心智脫離的
一般心智功能。
納入：睡眠量、及睡眠開始、維持和品質的功能；涉及睡眠週期的功能，如失眠、
睡眠過度和嗜睡症
排除：意識功能(b110)；精力和驅力功能(b130)；注意力功能(b140)；心理動作功
能(b147)
b1340 睡眠量
涉及於一日週期或晝夜節律睡眠狀態所花時間的心智功能。
b1341 睡眠開始
在清醒和睡眠間產生轉變的心智功能。
b1342 睡眠維持
持續睡眠狀態的心智功能。
b1343 睡眠品質
產生自然睡眠以達到最佳身體和心智休息和放鬆的心智功能。
b1344 涉及睡眠週期的功能
產生快速眼動睡眠(與作夢關聯)和非快速眼動睡眠(以降低生理和心理活動
時間為傳統睡眠概念作特徵)的心智功能。
b1348 睡眠功能，其他特定者
b1349 睡眠功能，未特定者
b139 總體心智功能，其他特定者和未特定者
特定心智功能(b140-b189)
b140 注意力功能
在要求的期間內聚焦於外部刺激或內部經驗的特定心智功能。
納入：持續注意力、轉移注意力、分配注意力、分享注意力的功能；專注；分心
排除：意識功能(b110)；精力和驅力功能(b130)；睡眠功能(b134)；記憶功能(b144)；
心理動作功能(b147)；知覺功能(b156)
b1400 持續注意力
在要求的期間內產生專注的心智功能。
b1401 轉移注意力
允許將專注從一刺激重新聚焦到另一的心智功能。
b1402 分配注意力
允許同時聚焦於兩項或更多刺激的心智功能。
74
b134 Sleep functions
General mental functions of periodic, reversible and selective physical and mental
disengagement from one's immediate environment accompanied by characteristic
physiological changes.
Inclusions: functions of amount of sleeping, and onset, maintenance and quality of sleep;
functions involving the sleep cycle, such as in insomnia, hypersomnia and narcolepsy
Exclusions: consciousness functions (b110); energy and drive functions (b130);
attention functions (b140); psychomotor functions (b147)
b1340 Amount of sleep
Mental functions involved in the time spent in the state of sleep in the diurnal
cycle or circadian rhythm.
b1341 Onset of sleep
Mental functions that produce the transition between wakefulness and sleep.
b1342 Maintenance of sleep
Mental functions that sustain the state of being asleep.
b1343 Quality of sleep
Mental functions that produce the natural sleep leading to optimal physical and
mental rest and relaxation.
b1344 Functions involving the sleep cycle
Mental functions that produce rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (associated with
dreaming) and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) (characterized by the
traditional concept of sleep as a time of decreased physiological and
psychological activity).
b1348 Sleep functions, other specified
b1349 Sleep functions, unspecified
b139 Global mental functions, other specified and unspecified
Specific mental functions (b140-b189)

b140 Attention functions
Specific mental functions of focusing on an external stimulus or internal experience for
the required period of time.
Inclusions: functions of sustaining attention, shifting attention, dividing attention,
sharing attention; concentration; distractibility
Exclusions: consciousness functions (b110); energy and drive functions (b130); sleep
functions (b134); memory functions (b144); psychomotor functions (b147); perceptual
functions (b156)
b1400 Sustaining attention
Mental functions that produce concentration for the period of time required.
b1401 Shifting attention
Mental functions that permit refocusing concentration from one stimulus to
another.
b1402 Dividing attention
Mental functions that permit focusing on two or more stimuli at the same time.
75
b1403 分享注意力
允許兩人或更多人聚焦於同一刺激的心智功能，如小孩和照顧者兩者聚焦於
一玩具。
b1408 注意力功能，其他特定者
b1409 注意力功能，未特定者
b144 記憶功能
登錄和儲存資訊並在需要時可擷取的特定心智功能。
納入：短期和長期記憶，即時、近期和遠期記憶功能；記憶廣度；記憶擷取；記
住；用於回憶和學習的功能，如命名性、選擇性和解離性失憶
排除：意識功能(b110)；定向功能(b114)；智力功能(b117)；注意力功能(b140)；知
覺功能(b156)；思想功能(b160)；高階認知功能(b164)；語言心智功能(b167)；計算
功能(b172)
b1440 短期記憶
產生約30秒期間的暫時性、可中斷之記憶儲存的心智功能，若未加固進入長
期記憶，資訊就會喪失。
b1441 長期記憶
產生允許將短期記憶資訊與過去事件的自傳式記憶及語言和事實的語意式
記憶兩者以長期儲存之記憶系統的心智功能。
b1442 記憶擷取
回憶儲存在長期記憶的資訊並將其引入覺識的特定心智功能。
b1448 記憶功能，其他特定者
b1449 記憶功能，未特定者
b147 心理動作功能
在身體層級控制動作和心理事件兩者的特定心智功能。
納入：心理動作控制，如心理動作遲滯、興奮和躁動、裝模作樣、肌肉僵直、拒
絕症、喜厭矛盾、模仿動作和模仿言語；心理動作功能品質。
排除：意識功能(b110)；定向功能(b114)；智力功能(b117)；精力和驅力功能(b130)；
注意力功能(b140)；語言心智功能(b167)；排序複雜動作的心智功能(b176)
b1470 心理動作控制
調節涉及動作和心理要素兩者的行為速度或反應時間的心智功能，如控制瓦
解會產生心理動作遲緩(移動和講話緩慢，手勢和自發性降低)或心理動作興
奮(過度的行為和認知活動，通常無生產性且常反應在內心緊張如腳趾敲
擊、扭絞雙手、躁動、或不安)
76
b1403 Sharing attention
Mental functions that permit focusing on the same stimulus by two or more
people, such as a child and a caregiver both focusing on a toy.
b1408 Attention functions, other specified
b1409 Attention functions, unspecified
b144 Memory functions
Specific mental functions of registering and storing information and retrieving it as
needed.
Inclusions: functions of short-term and long-term memory, immediate, recent and
remote memory; memory span; retrieval of memory; remembering; functions used in
recalling and learning, such as in nominal, selective and dissociative amnesia
Exclusions: consciousness functions (b110); orientation functions (b114); intellectual
functions (b117); attention functions (b140); perceptual functions (b156); thought
functions (b160); higher-level cognitive functions (b164); mental functions of language
(b167); calculation functions (b172)
b1440 Short-term memory
Mental functions that produce a temporary, disruptable memory store of around
30 seconds duration from which information is lost if not consolidated into
long-term memory.
b1441 Long-term memory
Mental functions that produce a memory system permitting the long-term storage
of information from short-term memory and both autobiographical memory for
past events and semantic memory for language and facts.
b1442 Retrieval of memory
Specific mental functions of recalling information stored in long-term memory
and bringing it into awareness.
b1448 Memory functions, other specified
b1449 Memory functions, unspecified
b147 Psychomotor functions
Specific mental functions of control over both motor and psychological events at the
body level.
Inclusions: functions of psychomotor control, such as psychomotor retardation,
excitement and agitation, posturing, catatonia, negativism, ambitendency, echopraxia
and echolalia; quality of psychomotor functions
Exclusions: consciousness functions(b110); orientation functions(b114); intellectual
functions(b117); energy and drive functions(b130); attention functions(b140); mental
functions of language (b167); mental functions of sequencing complex movements
(b176)
b1470 Psychomotor control
Mental functions that regulate the speed of behaviour or response time that
involves both motor and psychological components, such as in disruption of
control producing psychomotor retardation (moving and speaking slowly;
decrease in gesturing and spontaneity) or psychomotor excitement (excessive
behavioural and cognitive activity, usually nonproductive and often in response
to inner tension as in toe-tapping, hand-wringing, agitation, or restlessness.)
77
b1471 心理動作功能品質
產生以其次要素恰當順序和特徵之非語言行為的心智功能，如手眼協調、或
步態。
b1478 心理動作功能，其他特定者
b1479 心理動作功能，未特定者
b152 情緒功能
心思過程中感覺和情感要素相關的特定心智功能。
納入：情緒適當性、情緒調節和範圍的功能；情感；悲傷、快樂、愛意、恐懼、
憤怒、仇恨、緊張、焦慮、高興、傷心；情緒不穩；情感平淡
排除：氣質和人格功能(b126)；精力和驅力功能(b130)
b1520 情緒適當性
產生與處境相符之感覺或情感的心智功能，如接到好消息時快樂。
b1521 情緒調節
控制情感之經驗和顯露的心智功能。
b1522 情緒範圍
產生激發情感或感覺之經驗頻譜的心智功能，如愛意、仇恨、焦慮、傷心、
高興、恐懼和憤怒。
b1528 情緒功能，其他特定者
b1529 情緒功能，未特定者
b156 知覺功能
辨識和詮釋感覺刺激的特定心智功能。
納入：聽覺、視覺、嗅覺、味覺、觸覺和視覺空間感的功能，如幻覺或錯覺
排除：意識功能(b110)；定向功能(b114)；注意力功能(b140)；記憶功能(b144)；語
言心智功能(b167)；視覺與相關功能(b210-b229)；聽覺和前庭功能(b230-b249)；附
屬感覺功能(b250-b279)
b1560 聽覺
涉及辨別聲音、聲調、音高與其他語音刺激的心智功能。
b1561 視覺
涉及辨別形狀、大小、顏色與其他視覺刺激的心智功能。
b1562 嗅覺
涉及區辨不同氣味的心智功能。
78
b1471 Quality of psychomotor functions
Mental functions that produce nonverbal behaviour in the proper sequence and
character of its subcomponents, such as hand and eye coordination, or gait.
b1478 Psychomotor functions, other specified
b1479 Psychomotor functions, unspecified
b152 Emotional functions
Specific mental functions related to the feeling and affective components of the
processes of the mind.
Inclusions: functions of appropriateness of emotion, regulation and range of emotion;
affect; sadness, happiness, love, fear, anger, hate, tension, anxiety, joy, sorrow; lability
of emotion; flattening of affect
Exclusions: temperament and personality functions (b126); energy and drive functions
(b130)
b1520 Appropriateness of emotion
Mental functions that produce congruence of feeling or affect with the situation,
such as happiness at receiving good news.
b1521 Regulation of emotion
Mental functions that control the experience and display of affect.
b1522 Range of emotion
Mental functions that produce the spectrum of experience of arousal of affect or
feelings such as love, hate, anxiousness, sorrow, joy, fear and anger.
b1528 Emotional functions, other specified
b1529 Emotional functions, unspecified
b156 Perceptual functions
Specific mental functions of recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli.
Inclusions: functions of auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile and visuospatial
perception, such as hallucination or illusion
Exclusions: consciousness functions (b110); orientation functions (b114); attention
functions (b140); memory functions (b144); mental functions of language (b167);
seeing and related functions (b210-b229); hearing and vestibular functions (b230-b249);
additional sensory functions (b250-b279)
b1560 Auditory perception
Mental functions involved in discriminating sounds, tones, pitches and other
acoustic stimuli.
b1561 Visual perception
Mental functions involved in discriminating shape, size, colour and other ocular
stimuli.
b1562 Olfactory perception
Mental functions involved in distinguishing differences in smells.
79
b1563 味覺
涉及區辨不同味道的心智功能，如藉舌頭察覺甜、酸、鹹和苦的刺激。
b1564 觸覺
涉及區辨不同質地的心智功能，如藉觸摸察覺粗糙或光滑刺激。
b1565 視覺空間感
涉及藉視覺區辨物體在環境中或與自身相關之相對位置的心智功能。
b1568 知覺功能，其他特定者
b1569 知覺功能，未特定者
b160 思想功能
心思的構思要素相關的特定心智功能。
納入：思想步調、形式、控制和內容的功能；目標導向的思想功能，非目標導向
的思想功能；邏輯思想功能，如思想壓力、意念飛躍、思想中斷、思想不連貫、
離題、迂迴、妄想、強迫意念和強迫行為。
排除：智力功能(b117)；記憶功能(b144)；心理動作功能(b147)；知覺功能(b156)；
高階認知功能(b164)；語言心智功能(b167)；計算功能(b172)
b1600 思想步調
支配思考過程速度的心智功能。
b1601 思想形式
組織思考過程以達連貫和邏輯的心智功能。
納入：構思反覆、離題、迂迴的損傷
b1602 思想內容
組成思考過程出現的意念及所被概念化的心智功能。
納入：妄想、過分重視之意念和身體化症的損傷
b1603 思想控制
提供思考自主控制及被人如此辨識的心智功能。
納入：反芻思考、強迫意念、思想廣播和思想插入的損傷
b1608 思想功能，其他特定者
b1609 思想功能，未特定者
80
b1563 Gustatory perception
Mental functions involved in distinguishing differences in tastes, such as sweet,
sour, salty and bitter stimuli, detected by the tongue.
b1564 Tactile perception
Mental functions involved in distinguishing differences in texture, such as rough
or smooth stimuli, detected by touch.
b1565 Visuospatial perception
Mental function involved in distinguishing by sight the relative position of
objects in the environment or in relation to oneself.
b1568 Perceptual functions, other specified
b1569 Perceptual functions, unspecified
b160 Thought functions
Specific mental functions related to the ideational component of the mind.
Inclusions: functions of pace, form, control and content of thought; goal-directed
thought functions, non-goal directed thought functions; logical thought functions, such
as pressure of thought, flight of ideas, thought block, incoherence of thought,
tangentiality, circumstantiality, delusions, obsessions and compulsions
Exclusions: intellectual functions (b117); memory functions (b144); psychomotor
functions (b147); perceptual functions (b156); higher-level cognitive functions (b164);
mental functions of language (b167); calculation functions (b172)
b1600 Pace of thought
Mental functions that govern speed of the thinking process.
b1601 Form of thought
Mental functions that organize the thinking process as to its coherence and logic.
Inclusions: impairments of ideational perseveration, tangentiality and
circumstantiality
b1602 Content of thought
Mental functions consisting of the ideas that are present in the thinking process
and what is being conceptualized.
Inclusions: impairments of delusions, overvalued ideas and somatization
b1603 Control of thought
Mental functions that provide volitional control of thinking and are recognized as
such by the person.
Inclusions: impairments of rumination, obsession, thought broadcast and thought
insertion
b1608 Thought functions, other specified
b1609 Thought functions, unspecified
81
b164 高階認知功能
特別依賴腦部前葉的特定心智功能，包括複雜目標導向行為，如決策、抽象思考、
規劃和進行計畫、心智彈性、與決定那些行為在什麼情況下為適當；通常稱為執
行功能。
納入：意念的抽象和組織的功能；時間管理、洞察力和判斷力；概念形成、類別
化和認知彈性
排除：記憶功能(b144)；思想功能(b160)；語言心智功能(b167)；計算功能(b172)
b1640 抽象
創立出自且有別於具體現實、特定目標或實際情況的一般性意念、品質或特
徵的心智功能。
b1641 組織和規劃
協調各部分並系統化成一整體的心智功能；涉及發展進行或行動方法的心智
功能。
b1642 時間管理
將事件按時間順序排序、對事件和活動分配時間量的心智功能。
b1643 認知彈性
改變策略或轉移心智定勢的心智功能，特別是涉及問題解決。
b1644 洞察力
覺察和瞭解自身及個人行為的心智功能。
b1645 判斷力
涉及辨別或評估不同意見間的心智功能，如那些涉及意見形成。
b1646 解決問題
確認、分析並整合不一致或衝突的資訊加以解決的心智功能。
b1648 高階認知功能，其他特定者
b1649 高階認知功能，未特定者
b167 語言心智功能
辨識和使用語言的記號、符號和其他要素的特定心智功能。
納入：接受和解碼口語、書寫或其他形式語言如手語的功能；表達口語、書寫或
其他形式語言的功能；整合性語言功能，口語和書寫，如涉及接受性、表達性、
布洛卡氏、渥尼克氏和傳導性失語症
排除：注意力功能(b140)；記憶功能(b144)；知覺功能(b156)；思想功能(b160)；高
階認知功能(b164)；計算功能(b172)；複雜動作心智功能(b176)；第二章感官功能
和疼痛；第三章嗓音和言語功能
b1670 語言接受
將口語、書寫或其他形式如手語訊息解碼以得到其意義的特定心智功能。
82
b164 Higher-level cognitive functions
Specific mental functions especially dependent on the frontal lobes of the brain,
including complex goal-directed behaviours such as decision-making, abstract thinking,
planning and carrying out plans, mental flexibility, and deciding which behaviours are
appropriate under what circumstances; often called executive functions.
Inclusions: functions of abstraction and organization of ideas; time management, insight
and judgement; concept formation, categorization and cognitive flexibility
Exclusions: memory functions (b144); thought functions (b160); mental functions of
language (b167); calculation functions (b172)
b1640 Abstraction
Mental functions of creating general ideas, qualities or characteristics out of, and
distinct from, concrete realities, specific objects or actual instances.
b1641 Organization and planning
Mental functions of coordinating parts into a whole, of systematizing; the mental
function involved in developing a method of proceeding or acting.
b1642 Time management
Mental functions of ordering events in chronological sequence, allocating
amounts of time to events and activities.
b1643 Cognitive flexibility
Mental functions of changing strategies, or shifting mental sets, especially as
involved in problem-solving.
b1644 Insight
Mental functions of awareness and understanding of oneself and one's behaviour.
b1645 Judgement
Mental functions involved in discriminating between and evaluating different
options, such as those involved in forming an opinion.
b1646 Problem-solving
Mental functions of identifying, analysing and integrating incongruent or
conflicting information into a solution.
b1648 Higher-level cognitive functions, other specified
b1649 Higher-level cognitive functions, unspecified
b167 Mental functions of language
Specific mental functions of recognizing and using signs, symbols and other
components of a language.
Inclusions: functions of reception and decryption of spoken, written or other forms of
language such as sign language; functions of expression of spoken, written or other
forms of language; integrative language functions, spoken and written, such as involved
in receptive, expressive, Broca's, Wernicke's and conduction aphasia
Exclusions: attention functions (b140); memory functions (b144); perceptual functions
(b156); thought functions (b160); higher-level cognitive functions (b164); calculation
functions (b172); mental functions of complex movements (b176); Chapter 2 Sensory
Functions and Pain; Chapter 3 Voice and Speech Functions
b1670 Reception of language
Specific mental functions of decoding messages in spoken, written or other
forms, such as sign language, to obtain their meaning.
83
b16700 口語語言接受
將口語訊息解碼以得到其意義的心智功能。
b16701 書寫語言接受
將書寫訊息解碼以得到其意義的心智功能。
b16702 手語接受
將使用雙手或其他動作所為記號的語言之訊息解碼以便得到其意義
的心智功能。
b16708 語言接受，其他特定者
b16709 語言接受，未特定者
b1671 語言表達
以口語、書寫、手語或其他形式語言產生有意義訊息所需的特定心智功能。
b16710 口語語言表達
產生有意義口語訊息所需的心智功能。
b16711 書面語言表達
產生有意義書寫訊息所需的心智功能。
b16712 手語表達
產生使用雙手或其他動作所為記號的語言有意義訊息所需的心智功
能。
b16718 語言表達，其他特定者
b16719 語言表達，未特定者
b1672 整合性語言功能
組織語意和符號意義、文法結構及意念以產生口語、書寫或其他形式語言訊
息的心智功能。
b1678 語言心智功能，其他特定者
b1679 語言心智功能，未特定者
b172 計算功能
決定、逼近和操作數學符號和過程的特定心智功能。
納入：加法、減法與其他簡單數學計算功能；複雜數學運算功能
排除：注意力功能(b140)；記憶功能(b144)；思想功能(b160)；高階認知功能(b164)；
語言心智功能(b167)
b1720 簡單計算
數字計算的心智功能，如加法、減法、乘法和除法。
b1721 複雜計算
轉譯文字問題為算術步驟、轉譯數學公式為算術步驟、與涉及數字之其他複
雜操作的心智功能。
b1728 計算功能，其他特定者
b1729 計算功能，未特定者
84
b16700 Reception of spoken language
Mental functions of decoding spoken messages to obtain their meaning.
b16701 Reception of written language
Mental functions of decoding written messages to obtain their meaning.
b16702 Reception of sign language
Mental functions of decoding messages in languages that use signs made
by hands and other movements, in order to obtain their meaning.
b16708 Reception of language, other specified
b16709 Reception of language, unspecified
b1671 Expression of language
Specific mental functions necessary to produce meaningful messages in spoken,
written, signed or other forms of language.
b16710 Expression of spoken language
Mental functions necessary to produce meaningful spoken messages.
b16711 Expression of written language
Mental functions necessary to produce meaningful written messages.
b16712 Expression of sign language
Mental functions necessary to produce meaningful messages in
languages that use signs made by hands and other movements.
b16718 Expression of language, other specified
b16719 Expression of language, unspecified
b1672 Integrative language functions
Mental functions that organize semantic and symbolic meaning, grammatical
structure and ideas for the production of messages in spoken, written or other
forms of language.
b1678 Mental functions of language, other specified
b1679 Mental functions of language, unspecified
b172 Calculation functions
Specific mental functions of determination, approximation and manipulation of
mathematical symbols and processes.
Inclusions: functions of addition, subtraction, and other simple mathematical
calculations; functions of complex mathematical operations
Exclusions: attention functions (b140); memory functions (b144); thought functions
(b160); higher-level cognitive functions (b164); mental functions of language (b167)
b1720 Simple calculation
Mental functions of computing with numbers, such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
b1721 Complex calculation
Mental functions of translating word problems into arithmetic procedures,
translating mathematical formulas into arithmetic procedures, and other complex
manipulations involving numbers.
b1728 Calculation functions, other specified
b1729 Calculation functions, unspecified
85
b176 排序複雜動作的心智功能
排序和協調複雜、有目的動作的特殊心智功能。
納入：損傷如意念、意動、穿衣、動眼神經和言語失用症
排除：心理動作功能(b147)；高階認知功能(b164)；第七章神經肌肉骨骼與動作相
關功能
b180 自我和時間經驗功能
在個人環境和時間實境中，覺察個人身分、個人身體、和個人位置相關的特定心
智功能。
納入：自我、身體意象和時間經驗的功能
b1800 自我經驗
在自身周圍環境的實境中，覺察個人身分和個人位置的特定心智功能。
納入：損傷如失自我感和失真感
b1801 身體意象
表現和覺察個人身體相關的特定心智功能。
納入：損傷如幻肢和感覺太胖或太瘦
b1802 時間經驗
時間長短和推移相關之主觀經驗的特定心智功能。
納入：損傷如似陌生感和似曾相識感
b1808 自我和時間經驗功能，其他特定者
b1809 自我和時間經驗功能，未特定者
b189 特定心智功能，其他特定和未特定者
b198 心智功能，其他特定者
b199 心智功能，未特定者
86
b176 Mental function of sequencing complex movements
Specific mental functions of sequencing and coordinating complex, purposeful
movements.
Inclusions: impairments such as in ideation, ideomotor, dressing, oculomotor and
speech apraxia
Exclusions: psychomotor functions (b147); higher-level cognitive functions (b164);
Chapter 7 Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-Related Functions
b180 Experience of self and time functions
Specific mental functions related to the awareness of one's identity, one's body, one's
position in the reality of one's environment and of time.
Inclusions: functions of experience of self, body image and time
b1800 Experience of self
Specific mental functions of being aware of one's own identity and one's position
in the reality of the environment around oneself.
Inclusion: impairments such as depersonalization and derealization
b1801 Body image
Specific mental functions related to the representation and awareness of one's
body.
Inclusion: impairments such as phantom limb and feeling too fat or too thin
b1802 Experience of time
Specific mental functions of the subjective experiences related to the length and
passage of time.
Inclusion: impairments such as jamais vu and déjà vu
b1808 Experience of self and time functions, other specified
b1809 Experience of self and time functions, unspecified
b189 Specific mental functions, other specified and unspecified
b198 Mental functions, other specified
b199 Mental functions, unspecified
87
第二章
感官功能和疼痛
本章是關於感覺、視覺、聽覺、味覺等，與痛覺的功能。
視覺與相關的功能(b210-b229)
b210 視覺功能
感覺光的存在和感覺視覺刺激之形式、大小、形狀和顏色相關的感官功能。
納入︰視力功能；視野功能；視力品質；感覺光和顏色的功能，遠距和近距視力、
單眼和雙眼視力；視覺圖像品質；損傷如近視、遠視、散光、半側偏盲、色盲、
管狀視覺、中心和周圍盲點、複視、夜盲及光線適應損傷
排除︰知覺功能(b156)
b2100 視力功能
用雙眼和單眼兩者、從遠距和近距兩者感覺形狀和輪廓的視覺功能。
b21000 雙眼遠距視力
使用雙眼感覺遠離眼睛物體之大小、形狀和輪廓的視覺功能。
b21001 單眼遠距視力
單獨使用右眼或左眼感覺遠離眼睛物體之大小、形狀和輪廓的視覺
功能。
b21002 雙眼近距視力
使用雙眼感覺靠近眼睛物體之大小、形狀和輪廓的視覺功能。
b21003 單眼近距視力
單獨使用右眼或左眼感覺靠近眼睛物體之大小、形狀和輪廓的視覺
功能。
b21008 視力功能，其他特定者
b21009 視力功能，未特定者
b2101 視野功能
注視固定時所能見的全部範圍相關的視覺功能。
包括︰損傷如盲點、管狀視覺、斜視
b2102 視覺品質
涉及光敏感度、色覺、對比敏感度和圖像整體品質的視覺功能。
b21020 光敏感度
感覺最小的光量(光量最小)、及最小光強度差異(光差異)的視覺功
能。
納入︰暗適應功能；損傷如夜盲(對光低敏感度)和畏光(對光高敏感
度)
b21021 色覺
辨別和相配顏色的視覺功能。
88
Chapter 2
Sensory functions and pain
This chapter is about the functions of the senses, seeing, hearing, tasting and so on, as well as
the sensation of pain.
Seeing and related functions (b210-b229)

b210 Seeing functions
Sensory functions relating to sensing the presence of light and sensing the form, size,
shape and colour of the visual stimuli.
Inclusions: visual acuity functions; visual field functions; quality of vision; functions of
sensing light and colour, visual acuity of distant and near vision, monocular and
binocular vision; visual picture quality; impairments such as myopia, hypermetropia,
astigmatism, hemianopia, colour-blindness, tunnel vision, central and peripheral
scotoma, diplopia, night blindness and impaired adaptability to light
Exclusion: perceptual functions (b156)
b2100 Visual acuity functions
Seeing functions of sensing form and contour, both binocular and monocular, for
both distant and near vision.
b21000 Binocular acuity of distant vision
Seeing functions of sensing size, form and contour, using both eyes, for
objects distant from the eye.
b21001 Monocular acuity of distant vision
Seeing functions of sensing size, form and contour, using either right or
left eye alone, for objects distant from the eye.
b21002 Binocular acuity of near vision
Seeing functions of sensing size, form and contour, using both eyes, for
objects close to the eye.
b21003 Monocular acuity of near vision
Seeing functions of sensing size, form and contour, using either right or
left eye alone, for objects close to the eye.
b21008 Visual acuity functions, other specified
b21009 Visual acuity functions, unspecified
b2101 Visual field functions
Seeing functions related to the entire area that can be seen with fixation of gaze.
Inclusions: impairments such as in scotoma, tunnel vision, anopsia
b2102 Quality of vision
Seeing functions involving light sensitivity, colour vision, contrast sensitivity
and the overall quality of the picture.
b21020 Light sensitivity
Seeing functions of sensing a minimum amount of light (light
minimum), and the minimum difference in intensity (light difference.)
Inclusions: functions of dark adaptation; impairments such as night
blindness (hyposensitivity to light) and photophobia (hypersensitivity to
light)
b21021 Colour vision
Seeing functions of differentiating and matching colours.
89
b21022 對比敏感度
涉及最小亮度需求下，從背景識別圖像的視覺功能。
b21023 視覺圖像品質
涉及圖像品質的視覺功能。
納入：損傷如視散光、影響圖像品質(漂浮或網狀)、圖像扭曲、和
眼冒金星或閃光
b21028 視覺品質，其他特定者
b21029 視覺品質，未特定者
b2108 視覺功能，其他特定者
b2109 視覺功能，未特定者
b215 眼睛鄰近結構的功能
眼睛內部和周圍促進視覺功能結構的功能。
納入：眼內肌、眼瞼、眼外肌的功能，包括眼睛隨意和跟蹤動作，及注視、淚腺、
光區調、瞳孔反射；損傷如眼球震顫、乾眼症和眼瞼下垂
排除：視覺功能(b210)；第七章神經肌肉骨骼與動作相關的功能
b2150 眼內肌功能
眼睛內部肌肉的功能，如虹膜，調整眼睛瞳孔和水晶體的形狀和大小。
納入：光區調功能；瞳孔反射
b2151眼瞼功能
眼瞼功能，如保護反射。
b2152 眼外肌功能
用於看不同方向、追蹤視野內移動物體、產生眼球跳動以趕上移動目標、及
固定眼睛的肌肉功能。
納入：眼球震顫；雙眼協同
b2153 淚腺功能
眼淚腺體和小管的功能。
b2158 眼睛鄰近結構的功能，其他特定者
b2159 眼睛鄰近結構的功能，未特定者
b220 眼睛及鄰近結構關聯的感覺
眼睛疲勞、乾澀和發癢感覺與相關的感覺。
納入：眼後壓力、眼內異物、眼睛疲勞、眼灼熱的感覺；眼睛刺激
排除：痛覺(b280)
b229 視覺與相關的功能，其他特定者和未特定者
90
b21022 Contrast sensitivity
Seeing functions of separating figure from ground, involving the
minimum amount of luminance required.
b21023 Visual picture quality
Seeing functions involving the quality of the picture.
Inclusions: impairments such as in seeing stray lights, affected picture
quality (floaters or webbing), picture distortion, and seeing stars or
flashes
b21028 Quality of vision, other specified
b21029 Quality of vision, unspecified
b2108 Seeing functions, other specified
b2109 Seeing functions, unspecified
b215 Functions of structures adjoining the eye
Functions of structures in and around the eye that facilitate seeing functions.
Inclusions: functions of internal muscles of the eye, eyelid, external muscles of the eye,
including voluntary and tracking movements and fixation of the eye, lachrymal glands,
accommodation, pupillary reflex; impairments such as in nystagmus, xerophthalmia and
ptosis
Exclusions: seeing functions (b210); Chapter 7 Neuromusculoskeletal and
Movement-related Functions
b2150 Functions of internal muscles of the eye
Functions of the muscles inside the eye, such as the iris, that adjust the shape and
size of the pupil and lens of the eye.
Inclusions: functions of accommodation; pupillar reflex
b2151 Functions of the eyelid
Functions of the eyelid, such as the protective reflex.
b2152 Functions of external muscles of the eye
Functions of the muscles that are used to look in different directions, to follow an
object as it moves across the visual field, to produce saccadic jumps to catch up
with a moving target, and to fix the eye.
Inclusions: nystagmus; cooperation of both eyes
b2153 Functions of lachrymal glands
Functions of the tear glands and ducts.
b2158 Functions of structures adjoining the eye, other specified
b2159 Functions of structures adjoining the eye, unspecified
b220 Sensations associated with the eye and adjoining structures
Sensations of tired, dry and itching eye and related feelings.
Inclusions: feelings of pressure behind the eye, of something in the eye, eye strain,
burning in the eye; eye irritation
Exclusion: sensation of pain (b280)
b229 Seeing and related functions, other specified and unspecified
91
聽覺和前庭功能(b230-b249)
b230 聽覺功能
感覺聲音存在並辨別聲音位置、音高、響度和音質相關的感官功能。
納入：聽覺、聲音辨別、聲源定位、聲音定側、言語辨別的功能；損傷如耳聾、
聽覺損傷和聽覺喪失
排除：知覺功能(b156)和語言心智功能(b167)
b2300 聲音偵測
感覺聲音存在相關的感官功能。
b2301 聲音辨別
感覺涉及區分背景聲音存在與雙耳合成、分離和混合相關的感官功能。
b2302 聲源定位
確定聲音來源位置相關的感官功能。
b2303 聲音偏側性
確定聲音是來自右側或左側相關的感官功能。
b2304 言語辨別
確定口語語言並與其他聲音區辨相關的感官功能。
b2308 聽覺功能，其他特定者
b2309 聽覺功能，未特定者
b235 前庭功能
與定位、平衡和動作相關的內耳感官功能。
納入︰定位和位置感覺的功能；身體和動作的平衡功能
排除︰聽覺和前庭功能關聯的感覺(b240)
b2350 前庭定位功能
確定身體位置相關的內耳感官功能。
b2351 前庭平衡功能
確定身體平衡相關的內耳感官功能。
b2352 前庭動作確定功能
確定身體動作相關的內耳感官功能，包括其方向和速度。
b2358 前庭功能，其他特定者
b2359 前庭功能，未特定者
b240 聽覺和前庭功能關聯的感覺
頭暈、跌倒、耳鳴和眩暈的感覺。
納入：耳響、耳刺激、耳壓、頭暈或眩暈關聯之噁心的感覺
排除：前庭功能(b235)；痛覺(b280)
b2400 耳響或耳鳴
低音衝聲、嘶嘶聲或耳響的感覺。
92
Hearing and vestibular functions (b230-b249)
b230 Hearing functions
Sensory functions relating to sensing the presence of sounds and discriminating the
location, pitch, loudness and quality of sounds.
Inclusions: functions of hearing, auditory discrimination, localization of sound source,
lateralization of sound, speech discrimination; impairments such as deafness, hearing
impairment and hearing loss
Exclusions: perceptual functions (b156) and mental functions of language (b167)
b2300 Sound detection
Sensory functions relating to sensing the presence of sounds.
b2301 Sound discrimination
Sensory functions relating to sensing the presence of sound involving the
differentiation of ground and binaural synthesis, separation and blending.
b2302 Localisation of sound source
Sensory functions relating to determining the location of the source of sound.
b2303 Lateralization of sound
Sensory functions relating to determining whether the sound is coming from the
right or left side.
b2304 Speech discrimination
Sensory functions relating to determining spoken language and distinguishing it
from other sounds.
b2308 Hearing functions, other specified
b2309 Hearing functions, unspecified
b235 Vestibular functions
Sensory functions of the inner ear related to position, balance and movement.
Inclusions: functions of position and positional sense; functions of balance of the body
and movement
Exclusion: sensations associated with hearing and vestibular functions (b240)
b2350 Vestibular function of position
Sensory functions of the inner ear related to determining the position of the
body.
b2351 Vestibular function of balance
Sensory functions of the inner ear related to determining the balance of the body.
b2352 Vestibular function of determination of movement
Sensory functions of the inner ear related to determining movement of the body,
including its direction and speed.
b2358 Vestibular functions, other specified
b2359 Vestibular functions, unspecified
b240 Sensations associated with hearing and vestibular function
Sensations of dizziness, falling, tinnitus and vertigo.
Inclusions: sensations of ringing in ears, irritation in ear, aural pressure, nausea
associated with dizziness or vertigo
Exclusions: vestibular functions (b235); sensation of pain (b280)
b2400 Ringing in ears or tinnitus
Sensation of low-pitched rushing, hissing or ringing in the ear.
93
b2401 頭暈
涉及自身或個人環境移動的感覺；旋轉、搖擺或傾斜的感覺。
b2402 跌倒的感覺
喪失個人緊握和跌倒的感覺。
b2403 頭暈或眩暈關聯之噁心
頭暈或眩暈引起想嘔吐的感覺。
b2404 耳刺激
耳內發癢或其他相似感覺的感覺。
b2405 耳壓
耳內壓力的感覺。
b2408 聽覺和前庭功能關聯的感覺，其他特定者。
b2409 聽覺和前庭功能關聯的感覺，未特定者。
b249 聽覺和前庭功能，其他特定者和未特定者。
附屬感官功能(b250-b279)
b250 味覺功能
感覺苦、甜、酸和鹹品質的感官功能。
納入：味覺功能；損傷如味覺缺失、味覺減退
b255 嗅覺功能
感覺異味和氣味的感官功能。
納入：嗅覺功能；損傷如嗅覺缺失、嗅覺減退
b260 本體感覺功能
感覺身體各部分相對位置的感官功能。
納入：靜態覺和動態覺功能
排除：前庭功能(b235)；肌肉和動作功能相關的感覺(b780)
b265 觸覺功能
感覺表面及其質地或品質的感官功能。
納入：觸覺功能、觸覺感覺；損傷如麻木、感覺缺失、刺痛感、感覺異常和感覺
過敏
排除：溫度和其他刺激相關的感覺功能(b270)
b270 溫度和其他刺激相關的感官功能
感覺溫度、振動、壓力和有害刺激的感覺功能。
納入：對溫度、振動、搖動或擺動、表面壓力、深層壓力、灼熱感或有害刺激敏
感的功能
排除：觸覺功能(b265)；痛覺(b280)
b2700 溫度敏感性
感覺冷和熱的感官功能。
b2701 振動敏感性
感覺搖動或擺動的感官功能。
94
b2401 Dizziness
Sensation of motion involving either oneself or one's environment; sensation of
rotating, swaying or tilting.
b2402 Sensation of falling
Sensation of losing one's grip and falling.
b2403 Nausea associated with dizziness or vertigo
Sensation of wanting to vomit that arises from dizziness or vertigo.
b2404 Irritation in the ear
Sensation of itching or other similar sensations in the ear.
b2405 Aural pressure
Sensation of pressure in the ear.
b2408 Sensations associated with hearing and vestibular function, other specified
b2409 Sensations associated with hearing and vestibular function, unspecified
b249 Hearing and vestibular functions, other specified and unspecified
Additional sensory functions (b250-b279)

b250 Taste function
Sensory functions of sensing qualities of bitterness, sweetness, sourness and saltiness.
Inclusions: gustatory functions; impairments such as ageusia and hypogeusia
b255 Smell function
Sensory functions of sensing odours and smells.
Inclusions: olfactory functions; impairments such as anosmia or hyposmia
b260 Proprioceptive function
Sensory functions of sensing the relative position of body parts.
Inclusions: functions of statesthesia and kinaesthesia
Exclusions: vestibular functions (b235); sensations related to muscles and movement
functions (b780)
b265 Touch function
Sensory functions of sensing surfaces and their texture or quality.
Inclusions: functions of touching, feeling of touch; impairments such as numbness,
anaesthesia, tingling, paraesthesia and hyperaesthesia
Exclusions: sensory functions related to temperature and other stimuli (b270)
b270 Sensory functions related to temperature and other stimuli
Sensory functions of sensing temperature, vibration, pressure and noxious stimulus.
Inclusions: functions of being sensitive to temperature, vibration, shaking or oscillation,
superficial pressure, deep pressure, burning sensation or a noxious stimulus
Exclusions: touch functions (b265); sensation of pain (b280)
b2700 Sensitivity to temperature
Sensory functions of sensing cold and heat.
b2701 Sensitivity to vibration
Sensory functions of sensing shaking or oscillation.
95
b2702 壓力敏感性
感覺靠在或加在皮膚壓力的感官功能。
包括：損傷如觸覺敏感性、麻木、感覺減退、感覺過敏、感覺異常和刺痛感
b2703 有害刺激敏感性
感覺疼痛或不適感覺的感官功能
納入：損傷如痛覺減退、痛覺過敏、觸摸痛、痛覺缺失和痛性麻木
b2708 溫度和其他刺激相關的感官功能，其他特定者
b2709 溫度和其他刺激相關的感官功能，未特定者
b279 附屬感官功能，其他特定者和未特定者
疼痛(b280-b289)
b280 痛覺
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而感到不愉快的感覺。
納入︰身體一處或多處部位的全身性或局部性疼痛、皮節疼痛、刺痛、灼痛、鈍
痛、酸痛；損傷如肌痛、痛覺缺失和痛覺過敏
b2800 全身性疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而全面或遍及身體感到不愉快的感覺。
b2801 身體某部位疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而身體某特定部位或多部位感到不愉快
的感覺。
b28010 頭和頸部疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而頭和頸部感到不愉快的感覺。
b28011 胸部疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而胸部感到不愉快的感覺。
b28012 胃或腹部疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而胃或腹部感到不愉快的感覺。
納入︰骨盆部疼痛
b28013 背部疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而背部感到不愉快的感覺。
納入︰軀幹疼痛；下背痛
b28014 上肢疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而單側或雙側上肢感到不愉快的
感覺，包括手部。
96
b2702 Sensitivity to pressure
Sensory functions of sensing pressure against or on the skin.
Inclusions: impairments such as sensitivity to touch, numbness, hypaesthesia,
hyperaesthesia, paraesthesia and tingling
b2703 Sensitivity to a noxious stimulus
Sensory functions of sensing painful or uncomfortable sensations.
Inclusions: impairments such as hypalgesia, hyperpathia, allodynia, analgesia
and anaesthesia dolorosa
b2708 Sensory functions related to temperature and other stimuli, other specified
b2709 Sensory functions related to temperature and other stimuli, unspecified
b279 Additional sensory functions, other specified and unspecified
Pain (b280-b289)
b280 Sensation of pain
Sensation of unpleasant feeling indicating potential or actual damage to some body
structure.
Inclusions: sensations of generalized or localized pain in one or more body part, pain in
a dermatome, stabbing pain, burning pain, dull pain, aching pain; impairments such as
myalgia, analgesia and hyperalgesia
b2800 Generalized pain
Sensation of unpleasant feeling indicating potential or actual damage to some
body structure felt all over, or throughout the body.
b2801 Pain in body part
Sensation of unpleasant feeling indicating potential or actual damage to some
body structure felt in a specific part, or parts, of the body.
b28010 Pain in head and neck
Sensation of unpleasant feeling indicating potential or actual damage to
some body structure felt in the head and neck.
b28011 Pain in chest
some body structure felt in the chest.
b28012 Pain in stomach or abdomen
some body structure felt in the stomach or abdomen.
Inclusion: pain in the pelvic region
b28013 Pain in back
some body structure felt in the back.
Inclusions: pain in the trunk; low backache
b28014 Pain in upper limb
some body structure felt in either one or both upper limbs, including
hands.
97
b28015 下肢疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而單側或雙側下肢感到不愉快的
感覺，包括足部。
b28016 關節疼痛
指明身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而一處或多處關節感到不愉快的
感覺，包括小和大關節。
納入︰髖部疼痛；肩部疼痛
b28018 身體某部位疼痛，其他特定者
b28019 身體某部位疼痛，未特定者
b2802 身體多處部位疼痛
指明位於身體數處部位之身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而不愉快的感覺。
b2803 皮節輻射狀疼痛
指明位於由相同神經根支配皮膚範圍之身體某處結構潛在或實際損害而不
愉快的感覺。
b2804 體節或區域輻射狀疼痛
指明位於身體不同部位非由相同神經根支配皮膚範圍之身體某處結構潛在
或實際損害而不愉快的感覺。
b289 痛覺，其他特定者和未特定者
b298 感官功能和疼痛，其他特定者
b299 感官功能和疼痛，未特定者
98
b28015 Pain in lower limb
some body structure felt in either one or both lower limbs, including
feet.
b28016 Pain in joints
some body structure felt in one or more joints, including small and big
joints.
Inclusions: pain in the hip; pain in the shoulder
b28018 Pain in body part, other specified
b28019 Pain in body part, unspecified
b2802 Pain in multiple body parts
Unpleasant sensation indicating potential or actual damage to some body
structure located in several body parts.
b2803 Radiating pain in a dermatome
structure located in areas of skin served by the same nerve root.
b2804 Radiating pain in a segment or region
structure located in areas of skin in different body parts not served by the same
nerve root.
b289 Sensation of pain, other specified and unspecified
b298 Sensory functions and pain, other specified
b299 Sensory functions and pain, unspecified
99
第三章
嗓音和言語功能
本章是關於產生聲音和言語的功能。
b310 嗓音功能
藉由空氣通過喉部產生各種聲音的功能。
納入：嗓音產生和品質的功能；發音、音高、響度與其他嗓音品質的功能；損傷
如失聲、發聲困難、沙聲、鼻音過重和鼻音過輕
排除：語言心智功能(b167)；構音功能(b320)
b3100 嗓音產生
經由喉部和周圍肌肉及呼吸系統之協調而產生聲音的功能。
納入：發聲、響度功能；失聲損傷
b3101 嗓音品質
產生嗓音特徵的功能，包括音高、共鳴與其他特色。
納入：高或低音高功能；損傷如鼻音過重、鼻音過輕、發聲困難、沙聲或刺
耳聲
b3108 嗓音功能，其他特定者
b3109 嗓音功能，未特定者
b320 構音功能
產生言語聲音的功能。
納入：清晰發音功能、音位構音；痙攣性、失調性、鬆弛性構音障礙；發音障礙
排除：語言心智功能(b167)；嗓音功能(b310)
b330 言語功能的流暢和節律
產生言語之流順和節奏的功能。
納入：言語流暢、節律、速度和曲調功能；聲韻和語調；損傷如口吃、結巴、迅
吃、遲語症和急語症
排除：語言心智功能(b167)；嗓音功能(b310)；構音功能(b320)
b3300 言語流暢
產生平順、無中斷流順的言語功能。
納入：言語平順連接的功能；損傷如口吃、結巴、迅吃、流暢障礙，重複聲
音、單字或單字部分及言語不規則中斷
b3301 言語節律
言語轉調、節奏和強音類型的功能。
納入：損傷如刻板或重複言語節拍
b3302 言語速度
言語產生速度的功能。
納入：損傷如遲語症和急語症
100
Chapter 3
Voice and speech functions
This chapter is about the functions of producing sounds and speech.
b310 Voice functions
Functions of the production of various sounds by the passage of air through the larynx.
Inclusions: functions of production and quality of voice; functions of phonation, pitch,
loudness and other qualities of voice; impairments such as aphonia, dysphonia,
hoarseness, hypernasality and hyponasality
Exclusion: mental functions of language(b167); articulation functions(b320)
b3100 Production of voice
Functions of the production of sound made through coordination of the larynx
and surrounding muscles with the respiratory system.
Inclusions: functions of phonation, loudness; impairment of aphonia
b3101 Quality of voice
Functions of the production of characteristics of voice including pitch, resonance
and other features.
Inclusions: functions of high or low pitch; impairments such as hypernasality,
hyponasality, dysphonia, hoarseness or harshness
b3108 Voice functions, other specified
b3109 Voice functions, unspecified
b320 Articulation functions
Functions of the production of speech sounds.
Inclusions: functions of enunciation, articulation of phonemes; spastic, ataxic, flaccid
dysarthria; anarthria
Exclusions: mental functions of language (b167); voice functions (b310)
b330 Fluency and rhythm of speech functions
Functions of the production of flow and tempo of speech.
Inclusions: functions of fluency, rhythm, speed and melody of speech; prosody and
intonation; impairments such as stuttering, stammering, cluttering, bradylalia and
tachylalia
Exclusions: mental functions of language (b167); voice functions (b310); articulation
functions (b320)
b3300 Fluency of speech
Functions of the production of smooth, uninterrupted flow of speech.
Inclusions: functions of smooth connection of speech; impairments such as
stuttering, stammering, cluttering, dysfluency, repetition of sounds, words or
parts of words and irregular breaks in speech
b3301 Rhythm of speech
Functions of the modulated, tempo and stress patterns in speech.
Inclusions: impairments such as stereotypic or repetitive speech cadence
b3302 Speed of speech
Functions of the rate of speech production.
Inclusions: impairments such as bradylalia and tachylalia
101
b3303 言語曲調
調控言語音高類型的功能。
納入：言語聲韻、語調、言語曲調；損傷如平音言語
b3308 言語功能的流暢和節律，其他特定者
b3309 言語功能的流暢和節律，未特定者
b340 替代性發聲功能
產生其他發聲方式的功能。
納入：產生聲音音符和音域的功能，如唱歌、吟唱、喃喃聲和哼唱；大哭和尖叫
排除：語言心智功能(b167)；嗓音功能(b310)；構音功能(b320)；言語功能的流暢
和節律(b330)
b3400 產生音符
產生音樂性口發聲音的功能。
納入：持續、調控和終止單音或連結音發聲並音高變化的產生，如歌唱、哼
唱和吟唱
b3401 發出音域
產生各種發聲的功能
納入：兒童喃喃聲的功能
b3408 替代性發聲功能，其他特定者
b3409 替代性發聲功能，未特定者
b398 嗓音和語言功能，其他特定者
b399 嗓音和語言功能，未特定者
102
b3303 Melody of speech
Functions of modulation of pitch patterns in speech.
Inclusions: prosody of speech, intonation, melody of speech; impairments such
as monotone speech
b3308 Fluency and rhythm of speech functions, other specified
b3309 Fluency and rhythm of speech functions, unspecified
b340 Alternative vocalization functions
Functions of the production of other manners of vocalization.
Inclusions: functions of the production of notes and range of sounds, such as in singing,
chanting, babbling and humming; crying aloud and screaming
Exclusions: mental functions of language (b167); voice functions (b310); articulation
functions (b320); fluency and rhythm of speech functions (b330)
b3400 Production of notes
Functions of production of musical vocal sounds.
Inclusions: sustaining, modulating and terminating production of single or
connected vocalizations with variation in pitch such as in singing, humming and
chanting
b3401 Making a range of sounds
Functions of production of a variety of vocalizations.
Inclusion: functions of babbling in children
b3408 Alternative vocalization functions, other specified
b3409 Alternative vocalization functions, unspecified
b398 Voice and speech functions, other specified
b399 Voice and speech functions, unspecified
103
第四章
心血管、血液、免疫和呼吸系統功能
本章是關於涉及心血管系統(心臟和血管功能)、血液和免疫系統(造血和免疫功能)、及
呼吸系統(呼吸和運動耐受功能)的功能。
心血管系統功能(b410-b429)
b410 心臟功能
泵注足夠或所需血液量和壓力至全身的功能。
納入：心搏率、心律和輸出功能；心室肌肉收縮力；心臟瓣膜功能；經肺循環泵
注血液；心臟循環動力學；損傷如心搏過速、心搏過緩和心跳不規則，及在心臟
衰竭、心肌病變、心肌炎、和冠狀機能不全
排除：血管功能(b415)；血壓功能(b420)；運動耐受功能(b455)
b4100 心搏率
每分鐘心臟收縮次數相關的功能。
納入：損傷如心搏太快(心搏過速)或太慢(心搏過緩)
b4101 心律
心臟跳動規律性相關的功能。
納入：損傷如心律不整
b4102 心室肌肉收縮力
每次心跳期間由心室肌肉泵出血液量相關的功能。
納入：損傷如心輸出量減少
b4103 心臟血液供應
心肌可利用血液量相關的功能。
納入：損傷如冠狀動脈局部缺血
b4108 心臟功能，其他特定者
b4109 心臟功能，未特定者
b415 血管功能
將血液運輸到全身的功能。
納入：動脈、微血管和靜脈功能；血管舒縮功能；肺動脈、微血管和静脈的功能；
静脈瓣膜功能；損傷如動脈中斷或狹窄；動脈粥樣硬化、動脈硬化、血栓栓塞和
静脈曲張
排除：心臟功能(b410)；血壓功能(b420)；血液系統功能(b430)；運動耐受功能(b455)
104
Chapter 4
Functions of the cardiovascular, haematological, immunological and
respiratory systems
This chapter is about the functions involved in the cardiovascular system (functions of the
heart and blood vessels), the haematological and immunological systems (functions of blood
production and immunity), and the respiratory system (functions of respiration and exercise
tolerance).
Functions of the cardiovascular system (b410-b429)

b410 Heart functions
Functions of pumping the blood in adequate or required amounts and pressure
throughout the body.
Inclusions: functions of heart rate, rhythm and output; contraction force of ventricular
muscles; functions of heart valves; pumping the blood through the pulmonary circuit;
dynamics of circulation to the heart; impairments such as tachycardia, bradycardia and
irregular heart beat and as in heart failure, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and coronary
insufficiency
Exclusions: blood vessel functions (b415); blood pressure functions (b420); exercise
tolerance functions (b455)
b4100 Heart rate
Functions related to the number of times the heart contracts every minute.
Inclusions: impairments such as rates that are too fast (tachycardia) or too slow
(bradycardia)
b4101 Heart rhythm
Functions related to the regularity of the beating of the heart.
Inclusions: impairments such as arrhythmias
b4102 Contraction force of ventricular muscles
Functions related to the amount of blood pumped by the ventricular muscles
during every beat.
Inclusions: impairments such as in diminished cardiac output
b4103 Blood supply to the heart
Functions related to the volume of blood available to the heart muscle.
Inclusion: impairments such as in coronary ischaemia
b4108 Heart functions, other specified
b4109 Heart functions, unspecified
b415 Blood vessel functions
Functions of transporting blood throughout the body.
Inclusions: functions of arteries, capillaries and veins; vasomotor function; functions of
pulmonary arteries, capillaries and veins; functions of valves of veins; impairments such
as in blockage or constriction of arteries; atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis,
thromboembolism and varicose veins
Exclusions: heart functions (b410); blood pressure functions (b420); haematological
system functions (b430); exercise tolerance functions (b455)
105
b4150 動脈功能
動脈血流相關的功能。
納入：損傷如動脈擴張；動脈狹窄如間歇性跛行
b4151 微血管功能
微血管血流相關的功能。
b4152 靜脈功能
靜脈血流相關的功能、及静脈瓣膜的功能。
納入：損傷如靜脈擴張；静脈狹窄；静脈曲張時瓣膜閉鎖不全
b4158 血管功能，其他特定者
b4159 血管功能，未特定者
b420 血壓功能
維持動脈內血液壓力的功能。
納入：血壓維持功能；血壓升高和降低；損傷如低血壓、高血壓和姿勢性低血壓
排除：心臟功能(b410)；血管功能(b415)；運動耐受功能(b455)
b4200 血壓升高
收縮壓或舒張壓上升至年齡正常血壓值以上相關的功能。
b4201 血壓降低
收縮壓或舒張壓下降至年齡正常血壓值以下相關的功能。
b4202 血壓維持
對身體改變反應而維持適當血壓相關的功能。
b4208 血壓功能，其他特定者
b4209 血壓功能，未特定者
b429 心血管系統功能，其他特定者和未特定者
血液和免疫系統功能(b430-b439)
b430 血液系統功能
造血、氧氣和代謝物運送、及凝血的功能。
納入：血液和骨髓生成功能；血液運送氧氣功能；脾臟血液相關功能；血液運送
代謝物功能；凝血；損傷如貧血、血友病與其他凝血功能異常
排除：心血管系統功能(b410-b429)；免疫系統功能(b435)；運動耐受功能(b455)
b4300 造血
血液與其所有成分生成相關的功能。
b4301 血液運送氧氣功能
血液運輸氧氣至全身容能相關的功能。
106
b4150 Functions of arteries
Functions related to blood flow in the arteries.
Inclusions: impairments such as arterial dilation; arterial constriction such as in
intermittent claudication
b4151 Functions of capillaries
Functions related to blood flow in the capillaries.
b4152 Functions of veins
Functions related to blood flow in the veins, and the functions of valves of veins.
Inclusions: impairments such as venous dilation; venous constriction;
insufficient closing of valves as in varicose veins
b4158 Blood vessel functions, other specified
b4159 Blood vessel functions, unspecified
b420 Blood pressure functions
Functions of maintaining the pressure of blood within the arteries.
Inclusions: functions of maintenance of blood pressure; increased and decreased blood
pressure; impairments such as in hypotension, hypertension and postural hypotension
Exclusions: heart functions (b410); blood vessel functions (b415); exercise tolerance
functions (b455)
b4200 Increased blood pressure
Functions related to a rise in systolic or diastolic blood pressure above normal
for the age.
b4201 Decreased blood pressure
Functions related to a fall in systolic or diastolic blood pressure below normal for
the age.
b4202 Maintenance of blood pressure
Functions related to maintaining an appropriate blood pressure in response to
changes in the body.
b4208 Blood pressure functions, other specified
b4209 Blood pressure functions, unspecified
b429 Functions of the cardiovascular system, other specified and unspecified
Functions of the haematological and immunological systems (b430-b439)

b430 Haematological system functions
Functions of blood production, oxygen and metabolite carriage, and clotting.
Inclusions: functions of the production of blood and bone marrow; oxygen-carrying
functions of blood; blood-related functions of spleen; metabolite-carrying functions of
blood; clotting; impairments such as in anaemia, haemophilia and other clotting
dysfunctions
Exclusions: functions of the cardiovascular system (b410-b429); immunological system
functions (b435); exercise tolerance functions (b455)
b4300 Production of blood
Functions related to the production of blood and all its constituents.
b4301 Oxygen-carrying functions of the blood
Functions related to the blood's capacity to carry oxygen throughout the body.
107
b4302 血液運送代謝物功能
血液運輸代謝物至全身容能相關的功能。
b4303 凝血功能
血液凝固相關的功能，如在傷害處。
b4308 血液系統功能，其他特定者
b4309 血液系統功能，未特定者
b435 免疫系统功能
防禦外來物質相關的身體功能，包括感染引起的特定和非特定免疫反應。
納入：免疫反應(特定和非特定)；過敏反應；淋巴管和淋巴結的功能；細胞媒介免
疫、抗體媒介免疫的功能；免疫性反應；損傷如自體免疫、過敏症反應、淋巴腺
炎和淋巴水腫
排除：血液系統功能(b430)
b4350 免疫反應
身體對外來物質，包括感染，敏感之反應的功能。
b43500 特定免疫反應
身體對特定外來物質敏感之反應的功能。
b43501 非特定免疫反應
身體對外來物質，包括感染，敏感之一般反應的功能。
b43508 免疫反應，其他特定者。
b43509 免疫反應，未特定者。
b4351 過敏反應
身體對外來物質敏感性增加之反應的功能，如對不同抗原敏感。
納入：損傷如過敏或過敏症
排除：食物耐受性(b5153)
b4352 淋巴管功能
運輸淋巴之血液管道相關的功能。
b4353 淋巴結功能
沿淋巴管路徑之腺體相關的功能。
b4358 免疫系統功能，其他特定者
b4359 免疫系統功能，未特定者
b439 血液和免疫系統功能，其他特定者和未特定者
108
b4302 Metabolite-carrying functions of the blood
Functions related to the blood's capacity to carry metabolites throughout the
body.
b4303 Clotting functions
Functions related to the coagulation of blood, such as at a site of injury.
b4308 Haematological system functions, other specified
b4309 Haematological system functions, unspecified
b435 Immunological system functions
Functions of the body related to protection against foreign substances, including
infections, by specific and non-specific immune responses.
Inclusions: immune response (specific and non-specific); hypersensitivity reactions;
functions of lymphatic vessels and nodes; functions of cell-mediated immunity,
antibody-mediated immunity; response to immunization; impairments such as in
autoimmunity, allergic reactions, lymphadenitis and lymphoedema
Exclusion: haematological system functions (b430)
b4350 Immune response
Functions of the body's response of sensitization to foreign substances, including
infections.
b43500 Specific immune response
Functions of the body's response of sensitization to a specific foreign
substance.
b43501 Non-specific immune response
Functions of the body's general response of sensitization to foreign
substances, including infections.
b43508 Immune response, other specified
b43509 Immune response, unspecified
b4351 Hypersensitivity reactions
Functions of the body's response of increased sensitization to foreign substances,
such as in sensitivities to different antigens.
Inclusions: impairments such as hypersensitivities or allergies
Exclusion: tolerance to food (b5153)
b4352 Functions of lymphatic vessels
Functions related to vascular channels that transport lymph.
b4353 Functions of lymph nodes
Functions related to glands along the course of lymphatic vessels.
b4358 Immunological system functions, other specified
b4359 Immunological system functions, unspecified
b439 Functions of the haematological and immunological systems, other specified and
unspecified
109
呼吸系統功能(b440-b449)
b440 呼吸功能
將空氣吸入肺部、空氣和血液間氣體交換、及呼出空氣的功能。
納入：呼吸速率、節律和深度的功能；損傷如呼吸中止、過度換氣、不規則呼吸、
逆理呼吸、和支氣管痙攣、及如肺氣腫
排除：呼吸肌功能(b445)；附屬呼吸功能(b450)；運動耐受功能(b455)
b4400 呼吸速率
每分鐘呼吸次數相關的功能。
納入：損傷如呼吸率太快(呼吸過速)或太慢(呼吸過緩)
b4401 呼吸節律
呼吸週期性和規律性相關的功能。
納入：損傷如不規則呼吸
b4402 呼吸深度
呼吸時肺部容積擴張相關的功能。
納入：損傷如表層或淺層呼吸
b4408 呼吸功能，其他特定者
b4409 呼吸功能，未特定者
b445 呼吸肌功能
涉及呼吸肌肉的功能。
納入：胸呼吸肌功能；橫膈膜功能；輔助呼吸肌功能
排除：呼吸功能(b440)；附屬呼吸功能(b450)；運動耐受功能(b455)
b4450 胸呼吸肌功能
涉及呼吸之胸肌的功能。
b4451 橫膈膜功能
涉及呼吸之橫膈膜的功能。
b4452 輔助呼吸肌功能
涉及呼吸之附屬肌肉的功能。
b4458 呼吸肌功能，其他特定者
b4459 呼吸肌功能，未特定者
b449 呼吸系統功能，其他特定者和未特定者
心血管和呼吸系統的附屬功能和感覺(b450-b469)
b450 附屬呼吸功能
呼吸相關的附屬功能，如咳嗽、噴嚏和哈欠。
納入：吹氣、吹口哨、和張口呼吸的功能
110
Functions of the respiratory system (b440-b449)
b440 Respiratory functions
Functions of inhaling air into the lungs, the exchange of gases between air and blood,
and exhaling air.
Inclusions: functions of respiratory rate, rhythm and depth; impairments such as apnea,
hyperventilation, irregular respiration, paradoxical respiration, and bronchial spasm, and
as in pulmonary emphysema
Exclusions: respiratory muscle functions (b445); additional respiratory functions (b450);
exercise tolerance functions (b455)
b4400 Respiration rate
Functions related to the number of breaths taken per minute.
Inclusions: impairments such as rates that are too fast (tachypnoea) or too slow
(bradypnoea)
b4401 Respiratory rhythm
Functions related to the periodicity and regularity of breathing.
Inclusions: impairments such as irregular breathing
b4402 Depth of respiration
Functions related to the volume of expansion of the lungs during breathing.
Inclusions: impairments such as superficial or shallow respiration
b4408 Respiration functions, other specified
b4409 Respiration functions, unspecified
b445 Respiratory muscle functions
Functions of the muscles involved in breathing.
Inclusions: functions of thoracic respiratory muscles; functions of the diaphragm;
functions of accessory respiratory muscles
Exclusions: respiration functions (b440); additional respiratory functions (b450);
exercise tolerance functions (b455)
b4450 Functions of the thoracic respiratory muscles
Functions of the thoracic muscles involved in breathing.
b4451 Functions of the diaphragm
Functions of the diaphragm as involved in breathing.
b4452 Functions of accessory respiratory muscles
Functions of the additional muscles involved in breathing.
b4458 Respiratory muscle functions, other specified
b4459 Respiratory muscle functions, unspecified
b449 Functions of the respiratory system, other specified and unspecified
Additional functions and sensations of the cardiovascular and respiratory

systems (b450-b469)
b450 Additional respiratory functions
Additional functions related to breathing, such as coughing, sneezing and yawning.
Inclusions: functions of blowing, whistling and mouth breathing
111
b455 運動耐受功能
持久身體施力所需呼吸和心血管容能相關的功能。
納入：身體耐力、有氧容能、精力和易疲勞性的功能
排除：心血管系統功能(b410-b429)；血液系統功能(b430)；呼吸功能(b440)；呼吸
肌功能(b445)；附屬呼吸功能(b450)
b4550 一般身體耐力
身體運動或精力耐受性之一般程度相關的功能。
b4551 有氧容能
個人不至於喘不過氣之運動程度相關的功能。
b4552 易疲勞性
在任何施力程度下易感受疲勞相關的功能。
b4558 運動耐受功能，其他特定者
b4559 運動耐受功能，未特定者
b460 心血管和呼吸功能關聯的感覺
感覺如心跳漏失、心悸和呼吸短促。
納入：胸悶感覺、不規則心跳感覺、呼吸困難、空氣飢渴、窒息、作嘔和喘鳴
b469 心血管和呼吸系統的附屬功能和感覺，其他特定者和未特定者
b498 心血管、血液、免疫和呼吸系統功能，其他特定者
b499 心血管、血液、免疫和呼吸系統功能，未特定者
112
b455 Exercise tolerance functions
Functions related to respiratory and cardiovascular capacity as required for enduring
physical exertion.
Inclusions: functions of physical endurance, aerobic capacity, stamina and fatiguability
Exclusions: functions of the cardiovascular system (b410-b429); haematological system
functions (b430); respiration functions (b440); respiratory muscle functions (b445);
additional respiratory functions (b450)
b4550 General physical endurance
Functions related to the general level of tolerance of physical exercise or
stamina.
b4551 Aerobic capacity
Functions related to the extent to which a person can exercise without getting out
of breath.
b4552 Fatiguability
Functions related to susceptibility to fatigue, at any level of exertion.
b4558 Exercise tolerance functions, other specified
b4559 Exercise tolerance functions, unspecified
b460 Sensations associated with cardiovascular and respiratory functions
Sensations such as missing a heart beat, palpitation and shortness of breath.
Inclusions: sensations of tightness of chest, feelings of irregular beat, dyspnoea, air
hunger, choking, gagging and wheezing
b469 Additional functions and sensations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems,
other specified and unspecified
systems, other specified
systems, unspecified
113
第五章
消化、代謝和內分泌系統功能
本章是關於攝食、消化和排泄功能，與涉及代謝和內分泌腺功能。
消化系統相關的功能(b510-b539)
b510 攝食功能
經口將固體或液體攝入和處理進入身體相關的功能。
納入：吸吮、咀嚼和咬啃、口中處理食物、流涎、吞嚥、打嗝、反胃、吐出和嘔
吐功能；損傷如吞嚥困難、食物吸入、吞氣症、過度流涎、流口水和流涎不足
排除：消化系統關聯的感覺(b535)
b5100 吸吮
藉臉頰、嘴唇和舌頭動作產生吸力引入口中的功能。
b5101 咬啃
用前齒切斷、刺穿或撕裂食物的功能。
b5102 咀嚼
以後齒(如臼齒)壓碎、碾碎和咀嚼食物的功能。
b5103 口中處理食物
用牙齒和舌頭在口中移動食物的功能。
b5104 流涎
口中產生唾液的功能。
b5105 吞嚥
經口腔、咽部和食道將食物和飲料以適當速率和速度清入胃中的功能。
納入：口腔、咽部或食道吞嚥困難；食物通過食道的損傷
b51050 口腔吞嚥
經口腔以適當速率和速度清入食物和飲料的功能。
b51051 咽部吞嚥
經咽部以適當速率和速度清入食物和飲料的功能。
b51052 食道吞嚥
經食道以適當速率和速度清入食物和飲料的功能。
b51058 吞嚥，其他特定者
b51059 吞嚥，未特定者
114
Chapter 5
Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems
This chapter is about the functions of ingestion, digestion and elimination, as well as
functions involved in metabolism and the endocrine glands.
Functions related to the digestive system (b510-b539)

b510 Ingestion functions
Functions related to taking in and manipulating solids or liquids through the mouth into
the body.
Inclusions: functions of sucking, chewing and biting, manipulating food in the mouth,
salivation, swallowing, burping, regurgitation, spitting and vomiting; impairments such
as dysphagia, aspiration of food, aerophagia, excessive salivation, drooling and
insufficient salivation
Exclusion: sensations associated with digestive system (b535)
b5100 Sucking
Functions of drawing into the mouth by a suction force produced by movements
of the cheeks, lips and tongue.
b5101 Biting
Functions of cutting into, piercing or tearing off food with the front teeth.
b5102 Chewing
Functions of crushing, grinding and masticating food with the back teeth (e.g.
molars).
b5103 Manipulation of food in the mouth
Functions of moving food around the mouth with the teeth and tongue.
b5104 Salivation
Function of the production of saliva within the mouth.
b5105 Swallowing
Functions of clearing the food and drink through the oral cavity, pharynx and
oesophagus into the stomach at an appropriate rate and speed.
Inclusions: oral, pharyngeal or oesophageal dysphagia; impairments in
oesophageal passage of food
b51050 Oral swallowing
Function of clearing the food and drink through the oral cavity at an
appropriate rate and speed.
b51051 Pharyngeal swallowing
Function of clearing the food and drink through the pharynx at an
b51052 Oesophageal swallowing
Function of clearing the food and drink through the oesophagus at an
b51058 Swallowing, other specified
b51059 Swallowing, unspecified
115
b5106 反胃和嘔吐
以與攝食相反方向，移動食物或液體由胃到食道到嘴並排出的功能。
b5108 攝食功能，其他特定者
b5109 攝食功能，未特定者
b515 消化功能
經胃腸道運輸食物、食物分解和養分吸收的功能。
納入：經胃運輸食物、蠕動的功能；在胃腸分解食物、酵素產生和作用；養分吸
收和食物耐受性；損傷如胃酸過多、吸收不良、食物不耐、腸過動、腸麻痺、腸
阻塞和膽汁產生减少
排除：攝食功能(b510)；同化功能(b520)；排便功能(b525)；消化系統關聯的感覺
(b535)
b5150 經胃腸運輸食物
經胃腸機械性移動食物的蠕動與相關功能。
b5151 食物分解
在胃腸道機械性減縮食物成小顆粒的功能。
b5152 養分吸收
沿腸道傳送食物和飲料養分進入血流的功能。
b5153 食物耐受性
接受合適食物和飲料以消化並拒絕所不適合者的功能。
包括：損傷如過敏、麵筋不耐
b5158 消化功能，其他特定者
b5159 消化功能，未特定者
b520 同化功能
將養分轉化為生物體要素的功能。
納入：身體儲存養分的功能
排除：消化功能(b515)；排便功能(b525)；體重維持功能(b530)；一般代謝功能(b540)
116
b5106 Regurgitating and Vomiting
Functions of moving food or liquid in the reverse direction to ingestion, from
stomach to oesophagus to mouth and out.
b5108 Ingestion functions, other specified
b5109 Ingestion functions, unspecified
b515 Digestive functions
Functions of transporting food through the gastrointestinal tract, breakdown of food and
absorption of nutrients.
Inclusions: functions of transport of food through the stomach, peristalsis; breakdown of
food, enzyme production and action in stomach and intestines; absorption of nutrients
and tolerance to food; impairments such as in hyperacidity of stomach, malabsorption,
intolerance to food, hypermotility of intestines, intestinal paralysis, intestinal
obstruction and decreased bile production
Exclusions: ingestion functions (b510); assimilation functions (b520); defecation
functions (b525); sensations associated with the digestive system (b535)
b5150 Transport of food through stomach and intestines
Peristalsis and related functions that mechanically move food through stomach
and intestines.
b5151 Breakdown of food
Functions of mechanically reducing food to smaller particles in the
gastrointestinal tract.
b5152 Absorption of nutrients
Functions of passing food and drink nutrients into the blood stream from along
the intestines.
b5153 Tolerance to food
Functions of accepting suitable food and drink for digestion and rejecting what is
unsuitable.
Inclusion: impairments such as hypersensitivities, gluten intolerance
b5158 Digestive functions, other specified
b5159 Digestive functions, unspecified
b520 Assimilation functions
Functions by which nutrients are converted into components of the living body.
Inclusion: functions of storage of nutrients in the body
Exclusions: digestive functions (b515); defecation functions (b525); weight
maintenance functions (b530); general metabolic functions (b540)
117
b525 排便功能
將廢物和未消化食物以糞便排泄的功能與相關的功能。
納入：排泄功能、糞便稠度、排便頻率；排便控制、脹氣；損傷如便秘、腹瀉、
水便和肛門括約肌閉鎖不全或失禁
排除：消化功能(b515)；同化功能(b520)；消化系統關聯的感覺(b535)
b5250 糞便排泄
從直腸排泄廢物的功能，包括如此做時腹肌收縮的功能。
b5251 糞便稠度
糞便稠度如堅硬、密實、柔軟或水樣。
b5252 排便頻率
涉及排便頻率的功能。
b5253 排便控制
涉及隨意控制排便功能的功能。
b5254 脹氣
涉及從腸道排出過量空氣或氣體的功能。
b5258 排便功能，其他特定者
b5259 排便功能，未特定者
b530 體重維持功能
維持適當體重的功能，包括發育時期體重增加。
納入：維持可接受身體質量指數的功能；與損傷如體重不足、惡病質、消耗病、
過重、消瘦、及如原發性和續發性肥胖
排除：同化功能(b520)；一般代謝功能(b540)；内分泌腺功能(b555)
b535 消化系統關聯的感覺
吃、喝與相關消化功能引起的感覺。
納入：噁心感、發脹感、及腹絞痛感、胃滿脹感、球體感、胃痙攣、胃脹氣和胃
灼熱
排除：痛覺(b280)；攝食功能(b510)；消化功能(b515)；排便功能(b525)
b5350 噁心感
要嘔吐的感覺。
b5351 發脹感
胃或腹部膨脹的感覺。
b5352 腹絞痛感
胃腸道之平滑肌痙攣或疼痛性肌肉收縮的感覺。
b5358 消化系統關聯的感覺，其他特定者
b5359 消化系統關聯的感覺，未特定者
b539 消化系統相關的功能，其他特定者和未特定者
118
b525 Defecation functions
Functions of elimination of wastes and undigested food as faeces and related functions.
Inclusions: functions of elimination, faecal consistency, frequency of defecation; faecal
continence, flatulence; impairments such as constipation, diarrhoea, watery stool and
anal sphincter incompetence or incontinence
Exclusions: digestive functions (b515); assimilation functions (b520); sensations
associated with the digestive system (b535)
b5250 Elimination of faeces
Functions of the elimination of waste from the rectum, including the functions of
contraction of the abdominal muscles in doing so.
b5251 Faecal consistency
Consistency of faeces such as hard, firm, soft or watery.
b5252 Frequency of defecation
Functions involved in the frequency of defecation.
b5253 Faecal continence
Functions involved in voluntary control over the elimination function.
b5254 Flatulence
Functions involved in the expulsion of excessive amounts of air or gases from
the intestines.
b5258 Defecation functions, other specified
b5259 Defecation functions, unspecified
b530 Weight maintenance functions
Functions of maintaining appropriate body weight, including weight gain during the
developmental period.
Inclusions: functions of maintenance of acceptable Body Mass Index (BMI); and
impairments such as underweight, cachexia, wasting, overweight, emaciation and such
as in primary and secondary obesity
Exclusions: assimilation functions (b520); general metabolic functions (b540);
endocrine gland functions (b555)
b535 Sensations associated with the digestive system
Sensations arising from eating, drinking and related digestive functions.
Inclusions: sensations of nausea, feeling bloated, and the feeling of abdominal cramps,
fullness of stomach, globus feeling, spasm of stomach, gas in stomach and heartburn
Exclusions: sensation of pain (b280); ingestion functions (b510); digestive functions
(b515); defecation functions (b525)
b5350 Sensation of nausea
Sensation of needing to vomit.
b5351 Feeling bloated
Sensation of distension of the stomach or abdomen.
b5352 Sensation of abdominal cramp
Sensation of spasmodic or painful muscular contractions of the smooth muscles
of the gastrointestinal tract.
b5358 Sensations associated with the digestive system, other specified
b5359 Sensations associated with the digestive system, unspecified
b539 Functions related to the digestive system, other specified and unspecified
119
代謝和內分泌系統相關的功能(b540-b569)
b540 一般代謝功能
調節身體的必需要素如碳水化合物、蛋白質和脂質，相互轉化，及其分解成能量
的功能。
納入：代謝功能，基礎代謝率，碳水化合物、蛋白質和脂質代謝，合成作用，分
解作用，身體能量產生；代謝率增加或減少
排除：同化功能(b520)；體重維持功能(b530)；水、礦物質和電解質平衡功能(b545)；
體溫調節功能(b550)；內分泌腺功能(b555)
b5400 基礎代謝率
涉及在休息和溫度特定狀況下，身體氧氣消耗的功能。
納入：基礎代謝率增加或減少；損傷如甲狀腺高能症和甲狀腺低能症
b5401 碳水化合物代謝
涉及飲食中碳水化合物儲存並分解為葡萄糖，繼而分解成二氧化碳和水過程
的功能。
b5402 蛋白質代謝
涉及飲食中蛋白質轉化為氨基酸並進而在體內分解過程的功能。
b5403 脂質代謝
涉及飲食中脂質儲存並在體內分解過程的功能。
b5408 一般代謝功能，其他特定者
b5409 一般代謝功能，未特定者
b545 水、礦物質和電解質平衡功能
調節體内水、礦物質和電解質的功能。
納入：水平衡、礦物質如鈣、鋅和鐵平衡、及電解質如鈉和鉀平衡的功能；損傷
如水滯留、脱水、高血鈣症、低血鈣症、缺鐵症、高血鈉症、低血鈉症、高血鉀
症和低血鉀症。
排除：血液系統功能(b430)；一般代謝功能(b540)；内分泌腺功能(b555)
b5450 水平衡
涉及維持體内水分標準或總量的功能。
納入：損傷如脱水和再水合
b54500 水滯留
涉及體内保持水分的功能。
b54501 水平衡維持
涉及體内維持最理想水量的功能。
b54508 水平衡功能，其他特定者
b54509 水平衡功能，未特定者
120
Functions related to metabolism and the endocrine system (b540-b559)
b540 General metabolic functions
Functions of regulation of essential components of the body such as carbohydrates,
proteins and fats, the conversion of one to another, and their breakdown into energy.
Inclusions: functions of metabolism, basal metabolic rate, metabolism of carbohydrate,
protein and fat, catabolism, anabolism, energy production in the body; increase or
decrease in metabolic rate
Exclusions: assimilation functions (b520); weight maintenance functions (b530); water,
mineral and electrolyte balance functions (b545); thermoregulatory functions (b550);
endocrine glands functions (b555)
b5400 Basal metabolic rate
Functions involved in oxygen consumption of the body at specified conditions of
rest and temperature.
Inclusions: increase or decrease in basic metabolic rate; impairments such as in
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
b5401 Carbohydrate metabolism
Functions involved in the process by which carbohydrates in the diet are stored
and broken down into glucose and subsequently into carbon dioxide and water.
b5402 Protein metabolism
Functions involved in the process by which proteins in the diet are converted to
amino acids and broken down further in the body.
b5403 Fat metabolism
Functions involved in the process by which fat in the diet is stored and broken
down in the body.
b5408 General metabolic functions, other specified
b5409 General metabolic functions, unspecified
b545 Water, mineral and electrolyte balance functions
Functions of the regulation of water, mineral and electrolytes in the body.
Inclusions: functions of water balance, balance of minerals such as calcium, zinc and
iron, and balance of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium; impairments such as in
water retention, dehydration, hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, iron deficiency,
hypernatraemia, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia
Exclusions: haematological system functions (b430); general metabolic functions
(b540); endocrine gland functions (b555)
b5450 Water balance
Functions involved in maintaining the level or amount of water in the body.
Inclusions: impairments such as in dehydration and rehydration
b54500 Water retention
Functions involved in keeping water in the body.
b54501 Maintenance of water balance
Functions involved in maintaining the optimal amount of water in the
body.
b54508 Water balance functions, other specified
b54509 Water balance functions, unspecified
121
b5451 礦物質平衡
涉及維持體內礦物質攝取、儲存、利用和排泄間平衡的功能。
b5452 電解質平衡
涉及維持體內電解質攝取、儲存、利用和排泄間平衡的功能。
b5458 水、礦物質和電解質平衡功能，其他特定者
b5459 水、礦物質和電解質平衡功能，未特定者
b550 體溫調節功能
體溫調節的功能。
納入：體溫維持功能；損傷如體溫過低、體溫過高
排除：一般代謝功能(b540)；内分泌腺功能(b555)
b5500 體溫
涉及調節身體核心溫度的功能。
納入：損傷如體溫過高或體溫過低
b5501 維持體溫
涉及隨環境溫度變化而維持最理想體溫的功能。
納入：對熱或冷的耐受性
b5508 體溫調節功能，其他特定者
b5509 體溫調節功能，未特定者
b555 内分泌腺功能
產生和調節體内激素濃度的功能，包括週期性改變。
納入：激素平衡功能；腦垂腺高能症、腦垂腺低能症、甲狀腺高能症、甲狀腺低
能症、腎上腺機能亢進症、腎上腺機能減退症、副甲狀腺高能症、副甲狀腺低能
症、性腺高能症、性腺低能症
排除：一般代謝功能(b540)；水、礦物質和電解質平衡功能(b545)；體溫調節功能
(b550)；性功能(b640)；月經功能(b650)
b559 代謝和內分泌系統相關的功能，其他特定者和未特定者
b598 消化、代謝和內分泌系統功能，其他特定者
b599 消化、代謝和內分泌系統功能，未特定者
122
b5451 Mineral balance
Functions involved in maintaining an equilibrium between intake, storage,
utilization and excretion of minerals in the body.
b5452 Electrolyte balance
Functions involved in maintaining an equilibrium between intake, storage,
utilization and excretion of electrolytes in the body.
b5458 Water, mineral and electrolyte balance functions, other specified
b5459 Water, mineral and electrolyte balance functions, unspecified
b550 Thermoregulatory functions
Functions of the regulation of body temperature.
Inclusions: functions of maintenance of body temperature; impairments such as
hypothermia, hyperthermia
Exclusions: general metabolic functions (b540); endocrine gland functions (b555)
b5500 Body temperature
Functions involved in regulating the core temperature of the body.
Inclusions: impairments such as hyperthermia or hypothermia
b5501 Maintenance of body temperature
Functions involved in maintaining optimal body temperature as environmental
temperature changes.
Inclusion: tolerance to heat or cold
b5508 Thermoregulatory functions, other specified
b5509 Thermoregulatory functions, unspecified
b555 Endocrine gland functions
Functions of production and regulation of hormonal levels in the body, including
cyclical changes.
Inclusions: functions of hormonal balance; hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism,
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenalism, hypoadrenalism,
hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypergonadism, hypogonadism
Exclusions: general metabolic functions (b540); water, mineral and electrolyte balance
functions (b545); thermoregulatory functions (b550); sexual functions (b640);
menstruation functions (b650)
b559 Functions related to metabolism and the endocrine system, other specified and
unspecified
b598 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, other specified
b599 Functions of the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, unspecified
123
第六章
泌尿生殖和生育功能
本章是關於排尿功能和生育功能，包括性和生產功能。
泌尿功能(b610-b639)
b610 尿液排泄功能
尿液過濾和收集的功能。
納入：尿液過濾、尿液收集的功能；損傷如腎功能不全、無尿、少尿、水腎、低
張膀胱和輸尿管阻塞
排除：排尿功能(b620)
b6100 尿液過濾
腎臟過濾尿液的功能。
b6101 尿液收集
輸尿管和膀胱收集和儲存尿液的功能。
b6108 尿液排泄功能，其他特定者
b6109 尿液排泄功能，未特定者
b620 排尿功能
從膀胱排出尿液的功能。
納入：排尿、排尿頻率、排尿控制的功能；損傷如壓力性、急迫性、反射性、滿
溢性、持續性失禁、滴尿、自主性膀胱、多尿症、尿滯留和尿急
排除：尿液排泄功能(b610)；泌尿功能關聯的感覺(b630)
b6200 排尿
膀胱排空的功能。
納入：損傷如尿滯留
b6201 排尿頻率
涉及排尿發生次數的功能。
b6202 排尿控制
控制排尿的功能。
納入：損傷如壓力性、急迫性、反射性、持續性和混合性失禁
b6208 排尿功能，其他特定者
b6209 排尿功能，未特定者
b630 泌尿功能關聯的感覺
排空引起的感覺與相關泌尿功能。
納入：尿液未完全排空的感覺，膀胱滿脹感
排除：痛覺(b280)；排尿功能(b620)
b639 泌尿功能，其他特定者或未特定者
124
Chapter 6
Genitourinary and reproductive functions
This chapter is about the functions of urination and the reproductive functions, including
sexual and procreative functions.
Urinary functions (b610-b639)

b610 Urinary excretory functions
Functions of filtration and collection of the urine.
Inclusions: functions of urinary filtration, collection of urine; impairments such as in
renal insufficiency, anuria, oliguria, hydronephrosis, hypotonic urinary bladder and
ureteric obstruction
Exclusion: urination functions (b620)
b6100 Filtration of urine
Functions of filtration of urine by the kidneys.
b6101 Collection of urine
Functions of collection and storage of urine by the ureters and bladder.
b6108 Urinary excretory functions, other specified
b6109 Urinary excretory functions, unspecified
b620 Urination functions
Functions of discharge of urine from the urinary bladder.
Inclusions: functions of urination, frequency of urination, urinary continence;
impairments such as in stress, urge, reflex, overflow, continuous incontinence, dribbling,
automatic bladder, polyuria, urinary retention and urinary urgency
Exclusions: urinary excretory functions (b610); sensations associated with urinary
functions (b630)
b6200 Urination
Functions of voiding the urinary bladder.
Inclusions: impairments such as in urine retention
b6201 Frequency of urination
Functions involved in the number of times urination occurs.
b6202 Urinary continence
Functions of control over urination.
Inclusions: impairments such as in stress, urge, reflex, continuous and mixed
incontinence
b6208 Urination functions, other specified
b6209 Urination functions, unspecified
b630 Sensations associated with urinary functions
Sensations arising from voiding and related urinary functions
Inclusions: sensations of incomplete voiding of urine, feeling of fullness of bladder
Exclusions: sensations of pain (b280); urination functions (b620)
b639 Urinary functions, other specified and unspecified
125
生殖和生育功能(b640-b679)
b640 性功能
性活動相關的心智和身體功能，包括喚醒、準備、高潮和消退階段。
納入：性喚醒、準備、高潮和消退期的功能：性興趣、表現、陰莖勃起、陰蒂勃
起、陰道潤滑、射精、高潮相關的功能；損傷如陽萎、性冷感、陰道痙攣、早洩、
陰莖持續勃起和延遲射精
排除：生產功能(b660)；生殖和生育功能關聯的感覺(b670)
b6400 性喚醒期的功能
性興趣和興奮的功能。
b6401 性準備期的功能
從事性交的功能。
b6402 性高潮期的功能
達到性高潮的功能。
b6403 性消退期的功能
性高潮後滿足與伴隨放鬆的功能。
納入：損傷如性高潮不滿足
b6408 性功能，其他特定者
b6409 性功能，未特定者
b650 月經功能
月經週期關聯的功能，包括月經規律性和經血排出。
納入：月經規律性和間隔、月經出血量、初潮、停經的功能；損傷如原發性和續
發性無經、經血過多、月經頻繁、和經血逆流及經前緊張
排除：性功能(b640)；生產功能(b660)；生殖和生育功能關聯的感覺(b670)；痛覺
(b280)
b6500 月經週期規律性
涉及月經週期規律性的功能。
納入：月經發生過頻或過少
b6501 月經間隔
兩次月經週期時間長度相關的功能。
b6502 月經出血程度
涉及月經流量數量的功能。
納入：月經流量太少(月經過少)；月經流量太多(經血過多、月經過多)
b6508 月經功能，其他特定者
b6509 月經功能，未特定者
126
Genital and reproductive functions (b640-b679)
b640 Sexual functions
Mental and physical functions related to the sexual act, including the arousal,
preparatory, orgasmic and resolution stages.
Inclusions: functions of the sexual arousal, preparatory, orgasmic and resolution phase:
functions related to sexual interest, performance, penile erection, clitoral erection,
vaginal lubrication, masturbation, ejaculation, orgasm; impairments such as impotence,
frigidity, vaginismus, premature ejaculation, priapism and delayed ejaculation
Exclusions: procreation functions (b660); sensations associated with genital and
reproductive functions (b670)
b6400 Functions of sexual arousal phase
Functions of sexual interest and excitement.
b6401 Functions of sexual preparatory phase
Functions of engaging in sexual intercourse.
b6402 Functions of orgasmic phase
Functions of reaching orgasm.
b6403 Functions of sexual resolution phase
Functions of satisfaction after orgasm and accompanying relaxation.
Inclusions: impairments such as dissatisfaction with orgasm
b6408 Sexual functions, other specified
b6409 Sexual functions, unspecified
b650 Menstruation functions
Functions associated with the menstrual cycle, including regularity of menstruation and
discharge of menstrual fluids.
Inclusions: functions of regularity and interval of menstruation, extent of menstrual
bleeding, menarche, menopause; impairments such as primary and secondary
amenorrhoea, menorrhagia, polymenorrhoea and retrograde menstruation premenstrual
tension
Exclusions: sexual functions (b640); procreation functions (b660); sensations associated
with genital and reproductive functions (b670); sensation of pain (b280)
b6500 Regularity of menstrual cycle
Functions involved in the regularity of the menstrual cycle.
Inclusions: too frequent or too few occurrences of menstruation
b6501 Interval between menstruation
Functions relating to the length of time between two menstrual cycles.
b6502 Extent of menstrual bleeding
Functions involved in the quantity of menstrual flow.
Inclusions: too little menstrual flow (hypomenorrhoea); too much menstrual flow
(menorrhagia, hypermenorrhoea)
b6508 Menstruation functions, other specified
b6509 Menstruation functions, unspecified
127
b660 生產功能
生育力、懷孕、分娩和哺乳關聯的功能。
納入：男性生育力和女性生育力、懷孕和分娩、及哺乳的功能；損傷如無精子症、
少精子症、無溢乳症、溢乳症、無泌乳症與如低生育力、不孕症、自然流產、子
宮外孕、流產、小胎兒、羊膜積水、及早產、和延遲生產
排除：性功能(b640)；月經功能(b650)
b6600 生育力相關的功能
為生產產生配子能力的功能。
納入：損傷如低生育力和不孕症
排除：性功能(b640)
b6601 懷孕相關的功能
涉及將要懷孕和正在懷孕的功能。
b6602 分娩相關的功能
涉及分娩期間的功能。
b6603 哺乳
涉及產生乳汁並使兒童可用之的功能。
b6608 生產功能，其他特定者
b6609 生產功能，未特定者
b670 生殖和生育功能關聯的感覺
性喚醒、性交、月經、與相關生殖或生育功能引起的感覺。
納入：性交困難感、痛經、停經期間熱潮紅和停經期間夜間盗汗
排除：痛覺(b280)；泌尿功能關聯的感覺(b630)；性功能(b640)；月經功能(b650)；
生產功能(b660)
b6700 性交關聯的不適
性喚醒、準備、性交、高潮和消退關聯的感覺。
b6701 月經週期關聯的不適
涉及經期的感覺，包括經前和經後階段。
b6702 停經關聯的不適
月經週期停止關聯的感覺。
納入：停經期間熱潮紅和夜間盗汗
b6708 生殖和生育功能關聯的感覺，其他特定者
b6709 生殖和生育功能關聯的感覺，未特定者
b679 生殖和生育功能，其他特定者和未特定者
b698 泌尿生殖和生育功能，其他特定者
b699 泌尿生殖和生育功能，未特定者
128
b660 Procreation functions
Functions associated with fertility, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation.
Inclusions: functions of male fertility and female fertility, pregnancy and childbirth, and
lactation; impairments such as azoospermia, oligozoospermia, agalactorrhoea,
galactorrhoea, alactation and such as in subfertility, sterility, spontaneous abortions,
ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, small fetus, hydramnios and premature childbirth, and
delayed childbirth
Exclusions: sexual functions (b640); menstruation functions (b650)
b6600 Functions related to fertility
Functions related to the ability to produce gametes for procreation.
Inclusion: impairments such as in subfertility and sterility
Exclusion: sexual functions (b640)
b6601 Functions related to pregnancy
Functions involved in becoming pregnant and being pregnant.
b6602 Functions related to childbirth
Functions involved during childbirth.
b6603 Lactation
Functions involved in producing milk and making it available to the child.
b6608 Procreation functions, other specified
b6609 Procreation functions, unspecified
b670 Sensations associated with genital and reproductive functions
Sensations arising from sexual arousal, intercourse, menstruation, and related genital or
reproductive functions.
Inclusions: sensations of dyspareunia, dysmenorrhoea, hot flushes during menopause
and night sweats during menopause
Exclusions: sensation of pain (b280); sensations associated with urinary functions
(b630); sexual functions (b640); menstruation functions (b650); procreation functions
(b660)
b6700 Discomfort associated with sexual intercourse
Sensations associated with sexual arousal, preparation, intercourse, orgasm and
resolution.
b6701 Discomfort associated with the menstrual cycle
Sensations involved with menstruation, including pre- and post-menstrual
phases.
b6702 Discomfort associated with menopause
Sensations associated with cessation of the menstrual cycle.
Inclusions: hot flushes and night sweats during menopause
b6708 Sensations associated with genital and reproductive functions, other
specified
b6709 Sensations associated with genital and reproductive functions, unspecified
b679 Genital and reproductive functions, other specified and unspecified
b698 Genitourinary and reproductive functions, other specified
b699 Genitourinary and reproductive functions, unspecified
129
第七章
神經肌肉骨骼與動作相關的功能
本章是關於動作和移動的功能，包括關節、骨骼、反射和肌肉的功能。
關節和骨骼功能(b710-b729)
b710 關節移動功能
關節動作範圍和靈活功能。
納入：單一或多個關節、脊椎、肩、肘、腕、髖、膝、踝、手和腳小關節移動的
功能；全身關節移動；損傷如關節過動、冰凍關節、冰凍肩、關節炎
排除：關節穩定功能(b715)；隨意動作控制功能(b760)
b7100 單一關節移動
單一關節動作範圍和靈活的功能。
b7101 多個關節移動
一個以上關節動作範圍和靈活的功能。
b7102 全身關節移動
全身關節動作範圍和靈活的功能。
b7108 關節移動功能，其他特定者
b7109 關節移動功能，未特定者
b715 關節穩定功能
維持關節結構完整的功能。
納入：單一關節、多個關節和全身關節穩定功能；損傷如不穩定肩關節、關節脱
位、肩和髖關節脱位
排除︰關節移動功能(b710)
b7150 單一關節穩定
維持單一關節結構完整的功能。
b7151 多個關節穩定
維持一個以上關節結構完整的功能。
b7152 全身關節穩定
維持全身關節結構完整的功能。
b7158 關節穩定功能，其他特定者
b7159 關節穩定功能，未特定者
b720 骨骼移動功能
肩胛骨、骨盆、腕骨和跗骨動作範圍和靈活的功能。
納入：損傷如冰凍肩胛和冰凍骨盆
排除：關節移動功能(b710)
130
Chapter 7
Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions
This chapter is about the functions of movement and mobility, including functions of joints,
bones, reflexes and muscles.
Functions of the joints and bones (b710-b729)

b710 Mobility of joint functions
Functions of the range and ease of movement of a joint.
Inclusions: functions of mobility of single or several joints, vertebral, shoulder, elbow,
wrist, hip, knee, ankle, small joints of hands and feet; mobility of joints generalized;
impairments such as in hypermobility of joints, frozen joints, frozen shoulder, arthritis
Exclusions: stability of joint functions (b715); control of voluntary movement functions
(b760)
b7100 Mobility of a single joint
Functions of the range and ease of movement of one joint.
b7101 Mobility of several joints
Functions of the range and ease of movement of more than one joint.
b7102 Mobility of joints generalized
Functions of the range and ease of movement of joints throughout the body.
b7108 Mobility of joint functions, other specified
b7109 Mobility of joint functions, unspecified
b715 Stability of joint functions
Functions of the maintenance of structural integrity of the joints.
Inclusions: functions of the stability of a single joint, several joints, and joints
generalized; impairments such as in unstable shoulder joint, dislocation of a joint,
dislocation of shoulder and hip
Exclusion: mobility of joint functions (b710)
b7150 Stability of a single joint
Functions of the maintenance of structural integrity of one joint.
b7151 Stability of several joints
Functions of the maintenance of structural integrity of more than one joint.
b7152 Stability of joints generalized
Functions of the maintenance of structural integrity of joints throughout the
body.
b7158 Stability of joint functions, other specified
b7159 Stability of joint functions, unspecified
b720 Mobility of bone functions
Functions of the range and ease of movement of the scapula, pelvis, carpal and tarsal
bones.
Inclusions: impairments such as frozen scapula and frozen pelvis
Exclusion: mobility of joints functions (b710)
131
b7200 肩胛骨移動
肩胛骨動作範圍和靈活的功能。
納入：損傷如肩胛骨的前突、後縮、外轉和内轉
b7201 骨盆移動
骨盆動作範圍和靈活的功能。
納入：骨盆旋轉
b7202 腕骨移動
腕骨動作範圍和靈活的功能。
b7203 跗骨移動
跗骨動作範圍和靈活的功能。
b7208 骨骼移動功能，其他特定者
b7209 骨骼移動功能，未特定者
b729 關節和骨骼功能，其他特定者和未特定者
肌肉功能(b730-b749)
b730 肌肉力量功能
藉肌肉或肌肉群收縮而生發力量相關的功能。
納入：特定肌肉和肌肉群、單一肢體、身體單側、下半身、四肢、軀幹和全身肌
肉力量關聯的功能；損傷如腳和手小肌肉無力、肌肉輕癱、肌肉癱瘓、單肢癱瘓、
單側癱瘓、下半身癱瘓、四肢癱瘓和失能性不語症
排除：眼睛鄰近結構功能(b215)；肌肉張力功能(b735)；肌肉耐力功能(b740)
b7300 單獨肌肉和肌肉群力量
藉特定和單獨肌肉和肌肉群收縮而生發力量相關的功能。
納入：損傷如腳和手小肌肉無力
b7301 單一肢體肌肉力量
藉單臂或單腿肌肉和肌肉群收縮而生發力量相關的功能。
納入：損傷如單肢輕癱和單肢癱瘓
b7302 身體單側肌肉力量
藉在身體左側或右側肌肉和肌肉群收縮而生發力量相關的功能。
納入：損傷如單側輕癱和單側癱瘓
b7303 下半身肌肉力量
藉在下半身肌肉和肌肉群收縮而生發力量相關的功能。
納入：損傷如下半身輕癱和下半身癱瘓
132
b7200 Mobility of scapula
Functions of the range and ease of movement of the scapula.
Inclusions: impairments such as protraction, retraction, laterorotation and medial
rotation of the scapula
b7201 Mobility of pelvis
Functions of the range and ease of movement of the pelvis.
Inclusion: rotation of the pelvis
b7202 Mobility of carpal bones
Functions of the range and ease of movement of the carpal bones.
b7203 Mobility of tarsal bones
Functions of the range and ease of movement of the tarsal bones.
b7208 Mobility of bone functions, other specified
b7209 Mobility of bone functions, specified
b729 Functions of the joints and bones, other specified and unspecified
Muscle functions (b730-b749)

b730 Muscle power functions
Functions related to the force generated by the contraction of a muscle or muscle
groups.
Inclusions: functions associated with the power of specific muscles and muscle groups,
muscles of one limb, one side of the body, the lower half of the body, all limbs, the
trunk and the body as a whole; impairments such as weakness of small muscles in feet
and hands, muscle paresis, muscle paralysis, monoplegia, hemiplegia, paraplegia,
quadriplegia and akinetic mutism
Exclusions: functions of structures adjoining the eye (b215); muscle tone functions
(b735); muscle endurance functions (b740)
b7300 Power of isolated muscles and muscle groups
Functions related to the force generated by the contraction of specific and
isolated muscles and muscle groups.
Inclusion: impairments such as weakness of small muscles of feet or hands
b7301 Power of muscles of one limb
Functions related to the force generated by the contraction of the muscles and
muscle groups of one arm or leg.
Inclusions: impairments such as monoparesis and monoplegia
b7302 Power of muscles of one side of the body
muscle groups found on the left or right side of the body.
Inclusions: impairments such as hemiparesis and hemiplegia
b7303 Power of muscles in lower half of the body
muscle groups found in the lower half of the body.
Inclusions: impairments such as paraparesis and paraplegia
133
b7304 四肢肌肉力量
藉所有四肢肌肉和肌肉群收縮而生發力量相關的功能。
納入：損傷如四肢輕癱和四肢癱瘓
b7305 軀幹肌肉力量
藉軀幹肌肉和肌肉群收縮而生發力量相關的功能。
b7306 身體所有肌肉力量
藉身體所有肌肉和肌肉群收縮而生發力量相關的功能。
納入：損傷如失能性不語症
b7308 肌肉力量功能，其他特定者
b7309 肌肉力量功能，未特定者
b735 肌肉張力功能
肌肉靜止所呈現張力與嘗試被動地移動肌肉時所提供阻力相關的功能。
納入：單獨肌肉和肌肉群、單一肢體、身體單側和下半身肌肉、四肢肌肉、軀幹
肌肉、及身體所有肌肉張力相關的功能；損傷如低張症、高張症及肌肉痙攣
排除：肌肉力量功能(b730)；肌肉耐力功能(b740)
b7350 單獨肌肉和肌肉群張力
單獨肌肉和肌肉群靜止所呈現張力與嘗試被動地移動那些肌肉時所提供阻
力相關的功能。
納入：損傷如局部張力不全，如斜頸
b7351 單一肢體肌肉張力
單臂或單腿肌肉靜止所呈現張力與嘗試被動地移動那些肌肉時所提供阻力
相關的功能。
納入：單肢輕癱和單肢癱瘓關聯的損傷
b7352 身體單側肌肉張力
身體右側或左側肌肉和肌肉群靜止所呈現張力與嘗試被動地移動那些肌肉
時所提供阻力相關的功能。
納入：單側輕癱和單側癱瘓關聯的損傷
b7353 下半身肌肉張力
下半身肌肉和肌肉群靜止所呈現張力與嘗試被動地移動那些肌肉時所提供
阻力相關的功能。
納入：下半身輕癱和下半身癱瘓關聯的損傷
b7354 四肢肌肉張力
所有四肢肌肉和肌肉群靜止所呈現張力與嘗試被動地移動那些肌肉時所提
供阻力相關的功能。
納入：四肢輕癱和四肢癱瘓關聯的損傷
134
b7304 Power of muscles of all limbs
Functions related to the force generated by the contraction of muscles and
muscle groups of all four limbs.
Inclusions: impairments such as tetraparesis and tetraplegia
b7305 Power of muscles of the trunk
Functions related to the force generated by the contraction of muscles and
muscle groups in the trunk.
b7306 Power of all muscles of the body
Functions related to the force generated by the contraction of all muscles and
muscle groups of the body.
Inclusions: impairments such as in akinetic mutism
b7308 Muscle power functions, other specified
b7309 Muscle power functions, unspecified
b735 Muscle tone functions
Functions related to the tension present in the resting muscles and the resistance offered
when trying to move the muscles passively.
Inclusions: functions associated with the tension of isolated muscles and muscle groups,
muscles of one limb, one side of the body and the lower half of the body, muscles of all
limbs, muscles of the trunk, and all muscles of the body; impairments such as hypotonia,
hypertonia and muscle spasticity
Exclusions: muscle power functions (b730); muscle endurance functions (b740)
b7350 Tone of isolated muscles and muscle groups
Functions related to the tension present in the resting isolated muscles and
muscle groups and the resistance offered when trying to move those muscles
passively.
Inclusions: impairments such as in focal dystonias, e.g. torticollis
b7351 Tone of muscles of one limb
Functions related to the tension present in the resting muscles and muscle groups
in one arm or leg and the resistance offered when trying to move those muscles
passively.
Inclusions: impairments associated with monoparesis and monoplegia
b7352 Tone of muscles of one side of body
of the right or left side of the body and the resistance offered when trying to
move those muscles passively.
Inclusions: impairments associated with hemiparesis and hemiplegia
b7353 Tone of muscles of lower half of body
in the lower half of the body and the resistance offered when trying to move
those muscles passively.
Inclusions: impairments associated with paraparesis and paraplegia
b7354 Tone of muscles of all limbs
in all four limbs and the resistance offered when trying to move those muscles
passively.
Inclusions: impairments associated with tetraparesis and tetraplegia
135
b7355 軀幹肌肉張力
軀幹肌肉和肌肉群靜止所呈現張力與嘗試被動地移動那些肌肉時所提供阻
b7356 身體所有肌肉張力
全身肌肉和肌肉群靜止所呈現張力與嘗試被動地移動那些肌肉時所提供阻
納入：損傷如全身張力不全和巴金森氏症、或全身輕癱和癱瘓
b7358 肌肉張力功能，其他特定者
b7359 肌肉張力功能，未特定者
b740 肌肉耐力功能
在所需時段内持續肌肉收縮相關的功能。
納入：單獨肌肉和肌肉群、及身體所有肌肉持續肌肉收縮相關的功能；損傷如重
症肌無力
排除：運動耐受功能(b455)；肌肉力量功能(b730)；肌肉張力功能(b735)
b7400 單獨肌肉耐力
在所需時段内單獨肌肉持續肌肉收縮相關的功能。
b7401 肌肉群耐力
在所需時段内單獨肌肉群持續肌肉收縮相關的功能。
納入：單肢輕癱、單肢癱瘓、單側輕癱和單側癱瘓、下半身輕癱和下半身癱
瘓關聯的損傷
b7402 身體所有肌肉耐力
在所需時段内身體所有肌肉持續肌肉收縮相關的功能。
納入：四肢輕癱、四肢癱瘓、全身輕癱和癱瘓關聯的損傷
b7408 肌肉耐力功能，其他特定者
b7409 肌肉耐力功能，未特定者
b749 肌肉功能，其他特定者及未特定者
動作功能(b750-b799)
b750 運動反射功能
藉特定刺激自動誘發肌肉不隨意收縮的功能。
納入：伸張運動反射、自動局部關節反射、經有害刺激和其他外感受性刺激生發
的反射、縮回反射、二頭肌反射、橈反射、四頭肌反射、膝反射、踝反射的功能
136
b7355 Tone of muscles of trunk
of the trunk and the resistance offered when trying to move those muscles
passively.
b7356 Tone of all muscles of the body
of the whole body and the resistance offered when trying to move those muscles
passively.
Inclusions: impairments such as in generalized dystonias and Parkinson's disease,
or general paresis and paralysis
b7358 Muscle tone functions, other specified
b7359 Muscle tone functions, unspecified
b740 Muscle endurance functions
Functions related to sustaining muscle contraction for the required period of time.
Inclusions: functions associated with sustaining muscle contraction for isolated muscles
and muscle groups, and all muscles of the body; impairments such as in myasthenia
gravis
Exclusions: exercise tolerance functions (b455); muscle power functions (b730); muscle
tone functions (b735)
b7400 Endurance of isolated muscles
Functions related to sustaining muscle contraction of isolated muscles for the
required period of time.
b7401 Endurance of muscle groups
Functions related to sustaining muscle contraction of isolated muscle groups for
Inclusions: impairments associated with monoparesis, monoplegia, hemiparesis
and hemiplegia, paraparesis and paraplegia
b7402 Endurance of all muscles of the body
Functions related to sustaining muscle contraction of all muscles of the body for
Inclusions: impairments associated with tetraparesis, tetraplegia, general paresis
and paralysis
b7408 Muscle endurance functions, other specified
b7409 Muscle endurance functions, unspecified
b749 Muscle functions, other specified and unspecified
Movement functions (b750-b789)

b750 Motor reflex functions
Functions of involuntary contraction of muscles automatically induced by specific
stimuli.
Inclusions: functions of stretch motor reflex, automatic local joint reflex, reflexes
generated by noxious stimuli and other exteroceptive stimuli; withdrawal reflex, biceps
reflex, radius reflex, quadriceps reflex, patellar reflex, ankle reflex
137
b7500 伸張運動反射
藉伸張自動誘發肌肉不隨意收縮的功能。
b7501 有害刺激生發的反射
藉疼痛或其他有害刺激自動誘發肌肉不隨意收縮的功能。
納入：縮回反射
b7502 其他外感受性刺激生發的反射
藉有害刺激以外之外部刺激自動誘發肌肉不隨意收縮的功能。
b7508 運動反射功能，其他特定者
b7509 運動反射功能，未特定者
b755 不隨意動作反應功能
藉身體擺位、平衡和威脅性刺激誘發大肌肉或全身不隨意收縮的功能。
納入：姿勢反應、翻正反應、身體調整反應、平衡反應、支撑反應、防禦反應的
功能
排除：運動反射功能(b750)
b760 隨意動作控制功能
隨意動作控制和協調關聯的功能。
納入：簡單隨意動作和複雜隨意動作控制功能、隨意動作協調、臂或腿支撑功能、
左右運動協調、眼手協調，眼足協調；損傷如控制和協調問題，如輪替運動困難
排除：肌肉力量功能(b730)；不隨意動作功能(b765)；步態類型功能(b770)
b7600 簡單隨意動作控制
簡單或單獨隨意動作控制和協調關聯的功能。
b7601 複雜隨意動作控制
複雜隨意動作控制和協調關聯的功能。
b7602 隨意動作協調
簡單和複雜隨意動作協調關聯的功能，以有序組合進行動作。
納入：左右協調、視覺導向動作協調，如眼手協調和眼足協調；損傷如輪替
運動困難。
b7603 臂或腿支撑功能
藉臂(肘或手)或腿(膝或腳)承受重量以控制和協調隨意動作關聯的功能。
b7608 隨意動作控制功能，其他特定者
b7609 隨意動作控制功能，未特定者
138
b7500 Stretch motor reflex
Functions of involuntary contractions of muscles automatically induced by
stretching.
b7501 Reflexes generated by noxious stimuli
painful or other noxious stimuli.
Inclusion: withdrawal reflex
b7502 Reflexes generated by other exteroceptive stimuli
external stimuli other than noxious stimuli.
b7508 Motor reflex functions, other specified
b7509 Motor reflex functions, unspecified
b755 Involuntary movement reaction functions
Functions of involuntary contractions of large muscles or the whole body induced by
body position, balance and threatening stimuli.
Inclusions: functions of postural reactions, righting reactions, body adjustment reactions,
balance reactions, supporting reactions, defensive reactions
Exclusion: motor reflex functions (b750)
b760 Control of voluntary movement functions
Functions associated with control over and coordination of voluntary movements.
Inclusions: functions of control of simple voluntary movements and of complex
voluntary movements, coordination of voluntary movements, supportive functions of
arm or leg, right left motor coordination, eye hand coordination, eye foot coordination;
impairments such as control and coordination problems, e.g. dysdiadochokinesia
Exclusions: muscle power functions (b730); involuntary movement functions (b765);
gait pattern functions (b770)
b7600 Control of simple voluntary movements
Functions associated with control over and coordination of simple or isolated
voluntary movements.
b7601 Control of complex voluntary movements
Functions associated with control over and coordination of complex voluntary
movements.
b7602 Coordination of voluntary movements
Functions associated with coordination of simple and complex voluntary
movements, performing movements in an orderly combination.
Inclusions: right left coordination, coordination of visually directed movements,
such as eye hand coordination and eye foot coordination; impairments such as
dysdiadochokinesia
b7603 Supportive functions of arm or leg
Functions associated with control over and coordination of voluntary movements
by placing weight either on the arms (elbows or hands) or on the legs (knees or
feet).
b7608 Control of voluntary movement functions, other specified
b7609 Control of voluntary movement functions, unspecified
139
b765 不隨意動作功能
肌肉或肌肉群無意、無或半目的不隨意收縮的功能。
納入：肌肉不隨意收縮；損傷如震顫、抽搐、作態行為、刻板行為、動作反覆症、
舞蹈症、指痙症、發聲抽搐、張力不全動作和運動障礙
排除：隨意動作控制功能(b760)；步態類型功能(b770)
b7650 肌肉不隨意收縮
肌肉或肌肉群無意、無或半目的不隨意收縮的功能，如那些涉及心理功能障
礙的部分。
納入：損傷如舞蹈症和指痙症動作；睡眠相關動作疾患
b7651 震顫
關節四周肌肉群交替收縮和放鬆導致震動的功能。
b7652 抽搐和作態行為
肌肉群重複、準目的、不隨意收縮的功能。
納入：損傷如發聲抽搐、穢語症和磨牙症
b7653 刻板行為和動作反覆症
自發、無目的動作功能，如前後重複搖擺和點頭或扭動。
b7658 不隨意動作功能，其他特定者
b7659 不隨意動作功能，未特定者
b770 步態類型功能
步行、跑步或其他全身動作關聯之動作類型的功能。
納入：步行類型和跑步類型；損傷如痙攣步態、偏癱步態、截癱步態、不對稱步
態、跛行和僵硬步態類型
排除：肌肉力量功能(b730)；肌肉張力功能(b735)；隨意動作控制功能(b760)；不
隨意動作功能(b765)
b780 肌肉和動作功能相關的感覺
身體肌肉或肌肉群及其動作相關的感覺。
納入：肌肉僵硬、肌肉緊縮，肌肉痙攣或收縮、和肌肉沉重的感覺
b7800 肌肉僵硬感
肌肉緊縮或僵硬的感覺。
b7801 肌肉痙攣感
肌肉或肌肉群不隨意收縮的感覺。
b7808 肌肉和動作功能相關的感覺，其他特定者
b7809 肌肉和動作功能相關的感覺，未特定者
140
b765 Involuntary movement functions
Functions of unintentional, non- or semi-purposive involuntary contractions of a muscle
or group of muscles.
Inclusions: involuntary contractions of muscles; impairments such as tremors, tics,
mannerisms, stereotypies, motor perseveration, chorea, athetosis, vocal tics, dystonic
movements and dyskinesia
Exclusions: control of voluntary movement functions (b760); gait pattern functions
(b770)
b7650 Involuntary contractions of muscles
Functions of unintentional, non- or semi-purposive involuntary contractions of a
muscle or group of muscles, such as those involved as part of a psychological
dysfunction.
Inclusions: impairments such as choreatic and athetotic movements;
sleep-related movement disorders
b7651 Tremor
Functions of alternating contraction and relaxation of a group of muscles around
a joint, resulting in shakiness.
b7652 Tics and mannerisms
Functions of repetitive, quasi-purposive, involuntary contractions of a group of
muscles.
Inclusion: impairments such as vocal tics, coprolalia and bruxism
b7653 Stereotypies and motor perseveration
Functions of spontaneous, non-purposive movements such as repetitively
rocking back and forth and nodding the head or wiggling.
b7658 Involuntary movement functions, other specified
b7659 Involuntary movement functions, unspecified
b770 Gait pattern functions
Functions of movement patterns associated with walking, running or other whole body
movements.
Inclusions: walking patterns and running patterns; impairments such as spastic gait,
hemiplegic gait, paraplegic gait, asymmetric gait, limping and stiff gait pattern
Exclusions: muscle power functions (b730); muscle tone functions (b735); control of
voluntary movement functions (b760); involuntary movement functions (b765)
b780 Sensations related to muscles and movement functions
Sensations associated with the muscles or muscle groups of the body and their
movement.
Inclusions: sensations of muscle stiffness and tightness of muscles, muscle spasm or
constriction, and heaviness of muscles
b7800 Sensation of muscle stiffness
Sensation of tightness or stiffness of muscles.
b7801 Sensation of muscle spasm
Sensation of involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles.
b7808 Sensations related to muscles and movement functions, other specified
b7809 Sensations related to muscles and movement functions, unspecified
141
b789 動作功能，其他特定者和未特定者
b798 神經肌肉骨骼與動作相關的功能，其他特定者
b799 神經肌肉骨骼與動作相關的功能，未特定者
142
b789 Movement functions, other specified and unspecified
b798 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions, other specified
b799 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions, unspecified
143
第八章
皮膚與相關結構的功能
本章是關於皮膚、指甲和毛髮的功能。
皮膚功能(b810-849)
b810 皮膚保護功能
皮膚保護身體免受物理性、化學性和生物性威脅的功能。
納入：保護免受太陽及其他輻射的功能、光敏性、色素沉著、皮膚品質；皮膚隔
離功能、骨痂形成、硬化；損傷如皮膚破裂、潰瘍、褥瘡和皮膚變薄
排除：皮膚修復功能(b820)；皮膚其他功能(b830)
b820 皮膚修復功能
皮膚修復破裂與其他損害皮膚的功能。
納入：結痂功能、癒合、瘢痕；瘀傷和蟹足腫形成
排除：皮膚保護功能(b810)；皮膚其他功能(b830)
b830 皮膚其他功能
保護和修復以外的皮膚功能，如降溫和汗液分泌。
納入：發汗功能、皮膚腺體功能及導致身體異味
排除：皮膚保護功能(b810)；皮膚修復功能(b820)
b840 皮膚相關的感覺
皮膚相關的感覺，如癢感、灼熱感和刺痛感。
納入：損傷如針刺感和蠕動感
b849 皮膚功能，其他特定者和未特定者
毛髮和指甲功能(b850-b869)
b850 毛髮功能
毛髮功能，如保護、顏色和外觀。
納入：毛髮生長、毛髮色素、毛髮位置的功能；損傷如掉髮或禿髮
b860 指甲功能
指甲功能，如保護、刮擦和外觀。
納入：指甲生長和色素，指甲品質
b869 毛髮和指甲功能，其他特定者和未特定者
b898 皮膚與相關結構的功能，其他特定者
b899 皮膚與相關結構的功能，未特定者
144
Chapter 8
Functions of the skin and related structures
This chapter is about the functions of skin, nails and hair.
Functions of the skin (b810-b849)

b810 Protective functions of the skin
Functions of the skin for protecting the body from physical, chemical and biological
threats.
Inclusions: functions of protecting against the sun and other radiation, photosensitivity,
pigmentation, quality of skin; insulating function of skin, callus formation, hardening;
impairments such as broken skin, ulcers, bedsores and thinning of skin
Exclusions: repair functions of the skin (b820); other functions of the skin (b830)
b820 Repair functions of the skin
Functions of the skin for repairing breaks and other damage to the skin.
Inclusions: functions of scab formation, healing, scarring; bruising and keloid formation
Exclusions: protective functions of the skin (b810); other functions of the skin (b830)
b830 Other functions of the skin
Functions of the skin other than protection and repair, such as cooling and sweat
secretion.
Inclusions: functions of sweating, glandular functions of the skin and resulting body
odour
Exclusions: protective functions of the skin (b810); repair functions of the skin (b820)
b840 Sensation related to the skin
Sensations related to the skin such as itching, burning sensation and tingling.
Inclusions: impairments such as pins and needles sensation and crawling sensation
b849 Functions of the skin, other specified and unspecified
Functions of the hair and nails (b850-b869)

b850 Functions of hair
Functions of the hair, such as protection, coloration and appearance.
Inclusions: functions of growth of hair, pigmentation of hair, location of hair;
impairments such as loss of hair or alopecia
b860 Functions of nails
Functions of the nails, such as protection, scratching and appearance.
Inclusions: growth and pigmentation of nails, quality of nails
b869 Functions of the hair and nails, other specified and unspecified
b898 Functions of the skin and related structures, other specified
b899 Functions of the skin and related structures, unspecified
145
ICF 詳細分類及定義：身體結構
身體結構
定義：身體結構係指身體解剖部分，如器官、肢體與其要素。
第一個限定值
負向量尺的通用限定值用來指明損傷的程度或大小：
xxx.0 沒有損傷 (沒有、喪失、可忽略、…) 0-4 %
xxx.1 輕度損傷 (輕微、低度、…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 中度損傷 (中度、普通、尚可…) 25-49 %
xxx.3 重度損傷 (高度、極度、…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 完全損傷 (全部…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 不特定
xxx.9 不適用
提供廣泛範圍百分比給那些個案，其以可取得之已校正評量儀器或其他標準來量化身體
結構損傷。例如，當身體結構以「沒有損傷」或「完全損傷」編碼時，此量尺的誤差界
限可達 5%。而「中度損傷」通常達到全部損傷量尺的一半。不同範疇中的百分比要參
考人口標準百分位加以校正。為能以一致方式使用此量化，評量步驟需經由研究來發展。
第二個限定值
用來指明各個身體結構改變的性質：
0 結構未變
1 完全缺失
2 部分缺失
3 附加部分
4 異常尺寸
5 不連續性
6 偏離位置
7 結構質性改變，包括液體堆積
8 不特定
9 不適用
第三個限定值（建議）
將發展來指明損傷的位置
0 不只一個區域
1 右側
2 左側
3 兩側
4 前端
5 後端
6 近端
7 遠端
8 不特定
9 不適用
為進一步解釋 ICF 編碼公約，請參照附錄二。
146
BODY STRUCTURES
Definitions: Body structures are anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their
components.
deviation or loss.
First qualifier
Generic qualifier with the negative scale used to indicate the extent or magnitude of an
impairment:
xxx.0 NO impairment (none, absent, negligible,… ) 0-4 %
xxx.1 MILD impairment (slight, low,…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 MODERATE impairment (medium, fair,...) 25-49 %
xxx.3 SEVERE impairment (high, extreme,…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 COMPLETE impairment (total,…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 not specified
instruments or other standards are available to quantify the impairment in body structure. For
example, when “no impairment” or “complete impairment” in body structure is coded, this
scaling may have margin of error of up to 5%. “Moderate impairment” is generally up to half
of the scale of total impairment. The percentages are to be calibrated in different domains
with reference to population standards as percentiles. For this quantification to be used in a
uniform manner, assessment procedures need to be developed through research.
Second qualifier
Used to indicate the nature of the change in the respective body structure:
0 no change in structure
1 total absence
2 partial absence
3 additional part
4 aberrant dimensions
5 discontinuity
6 deviating position
7 qualitative changes in structure, including accumulation of fluid
8 not specified
9 not applicable
Third qualifier (suggested)
To be developed to indicate localization
0 more than one region
1 right
2 left
3 both sides
4 front
5 back
6 proximal
7 distal
8 not specified
9 not applicable
For a further explanation of coding conventions in ICF, refer to Annex 2.
147
第一章
神經系統結構
s110 腦部結構
s1100 皮質葉結構
s11000 額葉
s11001 顳葉
s11002 頂葉
s11003 枕葉
s11008 皮質葉結構，其他特定者
s11009 皮質葉結構，未特定者
s1101 中腦結構
s1102 間腦結構
s1103 基底核與相關的結構
s1104 小腦結構
s1105 腦幹結構
s11050 延腦
s11051 橋腦
s11058 腦幹結構，其他特定者
s11059 腦幹結構，未特定者
s1106 腦神經結構
s1108 腦部結構，其他特定者
s1109 腦部結構，未特定者
s120 脊髓與相關的結構
s1200 脊髓結構
s12000 頸髓
s12001 胸髓
s12002 腰薦髓
s12003 馬尾
s12008 脊髓結構，其他特定者
s12009 脊髓結構，未特定者
s1201 脊神經
s1208 脊髓與相關的結構，其他特定者
s1209 脊髓與相關的結構，未特定者
s130 腦膜結構
s140 交感神經系統結構
s150 副交感神經系統結構
s198 神經系統結構，其他特定者
s199 神經系統結構，未特定者
148
Chapter 1
Structures of the nervous system
s110 Structure of brain
s1100 Structure of cortical lobes
s11000 Frontal lobe
s11001 Temporal lobe
s11002 Parietal lobe
s11003 Occipital lobe
s11008 Structure of cortical lobes, other specified
s11009 Structure of cortical lobes, unspecified
s1101 Structure of midbrain
s1102 Structure of diencephalon
s1103 Basal ganglia and related structures
s1104 Structure of cerebellum
s1105 Structure of brain stem
s11050 Medulla oblongata
s11051 Pons
s11058 Structure of brain stem, other specified
s11059 Structure of brain stem, unspecified
s1106 Structure of cranial nerves
s1108 Structure of brain, other specified
s1109 Structure of brain, unspecified
s120 Spinal cord and related structures
s1200 Structure of spinal cord
s12000 Cervical spinal cord
s12001 Thoracic spinal cord
s12002 Lumbosacral spinal cord
s12003 Cauda equine
s12008 Structure of spinal cord, other specified
s12009 Structure of spinal cord, unspecified
s1201 Spinal nerves
s1208 Spinal cord and related structures, other specified
s1209 Spinal cord and related structures, unspecified
s130 Structure of meninges
s140 Structure of sympathetic nervous system
s150 Structure of parasympathetic nervous system
s198 Structure of the nervous system, other specified
s199 Structure of the nervous system, unspecified
149
第二章
眼睛、耳朵與相關的結構
s210 眼窩結構
s220 眼球結構
s2200 結膜、鞏膜、脈絡膜
s2201 角膜
s2202 虹膜
s2203 視網膜
s2204 眼球水晶體
s2205 玻璃體
s2208 眼球結構，其他特定者
s2209 眼球結構，未特定者
s230 眼睛周圍結構
s2300 淚腺與相關的結構
s2301 眼瞼
s2302 眉毛
s2303 外眼肌
s2308 眼睛周圍結構，其他特定者
s2309 眼睛周圍結構，未特定者
s240 外耳結構
s250 中耳結構
s2500 鼓膜
s2501 耳咽管
s2502 耳小骨
s2508 中耳結構，其他特定者
s2509 中耳結構，未特定者
s260 內耳結構
s2600 耳蝸
s2601 前庭迷路
s2602 半規管
s2603 內耳道
s2608 內耳結構，其他特定者
s2609 內耳結構，未特定者
s298 眼睛、耳朵與相關的結構，其他特定者
s299 眼睛、耳朵與相關的結構，未特定者
150
Chapter 2
The eye, ear and related structures
s210 Structure of eye socket
s220 Structure of eyeball
s2200 Conjunctiva, sclera, choroid
s2201 Cornea
s2202 Iris
s2203 Retina
s2204 Lens of eyeball
s2205 Vitreous body
s2208 Structure of eyeball, other specified
s2209 Structure of eyeball, unspecified
s230 Structures around eye
s2300 Lachrymal gland and related structures
s2301 Eyelid
s2302 Eyebrow
s2303 External ocular muscles
s2308 Structures around eye, other specified
s2309 Structures around eye, unspecified
s240 Structure of external ear
s250 Structure of middle ear
s2500 Tympanic membrane
s2501 Eustachian canal
s2502 Ossicles
s2508 Structure of middle ear, other specified
s2509 Structure of middle ear, unspecified
s260 Structure of inner ear
s2600 Cochlea
s2601 Vestibular labyrinth
s2602 Semicircular canals
s2603 Internal auditory meatus
s2608 Structure of inner ear, other specified
s2609 Structure of inner ear, unspecified
s298 Eye, ear and related structures, other specified
s299 Eye, ear and related structures, unspecified
151
第三章
涉及嗓音和言語的結構
s310 鼻結構
s3100 外鼻
s3101 鼻隔
s3102 鼻窩
s3108 鼻結構，其他特定者
s3109 鼻結構，未特定者
s320 口結構
s3200 牙齒
s3201 牙齦
s3202 顎結構
s32020 硬顎
s32021 軟顎
s3203 舌
s3204 唇結構
s32040 上唇
s32041 下唇
s3208 口結構，其他特定者
s3209 口結構，未特定者
s330 咽結構
s3300 鼻咽
s3301 口咽
s3308 咽結構，其他特定者
s3309 咽結構，未特定者
s340 喉結構
s3400 聲帶
s3408 喉結構，其他特定者
s3409 喉結構，未特定者
s398 涉及嗓音和言語的結構，其他特定者
s399 涉及嗓音和言語的結構，未特定者
152
Chapter 3
Structures involved in voice and speech
s310 Structure of nose
s3100 External nose
s3101 Nasal septum
s3102 Nasal fossae
s3108 Structure of nose, other specified
s3109 Structure of nose, unspecified
s320 Structure of mouth
s3200 Teeth
s3201 Gums
s3202 Structure of palate
s32020 Hard palate
s32021 Soft palate
s3203 Tongue
s3204 Structure of lips
s32040 Upper lip
s32041 Lower lip
s3208 Structure of mouth, other specified
s3209 Structure of mouth, unspecified
s330 Structure of pharynx
s3300 Nasal pharynx
s3301 Oral pharynx
s3308 Structure of pharynx, other specified
s3309 Structure of pharynx, unspecified
s340 Structure of larynx
s3400 Vocal folds
s3408 Structure of larynx, other specified
s3409 Structure of larynx, unspecified
s398 Structures involved in voice and speech, other specified
s399 Structures involved in voice and speech, unspecified
153
第四章
心血管、免疫和呼吸系統結構
s410 心血管系統結構
s4100 心臟
s41000 心房
s41001 心室
s41008 心臟結構，其他特定者
s41009 心臟結構，未特定者
s4101 動脈
s4102 靜脈
s4103 微血管
s4108 心血管系統結構，其他特定者
s4109 心血管系統結構，未特定者
s420 免疫系統結構
s4200 淋巴管
s4201 淋巴結
s4202 胸腺
s4203 脾臟
s4204 骨髓
s4208 免疫系統結構，其他特定者
s4209 免疫系統結構，未特定者
s430 呼吸系統結構
s4300 氣管
s4301 肺臟
s43010 支氣管
s43011 肺泡
s43018 肺臟結構，其他特定者
s43019 肺臟結構，未特定者
s4302 胸廓
s4303 呼吸肌
s43030 肋間肌
s43031 橫膈膜
s43038 呼吸肌，其他特定者
s43039 呼吸肌，未特定者
s4308 呼吸系統結構，其他特定者
s4309 呼吸系統結構，未特定者
s498 心血管、免疫和呼吸系統結構，其他特定者
s499 心血管、免疫和呼吸系統結構，未特定者
154
Chapter 4
Structures of the cardiovascular, immunological and respiratory systems
s410 Structure of cardiovascular system
s4100 Heart
s41000 Atria
s41001 Ventricles
s41008 Structure of heart, other specified
s41009 Structure of heart, unspecified
s4101 Arteries
s4102 Veins
s4103 Capillaries
s4108 Structure of cardiovascular system, other specified
s4109 Structure of cardiovascular system, unspecified
s420 Structure of immune system
s4200 Lymphatic vessels
s4201 Lymphatic nodes
s4202 Thymus
s4203 Spleen
s4204 Bone marrow
s4208 Structure of immune system, other specified
s4209 Structure of immune system, unspecified
s430 Structure of respiratory system
s4300 Trachea
s4301 Lungs
s43010 Bronchial tree
s43011 Alveoli
s43018 Structure of lungs, other specified
s43019 Structure of lungs, unspecified
s4302 Thoracic cage
s4303 Muscles of respiration
s43030 Intercostal muscles
s43031 Diaphragm
s43038 Muscles of respiration, other specified
s43039 Muscles of respiration, unspecified
s4308 Structure of respiratory system, other specified
s4309 Structure of respiratory system, unspecified
s498 Structures of the cardiovascular, immunological and respiratory systems, other
specified
s499 Structures of the cardiovascular, immunological and respiratory systems,
unspecified
155
第五章
消化、代謝和內分泌系統相關的結構
s510 唾液腺結構
s520 食道結構
s530 胃結構
s540 腸結構
s5400 小腸
s5401 大腸
s5408 腸結構，其他特定者
s5409 腸結構，未特定者
s550 胰臟結構
s560 肝臟結構
s570 膽囊和膽管結構
s580 內分泌腺結構
s5800 腦垂體
s5801 甲狀腺
s5802 副甲狀腺
s5803 腎上腺
s5808 內分泌腺結構，其他特定者
s5809 內分泌腺結構，未特定者
s598 消化、代謝和內分泌系統相關的結構，其他特定者
s599 消化、代謝和內分泌系統相關的結構，未特定者
156
Chapter 5
Structures related to the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems
s510 Structure of salivary glands
s520 Structure of oesophagus
s530 Structure of stomach
s540 Structure of intestine
s5400 Small intestine
s5401 Large intestine
s5408 Structure of intestine, other specified
s5409 Structure of intestine, unspecified
s550 Structure of pancreas
s560 Structure of liver
s570 Structure of gall bladder and ducts
s580 Structure of endocrine glands
s5800 Pituitary gland
s5801 Thyroid gland
s5802 Parathyroid gland
s5803 Adrenal gland
s5808 Structure of endocrine glands, other specified
s5809 Structure of endocrine glands, unspecified
s598 Structures related to the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, other
specified
s599 Structures related to the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, unspecified
157
第六章
泌尿生殖和生育系統相關的結構
s610 泌尿系統結構
s6100 腎臟
s6101 輸尿管
s6102 膀胱
s6103 尿道
s6108 泌尿系統結構，其他特定者
s6109 泌尿系統結構，未特定者
s620 骨盆底結構
s630 生育系統結構
s6300 卵巢
s6301 子宮結構
s63010 子宮體
s63011 子宮頸
s63012 輸卵管
s63018 子宮結構，其他特定者
s63019 子宮結構，未特定者
s6302 乳房和乳頭
s6303 陰道和外生殖器結構
s63030 陰蒂
s63031 大陰唇
s63032 小陰唇
s63033 陰道
s6304 睪丸
s6305 陰莖結構
s63050 龜頭
s63051 陰莖體
s63058 陰莖結構，其他特定者
s63059 陰莖結構，未特定者
s6306 攝護腺
s6308 生育系統結構，其他特定者
s6309 生育系統結構，未特定者
s698 泌尿生殖和生育系統相關的結構，其他特定者
s699 泌尿生殖和生育系統相關的結構，未特定者
158
Chapter 6
Structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems
s610 Structure of urinary system
s6100 Kidney
s6101 Ureters
s6102 Urinary bladder
s6103 Urethra
s6108 Structure of urinary system, other specified
s6109 Structure of urinary system, unspecified
s620 Structure of pelvic floor
s630 Structure of reproductive system
s6300 Ovaries
s6301 Structure of uterus
s63010 Body of uterus
s63011 Cervix
s63012 Fallopian tubes
s63018 Structure of uterus, other specified
s63019 Structure of uterus, unspecified
s6302 Breast and nipple
s6303 Structure of vagina and external genitalia
s63030 Clitoris
s63031 Labia majora
s63032 Labia minora
s63033 Vaginal canal
s6304 Testes
s6305 Structure of the penis
s63050 Glans penis
s63051 Shaft of penis
s63058 Structure of penis, other specified
s63059 Structure of penis, unspecified
s6306 Prostate
s6308 Structures of reproductive system, other specified
s6309 Structures of reproductive system, unspecified
s698 Structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems, other specified
s699 Structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems, unspecified
159
第七章
動作相關的結構
s710 頭頸部結構
s7100 顱骨
s7101 顏面骨
s7102 頸部骨
s7103 頭頸部關節
s7104 頭頸部肌肉
s7105 頭頸部韌帶和筋膜
s7108 頭頸部結構，其他特定者
s7109 頭頸部結構，未特定者
s720 肩部結構
s7200 肩部骨骼
s7201 肩部關節
s7202 肩部肌肉
s7203 肩部韌帶和筋膜
s7208 肩部結構，其他特定者
s7209 肩部結構，未特定者
s730 上肢結構
s7300 上臂結構
s73000 上臂骨骼
s73001 肘關節
s73002 上臂肌肉
s73003 上臂韌帶和筋膜
s73008 上臂結構，其他特定者
s73009 上臂結構，未特定者
s7301 前臂結構
s73010 前臂骨骼
s73011 腕關節
s73012 前臂肌肉
s73013 前臂韌帶和筋膜
s73018 前臂結構，其他特定者
s73019 前臂結構，未特定者
s7302 手結構
s73020 手骨骼
s73021 手和手指關節
s73022 手肌肉
s73023 手韌帶和筋膜
s73028 手結構，其他特定者
s73029 手結構，未特定者
s7308 上肢結構，其他特定者
s7309 上肢結構，未特定者
160
Chapter 7
Structures related to movement
s710 Structure of head and neck region
s7100 Bones of cranium
s7101 Bones of face
s7102 Bones of neck region
s7103 Joints of head and neck region
s7104 Muscles of head and neck region
s7105 Ligaments and fasciae of head and neck region
s7108 Structure of head and neck region, other specified
s7109 Structure of head and neck region, unspecified
s720 Structure of shoulder region
s7200 Bones of shoulder region
s7201 Joints of shoulder region
s7202 Muscles of shoulder region
s7203 Ligaments and fasciae of shoulder region
s7208 Structure of shoulder region, other specified
s7209 Structure of shoulder region, unspecified
s730 Structure of upper extremity
s7300 Structure of upper arm
s73000 Bones of upper arm
s73001 Elbow joint
s73002 Muscles of upper arm
s73003 Ligaments and fasciae of upper arm
s73008 Structure of upper arm, other specified
s73009 Structure of upper arm, unspecified
s7301 Structure of forearm
s73010 Bones of forearm
s73011 Wrist joint
s73012 Muscles of forearm
s73013 Ligaments and fasciae of forearm
s73018 Structure of forearm, other specified
s73019 Structure of forearm, unspecified
s7302 Structure of hand
s73020 Bones of hand
s73021 Joints of hand and fingers
s73022 Muscles of hand
s73023 Ligaments and fasciae of hand
s73028 Structure of hand, other specified
s73029 Structure of hand, unspecified
s7308 Structure of upper extremity, other specified
s7309 Structure of upper extremity, unspecified
161
s740 骨盆部結構
s7400 骨盆部骨骼
s7401 骨盆部關節
s7402 骨盆部肌肉
s7403 骨盆部韌帶和筋膜
s7408 骨盆部結構，其他特定者
s7409 骨盆部結構，未特定者
s750 下肢結構
s7500 大腿結構
s75000 大腿骨骼
s75001 髖關節
s75002 大腿肌肉
s75003 大腿韌帶和筋膜
s75008 大腿結構，其他特定者
s75009 大腿結構，未特定者
s7501 小腿結構
s75010 小腿骨骼
s75011 膝關節
s75012 小腿肌肉
s75013 小腿韌帶和筋膜
s75018 小腿結構，其他特定者
s75019 小腿結構，未特定者
s7502 踝和腳結構
s75020 踝和腳骨骼
s75021 踝關節及腳和腳趾關節
s75022 踝和腳肌肉
s75023 踝和腳韌帶和筋膜
s75028 踝和腳結構，其他特定者
s75029 踝和腳結構，未特定者
s7508 下肢結構，其他特定者
s7509 下肢結構，未特定者
s760 軀幹結構
s7600 脊柱結構
s76000 頸椎
s76001 胸椎
s76002 腰椎
s76003 薦椎
s76004 尾椎
s76008 脊柱結構，其他特定者
s76009 脊柱結構，未特定者
s7601 軀幹肌肉
s7602 軀幹韌帶和筋膜
s7608 軀幹結構，其他特定者
s7609 軀幹結構，未特定者
162
s740 Structure of pelvic region
s7400 Bones of pelvic region
s7401 Joints of pelvic region
s7402 Muscles of pelvic region
s7403 Ligaments and fasciae of pelvic region
s7408 Structure of pelvic region, other specified
s7409 Structure of pelvic region, unspecified
s750 Structure of lower extremity
s7500 Structure of thigh
s75000 Bones of thigh
s75001 Hip joint
s75002 Muscles of thigh
s75003 Ligaments and fasciae of thigh
s75008 Structure of thigh, other specified
s75009 Structure of thigh, unspecified
s7501 Structure of lower leg
s75010 Bones of lower leg
s75011 Knee joint
s75012 Muscles of lower leg
s75013 Ligaments and fasciae of lower leg
s75018 Structure of lower leg, other specified
s75019 Structure of lower leg, unspecified
s7502 Structure of ankle and foot
s75020 Bones of ankle and foot
s75021 Ankle joint and joints of foot and toes
s75022 Muscles of ankle and foot
s75023 Ligaments and fasciae of ankle and foot
s75028 Structure of ankle and foot, other specified
s75029 Structure of ankle and foot, unspecified
s7508 Structure of lower extremity, other specified
s7509 Structure of lower extremity, unspecified
s760 Structure of trunk
s7600 Structure of vertebral column
s76000 Cervical vertebral column
s76001 Thoracic vertebral column
s76002 Lumbar vertebral column
s76003 Sacral vertebral column
s76004 Coccyx
s76008 Structure of vertebral column, other specified
s76009 Structure of vertebral column, unspecified
s7601 Muscles of trunk
s7602 Ligaments and fasciae of trunk
s7608 Structure of trunk, other specified
s7609 Structure of trunk, unspecified
163
s770 動作相關的附屬肌肉骨骼結構
s7700 骨骼
s7701 關節
s7702 肌肉
s7703 關節外韌帶、筋膜、肌外腱膜、支持帶、中膈、滑液囊，未特定者
s7708 動作相關的附屬肌肉骨骼結構，其他特定者
s7709 動作相關的附屬肌肉骨骼結構，未特定者
s798 動作相關的結構，其他特定者
s799 動作相關的結構，未特定者
164
s770 Additional musculoskeletal structures related to movement
s7700 Bones
s7701 Joints
s7702 Muscles
s7703 Extra-articular ligaments, fasciae, extramuscular aponeuroses, retinacula,
septa, bursae, unspecified
s7708 Additional musculoskeletal structures related to movement, other specified
s7709 Additional musculoskeletal structures related to movement, unspecified
s798 Structures related to movement, other specified
s799 Structures related to movement, unspecified
165
第八章
皮膚與相關的結構
s810 皮膚區域結構
s8100 頭頸部皮膚
s8101 肩部皮膚
s8102 上肢皮膚
s8103 骨盆部皮膚
s8104 下肢皮膚
s8105 軀幹和背部皮膚
s8108 皮膚區域結構，其他特定者
s8109 皮膚區域結構，未特定者
s820 皮膚腺體結構
s8200 汗腺
s8201 皮脂腺
s8208 皮膚腺體結構，其他特定者
s8209 皮膚腺體結構，未特定者
s830 指甲結構
s8300 手指甲
s8301 腳趾甲
s8308 指甲結構，其他特定者
s8309 指甲結構，未特定者
s840 毛髮結構
s898 皮膚與相關的結構，其他特定者
s899 皮膚與相關的結構，未特定者
166
Chapter 8
Skin and related structures
s810 Structure of areas of skin
s8100 Skin of head and neck region
s8101 Skin of shoulder region
s8102 Skin of upper extremity
s8103 Skin of pelvic region
s8104 Skin of lower extremity
s8105 Skin of trunk and back
s8108 Structure of areas of skin, other specified
s8109 Structure of areas of skin, unspecified
s820 Structure of skin glands
s8200 Sweat glands
s8201 Sebaceous glands
s8208 Structure of skin glands, other specified
s8209 Structure of skin glands, unspecified
s830 Structure of nails
s8300 Finger nails
s8301 Toe nails
s8308 Structure of nails, other specified
s8309 Structure of nails, unspecified
s840 Structure of hair
s898 Skin and related structures, other specified
s899 Skin and related structures, unspecified
167
ICF 詳細分類及定義：活動和參與
活動和參與
定義︰活動係指個體執行任務或行動。
限定值
活動和參與要素的範疇列於單一表單，其涵蓋生活領域的全部範圍(從基本學習和觀察
到複合領域如社會任務)。這要素可用來表示活動 (a) 或參與 (p) 或兩者。
活動和參與要素的兩限定值是表現限定值和容能限定值。表現限定值描述一個體在他

或她的現時環境之所為。因為現時環境帶來社會情境，表現被這限定值記錄也可理解為
人們在其所生活實際情境的「涉及生活處境」或「生活經驗」。這情境包括環境因素 –
各方面的自然、社會和態度世界，其可用環境因素要素來編碼。
容能限定值描述個體執行任務或行動的能力，這限定值確認一個人於特定時刻在特定範
疇所能達到的最高可能機能程度。容能是在一致或標準環境中測量，並因此反映個體在
環境中調整的能力。環境因素要素可用來描述這一致或標準環境的特色。
容能和表現限定值兩者可用於有或沒有輔助器具或別人輔助兩者，且可依照下列量尺︰
xxx.0 沒有困難 (沒有、缺乏、可忽略、…) 0-4 %
xxx.1 輕度困難 (輕微、低度、…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 中度困難 (中度、尚可、…) 25-49 %
xxx.3 重度困難 (高度、極度、…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 完全困難 (全部、…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 不特定
xxx.9 不適用
提供廣泛範圍百分比給那些個案，其以可取得之已校正評量儀器或其他標準來量化其表
現問題或容能限制。例如，當沒有表現問題或完全容能限制編碼時，此量尺的誤差界限
可達 5%。而中度表現問題定義為達到全部表現問題量尺的一半。不同範疇中的百分比
要參考人口標準百分位加以校正。為能以一致方式使用此量化，評量步驟需經由研究來
發展。
為進一步解釋ICF編碼的公約，參照附錄二。
168
ACTIVITIES AND PARTICIPATION
Definitions: Activity is the execution of a task or action by an individual.
Activity limitations are difficulties an individual may have in executing
activities.
Participation restrictions are problems an individual may experience in
Qualifiers
The domains for the Activities and Participation component are given in a single list that
covers the full range of life areas (from basic learning and watching to composite areas such
as social tasks). This component can be used to denote activities (a) or participation (p) or
both.
The two qualifiers for the Activities and Participation component are the performance
qualifier and the capacity qualifier. The performance qualifier describes what an individual
does in his or her current environment. Because the current environment brings in a societal
context, performance as recorded by this qualifier can also be understood as “involvement in
a life situation” or “the lived experience” of people in the actual context in which they live.
This context includes the environmental factors - all aspects of the physical, social and
attitudinal world, which can be coded using the Environmental Factors component.
The capacity qualifier describes an individual’s ability to execute a task or an action. This
qualifier identifies the highest probable level of functioning that a person may reach in a
given domain at a given moment. Capacity is measured in a uniform or standard environment,
and thus reflects the environmentally adjusted ability of the individual. The Environmental
Factors component can be used to describe the features of this uniform or standard
environment.
Both capacity and performance qualifiers can be used both with and without assistive devices
or personal assistance, and in accordance with the following scale:
xxx.0 NO difficulty (none, absent, negligible,… ) 0-4 %
xxx.1 MILD difficulty (slight, low,…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 MODERATE difficulty (medium, fair,…) 25-49 %
xxx.3 SEVERE difficulty (high, extreme, …) 50-95 %
xxx.4 COMPLETE difficulty (total,…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 not specified
instruments or other standards are available to quantify the performance problem or capacity
limitation. For example, when no performance problem or a complete performance problem is
coded, this scaling has a margin of error of up to 5%. A moderate performance problem is
defined as up to half of the scale of a total performance problem. The percentages are to be
calibrated in different domains with reference to population standards as percentiles. For this
quantification to be used in a uniform manner, assessment procedures need to be developed
through research.
For a further explanation of coding convention in ICF, refer to Annex 2.
169
第一章
學習和應用知識
本章是關於學習、應用所學習的知識、思考、解決問題、和作決策。
有目的的感官經驗(d110-129)
d110 看
有意使用視覺以體驗視覺刺激，如觀看體育賽事或兒童遊戲。
d115 聽
有意使用聽覺以體驗聽覺刺激，如聽收音機音樂或演講。
d120 其他有目的的感覺
有意使用身體其他基本感覺以體驗刺激，如觸摸和感覺質地、吃糖果或聞花香。
d129 有目的的感官經驗，其他特定者和未特定者
基本學習(d130-159)
d130 模仿
作為學習基本要素的仿效或模擬，如模仿手勢、聲音或字母表的字母。
d135 複誦
重複一系列事件或符號作為學習之基本要素，如數到十或練習背誦一首詩。
d140 學習閱讀
發展能力以流暢且準確閱讀書寫材料(包括布拉耶點字法)，如辨識字元和字母、以
正確發音讀出單字，並瞭解單字和片語。
d145 學習書寫
發展能力以產生代表聲音、單字或片語的符號以便傳達意義(包括布拉耶點字法書
寫)，如有效拼字和使用正確文法。
d150 學習計算
發展能力以操作數字及進行簡單和複雜數學運算，如使用數學記號作加法和減法
及對問題應用正確數學運算。
d155 獲得技能
發展整合成套行動或任務的基本和複雜能力以便透過所獲得技能來啟動和接續，
如操作工具或玩遊戲像西洋棋。
納入：獲得基本和複雜技能
排除：學習書寫(d145)和書寫(d170)，學習遊戲(d131)
170
Chapter 1
Learning and applying knowledge
This chapter is about learning, applying the knowledge that is learned, thinking, solving
problems, and making decisions.
Purposeful sensory experiences (d110-d129)

d110 Watching
Using the sense of seeing intentionally to experience visual stimuli, such as watching a
sporting event or children playing.
d115 Listening
Using the sense of hearing intentionally to experience auditory stimuli, such as listening
to a radio, music or a lecture.
d120 Other purposeful sensing
Using the body's other basic senses intentionally to experience stimuli, such as touching
and feeling textures, tasting sweets or smelling flowers.
d129 Purposeful sensory experiences, other specified and unspecified
Basic learning (d130-d159)

d130 Copying
Imitating or mimicking as a basic component of learning, such as copying a gesture, a
sound or the letters of an alphabet.
d135 Rehearsing
Repeating a sequence of events or symbols as a basic component of learning, such as
counting by tens or practising the recitation of a poem.
d140 Learning to read
Developing the competence to read written material (including Braille) with fluency and
accuracy, such as recognizing characters and alphabets, sounding out words with correct
pronunciation, and understanding words and phrases.
d145 Learning to write
Developing the competence to produce symbols that represent sounds, words or phrases
in order to convey meaning (including Braille writing), such as spelling effectively and
using correct grammar.
d150 Learning to calculate
Developing the competence to manipulate numbers and perform simple and complex
mathematical operations, such as using mathematical signs for addition and subtraction
and applying the correct mathematical operation to a problem.
d155 Acquiring skills
Developing basic and complex competencies in integrated sets of actions or tasks so as
to initiate and follow through with the acquisition of a skill, such as manipulating tools
or playing games like chess.
Inclusions: acquiring basic and complex skills
Exclusions: learning to write (d145) and writing (d170), learning to play (d131)
171
d1550 獲得基本技能
學習初級、有目的的行動，如學習操作餐具、鉛筆或簡單工具。
d1551 獲得複雜技能
學習整合成套行動以便遵守規則，及按序並協調個人動作，如學習玩遊戲像
足球或使用建築工具。
d1558 獲得技能，其他特定者
d1559 獲得技能，未特定者
d159 基本學習，其他特定者和未特定者
應用知識(d160-d179)
d160 集中注意力
有意集中於特定刺激，如過濾分心的噪音。
d163 思考
闡述並操作意念、概念、和意象，不管是目標導向或不是，是單獨或合併其他，
如創作小說、證明定理、推敲意念、腦力激盪、冥想、沈思、推測、或反省。
排除：解決問題(d175)；作決策(d177)
d166 閱讀
進行涉及理解和詮釋書寫語言的活動(如正文或布拉耶點字的書籍、說明書或報
紙)，以得到一般知識或特定資訊的目的。
排除︰學習閱讀(d140)
d170 書寫
使用或產生符號或語言以傳達資訊，如產生事件或意念的書面記錄或起草信件。
排除：學習書寫(d145)
d172 計算
藉應用數學原理進行計算以解決用單字描述的問題並產生或顯示結果，如計算三
個數字總和或找到一個數字被另一個數字除的結果。
排除︰學習計算(d150)
d175 解決問題
經確認和分析論點、發展選項和解答、評估解答潛在效果、及執行所選解答以找
出問題或處境的解答，如消除兩人間的爭論。
納入：解決簡單和複雜問題
排除：思考(d163)；作決策(d177)
d1750 解決簡單問題
經確認和分析論點、發展選項和解答、評估解答潛在效果、及執行所選解答
以找出涉及單一論點或問題之簡單問題的解答。
172
d1550 Acquiring basic skills
Learning elementary, purposeful actions, such as learning to manipulate eating
utensils, a pencil or a simple tool.
d1551 Acquiring complex skills
Learning integrated sets of actions so as to follow rules, and to sequence and
coordinate one's movements, such as learning to play games like football or to
use a building tool.
d1558 Acquiring skills, other specified
d1559 Acquiring skills, unspecified
d159 Basic learning, other specified and unspecified
Applying knowledge (d160-d179)

d160 Focusing attention
Intentionally focusing on specific stimuli, such as by filtering out distracting noises.
d163 Thinking
Formulating and manipulating ideas, concepts, and images, whether goal-oriented or not,
either alone or with others, such as creating fiction, proving a theorem, playing with
ideas, brainstorming, meditating, pondering, speculating, or reflecting.
Exclusions: solving problems (d175); making decisions (d177)
d166 Reading
Performing activities involved in the comprehension and interpretation of written
language (e.g. books, instructions or newspapers in text or Braille), for the purpose of
obtaining general knowledge or specific information.
Exclusion: learning to read (d140)
d170 Writing
Using or producing symbols or language to convey information, such as producing a
written record of events or ideas or drafting a letter.
Exclusion: learning to write (d145)
d172 Calculating
Performing computations by applying mathematical principles to solve problems that
are described in words and producing or displaying the results, such as computing the
sum of three numbers or finding the result of dividing one number by another.
Exclusion: learning to calculate (d150)
d175 Solving problems
Finding solutions to questions or situations by identifying and analyzing issues,
developing options and solutions, evaluating potential effects of solutions, and
executing a chosen solution, such as in resolving a dispute between two people.
Inclusions: solving simple and complex problems
Exclusions: thinking (d163); making decisions (d177)
d1750 Solving simple problems
Finding solutions to a simple problem involving a single issue or question, by
identifying and analysing the issue, developing solutions, evaluating the potential
effects of the solutions and executing a chosen solution.
173
d1751 解決複雜問題
經確認和分析論點、發展選項和解答、評估解答潛在效果、及執行所選解答
以找出涉及多重並相互關聯的論點、或數個相關問題之複雜問題的解答。
d1758 解決問題，其他特定者
d1759 解決問題，未特定者
d177 作決策
從選項中作選擇、實施該選擇、並評估該選擇效果，如選擇並購買特定用品，或
從數個需要完成的任務中決定從事並從事單一任務。
排除：思考(d163)、解決問題(d175)
d179 應用知識，其他特定者和未特定者
d198 學習和應用知識，其他特定者
d199 學習和應用知識，未特定者
174
d1751 Solving complex problems
Finding solutions to a complex problem involving multiple and interrelated
issues, or several related problems, by identifying and analysing the issue,
developing solutions, evaluating the potential effects of the solutions and
executing a chosen solution.
d1758 Solving problems, other specified
d1759 Solving problems, unspecified
d177 Making decisions
Making a choice among options, implementing the choice, and evaluating the effects of
the choice, such as selecting and purchasing a specific item, or deciding to undertake
and undertaking one task from among several tasks that need to be done.
Exclusions: thinking (d163); solving problems (d175)
d179 Applying knowledge, other specified and unspecified
d198 Learning and applying knowledge, other specified
d199 Learning and applying knowledge, unspecified
175
第二章
一般任務和需求
本章是關於進行單一或多重任務、組織常規和處理壓力的一般方面。這些項目能用於與
更特定任務或行動結合以確認在不同情況下實行任務的潛伏外貌。
d210 從事單一任務
進行單一任務的心智和身體要素相關的簡單或複雜及協調行動，如啟動任務，組
織任務的時間、空間和材料，定任務表現進度，及進行、完成和持續任務。
納入：從事簡單或複雜任務；獨立或集體從事單一任務
排除：獲得技能(d155)；解決問題(d175)；作決策(d177)；從事多重任務(d220)
d2100 從事簡單任務
準備、啟動並安排一簡單任務所需的時間和空間；執行單一主要要素的簡單
任務，如讀一本書、寫一封信、或整理個人床舖。
d2101 從事複雜任務
準備、啟動並安排單一複雜任務的時間和空間；執行不止一種要素的複雜任
務，它可能按序或同時進行，如在個人家裏佈置傢俱或完成學校作業。
d2102 獨立從事單一任務
準備、啟動並安排一簡單或複雜任務的時間和空間；管理和執行個人自己任
務而無他人協助。
d2103 集體從事單一任務
準備、啟動並安排簡單或複雜單一任務的時間和空間；與涉及該任務一些或
全部步驟的人管理和執行任務。如玩捉迷藏、按規則玩牌或圖版遊戲、或一
起演奏樂器。
d2108 從事單一任務，其他特定者
d2109 從事單一任務，未特定者
d220 從事多重任務
按序或同時進行簡單或複雜和協調性行動為多重、整合和複雜任務的要素。
納入：從事多重任務；完成多重任務；獨立和集體從事多重任務
排除：獲得技能(d155)；解決問題(d175)；作決策(d177)；從事單一任務(d210)
d2200 進行多重任務
準備、啟動並安排數項任務所需的時間和空間，及同時或按序管理和執行數
項任務。
176
Chapter 2
General tasks and demands
This chapter is about general aspects of carrying out single or multiple tasks, organizing
routines and handling stress. These items can be used in conjunction with more specific tasks
or actions to identify the underlying features of the execution of tasks under different
circumstances.
d210 Undertaking a single task

Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions related to the mental and
physical components of a single task, such as initiating a task, organizing time, space
and materials for a task, pacing task performance, and carrying out, completing, and
sustaining a task.
Inclusions: undertaking a simple or complex task; undertaking a single task
independently or in a group
Exclusions: acquiring skills (d155); solving problems (d175); making decisions (d177);
undertaking multiple tasks (d220)
d2100 Undertaking a simple task
Preparing, initiating and arranging the time and space required for a simple task;
executing a simple task with a single major component, such as reading a book,
writing a letter, or making one's bed.
d2101 Undertaking a complex task
Preparing, initiating and arranging the time and space for a single complex task;
executing a complex task with more than one component, which may be carried
out in sequence or simultaneously, such as arranging the furniture in one's home
or completing an assignment for school.
d2102 Undertaking a single task independently
Preparing, initiating and arranging the time and space for a simple or complex
task; managing and executing a task on one’s own and without the assistance of
others.
d2103 Undertaking a single task in a group
Preparing, initiating and arranging the time and space for a single task, simple or
complex; managing and executing a task with people who are involved in some
or all steps of the task, such as playing hide-and-seek, playing cards or board
games with rules, or playing instruments together.
d2108 Undertaking single tasks, other specified
d2109 Undertaking single tasks, unspecified
d220 Undertaking multiple tasks
Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions as components of multiple,
integrated and complex tasks in sequence or simultaneously.
Inclusions: undertaking multiple tasks; completing multiple tasks; undertaking multiple
tasks independently and in a group
Exclusions: acquiring skills (d155); solving problems (d175); making decisions (d177);
undertaking a single task (d210)
d2200 Carrying out multiple tasks
Preparing, initiating and arranging the time and space needed for several tasks,
and managing and executing several tasks, together or sequentially.
177
d2201 完成多重任務
同時或按序完成數項任務。
d2202 獨立從事多重任務
準備、啟動並安排多重任務的時間和空間，及個人在無他人協助下同時或按
序管理和執行數項任務。
d2203 集體從事多重任務
準備、啟動並安排多重任務的時間和空間，及與其他涉及多重任務的一些或
全部步驟的他人同時或按序管理和執行數項任務。
d2208 從事多重任務，其他特定者
d2209 從事多重任務，未特定者
d230 進行日常工作
進行簡單或複雜和協調行動以便規劃、管理和完成日常程序或責任的要求，如為
整日個別活動預定時間和訂定計畫。
納入：管理和完成日常工作；管理個人自己活動水準
排除：從事多重任務(d220)
d2301 管理日常工作
進行簡單或複雜和協調行動以便規劃和管理日常程序或責任的要求。
d2302 完成日常工作
進行簡單或複雜和協調行動以便完成日常程序或責任的要求。
d2303 管理個人自己活動水準
進行行動和行為以安排日常程序或責任之精力和時間的要求。
d2308 進行日常工作，其他特定者
d2309 進行日常工作，未特定者
d240 處理壓力與其他心理需求
進行簡單或複雜和協調行動以管理和控制進行需具重大職責與涉及壓力、分心或
危機任務所需的心理需求，如當繁忙交通時開車或照顧許多兒童。
納入：處理職責；處理壓力和危機
d2400 處理職責
進行簡單或複雜和協調行動以管理任務表現的責任並評量這些責任要求。
d2401 處理壓力
進行簡單或複雜和協調行動以應付任務表現關聯的壓迫、緊急情況或壓力。
d2402 處理危機
進行簡單或複雜和協調行動以應付在急劇危險或困難處境或時期的決定性
轉折點。
178
d2201 Completing multiple tasks
Completing several tasks, together or sequentially.
d2202 Undertaking multiple tasks independently
Preparing, initiating and arranging the time and space for multiple tasks, and
managing and executing several tasks together or sequentially, on one's own and
without the assistance of others.
d2203 Undertaking multiple tasks in a group
Preparing, initiating and arranging the time and space for multiple tasks, and
managing and executing several tasks together or sequentially with others who
are involved in some or all steps of the multiple tasks.
d2208 Undertaking multiple tasks, other specified
d2209 Undertaking multiple tasks, unspecified
d230 Carrying out daily routine
Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions in order to plan, manage and
complete the requirements of day-to-day procedures or duties, such as budgeting time
and making plans for separate activities throughout the day.
Inclusions: managing and completing the daily routine; managing one's own activity
level
Exclusion: undertaking multiple tasks (d220)
d2301 Managing daily routine
Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions in order to plan and
manage the requirements of day-to-day procedures or duties.
d2302 Completing the daily routine
Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions in order to complete the
requirements of usual day-to-day procedures or duties.
d2303 Managing one's own activity level
Carrying out actions and behaviours to arrange the requirements in energy and
time day-to-day procedures or duties.
d2308 Carrying out daily routine, other specified
d2309 Carrying out daily routine, unspecified
d240 Handling stress and other psychological demands
Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions to manage and control the
psychological demands required to carry out tasks demanding significant
responsibilities and involving stress, distraction, or crises, such as driving a vehicle
during heavy traffic or taking care of many children.
Inclusions: handling responsibilities; handling stress and crisis
d2400 Handling responsibilities
Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions to manage the duties of
task performance and to assess the requirements of these duties.
d2401 Handling stress
Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions to cope with pressure,
emergencies or stress associated with task performance.
d2402 Handling crisis
Carrying out simple or complex and coordinated actions to cope with decisive
turning points in a situation or times of acute danger or difficulty.
179
d2408 處理壓力與其他心理需求，其他特定者
d2409 處理壓力與其他心理需求，未特定者
d298 一般任務和需求，其他特定者
d299 一般任務和需求，未特定者
180
d2408 Handling stress and other psychological demands, other specified
d2409 Handling stress and other psychological demands, unspecified
d298 General tasks and demands, other specified
d299 General tasks and demands, unspecified
181
第三章
溝通
本章是關於藉語言、記號和符號溝通的一般和特定特色，包括接收和產生訊息、進行交
談、及使用溝通裝置和技術。
溝通 - 接收(d310-d329)
d310 以口語訊息溝通 - 接收
理解口語語言訊息的字面和隱含意義，如瞭解陳述主張事實或是慣用語表達。
d315 以非語言訊息溝通 - 接收
理解藉姿勢、符號和圖畫傳達訊息的字面和隱含意義，如當她揉眼睛時意識到這
孩子疲倦或警鈴響表示有火災。
納入：以身體姿勢、一般記號和符號、圖畫和照片溝通 - 接收
d3150 以身體姿勢溝通 - 接收
理解藉臉部表情、手部動作或記號、身體姿態、與其他形式身體語言所傳達
的意義。
d3151 以一般記號和符號溝通 - 接收
理解公共記號和符號所代表的意義，如交通標誌、警告符號、音樂或科學標
記、及圖像。
d3152 以圖畫和照片溝通 - 接收
理解由圖畫(如線條圖、圖形設計、繪畫、三度空間影像)、圖形、圖表和照
片所代表的意義，如瞭解身高圖表向上線條表示孩子正在成長。
d3158 以非語言訊息溝通 - 接收，其他特定者

d3159 以非語言訊息溝通 - 接收，未特定者
d320 以正式手語訊息溝通 - 接收
接收和理解正式手語中字面和隱含意義的訊息。
d325 以書寫訊息溝通 - 接收
理解藉書寫語言(包括布拉那點字法)所傳達字面和隱含意義，如追蹤每日報紙中政
治事件或瞭解宗教經文含義。
d329 溝通 - 接收，其他特定者和未特定者
溝通 - 產生(d330-d349)
d330 講話
以字面和隱含意義的口語訊息產生單字、片語和較長段落，如以口述語言表達事
實或講故事。
182
Chapter 3
Communication
This chapter is about general and specific features of communicating by language, signs and
symbols, including receiving and producing messages, carrying on conversations, and using
communication devices and techniques.
Communicating - receiving (d310-d329)

d310 Communicating with - receiving - spoken messages
Comprehending literal and implied meanings of messages in spoken language, such as
understanding that a statement asserts a fact or is an idiomatic expression.
d315 Communicating with - receiving - nonverbal messages
Comprehending the literal and implied meanings of messages conveyed by gestures,
symbols and drawings, such as realizing that a child is tired when she rubs her eyes or
that a warning bell means that there is a fire.
Inclusions: communicating with - receiving - body gestures, general signs and symbols,
drawings and photographs
d3150 Communicating with - receiving - body gestures
Comprehending the meaning conveyed by facial expressions, hand movements
or signs, body postures, and other forms of body language.
d3151 Communicating with - receiving - general signs and symbols
Comprehending the meaning represented by public signs and symbols, such as
traffic signs, warning symbols, musical or scientific notations, and icons.
d3152 Communicating with - receiving - drawings and photographs
Comprehending the meaning represented by drawings (e.g. line drawings,
graphic designs, paintings, three-dimensional representations), graphs, charts and
photographs, such as understanding that an upward line on a height chart
indicates that a child is growing.
d3158 Communicating with - receiving - nonverbal messages, other specified
d3159 Communicating with - receiving - nonverbal messages, unspecified
d320 Communicating with - receiving - formal sign language messages
Receiving and comprehending messages in formal sign language with literal and
implied meaning.
d325 Communicating with - receiving - written messages
Comprehending the literal and implied meanings of messages that are conveyed through
written language (including Braille), such as following political events in the daily
newspaper or understanding the intent of religious scripture.
d329 Communicating - receiving, other specified and unspecified
Communicating - producing (d330-d349)

d330 Speaking
Producing words, phrases and longer passages in spoken messages with literal and
implied meaning, such as expressing a fact or telling a story in oral language.
183
d335 產生非語言訊息
使用姿勢、符號和圖畫以傳達訊息，如個人搖頭指明不同意或畫一幅圖畫或圖表
傳達事實或複雜意念。
納入：產生身體姿勢、記號、符號、圖畫和照片
d3350 產生身體語言
藉身體動作傳達意義，如臉部姿態(如微笑、皺眉、眨眼)、手臂和手的動作、
及姿勢(如擁抱表示情愛)。
d3351 產生記號和符號
藉使用記號和符號(如圖示、布列斯板、科學符號)及符號型標記系統來傳達
意義，如使用音符傳達曲調。
d3352 產生圖畫和照片
藉繪圖、塗刷、畫草圖、和作圖表、圖畫或照片來傳遞意義，如繪製地圖為
某人引導位置。
d3358 產生非語言訊息，其他特定者
d3359 產生非語言訊息，未特定者
d340 產生正式手語訊息
以正式手語傳達字面和隱含意義。
d345 書寫訊息
以書寫語言傳達產生字面和隱含意義的訊息，如寫信給朋友。
d349 溝通 - 產生，其他特定者和未特定者
交談及使用溝通裝置和技術(d350-d369)
d350 交談
在正式或非正式環境，與一位或多位熟人或陌生人，進行以口語、書寫、記號或
其他形式語言，開始、持續和結束想法和意念交流。
納入：開始、持續和結束交談；與一人或多人交談
3500 開始交談
開始對話或交流，如介紹自己、表達習慣問候、與藉引進話題或詢問問題。
d3501 持續交談
藉增加意念、引進新話題或擷取先前提及話題以輪流說話或使用記號來繼續
和形成對話或交流。
d3502 結束交談
藉習慣的終止陳述或表達與對討論之話題帶來終結以完成對話或交流。
184
d335 Producing nonverbal messages
Using gestures, symbols and drawings to convey messages, such as shaking one’s head
to indicate disagreement or drawing a picture or diagram to convey a fact or complex
idea.
Inclusions: producing body gestures, signs, symbols, drawings and photographs
d3350 Producing body language
Conveying meaning by movements of the body, such as facial gestures (e.g.
smiling, frowning, wincing), arm and hand movements, and postures (e.g. such
as embracing to indicate affection).
d3351 Producing signs and symbols
Conveying meaning by using signs and symbols (e.g. icons, Bliss board,
scientific symbols) and symbolic notation systems, such as using musical
notation to convey a melody.
d3352 Producing drawings and photographs
Conveying meaning by drawing, painting, sketching, and making diagrams,
pictures or photographs, such as drawing a map to give someone directions to a
location.
d3358 Producing nonverbal messages, other specified
d3359 Producing nonverbal messages, unspecified
d340 Producing messages in formal sign language
Conveying, with formal sign language, literal and implied meaning.
d345 Writing messages
Producing the literal and implied meanings of messages that are conveyed through
written language, such as writing a letter to a friend.
d349 Communication - producing, other specified and unspecified
Conversation and use of communication devices and techniques (d350-d369)

d350 Conversation
Starting, sustaining and ending an interchange of thoughts and ideas, carried out by
means of spoken, written, sign or other forms of language, with one or more people one
knows or who are strangers, in formal or casual settings.
Inclusions: starting, sustaining and ending a conversation; conversing with one or many
people
d3500 Starting a conversation
Beginning a dialogue or interchange, such as by introducing oneself, expressing
customary greetings, and introducing a topic or asking questions.
d3501 Sustaining a conversation
Continuing and shaping a dialogue or intechange by adding ideas, introducing a
new topic or retrieving a topic that has been previously mentioned, as well as by
taking turns in speaking or signing.
d3502 Ending a conversation
Finishing a dialogue or interchange with customary termination statements or
expressions and by bringing closure to the topic under discussion.
185
d3503 與一人交談
啟動、維持、形成和終止與一人的對話或交流，如與朋友討論天氣。
d3504 與多人交談
啟動、維持、形成和終止與多人的對話或交流，如開始與參與集體交流。
d3508 交談，其他特定者
d3509 交談，未特定者
d355 討論
開始、持續和結束檢查一事情，在正式或非正式環境，與一位或多位熟人或陌生
人，進行以口語、書寫、記號或其他形式語言作贊成或反對的爭論或辯論。
納入：與一人或多人討論
d3550 與一人討論
啟動、維持、形成和終止與一人的爭論或辯論。
d3551 與多人討論
啟動、維持、形成和終止與不止一人的爭論或辯論。
d3558 討論，其他特定者
d3559 討論，未特定者
d360 使用溝通裝置和技術
使用裝置、技術與其他方法以達溝通目的，如打電話給朋友。
納入：使用電信裝置、使用書寫機和溝通技術
d3600 使用電信裝置
使用電話和其他機器，如傳真機或電傳機，作為溝通方法。
d3601 使用書寫機器
使用書寫機器，如打字機、電腦和布拉那點字機，作為溝通方法。
d3602 使用溝通技術
進行涉及溝通技術的行動和任務，如讀唇。
d3608 使用溝通裝置和技術，其他特定者
d3609 使用溝通裝置和技術，未特定者
d369 交談及使用溝通裝置和技術，其他特定者和未特定者
d398 溝通，其他特定者
d399 溝通，未特定者
186
d3503 Conversing with one person
Initiating, maintaining, shaping and terminating a dialogue or interchange with
one person, such as in discussing the weather with a friend.
d3504 Conversing with many people
Initiating, maintaining, shaping and terminating a dialogue or interchange with
more than one individual, such as by starting and participating in a group
interchange.
d3508 Conversation, other specified
d3509 Conversation, unspecified
d355 Discussion
Starting, sustaining and ending an examination of a matter, with arguments for or
against, or debate carried out by means of spoken, written, sign or other forms of
language, with one or more people one knows or who are strangers, in formal or casual
settings.
Inclusion: discussion with one person or many people
d3550 Discussion with one person
Initiating, maintaining, shaping or terminating an argument or debate with one
person.
d3551 Discussion with many people
Initiating, maintaining, shaping or terminating an argument or debate with more
than one individual.
d3558 Discussion, other specified
d3559 Discussion, unspecified
d360 Using communication devices and techniques
Using devices, techniques and other means for the purposes of communicating, such as
calling a friend on the telephone.
Inclusions: using telecommunication devices, using writing machines and
communication techniques
d3600 Using telecommunication devices
Using telephones and other machines, such as facsimile or telex machines, as a
means of communication.
d3601 Using writing machines
Using machines for writing, such as typewriters, computers and Braille writers,
as a means of communication.
d3602 Using communication techniques
Performing actions and tasks involved in techniques for communicating, such as
reading lips.
d3608 Using communication devices and techniques, other specified
d3609 Using communication devices and techniques, unspecified
d369 Conversation and use of communication devices and techniques, other specified
and unspecified
d398 Communication, other specified
d399 Communication, unspecified
187
第四章
移動
本章是關於藉由改變身體姿勢或地點或藉由從一處移位到另一處，藉由運送、移動或操
作物體，藉由步行、跑步或攀登，及藉由使用各種運輸方式來移動。
改變和維持身體姿勢(d410-d429)
d410 改變基本身體姿勢
擺入和擺出身體姿勢及從一處移動到另一處，如從椅子起來躺到床上、及擺入和
擺出跪或蹲的姿勢。
納入：從躺下、從跪或蹲、從坐或站改變身體姿勢、彎身和轉移身體重心
排除：自行移位(d420)
d4100 躺下
擺入和擺出躺下姿勢或改變身體姿勢從水平到任何其他姿勢，如站起或坐
下。
納入：擺入俯伏位置
d4101 蹲
擺入和擺出以坐姿或蹲伏姿勢在個人後臀並兩膝緊密拉近或坐在個人腳
跟，如使用蹲式廁所可能所必需，或改變身體姿勢從蹲到任何其他姿勢，如
站起。
d4102 跪
擺入和擺出以兩腿彎曲的兩膝支撐身體的姿勢，如祈禱時，或改變身體姿勢
從跪到任何其他姿勢，如站起。
d4103 坐
擺入和擺出坐姿及改變身體姿勢從坐下到任何其他姿勢，如站起或躺下。
納入：擺入彎腿或盤腿的坐姿；擺入用腳支撐或無支撐的坐姿
d4104 站
擺入和擺出站姿或改變身體姿勢從站到任何其他姿勢，如躺下或坐下。
d4105 彎身
在軀幹傾斜背部向下或偏側，如鞠躬或向下取物。
d4106 轉移身體重心
當坐、站或躺時，調整或移動身體重量從一姿勢到另一姿勢，如站時從一腳
移到另一腳。
排除：自行移位(d420)；步行(d450)
d4108 改變基本身體姿勢，其他特定者
d4109 改變基本身體姿勢，未特定者
188
Chapter 4
Mobility
This chapter is about moving by changing body position or location or by transferring from
one place to another, by carrying, moving or manipulating objects, by walking, running or
climbing, and by using various forms of transportation.
Changing and maintaining body position (d410-d429)

d410 Changing basic body position
Getting into and out of a body position and moving from one location to another, such
as getting up out of a chair to lie down on a bed, and getting into and out of positions of
kneeling or squatting.
Inclusion: changing body position from lying down, from squatting or kneeling, from
sitting or standing, bending and shifting the body’s centre of gravity
Exclusion: transferring oneself (d420)
d4100 Lying down
Getting into and out of a lying down position or changing body position from
horizonal to any other position, such as standing up or sitting down.
Inclusion: getting into a prostrate position
d4101 Squatting
Getting into and out of the seated or crouched posture on one’s haunches with
knees closely drawn up or sitting on one’s heels, such as may be necessary in
toilets that are at floor level, or changing body position from squatting to any
other position, such as standing up.
d4102 Kneeling
Getting into and out of a position where the body is supported by the knees with
legs bent, such as during prayers, or changing body position from kneeling to
any other position, such as standing up.
d4103 Sitting
Getting into and out of a seated position and changing body position from sitting
down to any other position, such as standing up or lying down.
Inclusions: getting into a sitting position with bent legs or cross-legged; getting
into a sitting position with feet supported or unsupported
d4104 Standing
Getting into and out of a standing position or changing body position from
standing to any other position, such as lying down or sitting down.
d4105 Bending
Tilting the back downwards or to the side, at the torso, such as in bowing or
reaching down for an object.
d4106 Shifting the body’s centre of gravity
Adjusting or moving the weight of the body from one position to another while
sitting, standing or lying, such as moving from one foot to another while
standing.
Exclusions: transferring oneself (d420); walking (d450)
d4108 Changing basic body position, other specified
d4109 Changing basic body position, unspecified
189
d415 維持身體姿勢
必要時保持相同身體姿勢，如在工作或學校時保持坐姿或保持站姿。
包括：維持躺、蹲、跪、坐和站姿
d4150 維持躺姿
在必要的一段時間保持躺姿，如在床上保持俯臥姿勢。
納入：保持俯臥(面朝下或俯伏)、仰臥(面朝上)或側臥姿勢
d4151 維持蹲姿
在必要的一段時間保持蹲姿，如沒有椅子坐在地板上時。
d4152 維持跪姿
在必要的一段時間以兩腿彎曲的兩膝支撐身體保持跪姿，如在教會祈禱時。
d4153 維持坐姿
在必要的一段時間在座椅或地板上保持坐姿，如坐在書桌或餐桌時。
納入：兩腳支撐或無支撐以保持兩腿伸直或盤腿的坐姿
d4154 維持站姿
在必要的一段時間保持站姿，如排隊站立時。
納入：在傾斜、光滑或堅硬表面保持站姿
d4158 維持身體姿勢，其他特定者
d4159 維持身體姿勢，未特定者
d420 自行移位
不改變身體姿勢從一表面移到另一表面，如順著長凳滑動或從床上移到椅上。
納入：坐或躺時自行移位
排除：改變基本身體姿勢(d410)
d4200 坐時自行移位
從一座椅上坐姿移到另一相同或不同高度座椅，如從椅上移到床上。
納入：從椅上移到另一座椅，如馬桶座；從輪椅移動到車輛座椅
190
d415 Maintaining a body position
Staying in the same body position as required, such as remaining seated or remaining
standing for work or school.
Inclusions: maintaining a lying, squatting, kneeling, sitting and standing position
d4150 Maintaining a lying position
Staying in a lying position for some time as required, such as remaining in a
prone position in a bed.
Inclusions: staying in a prone (face down or prostrate), supine (face upwards) or
side-lying position
d4151 Maintaining a squatting position
Staying in a squatting position for some time as required, such as when sitting on
the floor without a seat.
d4152 Maintaining a kneeling position
Staying in a kneeling position where the body is supported by the knees with
legs bent for some time as required, such as during prayers in church.
d4153 Maintaining a sitting position
Staying in a seated position, on a seat or the floor, for some time as required,
such as when sitting at a desk or table.
Inclusions: staying in a sitting position with straight legs or cross-legged, with
feet supported or unsupported
d4154 Maintaining a standing position
Staying in a standing position for some time as required, such as when standing
in a queue.
Inclusions: staying in a standing position on a slope, on slippery or hard surfaces
d4158 Maintaining a body position, other specified
d4159 Maintaining a body position, unspecified
d420 Transferring oneself
Moving from one surface to another, such as sliding along a bench or moving from a
bed to a chair, without changing body position.
Inclusions: transferring oneself while sitting or lying
Exclusion: changing basic body position (d410)
d4200 Transferring oneself while sitting
Moving from a sitting position on one seat to another seat on the same or a
different level, such as moving from a chair to a bed.
Inclusions: moving from a chair to another seat, such as a toilet seat; moving
from a wheelchair to a car seat
191
d4201 躺時自行移位
從一躺姿移到另一相同或不同高度，如從一床上移到另一床上。
d4208 自行移位，其他特定者
d4209 自行移位，未特定者
d429 改變和維持身體姿勢，其他特定者和未特定者
運送、移動和處理物品(d430-d449)
d430 舉起和運送物品
抬起物品或將某物從一處拿到另一處，如舉起杯子時，或將小孩從一房間運送到
另一間。
包括：舉起、用手或臂、或肩膀、臀部、背部或頭運送；放下
d4300 舉起
抬起物品以便將其從較低移到較高處，如從桌上舉起玻璃杯時。
d4301 用手運送
用手將物品從一處拿起或搬運到另一處，如運送飲用玻璃杯或手提箱。
d4302 用臂運送
用臂和手將物品從一處拿起或搬運到另一處，如運送小孩時。
d4303 用肩膀、臀部和背部運送
用肩膀、臀部或背部或結合這些部位將物品從一處拿起或搬運到另一處，如
運送大包裹時。
d4304 用頭運送
用頭將物品從一處拿起或搬運到另一處，如用頭運送水容器時。
d4305 放下物品
用手、臂或身體其他部位把物品放下到地面或地點，如水容器放低到地上時。
d4308 舉起和運送，其他特定者
d4309 舉起和運送，未特定者
d435 用下肢移動物品
進行協調性行動目的在使用腿和腳移動物品，如踢球或推動自行車踏板。
納入：用下肢推動；踢
d4350 用下肢推動
用腿和腳施力在物品上而將其移開，如用腳將椅子推動。
d4351 踢
用腿和腳把某物推開，如踢球。
d4358 用下肢移動物品，其他特定者
d4359 用下肢移動物品，未特定者
192
d4201 Transferring oneself while lying
Moving from one lying position to another on the same or a different level, such
as moving from one bed to another.
d4208 Transferring oneself, other specified
d4209 Transferring oneself, unspecified
d429 Changing and maintaining body position, other specified and unspecified
Carrying, moving and handling objects (d430-d449)

d430 Lifting and carrying objects
Raising up an object or taking something from one place to another, such as when
lifting a cup, or carrying a child from one room to another.
Inclusions: lifting, carrying in the hands or arms, or on shoulders, hip, back or head;
putting down
d4300 Lifting
Raising up an object in order to move it from a lower to a higher level, such as
when lifting a glass from the table.
d4301 Carrying in the hands
Taking or transporting an object from one place to another using the hands, such
as when carrying a drinking glass or a suitcase.
d4302 Carrying in the arms
Taking or transporting an object from one place to another using the arms and
hands, such as when carrying a child.
d4303 Carrying on shoulders, hip and back
Taking or transporting an object from one place to another using the shoulders,
hip or back, or some combination of these, such as when carrying a large parcel.
d4304 Carrying on the head
Taking or transporting an object from one place to another using the head, such
when as carrying a container of water on the head.
d4305 Putting down objects
Using hands, arms or other parts of the body to place an object down on a
surface or place, such as when lowering a container of water to the ground.
d4308 Lifting and carrying, other specified
d4309 Lifting and carrying, unspecified
d435 Moving objects with lower extremities
Performing coordinated actions aimed at moving an object by using the legs and feet,
such as kicking a ball or pushing pedals on a bicycle.
Inclusions: pushing with lower extremities; kicking
d4350 Pushing with lower extremities
Using the legs and feet to exert a force on an object to move it away, such as
pushing a chair away with a foot.
d4351 Kicking
Using the legs and feet to propel something away, such as kicking a ball.
d4358 Moving objects with lower extremities, other specified
d4359 Moving objects with lower extremities, unspecified
193
d440 精細手部使用
用個人的手、手指和大拇指進行處理物品、撿起、操作和放開它們的協調行動，
如必要時從桌上拿起硬幣或轉動撥號盤或把手。
納入：撿起、抓握、操作和放開
排除：舉起和運送物品(d430)
d4400 撿起
用手和手指舉起或拿起小物品，如撿起鉛筆時。
d4401 抓握
用單手或雙手抓住和握住某物，如抓握工具或門把時。
d4402 操作
用手指和手施力控制、指向或指引某物，如處理硬幣或其他小物品時。
d4403 放開
用手指和手放開或釋放某物使其落下或改變位置，如抖落衣服上物件時。
d4408 精細手部使用，其他特定者
d4409 精細手部使用，未特定者
d445 手和臂使用
進行藉手和臂移動物品或操作它們的必要性協調行動，如轉動門把或擲或抓物品
時。
納入：拉或推物品；伸；轉動或扭轉手或臂；擲；抓
排除：精細手部使用(d440)
d4450 拉
用手指、手和臂將物品帶向自身、或將其從一處移到另一處，如拉門關上時。
d4451 推
用手指、手和臂將某物從自身移開，或將其從一處移到另一處，如推開動物
時。
d4452 伸
用手和臂向外延伸並觸及和抓住某物，如越過餐桌或書桌拿書時。
d4453 轉動或扭轉手或臂
用手指、手和臂以旋轉、轉動或彎曲一物品，如需使用工具或器皿。
d4454 擲
用手指、手和臂以舉起某物並用些力向空中推出，如投球時。
d4455 抓
用手指、手和臂以抓住移動物品以便使其停止並握住，如接球時。
194
d440 Fine hand use
Performing the coordinated actions of handling objects, picking up, manipulating and
releasing them using one’s hand, fingers and thumb, such as required to lift coins off a
table or turn a dial or knob.
Inclusions: picking up, grasping, manipulating and releasing
Exclusion: lifting and carrying objects (d430)
d4400 Picking up
Lifting or taking up a small object with hands and fingers, such as when picking
up a pencil.
d4401 Grasping
Using one or both hands to seize and hold something, such as when grasping a
tool or a door knob.
d4402 Manipulating
Using fingers and hands to exert control over, direct or guide something, such as
when handling coins or other small objects.
d4403 Releasing
Using fingers and hands to let go or set free something so that it falls or changes
position, such as when dropping an item of clothing.
d4408 Fine hand use, other specified
d4409 Fine hand use, unspecified
d445 Hand and arm use
Performing the coordinated actions required to move objects or to manipulate them by
using hands and arms, such as when turning door handles or throwing or catching an
object.
Inclusions: pulling or pushing objects; reaching; turning or twisting the hands or arms;
throwing; catching
Exclusion: fine hand use (d440)
d4450 Pulling
Using fingers, hands and arms to bring an object towards oneself or to move it
from place to place, such as when pulling a door closed.
d4451 Pushing
Using fingers, hands and arms to move something from oneself, or to move it
from place to place, such as when pushing an animal away.
d4452 Reaching
Using the hands and arms to extend outwards and touch and grasp something,
such as when reaching across a table or desk for a book.
d4453 Turning or twisting the hands or arms
Using fingers, hands and arms to rotate, turn or bend an object, such as is
required to use tools or utensils .
d4454 Throwing
Using fingers, hands and arms to lift something and propel it with some force
through the air, such as when tossing a ball.
d4455 Catching
Using fingers, hands and arms to grasp a moving object in order to bring it to a
stop and hold it, such as when catching a ball.
195
d4458 手和臂使用，其他特定者
d4459 手和臂使用，未特定者
d449 運送、移動和處理物品，其他特定者和未特定者
步行和移動(d450-d469)
d450 步行
腳沿著表面一步步移動，以致於一隻腳總在地面，如散步、閒逛、向前、向後或
向旁行。
納入：短或長距離步行；在不同表面步行；繞過障礙步行
排除：自行移位(d420)；移動(d455)
d4500 短距離步行
步行少於一公里，如在房間或走廊、建築物內或室外短距離步行。
d4501 長距離步行
步行多於一公里，如走過村莊或市鎮、村莊間或穿過空曠區域。
d4502 在不同表面步行
在傾斜、不平或移動的表面上步行，如在草地、碎石或冰雪地、或在船隻、
火車或其他車輛上步行。
d4503 繞過障礙步行
步行在需避開的移動或固定物體、人物、動物、和車輛的通道，如在市場或
商店內步行、繞過或穿過交通或其他擁擠區域。
d4508 步行，其他特定者
d4509 步行，未特定者
d455 四處移動
藉由步行以外的方法，全身從一處移到另一處，如攀岩或跑到街道、蹦跳、奔跑、
跳躍、翻筋斗或繞過障礙跑步。
納入：爬行、攀登、跑步、慢跑、跳躍和游泳
排除：自行移位(d420)；步行(d450)
d4550 爬行
以雙手、或雙手和雙臂、及膝蓋以俯臥姿勢將全身從一處移到另一處。
d4551 攀登
在地面或物體上向上或向下移動全身，如攀登臺階、岩石、階梯或樓梯、路
邊石或其他物體。
d4552 跑步
快速移動腳步以致雙腳可以同時離開地面。
d4553 跳躍
藉彎曲和伸展雙腿向上移離地面，如單腳跳躍、向前跳、蹦跳和跳躍或跳水。
196
d4458 Hand and arm use, other specified
d4459 Hand and arm use, unspecified
d449 Carrying, moving and handling objects, other specified and unspecified
Walking and moving (d450-d469)

d450 Walking
Moving along a surface on foot, step by step, so that one foot is always on the ground,
such as when strolling, sauntering, walking forwards, backwards, or sideways.
Inclusions: walking short or long distances; walking on different surfaces; walking
around obstacles
Exclusions: transferring oneself (d420); moving around (d455)
d4500 Walking short distances
Walking for less than a kilometre, such as walking around rooms or hallways,
within a building or for short distances outside.
d4501 Walking long distances
Walking for more than a kilometre, such as across a village or town, between
villages or across open areas.
d4502 Walking on different surfaces
Walking on sloping, uneven, or moving surfaces, such as on grass, gravel or ice
and snow, or walking aboard a ship, train or other vehicle.
d4503 Walking around obstacles
Walking in ways required to avoid moving and immobile objects, people,
animals, and vehicles, such as walking around a marketplace or shop, around or
through traffic or other crowded areas.
d4508 Walking, other specified
d4509 Walking, unspecified
d455 Moving around
Moving the whole body from one place to another by means other than walking, such as
climbing over a rock or running down a street, skipping, scampering, jumping,
somersaulting or running around obstacles.
Inclusions: crawling, climbing, running, jogging, jumping, and swimming
Exclusions: transferring oneself (d420); walking (d450)
d4550 Crawling
Moving the whole body in a prone position from one place to another on hands,
or hands and arms, and knees.
d4551 Climbing
Moving the whole body upwards or downwards, over surfaces or objects, such as
climbing steps, rocks, ladders or stairs, curbs or other objects.
d4552 Running
Moving with quick steps so that both feet may be simultaneously off the ground.
d4553 Jumping
Moving up off the ground by bending and extending the legs, such as jumping on
one foot, hopping, skipping and jumping or diving into water.
197
d4554 游泳
藉肢體和身體動作在水中推進全身而無需受到底部地面的支撐。
d4558 四處移動，其他特定者
d4559 四處移動，未特定者
d460 在不同地點四處移動
在各種地點和處境步行和四處移動，如在房屋的不同房間、建築物內、或下到市
鎮街道步行。
納入：住家內四處移動；住家內爬行或攀登；住家外建築物內、及住家和其他建
築物外步行或移動
d4600 住家內四處移動
在個人住家、房間內、房間之間，及整個住宅或生活區域周圍步行或四處移
動。
納入：從樓層到樓層、附加陽臺、庭院、門廊或花園移動
d4601 住家外建築物內四處移動
在個人住宅外建築物內步行或四處移動，如在他人住家、其他私人建築物、
社區與公共和私人建築物及封閉區域四處移動。
納入：遍及建築物和封閉區域所有部分、樓層間、室內、室外及公共和私人
建築物周圍移動
d4602 住家和其他建築物外四處移動
不用公共或私人運輸工具而在靠近或遠離個人住家和其他建築物步行或四
處移動，如在市鎮或村莊周圍作短或長距離步行。
納入：在鄰近街道、市鎮、村莊或都市步行或移動；不用運輸工具在都市間
和更遠距離移動
d4608 在不同地點四處移動，其他特定者
d4609 在不同地點四處移動，未特定者
d465 使用裝備四處移動
藉使用特別裝置設計來促進移動或創造其他四處移動方式，在任何地面或空間，
將全身從一處移到另一處，如以溜冰鞋、滑雪板或水肺裝備、或以輪椅或助行器
移動上街。
排除：自行移位(d420)；步行(d450)；四處移動(d455)；使用運輸工具(d470)；駕駛
(d475)
d469 步行和移動，其他特定者和未特定者
198
d4554 Swimming
Propelling the whole body through water by means of limb and body movements
without taking support from the ground underneath.
d4558 Moving around, other specified
d4559 Moving around, unspecified
d460 Moving around in different locations
Walking and moving around in various places and situations, such as walking between
rooms in a house, within a building, or down the street of a town.
Inclusions: moving around within the home, crawling or climbing within the home;
walking or moving within buildings other than the home, and outside the home and
other buildings
d4600 Moving around within the home
Walking and moving around in one’s home, within a room, between rooms, and
around the whole residence or living area.
Inclusions: moving from floor to floor, on an attached balcony, courtyard, porch
or garden
d4601 Moving around within buildings other than home
Walking and moving around within buildings other than one’s residence, such as
moving around other people’s homes, other private buildings, community and
private or public buildings and enclosed areas.
Inclusions: moving throughout all parts of buildings and enclosed areas, between
floors, inside, outside and around buildings, both public and private
d4602 Moving around outside the home and other buildings
Walking and moving around close to or far from one’s home and other buildings,
without the use of transportation, public or private, such as walking for short or
long distances around a town or village.
Inclusions: walking or moving down streets in the neighbourhood, town, village
or city; moving between cities and further distances, without using transportation
d4608 Moving around in different locations, other specified
d4609 Moving around in different locations, unspecified
d465 Moving around using equipment
Moving the whole body from place to place, on any surface or space, by using specific
devices designed to facilitate moving or create other ways of moving around, such as
with skates, skis, or scuba equipment, or moving down the street in a wheelchair or a
walker.
Exclusions: transferring oneself (d420); walking (d450); moving around (d455); using
transportation (d470); driving (d475)
d469 Walking and moving, other specified and unspecified
199
使用運輸工具四處移動(d470-d479)
d470 使用運輸工具
乘客使用運輸工具四處移動，如乘坐汽車或公車上、人力車、小公車、獸力車、
或私人或公共計程車、公車、火車、有軌電車、地下鐵、小船或航空器。
納入：使用人力運輸工具；使用私人機動或公共運輸工具
排除：使用裝備四處移動(d465)；駕駛(d475)
d4700 使用人力車
乘客以單人或多人為動力的運輸工具模式運輸，如搭坐人力車或划艇。
d4701 使用私人機動運輸工具
乘客以陸地、海上或空中私人機動載具運輸，如搭乘計程車或私有航空器或
小船。
d4702 使用公共機動運輸工具
乘客以設計為公共運輸工具的陸地、海上或空中機動載具運輸，如作為乘客
搭乘公車、火車、地下鐵或航空器。
d4708 使用運輸工具，其他特定者
d4709 使用運輸工具，未特定者
d475 駕駛
控制和移動車輛或拉曳之動物，依個人自己方向行進或個人處置任何種類運輸工
具，如汽車、自行車、小船或獸力車。
納入：駕駛人力運輸工具、機動車輛、獸力車
排除：使用裝備四處移動(d465)；使用運輸工具(d470)
d4750 駕駛人力運輸工具
駕駛人力車輛，如自行車、三輪車或划艇。
d4751 駕駛機動車輛
駕駛有馬達的車輛，如汽車、摩托車、汽艇或航空器。
d4752 駕駛獸力車
駕駛以動物為動力的車輛，如馬拉貨車或四輪馬車。
d4758 駕駛，其他特定者
d4759 駕駛，未特定者
d480 騎乘動物為運輸工具
騎在動物背上行進，如馬、牛、駱駝或大象。
排除：駕駛(d475)；休閒和娛樂(d920)
d489 使用運輸工具四處移動，其他特定者和未特定者
d498 移動，其他特定者
d499 移動，未特定者
200
Moving around using transportation (d470-d489)
d470 Using transportation
Using transportation to move around as a passenger, such as being driven in a car or on
a bus, rickshaw, jitney, animal-powered vehicle, or private or public taxi, bus, train,
tram, subway, boat or aircraft.
Inclusions: using human-powered transportation; using private motorized or public
transportation
Exclusions: moving around using equipment (d465); driving (d475)
d4700 Using human-powered vehicles
Being transported as a passenger by a mode of transportation powered by one or
more people, such as riding in a rickshaw or rowboat.
d4701 Using private motorized transportation
Being transported as a passenger by private motorized vehicle over land, sea or
air, such as by a taxi or privately owned aircraft or boat.
d4702 Using public motorized transportation
Being transported as a passenger by a motorized vehicle over land, sea or air
designed for public transportation, such as being a passenger on a bus, train,
subway or aircraft.
d4708 Using transportation, other specified
d4709 Using transportation, unspecified
d475 Driving
Being in control of and moving a vehicle or the animal that draws it, travelling under
one’s own direction or having at one’s disposal any form of transportation, such as a car,
bicycle, boat or animal-powered vehicle.
Inclusions: driving human-powered transportation, motorized vehicles, animal-powered
vehicles
Exclusions: moving around using equipment (d465); using transportation (d470)
d4750 Driving human-powered transportation
Driving a human-powered vehicle, such as a bicycle, tricycle, or rowboat.
d4751 Driving motorized vehicles
Driving a vehicle with a motor, such as an automobile, motorcycle, motorboat or
aircraft.
d4752 Driving animal-powered vehicles
Driving a vehicle powered by an animal, such as a horse-drawn cart or carriage.
d4758 Driving, other specified
d4759 Driving, unspecified
d480 Riding animals for transportation
Travelling on the back of an animal, such as a horse, ox, camel or elephant.
Exclusions: driving (d475); recreation and leisure (d920)
d489 Moving around using transportation, other specified and unspecified
d498 Mobility, other specified
d499 Mobility, unspecified
201
第五章
自我照顧
本章是關於照顧自身、清洗和擦乾自身、照顧個人身體和身體部位、穿著、吃和喝、及
照顧個人健康。
d510 清洗自身
使用水及適當清潔和乾燥材料或方法清洗和擦乾個人全身或身體部位，如沐浴、
淋浴、清洗手和腳、臉和頭髮，並用毛巾擦乾。
納入：清洗身體部位、全身；及擦乾自身
排除：照顧身體部位(d520)；如廁(d530)
d5100 清洗身體部位
應用水、肥皂與其他物質在身體部位，如手、臉、腳、毛髮或指甲，以便清
潔該部位。
d5101 清洗全身
應用水、肥皂與其他物質在全身以便清潔自身，如沐浴或淋浴。
d5102 擦乾自身
使用毛巾或其他方式以擦乾個人身體某部位或某些部位、或全身，如清洗後。
d5108 清洗自身，其他特定者
d5109 清洗自身，未特定者
d520 照顧身體部位
照顧身體那些部位，如皮膚、臉、牙齒、頭皮、指甲和生殖器，不只需要清洗和
擦乾。
納入：照顧皮膚、牙齒、毛髮、手指甲和腳趾甲
排除：自我清洗(d510)；如廁(d530)
d5200 照顧皮膚
照顧個人皮膚質地和水合，如除去繭皮或雞眼和使用保濕乳液或化妝品。
d5201 照顧牙齒
照顧牙齒衛生，如刷牙、牙線、和照顧假牙或補綴物。
d5202 照顧毛髮
照顧頭和臉的毛髮，如梳理、造型、刮剃或修剪。
d5203 照顧手指甲
清潔、修剪或磨光指甲。
d5204 照顧腳趾甲
清潔、修剪或磨光趾甲。
d5208 照顧身體部位，其他特定者
d5209 照顧身體部位，未特定者
202
Chapter 5
Self-care
This chapter is about caring for oneself, washing and drying oneself, caring for one's body
and body parts, dressing, eating and drinking, and looking after one's health.
d510 Washing oneself

Washing and drying one’s whole body, or body parts, using water and appropriate
cleaning and drying materials or methods, such as bathing, showering, washing hands
and feet, face and hair, and drying with a towel.
Inclusions: washing body parts, the whole body; and drying oneself
Exclusions: caring for body parts (d520); toileting (d530)
d5100 Washing body parts
Applying water, soap and other substances to body parts, such as hands, face,
feet, hair or nails, in order to clean them.
d5101 Washing whole body
Applying water, soap and other substances to the whole body in order to clean
oneself, such as taking a bath or shower.
d5102 Drying oneself
Using a towel or other means for drying some part or parts of one’s body, or the
whole body, such as after washing.
d5108 Washing oneself, other specified
d5109 Washing oneself, unspecified
d520 Caring for body parts
Looking afer those parts of the body, such as skin, face, teeth, scalp, nails and genitals,
that require more than washing and drying.
Inclusions: caring for skin, teeth, hair, finger and toe nails
Exclusions: washing oneself (d510); toileting (d530)
d5200 Caring for skin
Looking after the texture and hydration of one’s skin, such as by removing
calluses or corns and using moisturizing lotions or cosmetics.
d5201 Caring for teeth
Looking after dental hygiene, such as by brushing teeth, flossing, and taking care
of a dental prosthesis or orthosis.
d5202 Caring for hair
Looking after the hair on the head and face, such as by combing, styling, shaving,
or trimming.
d5203 Caring for fingernails
Cleaning, trimming or polishing the nails of the fingers.
d5204 Caring for toenails
Cleaning, trimming or polishing the nails of the toes.
d5208 Caring for body parts, other specified
d5209 Caring for body parts, unspecified
203
d530 如廁
規劃和進行人體廢物(月經、排尿和排便)排除、並事後清潔自身。
納入：調控排尿、排便和月經照顧
排除：清洗自身(d510)；照顧身體部位(d520)
d5300 調控排尿
協調和處理排尿，如表明需要、擺入恰當姿勢、選擇並到適當地點排尿、排
尿前後整理衣服、和排尿後清潔自身。
d5301 調控排便
協調和處理排便，如表明需要、擺入恰當姿勢、選擇並到適當地點排便、排
便前後整理衣服、和排便後清潔自身。
5302 月經照顧
協調、規劃和照顧月經，如預測經期及使用月經墊和衛生棉。
d5308 如廁，其他特定者
d5309 如廁，未特定者
d540 穿著
按序與依氣候和社交狀況，進行穿上和脫下衣服和鞋子的協調行動和任務，如穿
上、調整和脫掉襯衫、裙子、短上衣、褲子、內衣、莎麗服、和服、緊身衣、帽
子、手套、大衣、鞋子、靴子、涼鞋和拖鞋。
納入：穿上或脫下衣服和鞋子及選擇適當衣服
d5400 穿衣
進行為身體不同部位穿衣的協調任務，如從頭、臂和肩穿上衣服、及身體下
半和上半穿衣；穿上手套和頭飾。
d5401 脫衣
進行從身體不同部位脫衣的協調任務，如從頭、臂和肩脫下衣服，及身體下
半和上半脫衣；脫下手套和頭飾。
d5402 穿鞋
進行穿上短襪、長襪和鞋子的協調任務。
d5403 脫鞋
進行脫下短襪、長襪和鞋子的協調任務。
d5404 選擇適當衣服
遵循隱含或明確的服裝規定及個人所處社會或文化慣例並依氣候狀況穿著。
d5408 穿著，其他特定者
d5409 穿著，未特定者
204
d530 Toileting
Planning and carrying out the elimination of human waste (menstruation, urination and
defecation), and cleaning oneself afterwards.
Inclusions: regulating urination, defecation and menstrual care
Exclusions: washing oneself (d510); caring for body parts (d520)
d5300 Regulating urination
Coordinating and managing urination, such as by indicating need, getting into
the proper position, choosing and getting to an appropriate place for urination,
manipulating clothing before and after urination, and cleaning oneself after
urination.
d5301 Regulating defecation
Coordinating and managing defecation such as by indicating need, getting into
the proper position, choosing and getting to an appropriate place for defecation,
manipulating clothing before and after defecation, and cleaning onself after
defecation.
d5302 Menstrual care
Coordinating, planning and caring for menstruation, such as by anticipating
menstruation and using sanitary towels and napkins.
d5308 Toileting, other specified
d5309 Toileting, unspecified
d540 Dressing
Carrying out the coordinated actions and tasks of putting on and taking off clothes and
footwear in sequence and in keeping with climatic and social conditions, such as by
putting on, adjusting and removing shirts, skirts, blouses, pants, undergarments, saris,
kimono, tights, hats, gloves, coats, shoes, boots, sandals and slippers.
Inclusions: putting on or taking off clothes and footwear and choosing appropriate
clothing
d5400 Putting on clothes
Carrying out the coordinated tasks of putting clothes on various parts of the body,
such as putting clothes on over the head, over the arms and shoulders, and on the
lower and upper halves of the body; putting on gloves and headgear.
d5401 Taking off clothes
Carrying out the coordinated tasks of taking clothes off various parts of the body,
such as pulling clothes off and over the head, off the arms and shoulders, and off
the lower and upper halves of the body; taking off gloves and headgear.
d5402 Putting on footwear
Carrying out the coordinated tasks of putting on socks, stockings and footwear.
d5403 Taking off footwear
Carrying out the coordinated tasks of taking off socks, stockings and footwear.
d5404 Choosing appropriate clothing
Following implicit or explicit dress codes and conventions of one’s society or
culture and dressing in keeping with climatic conditions.
d5408 Dressing, other specified
d5409 Dressing, unspecified
205
d550 吃
進行吃處理過食物的協調任務和行動，送其入口並依文化能接受方式吃完，切開
或折斷食物成小塊，打開瓶子和罐頭，使用餐具、吃飯、筵席或進餐。
排除：喝(d560)
d560 喝
手握飲料，送其入口中，並依文化能接受方式喝完飲料；，混合、攪拌和倒出液
體以供飲用；打開瓶子和罐頭；用吸管喝或喝流水，像來自水龍頭或水泉；餵母
乳。
排除：吃(d550)
d570 照顧個人健康
確保身體舒適、健康及身體和心智幸福的需要，如維持均衡飲食，和適當身體活
動量、保持暖和或涼爽、避免健康受害、遵循安全性行為，包括使用保險套、獲
得免疫力和定期身體檢查。
納入：確保個人身體舒適，管理飲食和體適能；維持個人健康
d5700 確保個人身體舒適
藉由覺察個人需要以保證，和確保，個人身體處於舒適姿勢來照顧自身，個
人不感覺太熱或冷，且個人有充足照明。
d5701 管理飲食和體適能
藉由覺察需要並挑選和消費營養食品及維持身體體適能來照顧自身。
d5702 維持個人健康
藉由覺察需要並作照顧個人健康所需來照顧自身，對健康風險及對預防健康
不佳兩者做出回應，如尋求專業協助；遵循醫學與其他健康建議；及避免健
康風險，如身體傷害、傳染病、吸毒和性傳染病。
d5708 照顧個人健康，其他特定者
d5709 照顧個人健康，未特定者
d598 自我照顧，其他特定者
d599 自我照顧，未特定者
206
d550 Eating
Carrying out the coordinated tasks and actions of eating food that has been served,
bringing it to the mouth and consuming it in culturally acceptable ways, cutting or
breaking food into pieces, opening bottles and cans, using eating implements, having
meals, feasting or dining.
Exclusion: drinking (d560)
d560 Drinking
Taking hold of a drink, bringing it to the mouth, and consuming the drink in culturally
acceptable ways; mixing, stirring and pouring liquids for drinking, opening bottles and
cans, drinking through a straw or drinking running water, such as from a tap or a spring;
feeding from the breast.
Exclusion: eating (d550)
d570 Looking after one’s health
Ensuring physical comfort, health and physical and mental well-being, such as by
maintaining a balanced diet, and an appropriate level of physical activity, keeping warm
or cool, avoiding harm to health, following safe sex practices, including using condoms,
getting immunizations and regular physical examinations.
Inclusions: ensuring one’s physical comfort; managing diet and fitness; maintaining
one’s health
d5700 Ensuring one’s physical comfort
Caring for oneself by being aware that one needs to ensure, and ensuring, that
one’s body is in a comfortable position, that one is not feeling too hot or cold,
and that one has adequate lighting.
d5701 Managing diet and fitness
Caring for oneself by being aware of the need and by selecting and consuming
nutritious foods and maintaining physical fitness.
d5702 Maintaining one’s health
Caring for oneself by being aware of the need and doing what is required to look
after one’s health, both to respond to risks to health and to prevent ill-health,
such as by seeking professional assistance; following medical and other health
advice; and avoiding risks to health such as physical injury, communicable
diseases, drug-taking and sexually transmitted diseases.
d5708 Looking after one's health, other specified
d5709 Looking after one's health, unspecified
d598 Self-care, other specified
d599 Self-care, unspecified
207
第六章
居家生活
本章是關於進行居家和每天行動和任務。居家生活領域包括獲得居住地方、食物、衣服
和其他必需品，家庭清潔和修理，照顧個人和其他家庭物品、及協助他人。
獲得必需品(d610-d629)
d610 獲得居住地方
購買、承租、配置和佈置房屋、公寓或其他住所。
納入：購買或承租居住地方和配置居住地方
排除：獲得商品和服務(d620)；照顧家用物品(d650)
d6100 購買居住地方
獲得房屋、公寓或其他住所所有權。
d6101 承租居住地方
以付款交換獲得屬於別人房屋、公寓或其他住所的使用。
d6102 配置居住地方
以傢俱、固定物與其他配件裝備和佈置居住空間，並裝飾房間。
d6108 獲得居住地方，其他特定者
d6109 獲得居住地方，未特定者
d620 獲得商品和服務
挑選、取得和運輸日常生活所需所有商品和服務，如挑選、取得、運輸和儲存食
物、飲料、衣服、清潔材料、燃料、家庭用品、器皿、烹飪器具、居家電器和工
具；取得公用事業與其他家庭服務。
納入：購物和採集日常必需品
排除：獲得居住地方(d610)
d6200 購物
以金錢交換來得到日常生活中所需商品和服務(包括指示和監督中間人去購
物)，如在商店或市場挑選食物、飲料、清潔材料、家庭用品或衣服；比較
所需用品的品質和價格，為所挑選商品和服務協商和付款、及運輸貨品。
d6201 採集日常必需品
無需金錢交換就可得到日常生活所需商品和服務(包括指示和監督中間人去
採集日常必需品)，如收割蔬菜和水果及取得水和燃料。
d6208 獲得商品和服務，其他特定者
d6209 獲得商品和服務，未特定者
d629 獲得必需品，其他特定者和未特定者
208
Chapter 6
Domestic life
This chapter is about carrying out domestic and everyday actions and tasks. Areas of domestic
life include acquiring a place to live, food, clothing and other necessities, household cleaning
and repairing, caring for personal and other household objects, and assisting others.
Acquisition of necessities (d610-d629)

d610 Acquiring a place to live
Buying, renting, furnishing and arranging a house, apartment or other dwelling.
Inclusions: buying or renting a place to live and furnishing a place to live
Exclusions: acquisition of goods and services (d620); caring for household objects
(d650)
d6100 Buying a place to live
Acquiring ownership of a house, apartment or other dwelling.
d6101 Renting a place to live
Acquiring the use of a house, apartment or other dwelling belonging to another
in exchange for payment
d6102 Furnishing a place to live
Equipping and arranging a living space with furniture, fixtures and other fittings
and decorating rooms.
d6108 Acquiring a place to live, other specified
d6109 Acquiring a place to live, unspecified
d620 Acquisition of goods and services
Selecting, procuring and transporting all goods and services required for daily living,
such as selecting, procuring, transporting and storing food, drink, clothing, cleaning
materials, fuel, household items, utensils, cooking ware, domestic appliance and tools;
procuring utilities and other household services.
Inclusions: shopping and gathering daily necessities
Exclusion: acquiring a place to live (d610)
d6200 Shopping
Obtaining, in exchange for money, goods and services required for daily living
(including instructing and supervising an intermediary to do the shopping), such
as selecting food, drink, cleaning materials, household items or clothing in a
shop or market; comparing quality and price of the items required, negotiating
and paying for selected goods or services, and transporting goods.
d6201 Gathering daily necessities
Obtaining, without exchange of money, goods and services required for daily
living (including instructing and supervising an intermediate to gather daily
necessities), such as by harvesting vegetables and fruits and getting water and
fuel.
d6208 Acquisition of goods and services, other specified
d6209 Acquisition of goods and services, unspecified
d629 Acquisition of necessities, other specified and unspecified
209
家庭任務(d630-d649)
d630 準備餐食
為自身和他人規劃、組織、烹調和供應簡單和複雜餐食，如擬菜單、挑選可食用
食物和飲料、為準備餐食收集食材、烹調熱食及準備冷盤和飲料，及供應食物。
包括：準備簡單和複雜餐食
排除：吃(d550)；喝(d560)；獲得商品和服務(d620)；做家事(d640)；照顧家庭物品
(d650)；照顧他人(d660)
d6300 準備簡單餐食
需簡單方法準備和供應以組織、烹調和供應少量食材的餐食，如做點心或小
餐食，及用切割和攪拌、煮沸和加熱食物以轉換食材，如米飯或馬鈴薯。
d6301 準備複雜餐食
需複雜方法準備和供應以規劃、組織、烹調和供應大量食材的餐食，如規劃
多道菜餚的餐食，及結合削皮、切片、混合、揉捏、攪拌的行動以轉換食材，
並以合於場合和文化的適當方式呈現和供應食物。
排除：使用家庭電器(d6403)
d6308 準備餐食，其他特定者
d6309 準備餐食，未特定者
d640 做家事
以清潔房屋、洗衣、使用家庭電器、儲存食物和處置垃圾來管理家庭，如打掃、
拖洗、清洗櫃台、牆壁和其他表面；收集和處置家庭垃圾；收拾房間、壁櫥和抽
屜；收集、清洗、晾乾、摺疊和熨燙衣服；清潔鞋子；使用掃帚、刷子和真空吸
塵器；使用洗衣機、烘乾機和熨斗。
納入：清洗並晾乾衣服和服裝；清潔烹調區域和器皿；清潔生活區域；使用家庭
電器，儲存日常必需品和處置垃圾
排除：獲得居住地方(d610)；獲得商品和服務(d620)；準備膳食(d630)；照顧家庭
物品(d650)；協助他人(d660)
d6400 清洗並晾乾衣服和服裝
用手清洗衣服和服裝並將它們掛外面在空氣中晾乾。
d6401 清潔烹調區域和器皿
烹調後清潔，如清洗盤子、平底鍋、壺和烹調器皿，及清潔烹調和用餐區域
周圍的餐桌和地板。
d6402 清潔生活區域
清潔家庭生活區域，如收拾和除塵、掃地、擦拭、拖地、清潔窗戶和牆壁、
清潔浴室和盥洗室、清潔家庭傢俱。
d6403 使用家庭電器
使用各種家庭電器，如洗衣機、烘乾機、熨斗、真空吸塵器和洗碗機。
210
Household tasks (d630-d649)
d630 Preparing meals
Planning, organizing, cooking and serving simple and complex meals for oneself and
others, such as by making a menu, selecting edible food and drink, getting together
ingredients for preparing meals, cooking with heat and preparing cold foods and drinks,
and serving the food.
Inclusions: preparing simple and complex meals
Exclusions: eating (d550); drinking (d560); acquisition of goods and services (d620);
doing housework (d640); caring for household objects (d650); caring for others (d660)
d6300 Preparing simple meals
Organizing, cooking and serving meals with a small number of ingredients that
require easy methods of preparation and serving, such as making a snack or
small meal, and transforming food ingredients by cutting and stirring, boiling
and heating food such as rice or potatoes.
d6301 Preparing complex meals
Planning, organizing, cooking and serving meals with a large number of
ingredients that require complex methods of preparation and serving, such as
planning a meal with several dishes, and transforming food ingredients by
combined actions of peeling, slicing, mixing, kneading, stirring, presenting and
serving food in a manner appropriate to the occasion and culture.
Exclusion: using household appliances (d6403)
d6308 Preparing meals, other specified
d6309 Preparing meals, unspecified
d640 Doing housework
Managing a household by cleaning the house, washing clothes, using household
appliances, storing food and disposing of garbage, such as by sweeping, mopping,
washing counters, walls and other surfaces; collecting and disposing of household
garbage; tidying rooms, closets and drawers; collecting, washing, drying, folding and
ironing clothes; cleaning footwear; using brooms, brushes and vacuum cleaners; using
washing machines, driers and irons.
Inclusions: washing and drying clothes and garments; cleaning cooking area and
utensils; cleaning living area; using household appliances, storing daily necessities and
disposing of garbage
Exclusions: acquiring a place to live (d610); acquisition of goods and services (d620);
preparing meals (d630); caring for household objects (d650); assisting others (d660)
d6400 Washing and drying clothes and garments
Washing clothes and garments by hand and hanging them out to dry in the air.
d6401 Cleaning cooking area and utensils
Cleaning up after cooking, such as by washing dishes, pans, pots and cooking
utensils, and cleaning tables and floors around cooking and eating area.
d6402 Cleaning living area
Cleaning the living areas of the household, such as by tidying and dusting,
sweeping, swabbing, mopping floors, cleaning windows and walls, cleaning
bathrooms and toilets, cleaning household furnishings.
d6403 Using household appliances
Using all kinds of household appliances, such as washing machines, driers, irons,
vacuum cleaners and dishwashers.
211
d6404 儲存日常必需品
儲存日常生活所需的食物、飲料、衣服與其他家庭商品；藉裝罐、鹽醃或冷
藏以準備保存食物，保持食物新鮮並不讓動物接觸。
d6405 處置垃圾
處置家庭垃圾，如收集房屋周圍的廢物和廢棄物，準備處置垃圾，使用垃圾
處置電器；焚燒垃圾。
d6408 做家事，其他特定者
d6409 做家事，未特定者
d649 家庭任務，未特定者
照顧家庭物品和協助他人(d650-d669)
d650 照顧家庭物品
維修和修理家庭與其他個人物品，包括房屋和內容物、衣服、車輛和輔助器具，
及照顧植物和動物，如房間塗刷或貼壁紙、固定傢俱、修理配管、確保車輛處於
適合工作狀況、給植物澆水、打扮和餵食寵物和家畜。
納入：製作和修補衣服；維修住所、傢俱和居家電器；維修車輛；維修輔助器具；
照顧植物(室內外)和動物
排除：獲得居住地方(d610)；獲得商品和服務(d620)；做家事(d640)；協助他人
(d660)；有酬就業(d850)
d6500 製作和修補衣服
製作和修補衣服，如藉縫製、生產或縫補衣服；重釘鈕釦和扣件；熨燙衣服、
修理和擦亮鞋子。
排除：使用家庭電器(d6403)
d6501 維修住所和傢俱
修理和照顧住所，其外部、內部和內容物，如塗刷、修理固定物和傢俱，及
使用修理工作所需工具。
d6502 維修居家電器
修理和照顧所有用於烹調、清潔和修理的居家電器，如上油和修理工具及維
修洗衣機。
d6503 維修車輛
修理和照顧個人使用的機動和非機動車輛，包括自行車、貨車、汽車和小船。
d6504 維修輔助器具
修理和照顧輔助器具，如義肢、矯具及用於家務和個人照顧的特定工具和輔
具；維修和修理用於個人移動的輔具，如手杖、助行器、輪椅和踏板車；及
維修溝通和娛樂輔具。
212
d6404 Storing daily necessities
Storing food, drinks, clothes and other household goods required for daily living;
preparing food for conservation by canning, salting or refrigerating, keeping
food fresh and out of the reach of animals.
d6405 Disposing of garbage
Disposing of household garbage such as by collecting trash and rubbish around
the house, preparing garbage for disposal, using garbage disposal appliances;
burning garbage.
d6408 Doing housework, other specified
d6409 Doing housework, unspecified
d649 Household tasks, other specified and unspecified
Caring for household objects and assisting others (d650-d669)

d650 Caring for household objects
Maintaining and repairing household and other personal objects, including house and
contents, clothes, vehicles and assistive devices, and caring for plants and animals, such
as painting or wallpapering rooms, fixing furniture, repairing plumbing, ensuring the
proper working order of vehicles, watering plants, grooming and feeding pets and
domestic animals.
Inclusions: making and repairing clothes; maintaining dwelling, furnishings and
domestic appliances; maintaining vehicles; maintaining assistive devices; taking care of
plants (indoor and outdoor) and animals
Exclusions: acquiring a place to live (d610); acquisition of goods and services (d620);
doing housework (d640); assisting others (d660); remunerative employment (d850)
d6500 Making and repairing clothes
Making and repairing clothes, such as by sewing, producing or mending clothes;
reattaching buttons and fasteners; ironing clothes, fixing and polishing footwear.
Exclusion: using household appliances (d6403)
d6501 Maintaining dwelling and furnishings
Repairing and taking care of dwelling, its exterior, interior and contents, such as
by painting, repairing fixtures and furniture, and using required tools for repair
work.
d6502 Maintaining domestic appliances
Repairing and taking care of all domestic appliances for cooking, cleaning and
repairing, such as by oiling and repairing tools and maintaining the washing
machine.
d6503 Maintaining vehicles
Repairing and taking care of motorized and non-motorized vehicles for personal
use, including bicycles, carts, automobiles and boats.
d6504 Maintaining assistive devices
Repairing and taking care of assistive devices, such as prostheses, orthoses and
specialized tools and aids for housekeeping and personal care; maintaining and
repairing aids for personal mobility such as canes, walkers, wheelchairs and
scooters; and maintaining communication and recreational aids.
213
d6505 照顧室內外植物
照顧房屋內外植物，如種植、澆水和施肥植物；個人使用的園藝和生長食物。
d6506 照顧動物
照顧家畜和寵物，包括餵食、清潔、打扮和訓練寵物；照管動物或寵物的健
康；個人不在時作照顧動物或寵物的計畫。
d6508 照顧家庭物品，其他特定者
d6509 照顧家庭物品，未特定者
d660 協助他人
協助家庭成員或他人的學習、溝通、自我照顧、室內外運動；關心家庭成員和他
人之幸福。
納入：協助他人幸福、動作、溝通、人際關係、營養和健康維持
排除：有酬就業(d850)
d6600 協助他人自我照顧
協助家庭成員和他人進行自我照顧，包括幫助他人吃、洗澡和穿著；照顧兒
童或家庭成員生病者或基本自我照顧有所困難者；幫助他人如廁。
d6601 協助他人動作
協助家庭成員和他人動作及移動到屋外，如在鄰居或都市、來回學校、就業
地點或其他目的地。
d6602 協助他人溝通
協助家庭成員和他人的溝通，如幫助講話、書寫或閱讀。
d6603 協助他人人際關係
協助家庭成員和他人的人際關係，如幫助他們啟動、維持或終止關係。
d6604 協助他人營養
協助家庭成員和他人的營養，如幫助他們準備和用膳。
d6605 協助他人健康維持
協助家庭成員和他人正式和非正式健康照顧，如確保兒童得到定期醫療檢
查，或年老親屬服用必需藥物。
d6608 協助他人，其他特定者
d6609 協助他人，未特定者
d669 照顧家庭物品和協助他人，其他特定者和未特定者
d698 居家生活，其他特定者
d699 居家生活，非特定者
214
d6505 Taking care of plants, indoors and outdoors
Taking care of plants inside and outside the house, such as by planting, watering
and fertilizing plants; gardening and growing foods for personal use.
d6506 Taking care of animals
Taking care of domestic animals and pets, such as by feeding, cleaning,
grooming and exercising pets; watching over the health of animals or pets;
planning for the care of animals or pets in one’s absence.
d6508 Caring for household objects, specified
d6509 Caring for household objects, unspecified
d660 Assisting others
Assisting household members and others with their learning, communicating, self-care,
movement, within the house or outside; being concerned about the well-being of
household members and others.
Inclusions: assisting others with self-care, movement, communication, interpersonal
relations, nutrition and health maintenance
Exclusion: remunerative employment (d850)
d6600 Assisting others with self-care
Assisting household members and others in performing self-care, including
helping others with eating, bathing and dressing; taking care of children or
members of the household who are sick or have difficulties with basic self-care;
helping others with their toileting.
d6601 Assisting others in movement
Assisting household members and others in movements and in moving outside
the home, such as in the neighbourhood or city, to or from school, place of
employment or other destination.
d6602 Assisting others in communication
Assisting household members and others with their communication, such as by
helping with speaking, writing or reading.
d6603 Assisting others in interpersonal relations
Assisting household members and others with their interpersonal interactions,
such as by helping them to initiate, maintain or terminate relationships.
d6604 Assisting others in nutrition
Assisting household members and others with their nutrition, such as by helping
them to prepare and eat meals.
d6605 Assisting others in health maintenance
Assisting household members and others with formal and informal health care,
such as by ensuring that a child gets regular medical check-ups, or that an elderly
relative takes required medication.
d6608 Assisting others, other specified
d6609 Assisting others, unspecified
d669 Caring for household objects and assisting others, other specified and unspecified
d698 Domestic life, other specified
d699 Domestic life, unspecified
215
第七章
人際互動和關係
本章是關於以情境和社交適當方式進行與人們(陌生人、朋友、親戚、家庭成員和愛人)
基本和複雜互動所需的行動和任務。
一般人際互動(d710-d729)
d710 基本人際互動
以情境和社交適當方式與人們互動，如在適當時顯出體貼和尊重，或對他人感覺
有回應。
納入：在關係中顯出尊重、熱情、欣賞和寬容；在關係中對批評和社交暗示有回
應；及在關係中使用適當身體接觸
d7100 關係中的尊重和熱情
以情境和社交適當方式，顯出和回應以關心和尊重。
d7101 關係中的欣賞
以情境和社交適當方式，顯出和回應以滿意和感恩。
d7102 關係中的寬容
以情境和社交適當方式，顯出和回應以瞭解和接受。
d7103 關係中的批評
以情境和社交適當方式，提供和回應以隱含和明確的意見不同或意見不一。
d7104 關係中的社交暗示
在社交互動中適當地發出和反應以記號和提示。
d7105 關係中的身體接觸
以情境和社交適當方式做出和回應以與他人肉體接觸。
d7108 基本人際互動，其他特定者
d7109 基本人際互動，未特定者
d720 複雜人際互動
以情境和社交適當方式與其他人維持和管理互動，如調節情緒和衝動、控制言語
和身體攻擊、在社交互動中獨立行動、及依照社會規則和慣例行動。
納入：形成和終止關係；互動中調節行為；根據社會規則互動；及維持社會距離
d7200 形成關係
以情境和社交適當方式與他人開始並維持短期或長期的互動，如自我介紹，
發現並建立友誼和專業關係，開始可能變成永久、浪漫或親密的關係。
216
Chapter 7
Interpersonal interactions and relationships
This chapter is about carrying out the actions and tasks required for basic and complex
interactions with people (strangers, friends, relatives, family members and lovers) in a
contextually and socially appropriate manner.
General interpersonal interactions (d710-d729)

d710 Basic interpersonal interactions
Interacting with people in a contextually and socially appropriate manner, such as by
showing consideration and esteem when appropriate, or responding to the feelings of
others.
Inclusions: showing respect, warmth, appreciation, and tolerance in relationships;
responding to criticism and social cues in relationships; and using appropriate physical
contact in relationships
d7100 Respect and warmth in relationships
Showing and responding to concerns and esteem, in a contextually and socially
appropriate manner.
d7101 Appreciation in relationships
Showing and responding to satisfaction and gratitude, in a contextually and
socially appropriate manner.
d7102 Tolerance in relationships
Showing and responding to understanding and acceptance of behaviour, in a
contextually and socially appropriate manner.
d7103 Criticism in relationships
Providing and responding to implicit and explicit differences of opinion or
disagreement, in a contextually and socially appropriate manner.
d7104 Social cues in relationships
Giving and reacting appropriately to signs and hints that occur in social
interactions.
d7105 Physical contact in relationships
Making and responding to bodily contact with others, in a contextually and
socially appropriate manner.
d7108 Basic interpersonal interactions, other specified
d7109 Basic interpersonal interactions, unspecified
d720 Complex interpersonal interactions
Maintaining and managing interactions with other people, in a contextually and socially
appropriate manner, such as by regulating emotions and impulses, controlling verbal
and physical aggression, acting independently in social interactions, and acting in
accordance with social rules and conventions.
Inclusions: forming and terminating relationships; regulating behaviours within
interactions; interacting according to social rules; and maintaining social space
d7200 Forming relationships
Beginning and maintaining interactions with others for a short or long period of
time, in a contextually and socially appropriate manner, such as by introducing
oneself, finding and establishing friendships and professional relationships,
starting a relationship that may become permanent, romantic or intimate.
217
d7201 終止關係
以情境和社交適當方式帶進互動的終結，如在拜訪結束時結束暫時關係，搬
到新市鎮時結束與朋友長期的關係，或結束與工作同事、專業同事和提供服
務者的關係，及結束浪漫或親密關係。
d7202 互動中調節行為
以情境和社交適當方式調節與他人互動的情緒和衝動、言語攻擊和身體攻
擊。
d7203 根據社會規則互動
在社交互動中獨立行動，並在與他人互動中順從社會慣例以支配個人角色、
地位或其他社會情況。
d7204 維持社會距離
在自身和他人間，以適當情境、社會和文化地意識並維持距離。
d7208 複雜人際互動，其他特定者
d7209 複雜人際互動，未特定者
d729 一般人際互動，其他特定者和未特定者
特殊人際關係(d730-d779)
d730 與陌生人關係
為特定目的與陌生人從事暫時接觸和聯繫，如要求方向或購買時。
d740 正式關係
在正式環境產生並維持特定關係，如與雇主、專家或服務提供者。
納入：與上級、與下屬及與同級者關係
d7400 與上級關係
相對於個人社會地位，與有權力或較高階層或名望地位的人產生並維持正式
關係，如雇主。
d7401 與下屬關係
相對於個人社會地位，與較低階層或名望地位的人產生並維持正式關係，如
員工或僕人。
d7402 與同級者關係
相對於個人社會地位，與有相同權威、階層或名望地位的人產生並維持正式
關係。
d7408 正式關係，其他特定者
d7409 正式關係，未特定者
218
d7201 Terminating relationships
Bringing interactions to a close in a contextually and socially appropriate manner,
such as by ending temporary relationships at the end of a visit, ending long-term
relationships with friends when moving to a new town or ending relationships
with work colleagues, professional colleagues and service providers, and ending
romantic or intimate relationships.
d7202 Regulating behaviours within interactions
Regulating emotions and impulses, verbal aggression and physical aggression in
interactions with others, in a contextually and socially appropriate manner.
d7203 Interacting according to social rules
Acting independently in social interactions and complying with social
conventions governing one’s role, position or other social status in interactions
with others.
d7204 Maintaining social space
Being aware of and maintaining a distance between oneself and others that is
contextually, socially and culturally appropriate.
d7208 Complex interpersonal interactions, other specified
d7209 Complex interpersonal interactions, unspecified
d729 General interpersonal interactions, other specified and unspecified
Particular interpersonal relationships (d730-d779)

d730 Relating with strangers
Engaging in temporary contacts and links with strangers for specific purposes, such as
when asking for directions or making a purchase.
d740 Formal relationships
Creating and maintaining specific relationships in formal settings, such as with
employers, professionals or service providers.
Inclusions: relating with persons in authority, with subordinates and with equals
d7400 Relating with persons in authority
Creating and maintaining formal relations with people in positions of power or
of a higher rank or prestige relative to one’s own social position, such as an
employer.
d7401 Relating with subordinates
Creating and maintaining formal relations with people in positions of lower rank
or prestige relative to one’s own social position, such as an employee or servant.
d7402 Relating with equals
Creating and maintaining formal relations with people in the same position of
authority, rank or prestige relative to one’s own social position.
d7408 Formal relationships, other specified
d7409 Formal relationships, unspecified
219
d750 非正式社會關係
與他人建立關係，如與生活在同一社區或住宅的人們，或與同事、學生、玩伴或
具有相似背景或專業的人的非正式關係。
納入：與朋友、鄰居、熟人、同住者和同儕的非正式關係
d7500 與朋友非正式關係
以相互尊重和共同興趣為特徵而產生並維持友誼關係。
d7501 與鄰居非正式關係
與住在附近住所或生活區域的人產生並維持非正式關係。
d7502 與熟人非正式關係
與個人認識但非親近朋友的人產生並維持非正式關係。
d7503 與同住者非正式關係
與同住在私人或公共房屋或其他住所的人，為任何目的產生並維持非正式關
係。
d7504 與同儕非正式關係
與共有相同年齡、興趣或其他共同特色的人產生並維持非正式關係。
d7508 非正式社會關係，其他特定者
d7509 非正式社會關係，未特定者
d760 家庭關係
產生並維持親屬關係，如與核心家庭、大家庭、領養和收養家庭及過繼關係之成
員，更遠關係如遠房堂表兄弟姊妹間、或法定監護人。
納入：父母-子女和子女-父母關係，手足和大家庭關係
d7600 父母-子女關係
親生和收養而成為或作為父母，如有了子女而與之有關作為父母、或收養子
女而產生並維持父母關係，且對個人親生或收養子女提供身體、智力和情感
的養育。
d7601 子女-父母關係
與個人父母產生並維持關係，如年幼子女服從他或她的父母或成年子女照顧
他或她年老父母。
d7602 手足關係
藉出生、收養或結婚而與人共有單親或雙親，以產生並維持兄弟或姊妹關係。
d7603 大家庭關係
與個人大家庭成員產生並維持家庭關係，如與堂表兄弟姊妹、姑嬸和叔伯、
及祖父母。
220
d750 Informal social relationships
Entering into relationships with others, such as casual relationships with people living in
the same community or residence, or with co-workers, students, playmates or people
with similar backgrounds or professions.
Inclusions: informal relationships with friends, neighbours, acquaintances,
co-inhabitants and peers
d7500 Informal relationships with friends
Creating and maintaining friendship relationships that are characterized by
mutual esteem and common interests.
d7501 Informal relationships with neighbours
Creating and maintaining informal relationships with people who live in nearby
dwellings or living areas.
d7502 Informal relationships with acquaintances
Creating and maintaining informal relationships with people whom one knows
but who are not close friends.
d7503 Informal relationships with co-inhabitants
Creating and maintaining informal relationships with people who are
co-inhabitants of a house or other dwelling, privately or publicly run, for any
purpose.
d7504 Informal relationships with peers
Creating and maintaining informal relationships with people who share the same
age, interest or other common feature.
d7508 Informal social relationships, other specified
d7509 Informal social relationships, unspecified
d760 Family relationships
Creating and maintaining kinship relationships, such as with members of the nuclear
family, extended family, foster and adopted family and step-relationships, more distant
relationships such as second cousins, or legal guardians.
Inclusions: parent-child and child-parent relationships, sibling and extended family
relationships
d7600 Parent-child relationships
Becoming and being a parent, both natural and adoptive, such as by having a
child and relating to it as a parent or creating and maintaining a parental
relationship with an adoptive child, and providing physical, intellectual and
emotional nurture to one’s natural or adoptive child.
d7601 Child-parent relationships
Creating and maintaining relationships with one’s parent, such as a young child
obeying his or her parents or an adult child taking care of his or her elderly
parents.
d7602 Sibling relationships
Creating and maintaining a brotherly or sisterly relationship with a person who
shares one or both parents by birth, adoption or marriage.
d7603 Extended family relationships
Creating and maintaining a family relationship with members of one’s extended
family, such as with cousins, aunts and uncles and grandparents.
221
d7608 家庭關係，其他特定者
d7609 家庭關係，未特定者
d770 親密關係
個體間產生並維持親近或浪漫關係，如丈夫和妻子、愛人或性伴侶。
包括：浪漫、配偶、和性關係
d7700 浪漫關係
基於情感和身體吸引所產生並維持的關係，可能導致長期親密關係。
d7701 配偶關係
與另一人產生並維持合法性質的親密關係，如合法結婚，包括成為或作為合
法結婚的妻子或丈夫、或未婚配偶。
d7702 性關係
與配偶或其他伴侶產生並維持性本質的關係。
d7708 親密關係，其他特定者
d7709 親密關係，未特定者
d779 特殊人際關係，其他特定者和未特定者
d798 人際互動和關係，其他特定者
d799 人際互動和關係，未特定者
222
d7608 Family relationships, other specified
d7609 Family relationships, unspecified
d770 Intimate relationships
Creating and maintaining close or romantic relationships between individuals, such as
husband and wife, lovers or sexual partners.
Inclusions: romantic, spousal and sexual relationships
d7700 Romantic relationships
Creating and maintaining a relationship based on emotional and physical
attraction, potentially leading to long-term intimate relationships.
d7701 Spousal relationships
Creating and maintaining an intimate relationship of a legal nature with another
person, such as in a legal marriage, including becoming and being a legally
married wife or husband or an unmarried spouse.
d7702 Sexual relationships
Creating and maintaining a relationship of a sexual nature, with a spouse or other
partner.
d7708 Intimate relationships, other specified
d7709 Intimate relationships, unspecified
d779 Particular interpersonal relationships, other specified and unspecified
d798 Interpersonal interactions and relationships, other specified
d799 Interpersonal interactions and relationships, unspecified
223
第八章
主要生活領域
本章是關於從事教育、工作和就業及經營經濟交易時進行所需的任務和行動。
教育(d810-d839)
d810 非正式教育
在家或在某些其他非機構設置學習，如在從父母或家庭成員，或家庭學校學習手藝
或某些技能。
d815 學前教育
初級程度組織化教育中學習，其主要設計將兒童引入學校式環境並為義務教育作
準備，如在日托所或類似設置中獲得技能作入學準備。
d820 學校教育
得到學校教育許可，從事所有學校相關職責和特權，及學習初級或中級教育課程
的科目材料、主題和其他學程需求，包括按時上學，與其他學生合作作業，接受
教師指導，組織、學習並完成指定的任務和計畫，及晉級到其他教育階段。
d825 職業訓練
從事職業課程的所有活動並學習學程材料以準備在某行業、工作或專業就業。
d830 高等教育
從事在大學、學院和專業學校的進階教育課程中的活動並學習為學位、文憑、證
書和其他鑑定各方面所需學程，如完成大學學士或碩士科目的學習、醫學院或其
他專業學校。
d839 教育，其他特定者和未特定者
工作和就業(d840-d859)
d840 學徒(工作準備)
從事與就業準備相關的課程，如進行學徒、實習、見習和在職訓練所需的任務。
排除：職業訓練(d825)
d845 獲得、保有和終止工作
尋求、發現並選擇就業，受雇並接受就業，維持和藉工作、行業、職業或專業晉
升，及以適當方式離開工作。
納入：尋求就業；準備簡歷或履歷；接觸雇主並準備面試；維持工作；監測個人
工作表現；提出報告；和終止工作
224
Chapter 8
Major life areas
This chapter is about carrying out the tasks and actions required to engage in education, work
and employment and to conduct economic transactions.
Education (d810-d839)
d810 Informal education
Learning at home or in some other non-institutional setting, such as learining crafts and
other skills from parents or family member, or home schooling.
d815 Preschool education
Learning at an initial level of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce a
child to a school-type environment and prepare it for compulsory education, such as by
acquiring skills in a day-care or similar setting as preparation for advancement to
school.
d820 School education
Gaining admission to school, education, engaging in all school-related responsibilities
and privileges, and learning the course material, subjects and other curriculum
requirements in a primary or secondary education programme, including attending
school regularly, working cooperatively with other students, taking direction from
teachers, organizing, studying and completing assigned tasks and projects, and
advancing to other stages of education.
d825 Vocational training
Engaging in all activities of a vocational programme and learning the curriculum
material in preparation for employment in a trade, job or profession.
d830 Higher education
Engaging in the activities of advanced educational programmes in universities, colleges
and professional schools and learning all aspects of the curriculum required for degrees,
diplomas, certificates and other accreditations, such as completing a university
bachelor’s or master’s course of study, medical school or other professional school.
d839 Education, other specified and unspecified
Work and employment (d840-d859)

d840 Apprenticeship (work preparation)
Engaging in programmes related to preparation for employment, such as performing the
tasks required of an apprenticeship, internship, articling and in-service training.
Exclusion: vocational training (d825)
d845 Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job
Seeking, finding and choosing employment, being hired and accepting employment,
maintaining and advancing through a job, trade, occupation or profession, and leaving a
job in an appropriate manner.
Inclusions: seeking employment; preparing a resume or curriculum vitae; contacting
employers and preparing interviews; maintaining a job; monitoring one’s own work
performance; giving notice; and terminating a job
225
d8450 尋求就業
在行業、專業或其他就業形式中定位並選擇工作，及進行受雇所需任務，如
在就業地點露面或參與工作面試。
d8451 維持工作
進行工作相關的任務以保有職業、行業、專業或其他就業形式，及在就業中
得到晉級或其他晉升。
d8452 終止工作
以適當方式離開和放棄工作。
d8458 獲得、保有和終止工作，其他特定者
d8459 獲得、保有和終止工作，未特定者
d850 有酬就業
從事各方面的工作，為有報酬的職業、行業、專業或其他各類就業形式，為全職
或兼職的員工、或自營作業，如尋求就業並得到工作、做工作所要求任務、按要
求準時上班、監督其他工作人員或被他人監督、及單獨或集體進行所要求任務。
納入：自營作業、兼職或全職就業
d8500 自營作業
從事個體尋求或引發、或從他人訂約而無正式就業關係的有酬工作，如遷移
的農耕工作、為自由作家或顧問的工作、短期合約工作、為藝術家或工藝師
的工作，擁有並經營商店或其他生意。
排除：兼職和全職就業(d8501, d8502)
d8501 兼職就業
作為雇員以部分時間基礎為報酬而從事各方面的工作，如尋求就業並得到工
作、做工作所要求任務、按要求準時上班、監督其他工作人員或被他人監督、
及單獨或集體進行所要求任務。
d8502 全職就業
作為雇員以全部時間基礎為報酬而從事各方面的工作，如尋求就業並得到工
作、做工作所要求任務、按要求準時上班、監督其他工作人員或被他人監督、
及單獨或集體進行所要求任務。
d8508 有酬就業，其他特定者
d8509 有酬就業，未特定者
d855 無酬就業
以全職或兼職從事不提供報酬各方面的工作，包括組織工作活動、做工作所要求
任務、按要求準時上班、監督其他工作人員或被他人監督、及單獨或集體進行所
要求任務，如志願工作、慈善工作、無酬為社區或宗教團體工作、無酬在住家周
圍工作。
排除：第六章居家生活
226
d8450 Seeking employment
Locating and choosing a job, in a trade, profession or other form of employment,
and performing the required tasks to get hired, such as showing up at the place of
employment or participating in a job interview.
d8451 Maintaining a job
Performing job-related tasks to keep an occupation, trade, profession or other
form of employment, and obtaining promotion and other advancements in
employment.
d8452 Terminating a job
Leaving or quitting a job in the appropriate manner.
d8458 Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job, other specified
d8459 Acquiring, keeping and terminating a job, unspecified
d850 Remunerative employment
Engaging in all aspects of work, as an occupation, trade, profession or other form of
employment, for payment, as an employee, full or part time, or self-employed, such as
seeking employment and getting a job, doing the required tasks of the job, attending
work on time as required, supervising other workers or being supervised, and
performing required tasks alone or in groups.
Inclusions: self-employment, part-time and full-time employment
d8500 Self-employment
Engaging in remunerative work sought or generated by the individual, or
contracted from others without a formal employment relationship, such as
migratory agricultural work, working as a free-lance writer or consultant,
short-term contract work, working as an artist or crafts person, owning and
running a shop or other business.
Exclusions: part-time and full-time employment (d8501, d8502)
d8501 Part-time employment
Engaging in all aspects of work for payment on a part-time basis, as an employee,
such as seeking employment and getting a job, doing the tasks required of the job,
attending work on time as required, supervising other workers or being
supervised, and performing required tasks alone or in groups.
d8502 Full-time employment
Engaging in all aspects of work for payment on a full-time basis, as an employee,
such as seeking employment and getting a job, doing the required tasks of the job,
attending work on time as required, supervising other workers or being
supervised, and performing required tasks alone or in groups.
d8508 Remunerative employment, other specified
d8509 Remunerative employment, unspecified
d855 Non-remunerative employment
Engaging in all aspects of work in which pay is not provided, full-time or part-time,
including organized work activities, doing the required tasks of the job, attending work
on time as required, supervising other workers or being supervised, and performing
required tasks alone or in groups, such as volunteer work, charity work, working for a
community or religious group without remuneration, working around the home without
remuneration.
Exclusion: Chapter 6 Domestic Life
227
d859 工作和就業，其他特定者和未特定者
經濟生活(d860-d879)
d860 基本經濟交易
從事任何形式的簡單經濟交易，如用錢購買食物或以物易物、交換商品或服務；
或儲蓄金錢。
d865 複雜經濟交易
從事涉及資本或財產交換之任何形式的複雜經濟交易，及創造利潤或經濟價值，
如購買商行、工廠、或設備，維持銀行帳戶，或日用品交易。
d870 經濟自足
從私人或公共來源掌握經濟資源，以便確保現時和未來需要的經濟安全。
納入：個人經濟資源和公共經濟權利
d8700 個人經濟資源
掌握個人或私人經濟資源，以便確保現時和未來需要的經濟安全。
d8701 公共經濟權利
掌握公共經濟資源，以便確保現時和未來需要的經濟安全。
d8708 經濟自足，其他特定者
d8709 經濟自足，未特定者
d879 經濟生活，其他特定者和未特定者
d898 主要生活領域，其他特定者
d899 主要生活領域，未特定者
228
d859 Work and employment, other specified and unspecified
Economic life (d860-d879)

d860 Basic economic transactions
Engaging in any form of simple economic transaction, such as using money to purchase
food or bartering, exchanging goods or services; or saving money.
d865 Complex economic transactions
Engaging in any form of complex economic transaction that involves the exchange of
capital or property, and the creation of profit or economic value, such as buying a
business, factory, or equipment, maintaining a bank account, or trading in commodities.
d870 Economic self-sufficiency
Having command over economic resources, from private or public sources, in order to
ensure economic security for present and future needs.
Inclusions: personal economic resources and public economic entitlements
d8700 Personal economic resource
Having command over personal or private economic resources, in order to
ensure economic security for present and future needs.
d8701 Public economic entitlements
Having command over public economic resources, in order to ensure economic
security for present and future needs.
d8708 Economic self-sufficiency, other specified
d8709 Economic self-sufficiency, unspecified
d879 Economic life, other specified and unspecified
d898 Major life areas, other specified
d899 Major life areas, unspecified
229
第九章
社區、社交和公民生活
本章是關於在家庭以外之社區、社交和公民生活領域從事有組織的社交生活所需的行動
和任務。
d910 社區生活
從事各方面的社區社交生活，如從事慈善組織、服務性俱樂部或專業性社交組織。
納入：非正式和正式社團；儀式
排除：無酬工作(d855)；娛樂和休閒(d920)；宗教和靈性(d930)；政治生活和公民
權(d950)
d9100 非正式社團
從事由具有共同興趣的人們所組織的社交或社區社團，如地方性社交俱樂部
或宗族團體。
d9101 正式社團
從事專業性或其他獨佔性社交團體，如律師、醫師或學術社團。
d9102 儀式
從事非宗教禮儀或社交儀式，如婚禮、葬禮或入會儀式。
d9108 社區生活，其他特定者
d9109 社區生活，未特定者
d920 娛樂和休閒
從事任何形式的遊戲、娛樂或休閒活動，如非正式或有組織的遊戲和運動，體適
能課程，放鬆、遊樂或消遣，赴藝術畫廊、博物館、電影院或劇場；從事工藝或
嗜好，享受閱讀，演奏樂器；為樂趣而觀光、旅遊和旅行。
納入：遊戲、運動、藝術和文化、工藝、嗜好和交際
排除：騎乘動物為運輸工具(d480)；有酬和無酬工作(d850 和 d855)；宗教和靈性
(d930)；政治生活和公民權(d950)
d9200 遊戲
從事有規則或非結構或非組織的比賽及自發性娛樂，如下棋或打牌或兒童遊
戲。
d9201 運動
單獨或集體進行從事競爭性及非正式或正式組織的比賽或體育項目，如保齡
球、體操或足球。
d9202 藝術和文化
從事或欣賞藝術品或文化活動，如赴劇場、電影院、博物館或藝術畫廊，或
演戲、享受閱讀或演奏樂器。
d9203 工藝
從事手工藝，如陶器或編織。
d9204 嗜好
從事消遣如收集郵票、硬幣或古董。
230
Chapter 9
Community, social and civic life
This chapter is about the actions and tasks required to engage in organized social life outside
the family, in community, social and civic areas of life.
d910 Community life

Engaging in all aspects of community social life, such as engaging in charitable
organizations, service clubs or professional social organizations.
Inclusions: informal and formal associations; ceremonies
Exclusions: non-remunerative employment (d855); recreation and leisure (d920);
religion and spirituality (d930); political life and citizenship (d950)
d9100 Informal associations
Engaging in social or community associations organized by people with common
interests, such as local social clubs or ethnic groups.
d9101 Formal associations
Engaging in professional or other exclusive social groups, such as associations of
lawyers, physicians or academics.
d9102 Ceremonies
Engaging in non-religious rites or social ceremonies, such as marriages, funerals
or initiation ceremonies.
d9108 Community life, other specified
d9109 Community life, unspecified
d920 Recreation and leisure
Engaging in any form of play, recreational or leisure activity, such as informal or
organized play and sports, programmes of physical fitness, relaxation, amusement or
diversion, going to art galleries, museums, cinemas or theatres; engaging in crafts or
hobbies, reading for enjoyment, playing musical instruments; sightseeing, tourism and
travelling for pleasure.
Inclusions: play, sports, arts and culture, crafts, hobbies and socializing
Exclusions: riding animals for transportation (d480); remunerative and
non-remunerative work (d850 and d855); religion and spirituality (d930); political life
and citizenship (d950)
d9200 Play
Engaging in games with rules or unstructured or unorganized games and
spontaneous recreation, such as playing chess or cards or children’s play.
d9201 Sports
Engaging in competitive and informal or formally organized games or athletic
events, performed alone or in a group, such as bowling, gymnastics or soccer.
d9202 Arts and culture
Engaging in, or appreciating, fine arts or cultural events, such as going to the
theatre, cinema, museum or art gallery, or acting in a play, reading for enjoyment
or playing a musical instrument.
d9203 Crafts
Engaging in handicrafts, such as pottery or knitting.
d9204 Hobbies
Engaging in pastimes such as collecting stamps, coins or antiques.
231
d9205 交際
與他人從事非正式或偶然的聚集，如訪問朋友或親戚、或在公共空間非正式
會面。
d9208 娛樂和休閒，其他特定者
d9208 娛樂和休閒，未特定者
d930 宗教和靈性
從事宗教或靈性的活動、組織和實務以自我實現，尋找意義、宗教或靈性價值，
及與神聖能力建立連結，如爲宗教目的、和靈性默想而涉及參加教堂、寺廟、清
真寺或猶太會堂祈禱或詠唱。
納入：有組織的宗教和靈性
d9300 有組織的宗教
從事有組織的宗教儀式、活動和事件。
d9301 靈性
從事有組織的宗教以外的靈性活動或事件。
d9308 宗教和靈性，其他特定者
d9309 宗教和靈性，未特定者
d940 人權
單憑人性而賦予人民享有所有國家和國際所承認的權利，如聯合國世界人權宣言
(1948)和聯合國身心障礙者機會平等標準規則(1993)所承認的人權；自決權或自主
權；及控制個人命運的權利。
排除：政治生活和公民權(d950)
d950 政治生活和公民權
公民從事社交、政治和政府生活，擁有作為公民之合法地位並享有與其角色關聯
的權利、保障、特權和責任，如投票和競選政治職務的權利、組織政治性社團；
享有與公民權關聯的權利和自由(如言論、結社、宗教、保障不受無理搜查和逮捕
的自由權利，聘律師、審判的權利與其他合法權利及保障不受歧視)；具有公民合
法地位。
排除：人權(d940)
d998 社區、社交和公民生活，其他特定者
d999 社區、社交和公民生活，未特定者
232
d9205 Socializing
Engaging in informal or casual gatherings with others, such as visiting friends or
relatives or meeting informally in public places.
d9208 Recreation and leisure, other specified
d9209 Recreation and leisure, unspecified
d930 Religion and spirituality
Engaging in religious or spiritual activities, organizations and practices for
self-fulfilment, finding meaning, religious or spiritual value and establishing connection
with a divine power, such as is involved in attending a church, temple, mosque or
synagogue, praying or chanting for a religious purpose, and spiritual contemplation.
Inclusions: organized religion and spirituality
d9300 Organized religion
Engaging in organized religious ceremonies, activities and events.
d9301 Spirituality
Engaging in spiritual activities or events, outside an organized religion.
d9308 Religion and spirituality, other specified
d9309 Religion and spirituality, unspecified
d940 Human rights
Enjoying all nationally and internationally recognized rights that are accorded to people
by virtue of their humanity alone, such as human rights as recognized by the United
Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the United Nations
Standard Rules for the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities
(1993); the right to self-determination or autonomy; and the right to control over one’s
destiny.
Exclusion: political life and citizenship (d950)
d950 Political life and citizenship
Engaging in the social, political and governmental life of a citizen, having legal status
as a citizen and enjoying the rights, protections, privileges and duties associated with
that role, such as the right to vote and run for political office, to form political
associations; enjoying the rights and freedoms associated with citizenship (e.g. the
rights of freedom of speech, association, religion, protection against unreasonable
search and seizure, the right to counsel, to a trial and other legal rights and protection
against discrimination); having legal standing as a citizen.
Exclusion: human rights (d940)
d998 Community, social and civic life, other specified
d999 Community, social and civic life, unspecified
233
ICF 詳細分類及定義：環境因素
環境因素
定義：環境因素係指人們生活與引導其生活的自然、社會和態度環境。
環境因素編碼
環境因素是分類中第二分部的要素(情境因素)，這些因素必需考慮機能的每一要素再照
著編碼(見附錄二)。
環境因素需以個人處境正被描述的觀點來編碼，例如路邊石切口沒有質地鋪砌，可能對
輪椅使用者的編碼為促進因子，但對盲人是阻礙因子。
第一個限定值指明因素是促進因子或阻礙因子的程度，何以環境因素可能是促進因子或
阻礙因子，及達到什麼程度，這有很多原因。對於促進因子，編碼者應該記住如資源可
近性的議題，及接近是否可依賴或多變、好或壞品質等等。至於阻礙因子，它可能與因
素多常阻礙個人、不管阻礙是大或小、或可避免與否相關。也應該記住的是環境因素可
以是阻礙因子，因為它的存在(例如，對於身心障礙者的負向態度)或它的不存在(例如，
得不到必要的服務)。環境因素對於人們生活健康狀況的影響是多變且複雜的，並希望
未來的研究能對這互動導致更好的瞭解，另可能的話，顯出這些因素第二個限定值的實
用性。
在某些情況下，環境因素的多樣聚集能用單一術語來總結，如貧窮、發展、鄉村或城市
環境、或社會資本。這些總結性術語本身並不在分類出現，更確切地說，編碼者應該分
別這些成分因素並對其加以編碼。再一次，需要更一步研究來決定構成每一總結性術語
的環境因素集組是否清楚且一致。
第一個限定值
下列是環境因素作為阻礙因子或促進因子其負向和正向量尺為的程度，單獨點號或分離
號表示阻礙因子，而 + 標誌表示促進因子，如下所示：
xxx.0 沒有阻礙因子 (沒有、缺乏、可忽略、…) 0-4 %

xxx.1 輕度阻礙因子 (輕微、低度、…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 中度阻礙因子 (中度、尚可…) 25-49 %
xxx.3 重度阻礙因子 (高度、極度、…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 完全阻礙因子 (全部…) 96-100 %
xxx+0 沒有促進因子 (沒有、缺乏、可忽略、…) 0-4 %
xxx+1 輕度促進因子 (輕微、低度、…) 5-24 %
xxx+2 中度促進因子 (中度、尚可…) 25-49 %
xxx+3 大量促進因子 (高度、極度、…) 50-95 %
xxx+4 完全促進因子 (全部…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 阻礙因子，不特定
xxx+8 促進因子，不特定
xxx.9 不適用
234
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Definition: Environmental factors make up the physical, social and attitudinal environment in
which people live and conduct their lives.
Coding environmental factors
Environmental Factors is a component of Part 2 (Contextual factors) of the classification.
These factors must be considered for each component of functioning and coded accordingly
(see Annex 2).
Environmental factors are to be coded from the perspective of the person whose situation is
being described. For example, kerb cuts without textured paving may be coded as a facilitator
for a wheelchair user but as a barrier for a blind person.
The first qualifier indicates the extent to which a factor is a facilitator or a barrier. There are
several reasons why an environmental factor may be a facilitator or a barrier, and to what
extent. For facilitators, the coder should keep in mind issues such as the accessibility of a
resource, and whether access is dependable or variable, of good or poor quality, and so on. In
the case of barriers, it might be relevant how often a factor hinders the person, whether the
hindrance is great or small, or avoidable or not. It should also be kept in mind that an
environmental factor can be a barrier either because of its presence (for example, negative
attitudes towards people with disabilities) or its absence (for example, the unavailability of a
needed service). The effects that environmental factors have on the lives of people with health
conditions are varied and complex, and it is hoped that future research will lead to better
understanding of this interaction and, possibly, show the usefulness of a second qualifier for
these factors.
In some instances, a diverse collection of environmental factors is summarized with a single
term, such as poverty, development, rural or urban setting or social capital. These summary
terms are not themselves found in the classification. Rather, the coder should separate the
constituent factors and code these. Once again, further research is required to determine
whether there are clear and consistent sets of environmental factors that make up each of these
summary terms.
First qualifier
The following is the negative and positive scale for the extent to which an environmental
factor acts as a barrier or a facilitator. A point or separator alone denotes a barrier, and the +
sign denotes a facilitator, as indicated below:
xxx.0 NO barrier (none, absent, negligible,…) 0-4 %
xxx.1 MILD barrier (slight, low,…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 MODERATE barrier (medium, fair,...) 25-49 %
xxx.3 SEVERE barrier (high, extreme,…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 COMPLETE barrier (total,…) 96-100 %
xxx+0 NO facilitator (none, absent, negligible,…) 0-4 %
xxx+1 MILD facilitator (slight, low,…) 5-24 %
xxx+2 MODERATE facilitator (medium, fair,...) 25-49 %
xxx+3 SUBSTANTIAL facilitator (high, extreme,...) 50-95 %
xxx+4 COMPLETE facilitator (total,...) 96-100 %
xxx.8 Barrier, not specified
xxx+8 Facilitator, not specified
xxx.9 Not applicable
235
提供廣泛範圍百分比給那些個案，其以可取得之已校正評量儀器或其他標準來量化環境
中阻礙因子或促進因子的程度。例如，當「沒有阻礙因子」或「完全阻礙因子」編碼時，
此量尺的誤差界限可達 5%。而「中度阻礙因子」定義為達到完全阻礙因子量尺的一半。
不同範疇中的百分比要參考人口標準百分位加以校正。為能以一致方式使用此量化，評
量步驟需經由研究來發展。
第二個限定值：將開發。
236
instruments or other standards are available to quantify the extent of the barrier or facilitator
in the environment. For example, when “no barrier” or a “complete barrier” is coded, this
scaling has a margin of error of up to 5%. A “moderate barrier” is defined as up to half of the
scale of a total barrier. The percentages are to be calibrated in different domains with
reference to population standards as percentiles. For this quantification to be used in a
uniform manner, assessment procedures have to be developed through research.
Second qualifier: To be developed.
237
第一章
產品和技術
本章是關於個體周遭環境中所收集、創造、生產或製造的天然或人造產品或產品系統、
設備和技術。ISO 9999 技術輔具分類定義其為「身心障礙者所使用的任何產品、儀器、
設備或技術系統，特別是生產或一般可用於預防、補償、監測、緩和或抵銷」失能。其
承認任何產品或技術都是輔助性(見 ISO 9999：身心障礙者之技術輔具 - 分類(第二版)；
ISO/TC 173/SC 2; ISO/DIS 9999 (修訂版))。然而，為了該環境因素的分類目的，輔助產
品和技術更狹窄地定義為，改善身心障礙者機能的改造或特別設計的任何產品、儀器、
設備或技術。
e110 個人食用的產品或物質
為攝食而收集、加工或製造之任何天然或人造的物品或物質。
納入：食物和藥品
e1100 食物
為食用而收集、加工或製造之任何天然或人造的物品或物質，如生的、加工
和調製的食物及不同濃度的飲料、藥草和礦物質(維生素和其他補充物)。
e1101 藥品
為醫療目的而收集、加工或製造之任何天然或人造的物品或物質，如對抗療
法和自然療法的藥物。
e1108 個人食用的產品或物質，其他特定者
e1109 個人食用的產品或物質，未特定者
e115 個人日常生活使用的產品和技術
人們日常活動中使用的設備、產品和技術，包括那些改造或特殊設計而位於使用
這些者之體內、身上或附近。
納入：個人使用的一般和輔助產品和技術
e1150 個人日常生活使用的一般產品和技術
人們在日常活動中使用的設備、產品和技術，如衣服、紡織品、傢俱、電器、
清潔產品和工具，非改造或特別設計的。
e1151 個人日常生活使用的輔助產品和技術
改造或特殊設計的設備、產品和技術以輔助人們日常生活，如義肢和矯具裝
置、神經義肢(如控制腸道、膀胱、呼吸和心搏率的功能性刺激裝置)、及目
的為促進個體控制其室內設置的環境控制單元(掃描器、遙控系統、聲控系
統、計時器開關)。
e1158 個人日常生活使用的產品和技術，其他特定者
e1159 個人日常生活使用的產品和技術，未特定者
238
Chapter 1
Products and technology
This chapter is about the natural or human-made products or systems of products, equipment
and technology in an individual’s immediate environment that are gathered, created, produced
or manufactured. The ISO 9999 classification of technical aids defines these as “any product,
instrument, equipment or technical system used by a disabled person, especially produced or
generally available, preventing, compensating, monitoring, relieving or neutralizing”
disability. It is recognized that any product or technology can be assistive. (See ISO 9999:
Technical aids for disabled persons - Classification (second version); ISO/ TC 173/SC 2;
ISO/DIS 9999 (rev.).) For the purposes of this classification of environmental factors,
however, assistive products and technology are defined more narrowly as any product,
instrument, equipment or technology adapted or specially designed for improving the
functioning of a disabled person.
e110 Products or substances for personal consumption

Any natural or human-made object or substance gathered, processed or manufactured
for ingestion.
Inclusions: food and drugs
e1100 Food
Any natural or human-made object or substance gathered, processed or
manufactured to be eaten, such as raw, processed and prepared food and liquids
of different consistencies, herbs and minerals (vitamin and other supplements).
e1101 Drugs
Any natural or human-made object or substance gathered, processed or
manufactured for medicinal purposes, such as allopathic and naturopathic
medication.
e1108 Products or substances for personal consumption, other specified
e1109 Products or substances for personal consumption, unspecified
e115 Products and technology for personal use in daily living
Equipment, products and technologies used by people in daily activities, including those
adapted or specially designed, located in, on or near the person using them.
Inclusions: general and assistive products and technology for personal use
e1150 General products and technology for personal use in daily living
Equipment, products and technologies used by people in daily activities, such as
clothes, textiles, furniture, appliances, cleaning products and tools, not adapted
or specially designed.
e1151 Assistive products and technology for personal use in daily living
Adapted or specially designed equipment, products and technologies that assist
people in daily living, such as prosthetic and orthotic devices, neural prostheses
(e.g. functional stimulation devices that control bowels, bladder, breathing and
heart rate), and environmental control units aimed at facilitating individuals’
control over their indoor setting (scanners, remote control systems, voice-
controlled systems, timer switches).
e1158 Products and technology for personal use in daily living, other specified
e1159 Products and technology for personal use in daily living, unspecified
239
e120 個人室內和室外移動及運輸的產品和技術
人們在建築物內外用來移動活動的設備、產品和技術，包括那些改造或特殊設計
而位於使用這些者之體內、身上或附近。
納入：個人室內和室外移動及運輸的一般和輔助產品和技術
e1200 個人室內和室外移動及運輸的一般產品和技術
人們在建築物內外用來移動活動的設備、產品和技術，如人們在陸地、水上
和空中用來運輸的機動和非機動車輛(如公車、汽車、箱型車、其他機動車
輛和獸力運輸工具)，非改造或特殊設計。
e1201 個人室內和室外移動及運輸的輔助產品和技術
改造或特殊設計的設備、產品和技術以輔助人們在建築物內外移動，如步行
裝置、特製汽車和箱型車、改造車輛、輪椅、電動機車和移位裝置。
e1208 個人室內和室外移動及運輸的產品和技術，其他特定者
e1209 個人室內和室外移動及運輸的產品和技術，未特定者
e125 溝通的產品和技術
人們在發送和接收資訊活動中使用的設備、產品和技術，包括那些改造或特殊設
計而位於使用這些者之體內、身上或附近。
納入：溝通的一般和輔助產品和技術
e1250 溝通的一般產品和技術
人們在發送和接收資訊活動中使用的設備、產品和技術，如視覺和聽覺裝
置、收錄音機、電視和錄影設備、電話裝置、聲音傳輸系統和面對面溝通裝
置，非改造或特殊設計者。
e1251 溝通的輔助產品和技術
改造或特殊設計的設備、產品和技術以輔助人們發送和接收資訊，如特製視
覺裝置、電子光學裝置、特製書寫裝置、繪圖或手寫裝置、信號系統及特製
電腦軟體和硬體、人工耳蝸、助聽器、調頻聽力訓練器、嗓音膺復體、溝通
板、眼鏡和隱形眼鏡。
e1258 溝通的產品和技術，其他特定者
e1259 溝通的產品和技術，未特定者
240
e120 Products and technology for personal indoor and outdoor mobility and
transportation
Equipment, products and technologies used by people in activities of moving inside and
outside buildings, including those adapted or specially designed, located in, on or near
the person using them.
Inclusions: general and assistive products and technology for personal indoor and
outdoor mobility and transportation
e1200 General products and technology for personal indoor and outdoor mobility
and transportation
Equipment, products and technologies used by people in activities of moving
inside and outside buildings, such as motorized and non-motorized vehicles used
for the transportation of people over ground, water and air (e.g. buses, cars, vans,
other motor-powered vehicles and animal-powered transporters), not adapted or
specially designed.
e1201 Assistive products and technology for personal indoor and outdoor mobility
and transportation
people to move inside and outside buildings, such as walking devices, special
cars and vans, adaptations to vehicles, wheelchairs, scooters and transfer devices.
transportation, other specified
transportation, unspecified
e125 Products and technology for communication
Equipment, products and technologies used by people in activities of sending and
receiving information, including those adapted or specially designed, located in, on or
near the person using them.
Inclusions: general and assistive products and technology for communication
e1250 General products and technology for communication
Equipment, products and technologies used by people in activities of sending
and receiving information, such as optical and auditory devices, audio recorders
and receivers, television and video equipment, telephone devices, sound
transmission systems and face-to-face communication devices, not adapted or
specially designed.
e1251 Assistive products and technology for communication
people to send and receive information, such as specialized vision devices,
electro-optical devices, specialized writing devices, drawing or handwriting
devices, signalling systems and special computer software and hardware,
cochlear implants, hearing aids, FM auditory trainers, voice prostheses,
communication boards, glasses and contact lenses.
e1258 Products and technology for communication, other specified
e1259 Products and technology for communication, unspecified
241
e130 教育的產品和技術
用於獲得知識、專長或技能的設備、產品、過程、方法和技術，包括那些改造或
特殊設計。
納入：教育的一般和輔助產品和技術
e1300 教育的一般產品和技術
用於獲得不同程度知識、專長或技能的設備、產品、過程、方法和技術，如
書籍、手冊、教育玩具、電腦硬體或軟體，非改造或特殊設計。
e1301 教育的輔助產品和技術
改造或特殊設計的設備、產品、過程、方法和技術用於獲得知識、專長或技
能，如專門電腦技術。
e1308 教育的產品和技術，其他特定者
e1309 教育的產品和技術，未特定者
e135 就業的產品和技術
用於就業以促進工作活動的設備、產品和技術。
納入：就業的一般和輔助產品和技術
e1350 就業的一般產品和技術
用於就業以促進工作活動的設備、產品和技術，如工具、機器和辦公設備，
非改造或特殊設計。
e1351 就業的輔助產品和技術
改造或特殊設計的設備、產品和技術用於就業以促進工作活動，如可調式桌
子、書桌和檔案櫃；遙控辦公室門出入；電腦硬體、軟體、配件與目的在促
進個人施行工作相關任務及目的在控制工作環境的環境控制單元(如掃描
器、遙控系統、聲控系統和計時器開關)。
e1358 就業的產品和技術，其他特定者
e1359 就業的產品和技術，未特定者
e140 文化、娛樂和運動的產品和技術
設備、產品和技術用以施行和增強文化、娛樂和運動活動，包括那些改造或特殊
設計的。
納入：文化、娛樂和運動的一般和輔助產品和技術
e1400 文化、娛樂和運動的一般產品和技術
設備、產品和技術用以施行和增強文化、娛樂和運動活動，如玩具、滑雪、
網球和樂器，非改造或特殊設計。
e1401 文化、娛樂和運動的輔助產品和技術
改造或特殊設計的設備、產品和技術用以施行和增強文化、娛樂和運動活
動，如改良式運動移動裝置、改造為音樂與其他藝術表演。
242
e130 Products and technology for education
Equipment, products, processes, methods and technology used for acquisition of
knowledge, expertise or skill, including those adapted or specially designed.
Inclusions: general and assistive products and technology for education
e1300 General products and technology for education
Equipment, products, processes, methods and technology used for acquisition of
knowledge, expertise or skill at any level, such as books, manuals, educational
toys, computer hardware or software, not adapted or specially designed.
e1301 Assistive products and technology for education
Adapted and specially designed equipment, products, processes, methods and
technology used for acquisition of knowledge, expertise or skill, such as
specialized computer technology.
e1308 Products and technology for education, other specified
e1309 Products and technology for education, unspecified
e135 Products and technology for employment
Equipment, products and technology used for employment to facilitate work activities.
Inclusions: general and assistive products and technology for employment
e1350 General products and technology for employment
Equipment, products and technology used for employment to facilitate work
activities, such as tools, machines and office equipment, not adapted or specially
designed.
e1351 Assistive products and technology for employment
Adapted or specially designed equipment, products and technology used for
employment to facilitate work activities, such as adjustable tables, desks and
filing cabinets; remote control entry and exit of office doors; computer hardware,
software, accessories and environmental control units aimed at facilitating an
individual’s conduct of work-related tasks and aimed at control of the work
environment (e.g. scanners, remote control systems, voice-controlled systems
and timer switches).
e1358 Products and technology for employment, other specified
e1359 Products and technology for employment, unspecified
e140 Products and technology for culture, recreation and sport
Equipment, products and technology used for the conduct and enhancement of cultural,
recreational and sporting activities, including those adapted or specially designed.
Inclusions: general and assistive products and technology for culture, recreation and
sport
e1400 General products and technology for culture, recreation and sport
Equipment, products and technology used for the conduct and enhancement of
cultural, recreational and sporting activities, such as toys, skis, tennis balls and
musical instruments, not adapted or specially designed.
e1401 Assistive products and technology for culture, recreation and sport
Adapted or specially designed equipment, products and technology used for the
conduct and enhancement of cultural, recreational and sporting activities, such as
modified mobility devices for sports, adaptations for musical and other artistic
performance.
243
e1408 文化、娛樂和運動的產品和技術，其他特定者
e1409 文化、娛樂和運動的產品和技術，未特定者
e145 實踐宗教和靈性的產品和技術
實踐宗教和靈性情境中，賦予或呈現象徵性意義之獨特或大量生產的產品和技
術，包括那些改造或特殊設計的。
納入：實踐宗教和靈性的一般和輔助產品和技術
e1450 實踐宗教和靈性的一般產品和技術
實踐宗教和靈性情境中，賦予或呈現象徵性意義之獨特或大量生產的產品和
技術，如靈屋、五朔節花柱、頭飾、面具、十字架、燭臺和禱告墊，非為改
造或特殊設計。
e1451 實踐宗教和靈性的輔助產品和技術
實踐宗教和靈性情境中，賦予或呈現象徵性意義之獨特或大量生產經改造或
特殊設計的產品和技術，如布拉那點字宗教書籍、布拉那點字塔羅紙牌、及
進入寺廟時對輪椅輪子特別保護。
e1458 實踐宗教和靈性的產品和技術，其他特定者
e1459 實踐宗教和靈性的產品和技術，未特定者
e150 公共使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
構成個人室內和室外人造環境的產品和技術，其規劃、設計和建構是為公共使用，
包括那些改造或特殊設計的。
納入：出入口、設施和路徑的設計、建構和建築產品和科技
e1500 出入公共使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
從人造環境出入的產品和技術，其規劃、設計和建構為公共使用，如出入公
共使用建築物(如工作場所、商店和劇場)、公共建築物、可拆式或固定式斜
坡、電動門、門把和門檻的設計、建築和建構。
e1501 進入公共使用建築物內設施的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
公共使用室內設施的設計、建築和建構產品和技術，如洗手間設施、電話、
環繞音響、電梯或升降梯、電扶梯、恆溫器(為溫度調節)、及禮堂或體育場
分散的無障礙座位。
244
e1408 Products and technology for culture, recreation and sport, other specified
e1409 Products and technology for culture, recreation and sport, unspecified
e145 Products and technology for the practice of religion and spirituality
Products and technology, unique or mass-produced, that are given or take on a symbolic
meaning in the context of the practice of religion or spirituality, including those adapted
or specially designed.
Inclusions: general and assistive products and technology for the practice of religion
and spirituality
e1450 General products and technology for the practice of religion or spirituality
Products and technology, unique or mass-produced, that are given or take on a
symbolic meaning in the context of the practice of religion or spirituality, such as
spirit houses, maypoles, headdresses, masks, crucifixes, menorahs and prayer
mats, not adapted or specially designed.
e1451 Assistive products and technology for the practice of religion or spirituality
Adapted or specially designed products and technology that are given, or take on
a symbolic meaning in the context of the practice of religion or spirituality, such
as Braille religious books, Braille tarot cards, and special protection for
wheelchair wheels when entering temples.
e1458 Products and technology for the practice of religion or spirituality, other
specified
e1459 Products and technology for the practice of religion or spirituality,
unspecified
e150 Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for public
use
Products and technology that constitute an individual’s indoor and outdoor human-made
environment that is planned, designed and constructed for public use, including those
adapted or specially designed.
Inclusions: design, construction and building products and technology of entrances and
exits, facilities and routing
e1500 Design, construction and building products and technology for entering and
exiting buildings for public use
Products and technology of entry and exit from the human-made environment
that is planned, designed and constructed for public use, such as design, building
and construction of entries and exits to buildings for public use (e.g. workplaces,
shops and theatres), public buildings, portable and stationary ramps,
power-assisted doors, lever door handles and level door thresholds.
e1501 Design, construction and building products and technology for gaining
access to facilities inside buildings for public use
Products and technology of indoor facilities in design, building and construction
for public use, such as washroom facilities, telephones, audio loops, lifts or
elevators, escalators, thermostats (for temperature regulation) and dispersed
accessible seating in auditoriums or stadiums.
245
e1502 公共使用建築物為尋找路線、小路路徑和目的地地點的設計、建構和建築產
品和技術
公共使用室內和室外的設計、建築和建構產品和技術，以協助人們在建築物
內或外邊附近找到他們的路線並定位他們要去的地方，如布拉那點字或書寫
的招牌、走廊尺寸、地板表面、無障礙電話亭與其他形式指南。
e1508 公共使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術，其他特定者
e1509 公共使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術，未特定者
e155 私人使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
構成個人室內和室外人造環境的產品和技術，其規劃、設計和建造是為私人使用，
包括那些改造或特殊設計的。
納入：出入口、設施和路徑的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
e1550 出入私人使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
從人造環境出入的產品和技術，其規劃、設計和建構是為私人使用，如私人
住家出入口、可拆式和固定式斜坡、電動門、門把和門檻。
e1551 進入私人使用建築物設施的設計、建構和建築產品和技術
私人使用建築物內相關的設計、建築和建構產品和技術，如私人住家的洗手
間設施、電話、環繞音響、廚櫃、電器和電子控制。
e1552 私人使用建築物為尋找路線、小路路徑和目的地地點的設計、建構和建築產
品和技術
為私人使用小路路徑的設計、建築和建構室內和室外產品和技術，以協助人
們在建築物內或外邊附近找到他們的路線並定位他們要去的地方，如布拉那
點字或書寫的標示、走廊尺寸和地板表面。
e1558 私人使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術，其他特定者
e1559 私人使用建築物的設計、建構和建築產品和技術，未特定者
e160 土地開發的產品和技術
土地區域的產品和技術，藉由土地使用政策實施，空間的設計、規劃和開發而其
影響個人室外環境，包括那些改造或特殊設計。
納入：土地使用政策實施所組織的土地區域的產品和技術，如鄉村區域、郊區區
域、城市區域、公園、保護區和野生動物保留區
246
e1502 Design, construction and building products and technology for way finding,
path routing and designation of locations in buildings for public use
Indoor and outdoor products and technology in design, building and construction
for public use to assist people to find their way inside and immediately outside
buildings and locate the places they want to go to, such as signage, in Braille or
writing, size of corridors, floor surfaces, accessible kiosks and other forms of
directories.
e1508 Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for
public use, other specified
public use, unspecified
e155 Design, construction and building products and technology of buildings for private
use
Products and technology that constitute an individual’s indoor and outdoor human-made
environment that is planned, designed and constructed for private use, including those
adapted or specially designed.
Inclusions: design, construction and building products and technology of entrances and
exits, facilities and routing
e1550 Design, construction and building products and technology for entering and
exiting of buildings for private use
Products and technology of entry and exit from the human-made environment
that is planned, designed and constructed for private use, such as entries and
exits to private homes, portable and stationary ramps, power-assisted doors, lever
door handles and level door thresholds.
e1551 Design, construction and building products and technology for gaining
access to facilities in buildings for private use
Products and technology related to design, building and construction inside
buildings for private use, such as washroom facilities, telephones, audio loops,
kitchen cabinets, appliances and electronic controls in private homes.
e1552 Design, construction and building products and technology for way finding,
path routing and designation of locations in buildings for private use
Indoor and outdoor products and technology in the design, building and
construction of path routing, for private use, to assist people to find their way
inside and immediately outside buildings and locate the places they want to go to,
such as signage, in Braille or writing, size of corridors and floor surfaces.
private use, other specified
private use, unspecified
e160 Products and technology of land development
Products and technology of land areas, as they affect an individual’s outdoor
environment through the implementation of land use policies, design, planning and
development of space, including those adapted or specially designed.
Inclusions: products and technology of land areas that have been organized by the
implementation of land use policies, such as rural areas, suburban areas, urban areas,
parks, conservation areas and wildlife reserves
247
e1600 鄉村土地開發的產品和技術
鄉村土地區域的產品和技術，藉由鄉村土地使用政策實施，空間的設計、規
劃和開發而其影響個人室外環境，如農地、人行道和路標。
e1601 郊區土地開發的產品和技術
郊區土地區域的產品和技術，藉由郊區土地使用政策實施，空間的設計、規
劃和開發而其影響個人室外環境，如路邊石切口、人行道、路標和街燈。
e1602 城市土地開發的產品和科術
城市土地區域的產品和技術，藉由城市土地使用政策實施，空間的設計、規
劃和開發而其影響個人室外環境，如路邊石切口、斜坡、路標和街燈。
e1603 公園、保護區和野生動物區的產品和技術
構成公園、保護區和野生動物區之土地區域的產品和技術，藉由土地使用政
策實施，空間的設計、規劃和開發而其影響個人室外環境，如公園標示和野
生動物蹤跡。
e1608 土地開發的產品和技術，其他特定者
e1609 土地開發的產品和技術，未特定者
e165 資產
經濟交換的產品或物品，如金錢、商品、財產及個人擁有或他或她有使用權。
包括：有形和無形的產品和商品，金融資產
e1650 金融資產
產品，如金錢與其他金融工具，其作為勞力、資本商品和服務的交換媒介。
e1651 有形資產
產品或物品，如房屋和土地、衣服、食物及技術商品，其作為勞力、資本商
品和服務的交換媒介。
e1652 無形資產
產品，如智慧財產、知識和技能，其作為勞力、資本商品和服務的交換媒介。
e1658 資產，其他特定者
e1659 資產，非特定者
e198 產品和技術，其他特定者
e199 產品和技術，未特定者
248
e1600 Products and technology of rural land development
Products and technology in rural land areas, as they affect an individual’s
outdoor environment through the implementation of rural land use policies,
design, planning and development of space, such as farm lands, pathways and
signposting.
e1601 Products and technology of suburban land development
Products and technology in suburban land areas, as they affect an individual’s
outdoor environment through the implementation of suburban land use policies,
design, planning and development of space, such as kerb cuts, pathways,
signposting and street lighting.
e1602 Products and technology of urban land development
Products and technology in urban land areas as they affect an individual’s
outdoor environment through the implementation of urban land use policies,
design, planning and development of space, such as kerb cuts, ramps,
signposting and street lighting.
e1603 Products and technology of parks, conservation and wildlife areas
Products and technology in land areas making up parks, conservation and
wildlife areas, as they affect an individual’s outdoor environment through the
implementation of land use policies and design, planning and development of
space, such as park signage and wildlife trails.
e1608 Products and technology of land development, other specified
e1609 Products and technology of land development, unspecified
e165 Assets
Products or objects of economic exchange such as money, goods, property and other
valuables that an individual owns or of which he or she has rights of use.
Inclusions: tangible and intangible products and goods, financial assets
e1650 Financial assets
Products, such as money and other financial instruments, which serve as a
medium of exchange for labour, capital goods and services.
e1651 Tangible assets
Products or objects, such as houses and land, clothing, food and technical goods,
which serve as a medium of exchange for labour, capital goods and services.
e1652 Intangible assets
Products, such as intellectual property, knowledge and skills, which serve as a
medium of exchange for labour, capital goods and services.
e1658 Assets, other specified
e1659 Assets, unspecified
e198 Products and technology, other specified
e199 Products and technology, unspecified
249
第二章
天然環境及環境的人為改變
本章是關於天然或自然環境中有生命和無生命元素，及經人們改良的環境要素，與環境
中人口特徵。
e210 自然地理
地形和水域的外貌。
納入：包括山嶽(土地起伏、品質和廣闊及地形，包括高度)和水文(水域如湖、河、
海)在內的地理特色
e2100 地形
地形的外貌，如山、丘陵、山谷和平原。
e2101 水域
水域的外貌，如湖、水壩、河和溪。
e2108 自然地理，其他特定者
e2109 自然地理，未特定者
e215 人口
生活在特定環境的人群，共有相同類型的環境適應。
納入：人口變遷；人口密度
e2150 人口變遷
人群中發生的改變，如由於人口出生、死亡、老化和遷移引起某區域個體總
數的組成和變異。
e2151 人口密度
單位土地面積的人口數，包括特色如高和低密度。
e2158 人口，其他特定者
e2159 人口，未特定者
e220 植物群和動物群
植物和動物。
排除：家畜(e350)；人口(e215)
e2200 植物
植物界中任何各體能行光合作用、真核、多細胞的有機體，特徵為能產生胚
胎、含有葉綠體、有纖維素細胞壁、且缺乏移行能力，如樹、花、灌木和藤
本植物。
e2201 動物
動物界的多細胞有機體，在某些典型特徵異於植物如移行能力、非光合作用
代謝、對刺激顯著的反應、生長受限、和固定的身體結構，如野生或家養動
物、爬蟲類、鳥類、魚類和哺乳類。
排除：資產(e165)；家畜(e350)
250
Chapter 2
Natural environment and human-made changes to environment
This chapter is about animate and inanimate elements of the natural or physical environment,
and components of that environment that have been modified by people, as well as
characteristics of human populations within that environment.
e210 Physical geography

Features of land forms and bodies of water.
Inclusions: features of geography included within orography (relief, quality and expanse
of land and land forms, including altitude) and hydrography (bodies of water such as
lakes, rivers, sea)
e2100 Land forms
Features of land forms, such as mountains, hills, valleys and plains.
e2101 Bodies of water
Features of bodies of water, such as lakes, dams, rivers and streams.
e2108 Physical geography, other specified
e2109 Physical geography, unspecified
e215 Population
Groups of people living in a given environment who share the same pattern of
environmental adaptation.
Inclusions: demographic change; population density
e2150 Demographic change
Changes occurring within groups of people, such as the composition and
variation in the total number of individuals in an area caused by birth, death,
ageing of a population and migration.
e2151 Population density
Number of people per unit of land area, including features such as high and low
density.
e2158 Population, other specified
e2159 Population, unspecified
e220 Flora and fauna
Plants and animals.
Exclusions: domesticated animals (e350); population (e215)
e2200 Plants
Any of various photosynthetic, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms of the
kingdom Plantae characteristically producing embryos, containing chloroplasts,
having cellulose cell walls, and lacking the power of locomotion, such as trees,
flowers, shrubs and vines.
e2201 Animals
Multicellular organisms of the kingdom Animalia, differing from plants in
certain typical characteristics such as capacity for locomotion,
non-photosynthetic metabolism, pronounced response to stimuli, restricted
growth, and fixed bodily structure, such as wild or farm animals, reptiles, birds,
fish and mammals.
Exclusions: assets (e165); domesticated animals (e350)
251
e2208 植物群和動物群，其他特定者
e2209 植物群和動物群，未特定者
e225 氣候
氣象學特色和事件，如天氣。
納入：溫度、濕度、大氣壓、降雨、風和季節變化
e2250 溫度
熱或冷的程度，如高和低溫，正常或極端溫度。
e2251 濕度
空氣中溼氣的程度，如高或低濕度。
e2252 大氣壓
周圍空氣的壓力，如與海拔高度或氣象狀況相關的壓力。
e2253 降雨
水分落下，如雨、露、雪、霓和雹。
e2254 風
空氣多少有些快速地天然移動，如微風、大風或強風。
e2255 季節變化
從一季到下一季之天然的、規律的且可預測的改變，如夏、秋、冬和春。
e2258 氣候，其他特定者
e2259 氣候，未特定者
e230 天然事件
對個體自然環境引起崩解的規律或不規律發生的地理和大氣改變，如地震及嚴重
或激烈的天氣狀況，如龍捲風、颶風、颱風、洪水、森林火災和冰暴。
e235 人為事件
人類所造成天然環境的交變或擾亂，其可能引起人們日常生活的崩解，包括與衝
突和戰爭連結的事件或狀況，如人口遷移，社會基礎建設、房屋和土地的破壞，
環境災害及土地、水或空氣污染(如毒物溢漏)。
e240 光
藉陽光或人造光使東西可被看見的電磁輻射(如蠟燭、油或石蠟燈、火和電)，其可
提供關於世界有用的或分心的資訊。
納入：光強度、光品質、彩色對比
e2400 光強度
從天然(如太陽)或人造光源所放射能量的程度或總量。
252
e2208 Fauna and flora, other specified
e2209 Fauna and flora, unspecified
e225 Climate
Meteorological features and events, such as the weather.
Inclusions: temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, wind and
seasonal variations
e2250 Temperature
Degree of heat or cold, such as high and low temperature, normal or extreme
temperature.
e2251 Humidity
Level of moisture in the air, such as high or low humidity.
e2252 Atmospheric pressure
Pressure of the surrounding air, such as pressure related to height above sea level
or meteorological conditions.
e2253 Precipitation
Falling of moisture, such as rain, dew, snow, sleet and hail.
e2254 Wind
Air in more or less rapid natural motion, such as a breeze, gale or gust.
e2255 Seasonal variation
Natural, regular and predictable changes from one season to the next, such as
summer, autumn, winter and spring.
e2258 Climate, other specified
e2259 Climate, unspecified
e230 Natural events
Geographic and atmospheric changes that cause disruption in an individual’s physical
environment, occurring regularly or irregularly, such as earthquakes and severe or
violent weather conditions, e.g. tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons, floods, forest fires and
ice-storms.
e235 Human-caused events
Alterations or disturbances in the natural environment, caused by humans, that may
result in the disruption of people’s day-to-day lives, including events or conditions
linked to conflict and wars, such as the displacement of people, destruction of social
infrastructure, homes and lands, environmental disasters and land, water or air pollution
(e.g. toxic spills).
e240 Light
Electromagnetic radiation by which things are made visible by either sunlight or
artificial lighting (e.g. candles, oil or paraffin lamps, fires and electricity), and which
may provide useful or distracting information about the world.
Inclusions: light intensity; light quality; colour contrasts
e2400 Light intensity
Level or amount of energy being emitted by either a natural (e.g. sun) or an
artificial source of light.
253
e2401 光品質
所提供光的性質與視覺環境中產生相關的彩色對比，其可提供關於世界的有
用的資訊(如樓梯或門存在的視覺資訊)或分心(如太多視覺意像)。
e2408 光，其他特定者
e2409 光，未特定者
e245 時間相關的改變
天然的、規律的或可預測的時間改變。
納入：晝/夜和月週期
e2450 晝/夜週期
天然的、規律的和可預測的從白天到夜晚並往回白天的改變，如白天、夜晚、
黎明、和黃昏。
e2451 月週期
月亮位置相對於地球之天然的、規律的和可預測的改變。
e2458 時間相關的改變，其他特定者
e2459 時間相關的改變，未特定者
e250 聲音
可被或可能聽見的現象，如以任何音量、音色或聲調發出的轟然聲、鈴聲、重捶
聲、歌聲、口哨聲、吶喊聲或嗡嗡聲，其可提供關於世界有用的或分心的資訊。
納入：聲音強度；聲音品質
e2500 聲音強度
由發生的能量總量決定聽覺現象的程度或音量，其高能量可感知為大聲，而
低能量為柔聲。
e2501 聲音品質
由聲音的波長和波型所決定的聲音性質，而被感知為音色和聲調，如刺耳或
悅耳，其可提供關於世界有用資訊(如狗吠相對貓叫聲)或分心(如背景噪音)。
e2508 聲音，其他特定者
e2508 聲音，未特定者
e255 振動
由物理干擾引起之物品或個體規律或不規律的來回運動，如由小或大設備、航空
器和爆炸引起東西、建築物或人們的搖動、顫動、快速急動。
納入：天然事件(e230)，如由地震引起地面振動或搖動
e260 空氣品質
大氣(建築物外)或封閉區域空氣(建築物內)的特徵，其可提供關於世界有用的或分
心的資訊。
納入：室內和室外空氣品質
254
e2401 Light quality
The nature of the light being provided and related colour contrasts created in the
visual surroundings, and which may provide useful information about the world
(e.g. visual information on the presence of stairs or a door) or distractions (e.g.
too many visual images).
e2408 Light, other specified
e2409 Light, unspecified
e245 Time-related changes
Natural, regular or predictable temporal change.
Inclusions: day/night and lunar cycles
e2450 Day/night cycles
Natural, regular and predictable changes from day through to night and back to
day, such as day, night, dawn and dusk.
e2451 Lunar cycles
Natural, regular and predictable changes of the moon’s position in relation to the
earth.
e2458 Time-related changes, other specified
e2459 Time-related changes, unspecified
e250 Sound
A phenomenon that is or may be heard, such as banging, ringing, thumping, singing,
whistling, yelling or buzzing, in any volume, timbre or tone, and that may provide
useful or distracting information about the world.
Inclusions: sound intensity; sound quality
e2500 Sound intensity
Level or volume of auditory phenomenon determined by the amount of energy
being generated, where high energy levels are perceived as loud sounds and low
energy levels as soft sounds.
e2501 Sound quality
Nature of a sound as determined by the wavelength and wave pattern of the
sound and perceived as the timbre and tone, such as harshness or melodiousness,
and which may provide useful information about the world (e.g. sound of dog
barking versus a cat miaowing) or distractions (e.g. background noise).
e2508 Sound, other specified
e2509 Sound, unspecified
e255 Vibration
Regular or irregular to and fro motion of an object or an individual caused by a physical
disturbance, such as shaking, quivering, quick jerky movements of things, buildings or
people caused by small or large equipment, aircraft and explosions.
Exclusion: natural events (e230), such as vibration or shaking of the earth caused by
earthquakes
e260 Air quality
Characteristics of the atmosphere (outside buildings) or enclosed areas of air (inside
buildings), and which may provide useful or distracting information about the world.
Inclusions: indoor and outdoor air quality
255
e2600 室內空氣品質
建築物或封閉區域內空氣的性質，此由氣味、煙霧、濕度、空調(控制的空
氣品質)或不可控制的空氣品質所決定，其可提供關於世界有用的資訊(如瓦
斯漏氣的味道)或分心(如難以忍受的香水味)。
e2601 室外空氣品質
建築物或封閉區域外空氣的性質，此由氣味、煙霧、濕度、臭氧濃度、和其
他的大氣特色所決定，其可提供關於世界有用的資訊(如雨的味道)或分心(如
有毒味道)。
e2608 空氣品質，其他特定者
e2609 空氣品質，未特定者
e298 天然環境及環境的人為改變，其他特定者
e299 天然環境及環境的人為改變，未特定者
256
e2600 Indoor air quality
Nature of the air inside buildings or enclosed areas, as determined by odour,
smoke, humidity, air conditioning (controlled air quality) or uncontrolled air
quality, and which may provide useful information about the world (e.g. smell of
leaking gas) or distractions (e.g. overpowering smell of perfume).
e2601 Outdoor air quality
Nature of the air outside buildings or enclosed areas, as determined by odour,
smoke, humidity, ozone levels, and other features of the atmosphere, and which
may provide useful information about the world (e.g. smell of rain) or
distractions (e.g. toxic smells).
e2608 Air quality, other specified
e2609 Air quality, unspecified
e298 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment, other specified
e299 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment, unspecified
257
第三章
支持和關係
本章是關於人們或動物在其住家、工作場所、學校或遊戲中或其日常活動其他方面，對
其他人提供實際的身體或情緒支持、養育、保護、協助和關係。本章不涵括個人的態度
或提供支持的人們。所描述的環境因素不是個人或動物，而是個人或動物所提供身體或
情緒的支持量。
e310 直系親屬
藉出生、結婚或被文化承認為直系親屬其他關係有關的個體，如配偶、伴侶、父
母、手足、子女、撫養人、養父母和祖父母。
排除：大家庭(e315)；個人照顧者和個人助理(e340)
e315 大家庭
透過家庭、婚姻或被文化承認為大家庭其他關係有關的個體，如姑嬸、叔伯、外
甥和侄女。
排除：直系親屬(e310)
e320 朋友
親近且以信任和相互支持為特徵關係之持續參與者的個體。
e325 熟人、同儕、同事、鄰居、和社區成員
彼此熟悉的個體，如在工作、學校、娛樂或其他生活方面處境的熟人、同儕、同
事、鄰居、和社區成員，且其共有人口學特色，如年齡、性別、宗教教義或種族
或追求共同興趣。
排除：社團和組織的服務(e5550)
e330 上司
對他人有作決策職責及基於其在社會中的社會、經濟、文化或宗教角色，擁有社
會明確影響力或權力的個體，如教師、雇主、指導者、宗教領袖、決策代理人、
監護人或受託管理人。
e335 下屬
在工作、學校或其他環境中，其日常生活受上司影響的個體，如學生、工人和宗
教團體成員。
排除：直系親屬(e310)
258
Chapter 3
Support and relationships
This chapter is about people or animals that provide practical physical or emotional support,
nurturing, protection, assistance and relationships to other persons, in their home, place of
work, school or at play or in other aspects of their daily activities. The chapter does not
encompass the attitudes of the person or people that are providing the support. The
environmental factor being described is not the person or animal, but the amount of physical
and emotional support the person or animal provides.
e310 Immediate family

Individuals related by birth, marriage or other relationship recognized by the culture as
immediate family, such as spouses, partners, parents, siblings, children, foster parents,
adoptive parents and grandparents.
Exclusions: extended family (e315); personal care providers and personal
assistants(e340)
e315 Extended family
Individuals related through family or marriage or other relationships recognized by the
culture as extended family, such as aunts, uncles, nephews and nieces.
Exclusion: immediate family (e310)
e320 Friends
Individuals who are close and ongoing participants in relationships characterized by
trust and mutual support.
e325 Acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours and community members
Individuals who are familiar to each other as acquaintances, peers, colleagues,
neighbours, and community members, in situations of work, school, recreation, or other
aspects of life, and who share demographic features such as age, gender, religious creed
or ethnicity or pursue common interests.
Exclusions: associations and organizational services (e5550)
e330 People in positions of authority
Individuals who have decision-making responsibilities for others and who have socially
defined influence or power based on their social, economic, cultural or religious roles in
society, such as teachers, employers, supervisors, religious leaders, substitute
decision-makers, guardians or trustees.
e335 People in subordinate positions
Individuals whose day-to-day life is influenced by people in positions of authority in
work, school or other settings, such as students, workers and members of a religious
group.
Exclusion: immediate family (e310)
259
e340 個人照顧者和個人助理
透過公共或私人基金的提供，或其他基於志願，支持個體在其日常活動及維持在
工作、教育或其他生活處境表現所需而提供服務的個體，如支持家務及維持的提
供者、個人助理、運輸助理、付費服務、褓母和具初級看護者功能的他人。
排除：直系親屬(e310)；大家庭(e315)；朋友(e320)；一般社會支持的服務(e5750)；
健康專家(e355)
e345 陌生人
不熟悉且不相關、或尚未建立關係或聯結的的個體，包括個體不認識但與他們共
有生活處境的個人，如代課老師、同事或照顧提供者。
e350 家畜
提供身體、情緒、或心理支持的動物，如寵物(狗、貓、鳥、魚等)及個人移動和運
輸的動物。
排除：動物(e2201)；資產(e165)
e355 健康專家
在健康系統情境中工作的所有服務提供者，如醫師、護理師、物理治療師、職能
治療師、語言治療師、聽力師、義肢矯具師、醫療社會工作師。
排除：其他專家(e360)
e360 其他專家
在健康系統外工作的所有服務提供者，包括社會工作師、律師、教師、建築師和
設計師。
排除：健康專家(e355)
e398 支持和關係，其他特定者
e399 支持和關係，未特定者
260
e340 Personal care providers and personal assistants
Individuals who provide services as required to support individuals in their daily
activities and maintenance of performance at work, education or other life situation,
provided either through public or private funds, or else on a voluntary basis, such as
providers of support for home-making and maintenance, personal assistants, transport
assistants, paid help, nannies and others who function as primary caregivers.
Exclusions: immediate family (e310); extended family (e315); friends (e320); general
social support services (e5750); health professionals (e355)
e345 Strangers
Individuals who are unfamiliar and unrelated, or those who have not yet established a
relationship or association, including persons unknown to the individual but who are
sharing a life situation with them, such as substitute teachers, co-workers or care
providers.
e350 Domesticated animals
Animals that provide physical, emotional, or psychological support, such as pets (dogs,
cats, birds, fish, etc.) and animals for personal mobility and transportation.
Exclusions: animals (e2201); assets (e165)
e355 Health professionals
All service providers working within the context of the health system, such as doctors,
nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, audiologists,
orthotist-prosthetists, medical social workers.
Exclusion: other professionals (e360)
e360 Other professionals
All service providers working outside the health system, including social workers,
lawyers, teachers, architects, and designers.
Exclusion: health professionals (e355)
e398 Support and relationships, other specified
e399 Support and relationships, unspecified
261
第四章
態度
本章是關於習慣、實務、理念、價值、規範、真實信仰和宗教信仰可觀察結果的態度。
這些態度影響個體在所有層級的行為和社交生活，從人際關係和社區社團到政治、經濟
和法律結構；例如關於個人可信任及作為人類價值的個體或社會態度，可激發正面的、
尊敬的實務或負面的和歧視的實務(如污辱、成見、和排斥或輕視某人)。所分類的態度
是其處境所描述的個人以外人們的，而不是個人自身的態度。個人態度是依據環境因素
第三章表列的各種關係來分類。價值和信念並未在態度外分別編碼，因其被認為是在態
度之後的驅動力。
e410 直系親屬成員個人態度
直系親屬成員對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定的意見和
信念，其將影響個人的行為和行動。
e415 大家庭成員個人態度
大家庭成員對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定的意見和信
念，其將影響個人的行為和行動。
e420 朋友個人態度
朋友對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定的意見和信念，其
將影響個人的行為和行動。
e425 熟人、同儕、同事、鄰居和社區成員個人態度
熟人、同儕、同事、鄰居和社區成員對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議
題)一般或特定的意見和信念，其將影響個人的行為和行動。
e430 上司個人態度
上司對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定的意見和信念，其
e435 下屬個人態度
下屬對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定的意見和信念，其
e440 個人照顧者或個人助理個人態度
個人照顧者或個人助理對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定
的意見和信念，其將影響個人的行為和行動。
262
Chapter 4
Attitudes
This chapter is about the attitudes that are the observable consequences of customs, practices,
ideologies, values, norms, factual beliefs and religious beliefs. These attitudes influence
individual behaviour and social life at all levels, from interpersonal relationships and
community associations to political, economic and legal structures; for example, individual or
societal attitudes about a person’s trustworthiness and value as a human being may motivate
positive, honorific practices or negative and discriminatory practices (e.g. stigmatizing,
stereotyping and marginalizing or neglect of the person). The attitudes classified are those of
people external to the person whose situation is being described. They are not those of the
person themselves. The individual attitudes are categorized according to the kinds of
relationships listed in Environmental Factors Chapter 3. Values and beliefs are not coded
separately from attitudes as they are assumed to be the driving forces behind the attitudes.
e410 Individual attitudes of immediate family members

General or specific opinions and beliefs of immediate family members about the person
or about other matters (e.g. social, political and economic issues), that influence
individual behaviour and actions.
e415 Individual attitudes of extended family members
General or specific opinions and beliefs of extended family members about the person
or about other matters (e.g. social, political and economic issues), that influence
e420 Individual attitudes of friends
General or specific opinions and beliefs of friends about the person or about other
matters (e.g. social, political and economic issues), that influence individual behaviour
and actions.
e425 Individual attitudes of acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours and
community members
General or specific opinions and beliefs of acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbours
and community members about the person or about other matters (e.g. social, political
and economic issues), that influence individual behaviour and actions.
e430 Individual attitudes of people in positions of authority
General or specific opinions and beliefs of people in positions of authority about the
person or about other matters (e.g. social, political and economic issues), that influence
e435 Individual attitudes of people in subordinate positions
General or specific opinions and beliefs of people in subordinate positions about the
person or about other matters (e.g. social, political and economic issues), that influence
e440 Individual attitudes of personal care providers and personal assistants
General or specific opinions and beliefs of personal care providers and personal
assistants about the person or about other matters (e.g. social, political and economic
issues), that influence individual behaviour and actions.
263
e445 陌生人個人態度
陌生人對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定的意見和信念，
其將影響個人的行為和行動。
e450 健康專家個人態度
健康專家對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定的意見和信
念，其將影響個人的行為和行動。
e455 其他專家個人態度
健康相關與其他專家對人們或對其他事情(如社會、政治和經濟議題)一般或特定的
意見和信念，其將影響個人的行為和行動。
e460 社會態度
文化、社會、次文化或其他社會團體的人對其他個人或對其他社會、政治和經濟
議題通常抱持的一般或特定意見和信念，其將影響團體和個人的行為和行動。
e465 社會規範、實務和理念
習慣、實務、規則及價值和規範信仰(如理念、規範世界觀和道德哲學)的抽象系統，
其在社會情境中出現且影響或產生社會和個人的實務和行為，如道德和宗教行為
或禮儀的社會規範；宗教教義及其導致的規範和實務；治理儀式或社會集會的規
範。
e498 態度，其他特定者
e499 態度，未特定者
264
e445 Individual attitudes of strangers
General or specific opinions and beliefs of strangers about the person or about other
matters (e.g. social, political and economic issues), that influence individual behaviour
and actions.
e450 Individual attitudes of health professionals
General or specific opinions and beliefs of health professionals about the person or
about other matters (e.g. social, political and economic issues), that influence individual
behaviour and actions.
e455 Individual attitudes of other professionals
General or specific opinions and beliefs of health-related and other professionals about
the person or about other matters (e.g. social, political and economic issues), that
influence individual behaviour and actions.
e460 Societal attitudes
General or specific opinions and beliefs generally held by people of a culture, society,
subcultural or other social group about other individuals or about other social, political
and economic issues, that influence group or individual behaviour and actions.
e465 Social norms, practices and ideologies
Customs, practices, rules and abstract systems of values and normative beliefs (e.g.
ideologies, normative world views and moral philosophies) that arise within social
contexts and that affect or create societal and individual practices and behaviours, such
as social norms of moral and religious behaviour or etiquette; religious doctrine and
resulting norms and practices; norms governing rituals or social gatherings.
e498 Attitudes, other specified
e499 Attitudes, unspecified
265
第五章
服務、制度和政策
本章是關於：
1.服務係社會不同部門提供利益、結構性方案和運作，其設計為符合個人需要(包括提供
這些之人的服務)。服務可以是公共的、私人的或自願的，且可以是由個人、社團、組
織、機構或政府建立之地方、社區、區域、州、省、國家或國際層級。這些服務所提
供的商品可以是一般性或經改造和特殊設計的。
2.制度係行政管理和組織機制，由地方、區域、國家、和國際層級的政府或由其他認可
主管機關所建立。這些制度設計來組織、管理和監督社會不同部門所提供利益、結構
性方案和運作的服務。
3.政策係由地方、區域、國家、和國際層級的政府或由其他認可主管機關建立的規則、
法令、公約和標準所構成。政策治理和規範制度以組織、管理和監督社會不同部門的
服務、結構性方案和運作。
e510 消費品生產的服務、制度和政策
服務、制度和政策以治理和提供人們消費或使用之物品和產品的生產。
e5100 消費品生產的服務
消費品和產品之收集、創造、生產和製造的服務和方案，如用於移動、通訊、
教育、運輸、就業和家務的產品和科技，包括那些提供這些服務者。
排除：教育和訓練的服務(e5850)；通訊的服務(e5350)；第一章
e5101 消費品生產的制度
治理消費品和產品之收集、創造、生產和製造的行政管理和監督機制，如制
定標準的區域、國家或國際組織(如國際標準組織)及消費者團體。
e5102 消費品生產的政策
消費品和產品之收集、創造、生產和製造的立法、法令和標準，如採納那一
標準。
e5108 消費品生產的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5109 消費品生產的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e515 建築和建構的服務、制度和政策
公共和私人建築物之設計和建構的服務、制度和政策。
排除：開放空間規劃的服務、制度和政策(e520)
266
Chapter 5
Services, systems and policies
This chapter is about:
1. Services that provide benefits, structured programmes and operations, in various sectors of
society, designed to meet the needs of individuals. (Included in services are the people who
provide them.) Services may be public, private or voluntary, and may be established at a
local, community, regional, state, provincial, national or international level by individuals,
associations, organizations, agencies or governments. The goods provided by these services
may be general or adapted and specially designed.
2. Systems that are administrative control and organizational mechanisms, and are established
by governments at the local, regional, national, and international levels, or by other
recognized authorities. These systems are designed to organize, control and monitor
services that provide benefits, structured programmes and operations in various sectors of
society.
3. Policies constituted by rules, regulations, conventions and standards established by
governments at the local, regional, national, and international levels, or by other recognized
authorities. Policies govern and regulate the systems that organize, control and monitor
services, structured programmes and operations in various sectors of society.
e510 Services, systems and policies for the production of consumer goods
Services, systems and policies that govern and provide for the production of objects and
products consumed or used by people.
e5100 Services for the production of consumer goods
Services and programmes for the collection, creation, production and
manufacturing of consumer goods and products, such as for products and
technology used for mobility, communication, education, transportation,
employment and housework, including those who provide these services.
Exclusions: education and training services (e5850); communication
services(e5350); Chapter 1
e5101 Systems for the production of consumer goods
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms, such as regional, national or
international organizations that set standards (e.g. International Organization for
Standardization) and consumer bodies, that govern the collection, creation,
production and manufacturing of consumer goods and products.
e5102 Policies for the production of consumer goods
Legislation, regulations and standards for the collection, creation, production and
manufacturing of consumer goods and products, such as which standards to
adopt.
e5108 Services, systems and policies for the production of consumer goods, other
specified.
e5109 Services, systems and policies for the production of consumer goods,
unspecified
e515 Architecture and construction services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for the design and construction of buildings, public and
private.
Exclusion: open space planning services, systems and policies (e520)
267
e5150 建築和建構的服務
住宅、商用、工業和公共建築物之設計、建構和維修的服務和方案，如房屋
建築、設計原則作業化、建築法規、法令和標準，包括那些提供這些服務者。
e5151 建築和建構的制度
治理住宅、商用、工業和公共建築物之規劃、設計、建構和維修的行政管理
和監督機制，如實施和監督建築法規、建構標準、及火災和生命安全標準。
e5152 建築和建構的政策
治理住宅、商用、工業和公共建築物之規劃、設計、建構和維修的立法、法
令和標準，如建築法規、建構標準、及火災和生命安全標準的政策。
e5158 建築和建構的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5159 建築和建構的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e520 開放空間規劃的服務、制度和政策
公共土地(如公園、森林、海岸線、濕地)及鄉村、郊區和城市情境中私人土地之規
劃、設計、開發和維修的服務、制度和政策。
排除：建築和建構的服務、制度和政策(e515)
e5200 開放空間規劃的服務
以規劃、創造和維修城市、郊區、鄉村、娛樂、保留和環境空間、集會和商
業開放空間(廣場、露天市場)及有意使用之行人和車輛運輸路線為目的的服
務和方案，包括那些提供這些服務者。
排除：公共(e150)和私人(e155)使用的設計、建築和建構的產品；土地開發
的產品(e160)
e5201 開放空間規劃的制度
治理開放空間，包括鄉村、郊區和城市土地、公園、保護區和野生動物保留
區，的規劃、設計、開發和維修的行政管理和監督機制，如為地方、區域或
國家規劃法案、設計規範、傳統或保留政策和環境規劃政策的實施。
e5202 開放空間規劃的政策
治理開放空間，包括鄉村土地、郊區土地和城市土地、公園、保護區和野生
動物保留區，的規劃、設計、開發和維修的立法、法令和標準，如地方、區
域或國家性規劃法案、設計規範、傳統或保護政策、和環境規劃政策。
e5208 開放空間規劃的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5209 開放空間規劃的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e525 住宅的服務、制度和政策
為人們提供庇護所、住所或寄宿的服務、制度和政策。
268
e5150 Architecture and construction services
Services and programmes for design, construction and maintenance of residential,
commercial, industrial and public buildings, such as house-building, the
operationalization of design principles, building codes, regulations and standards,
including those who provide these services.
e5151 Architecture and construction systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the planning,
design, construction and maintenance of residential, commercial, industrial and
public buildings, such as for implementing and monitoring building codes,
construction standards, and fire and life safety standards.
e5152 Architecture and construction policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the planning, design,
construction and maintenance of residential, commercial, industrial and public
buildings, such as policies on building codes, construction standards, and fire
and life safety standards.
e5158 Architecture and construction services, systems and policies, other specified
e5159 Architecture and construction services, systems and policies, unspecified
e520 Open space planning services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for the planning, design, development and maintenance
of public lands, (e.g. parks, forests, shorelines, wetlands) and private lands in the rural,
suburban and urban context.
Exclusion: architecture and construction services, systems and policies (e515)
e5200 Open space planning services
Services and programmes aimed at planning, creating and maintaining urban,
suburban, rural, recreational, conservation and environmental space, meeting and
commercial open spaces (plazas, open-air markets) and pedestrian and vehicular
transportation routes for intended uses, including those who provide these
services.
Exclusions: products for design, building and construction for public (e150) and
private (e155) use; products of land development (e160)
e5201 Open space planning systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms, such as for the
implementation of local, regional or national planning acts, design codes,
heritage or conservation policies and environmental planning policy, that govern
the planning, design, development and maintenance of open space, including
rural, suburban and urban land, parks, conservation areas and wildlife reserves.
e5202 Open space planning policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the planning, design,
development and maintenance of open space, including rural land, suburban land,
urban land, parks, conservation areas and wildlife reserves, such as local,
regional or national planning acts, design codes, heritage or conservation policies,
and environmental planning policies.
e5208 Open space planning services, systems and policies, other specified
e5209 Open space planning services, systems and policies, unspecified
e525 Housing services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for the provision of shelters, dwellings or lodging for
people.
269
e5250 住宅的服務
以找尋、提供和維修房屋或庇護所以供人們居住為目的的服務和方案，如房
地產經紀人、住宅組織、給無家人們的庇護所，包括那些提供這些服務者。
e5251 住宅的制度
治理人們住宅或庇護所的行政管理和監督機制，如實施和監督住宅政策的制
度。
e5252 住宅的政策
治理人們住宅或庇護所的立法、法令和標準，如決定住宅或庇護所之資格的
立法和政策，關於政府涉及開發和維修住宅的政策，及關於如何和何處開發
住宅的政策。
e5258 住宅的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5259 住宅的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e530 公用事業的服務、制度和政策
公共提供公用事業的服務、制度和政策，如自來水、燃料、電力、衛生、公共運
輸和必要服務。
排除：公民保護的服務、制度和政策(e545)
e5300 公用事業的服務
為住宅和商業消費者供應就整個人口來看的必要能源(如燃料和電力)、衛
生、自來水與其他必要服務(如緊急修理服務)的服務和方案，包括那些提供
這些服務者。
e5301 公用事業的制度
治理公用事業服務所提供的行政管理和監督機制，如健康和安全委員會及消
費者協會。
e5302 公用事業的政策
治理公用事業服務所提供的立法、法令和標準，如治理自來水和燃料輸送和
供應、社區衛生實務、及在短缺或天然災害期間其他必要服務和供應政策的
健康和安全標準。
e5308 公用事業的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5309 公用事業的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e535 通訊的服務、制度和政策
資訊傳輸和交換的服務、制度和政策。
e5350 通訊的服務
以各種方法，如電話、傳真、平信和航空信、電子郵件與其他電腦化系統(如
電話轉接、電傳打字、視訊、和網路服務)，傳輸資訊為目的的服務和方案，，
包括那些提供這些服務者。
排除：媒體服務(e5600)
270
e5250 Housing services
Services and programmes aimed at locating, providing and maintaining houses
or shelters for persons to live in, such as estate agencies, housing organizations,
shelters for homeless people, including those who provide these services.
e5251 Housing systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern housing or
sheltering of people, such as systems for implementing and monitoring housing
policies.
e5252 Housing policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern housing or sheltering of
people, such as legislation and policies for determination of eligibility for
housing or shelter, policies concerning government involvement in developing
and maintaining housing, and policies concerning how and where housing is
developed.
e5258 Housing services, systems and policies, other specified
e5259 Housing services, systems and policies, unspecified
e530 Utilities services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for publicly provided utilities, such as water, fuel,
electricity, sanitation, public transportation and essential services.
Exclusion: civil protection services, systems and policies (e545)
e5300 Utilities services
Services and programmes supplying the population as a whole with essential
energy (e.g. fuel and electricity), sanitation, water and other essential services
(e.g. emergency repair services) for residential and commercial consumers,
including those who provide these services.
e5301 Utilities systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the provision of
utilities services, such as health and safety boards and consumer councils.
e5302 Utilities policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the provision of utilities
services, such as health and safety standards governing delivery and supply of
water and fuel, sanitation practices in communities, and policies for other
essential services and supply during shortages or natural disasters.
e5308 Utilities services, systems and policies, other specified
e5309 Utilities services, systems and policies, unspecified
e535 Communication services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for the transmission and exchange of information.
e5350 Communication services
Services and programmes aimed at transmitting information by a variety of
methods such as telephone, fax, surface and air mail, electronic mail and other
computer-based systems (e.g. telephone relay, teletype, teletext, and internet
services), including those who provide these services.
Exclusion: media services (e5600)
271
e5351 通訊的制度
治理以各種方法，包括電話、傳真、平信和航空信、電子郵件與其他電腦化
系統，傳輸資訊的行政管理和監督機制，如電信管理機關與其他類似機構。
e5352 通訊的政策
治理以各種方法，包括電話、傳真、郵局、電子郵件和電腦化系統，傳輸資
訊的立法、法令和標準，如使用通訊服務的資格、郵政位址的需求、及提供
電信的標準。
e5358 通訊的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5359 通訊的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e540 運輸的服務、制度和政策
使人們或商品能移動或從一地點移到另一地點的服務、制度和政策。
e5400 運輸的服務
個人或商品藉道路、小路、鐵路、航空或水路，以公共或私人運輸移動為目
的的服務和方案，包括那些提供這些服務者。
排除：個人移動和運輸的產品(e115)
e5401 運輸的制度
治理個人或商品藉道路、小路、鐵路、航空或水路移動的行政管理和監督機
制，如決定駕駛車輛資格的制度、及使用不同運輸種類之相關健康和安全標
準的實施和監督。
排除：社會安全的服務、制度和政策(e570)
e5402 運輸的政策
治理個人或商品藉道路、小路、鐵路、航空或水路移動的立法、法令和標準，
如運輸規劃法案和政策、提供和使用公共運輸的政策。
e5408 運輸的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5409 運輸的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e545 公民保護的服務、制度和政策
以保全人民和財產為目地的服務、制度和政策。
排除：公用事業的服務、制度和政策(e530)
e5450 公民保護的服務
由社區組織且以保全人民和財產為目的的服務和方案，如消防、警察、緊急
和救護車服務，包括那些提供這些服務者。
e5451 公民保護的制度
治理保全人民和財產的行政管理和監督機制，如有組織的警察、消防、緊急
和救護車服務所提供的制度。
272
e5351 Communication systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms, such as telecommunication
regulation authorities and other such bodies, that govern the transmission of
information by a variety of methods, including telephone, fax, surface and air
mail, electronic mail and computer-based systems.
e5352 Communication policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the transmission of
information by a variety of methods including telephone, fax, post office,
electronic mail and computer-based systems, such as eligibility for access to
communication services, requirements for a postal address, and standards for
provision of telecommunications.
e5358 Communication services, systems and policies, other specified
e5359 Communication services, systems and policies, unspecified
e540 Transportation services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for enabling people or goods to move or be moved from
one location to another.
e5400 Transportation services
Services and programmes aimed at moving persons or goods by road, paths, rail,
air or water, by public or private transport, including those who provide these
services.
Exclusion: products for personal mobility and transportation (e115)
e5401 Transportation systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the moving of
persons or goods by road, paths, rail, air or water, such as systems for
determining eligibility for operating vehicles and, implementation and
monitoring of health and safety standards related to use of different types of
transportation.
Exclusion: social security services, systems and policies (e570)
e5402 Transportation policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the moving of persons or
goods by road, paths, rail, air or water, such as transportation planning acts and
policies, policies for the provision and access to public transportation.
e5408 Transportation services, systems and policies, other specified
e5409 Transportation services, systems and policies, unspecified
e545 Civil protection services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies aimed at safeguarding people and property.
Exclusion: utilities services, systems and policies (e530)
e5450 Civil protection services
Services and programmes organized by the community and aimed at
safeguarding people and property, such as fire, police, emergency and ambulance
services, including those who provide these services.
e5451 Civil protection systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the safeguarding
of people and property, such as systems by which provision of police, fire,
emergency and ambulance services are organized.
273
e5452 公民保護的政策
治理保全人民和財產的的立法、法令和標準，如治理警察、消防、緊急和救
護車服務所提供的政策。
e5458 公民保護的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5459 公民保護的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e550 法律的服務、制度和政策
關於立法與國家其他法律的服務、制度和政策。
e5500 法律的服務
以提供法律界定的國家權力為目的之服務和方案，如法院、審判庭與其他聽
證及處理民事訴訟和刑事審判的機構、律師代理、公證服務、調解、仲裁和
矯正或刑罰設施，包括那些提供這些服務者。
e5501 法律的制度
治理司法行政的行政管理和監督機制，如實施和監督正式規則的制度(如法
律、法令、習慣法、宗教法、國際法和公約)。
e5502 法律的政策
治理司法行政的立法、法令和標準，如法律、習慣法、宗教法、國際法和公
約。
e5508 法律的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5509 法律的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e555 社團和組織的服務、制度和政策
有關人民團體結合以追求共同、非商業興趣的服務、制度和政策，通常具聯合的
會員結構。
e5550 社團和組織的服務
為具有相同興趣的人民追求共同、非商業興趣而結合一起之人民所提供的服
務和方案，其提供這樣服務可以繫在會員制，如社團和組織提供娛樂和休
閒、運動、文化、宗教和互助服務。
e5551 社團和組織的制度
治理具有共同、非商業興趣共聚人民之關係和活動及社團和組織建立和經營
的行政管理和監督機制，如互助組織、娛樂和休閒組織、文化和宗教社團、
及非營利組織。
e5552 社團和組織的政策
治理具有共同、非商業興趣共聚人民之關係和活動的立法、法令和標準，如
治理社團和組織的建立和經營的政策，包括互助組織、娛樂和休閒組織、文
化和宗教社團、及非營利組織。
274
e5452 Civil protection policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the safeguarding of people and
property, such as policies governing provision of police, fire, emergency and
ambulance services.
e5458 Civil protection services, systems and policies, other specified
e5459 Civil protection services, systems and policies, unspecified
e550 Legal services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies concerning the legislation and other law of a country.
e5500 Legal services
Services and programmes aimed at providing the authority of the state as defined
in law, such as courts, tribunals and other agencies for hearing and settling civil
litigation and criminal trials, attorney representation, services of notaries,
mediation, arbitration and correctional or penal facilities, including those who
provide these services.
e5501 Legal systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the
administration of justice, such as systems for implementing and monitoring
formal rules (e.g. laws, regulations, customary law, religious law, international
laws and conventions).
e5502 Legal policies
Legislation, regulations and standards, such as laws, customary law, religious
law, international laws and conventions, that govern the administration of justice.
e5508 Legal services, systems and policies, other specified
e5509 Legal services, systems and policies, unspecified
e555 Associations and organizational services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies relating to groups of people who have joined together in
the pursuit of common, noncommercial interests, often with an associated membership
structure.
e5550 Associations and organizational services
Services and programmes provided by people who have joined together in the
pursuit of common, noncommercial interests with people who have the same
interests, where the provision of such services may be tied to membership, such
as associations and organizations providing recreation and leisure, sporting,
cultural, religious and mutual aid services.
e5551 Associations and organizational systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the relationships
and activities of people coming together with common noncommercial interests
and the establishment and conduct of associations and organizations such as
mutual aid organizations, recreational and leisure organizations, cultural and
religious associations and not-for-profit organizations.
e5552 Associations and organizational policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the relationships and activities
of people coming together with common noncommercial interests, such as
policies that govern the establishment and conduct of associations and
organizations, including mutual aid organizations, recreational and leisure
organizations, cultural and religious associations and not-for-profit
organizations.
275
e5558 社團和組織的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5559 社團和組織的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e560 媒體的服務、制度和政策
藉廣播、電視、報紙和網路提供大眾傳播的服務、制度和政策。
e5600 媒體的服務
以提供大眾傳播，如廣播、電視、閉路字幕服務、新聞報導服務、報紙、布
拉那點字服務和電腦化大眾傳播(全球資訊網、網路)，為目的的服務和方
案，包括那些提供這些服務者。
排除：通訊的服務(e5350)
e5601 媒體的制度
治理提供一般公眾新聞和資訊的行政管理和監督機制，如治理經由廣播、電
視、新聞報導服務、報紙和電腦化大眾傳播(全球資訊網、網路)之通訊內容、
分配、散播、使用和方法的標準。
納入：提供電視閉路字幕、布拉那點字版本報紙或其他出版物、及視訊廣播
傳輸的需求
排除：通訊的制度(e5351)
e5602 媒體的政策
治理提供一般公眾新聞和資訊的立法、法令和標準，如治理經由廣播、電視、
新聞報導服務、報紙和電腦化大眾傳播(全球資訊網、網路)之通訊內容、分
配、散播、使用和方法的政策。
排除：通訊的政策(e5352)
e5608 媒體的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5609 媒體的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e565 經濟的服務、制度和政策
商品和服務之生產、分配、消費和使用的全面系統相關的服務、制度和政策。
排除：社會安全的服務、制度和政策(e570)
e5650 經濟的服務
以商品和服務之全面生產、分配、消費和使用為目的的服務和方案，如私人
商業部門(如商行、公司、私人營利事業)、公共部門(如公共、商業服務，如
合作社和公司)、金融組織(如銀行和保險服務)，包括那些提供這些服務者。
排除：公用事業的服務(e5300)；勞動和就業的服務(e5900)
276
e5558 Associations and organizational services, systems and policies, other
specified
e5559 Associations and organizational services, systems and policies, unspecified
e560 Media services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for the provision of mass communication through radio,
television, newspapers and internet.
e5600 Media services
Services and programmes aimed at providing mass communication, such as radio,
television, closed captioning services, press reporting services, newspapers,
Braille services and computer-based mass communication (world wide web,
internet), including those who provide these services.
Exclusion: communication services (e5350)
e5601 Media systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the provision of
news and information to the general public, such as standards that govern the
content, distribution, dissemination, access to and methods of communicating via
radio, television, press reporting services, newspapers and computer-based mass
communication (world wide web, internet).
Inclusions: requirements to provide closed captions on television, Braille
versions of newspapers or other publications, and teletext radio transmissions
Exclusion: communication systems (e5351)
e5602 Media policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the provision of news and
information to the general public, such as policies that govern the content,
distribution, dissemination, access to and methods of communicating via radio,
television, press reporting services, newspapers and computer-based mass
communication (world wide web, internet).
Exclusion: communication policies (e5352)
e5608 Media services, systems and policies, other specified
e5609 Media services, systems and policies, unspecified
e565 Economic services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies related to the overall system of production, distribution,
consumption and use of goods and services.
Exclusion: social security services, systems and policies (e570)
e5650 Economic services
Services and programmes aimed at the overall production, distribution,
consumption and use of goods and services, such as the private commercial
sector (e.g. businesses, corporations, private for-profit ventures), the public
sector (e.g. public, commercial services such as cooperatives and corporations),
financial organizations (e.g. banks and insurance services), including those who
provide these services.
Exclusions: utilities services (e5300 ); labour and employment services (e5900)
277
e5651 經濟的制度
治理商品和服務之生產、分配、消費和使用的行政管理和監督機制，如實施
和監督經濟政策的制度。
排除：公用事業的制度(e5301)；勞動和就業的制度(e5901)
e5652 經濟的政策
治理商品和服務之生產、分配、消費和使用的立法、法令和標準，如政府採
納和實施的經濟理論。
排除：公用事業的政策(e5302)；勞動和就業的政策(e5902)
e5658 經濟的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5659 經濟的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e570 社會安全的服務、制度和政策
以提供收入支持給因為年齡、貧窮、失業、健康狀況或失能而需一般賦稅收入或
捐助計畫為基金作公共協助之人們為目的的服務、制度和政策。
排除：經濟的服務、制度和政策(e565)
e5700 社會安全的服務
以提供收入支持給因為年齡、貧窮、失業、健康狀況或失能而需一般賦稅收
入或捐助計畫為基金作公共協助之人們為目的的服務和方案，如決定下列方
案型式之救助給付的資格、交付或分配的服務：社會救助方案(如非提取式
福利、貧窮或其他基於需要的補償)、社會保險方案(如分攤意外保險或失業
保險)、及失能與相關養老金方案(如所得替代)，包括那些提供這些服務者。
排除：健康的服務(e5800)
e5701 社會安全的制度
治理提供收入支持給因為年齡、貧窮、失業、健康狀況或失能而需公共協助
之人們方案和計畫的行政管理和監督機制，如治理社會救助資格、福利金、
失業保險支付、養老金和失能者福利的規則或法令實施的制度。
e5702 社會安全的政策
治理提供收入支持給因為年齡、貧窮、失業、健康狀況或失能而需公共協助
之人們方案和計畫的立法、法令和標準，如治理社會救助資格、福利金、失
業保險支付、失能與相關養老金和失能者福利的立法和法令。
e5708 社會安全的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5709 社會安全的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
278
e5651 Economic systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the production,
distribution, consumption and use of goods and services, such as systems for
implementing and monitoring economic policies.
Exclusions: utilities systems (e5301); labour and employment systems (e5901)
e5652 Economic policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the production, distribution,
consumption and use of goods and services, such as economic doctrines adopted
and implemented by governments.
Exclusions: utilities policies (e5302); labour and employment policies(e5902)
e5658 Economic services, systems and policies, other specified
e5659 Economic services, systems and policies, unspecified
e570 Social security services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies aimed at providing income support to people who,
because of age, poverty, unemployment, health condition or disability, require public
assistance that is funded either by general tax revenues or contributory schemes.
Exclusion: economic services, systems and policies (e565)
e5700 Social security services
Services and programmes aimed at providing income support to people who,
because of age, poverty, unemployment, health condition or disability, require
public assistance that is funded either by general tax revenues or contributory
schemes, such as services for determining eligibility, delivering or distributing
assistance payments for the following types of programmes: social assistance
programmes (e.g. non-contributory welfare, poverty or other needs-based
compensation), social insurance programmes (e.g. contributory accident or
unemployment insurance), and disability and related pension schemes (e.g.
income replacement), including those who provide these services.
Exclusions: health services (e5800)
e5701 Social security systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the programmes
and schemes that provide income support to people who, because of age, poverty,
unemployment, health condition or disability, require public assistance, such as
systems for the implementation of rules and regulations governing the eligibility
for social assistance, welfare, unemployment insurance payments, pensions and
disability benefits.
e5702 Social security policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the programmes and schemes
that provide income support to people who, because of age, poverty,
unemployment, health condition or disability, require public assistance, such as
legislation and regulations governing the eligibility for social assistance, welfare,
unemployment insurance payments, disability and related pensions and disability
benefits.
e5708 Social security services, systems and policies, other specified
e5709 Social security services, systems and policies, unspecified
279
e575 一般社會支持的服務、制度和政策
以提供支持給那些如購物、家事、運輸、自我照顧和照顧他人方面需要協助之人
為目的的服務、制度和政策，以便在社會更完全地發揮功能。
排除：社會安全的服務、制度和政策(e570)；個人照顧者和個人助理(e340)；健康
的服務、制度和政策(e580)
e5750 一般社會支持的服務
以提供社會支持給那些因年齡、貧窮、失業、健康狀況或失能而需要公共協
助之人在購物、家事、運輸、自我照顧和照顧他人方面為目的的服務和方案，
以便在社會更完全地發揮功能。
e5751 一般社會支持的制度
治理提供社會支持給那些因年齡、貧窮、失業、健康狀況或失能而需要這樣
支持之人的方案和計畫的行政管理和監督機制，包括治理社會支持服務資格
和提供這些服務的規則和法令實施的制度。
e5752 一般社會支持的政策
治理提供社會支持給那些因年齡、貧窮、失業、健康狀況或失能而需要這樣
支持之人的方案和計畫的立法、法令和標準，包括治理社會支持資格的立法
和法令。
e5758 一般社會支持的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5759 一般社會支持的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e580 健康的服務、制度和政策
為預防和治療健康問題，提供醫療復健和推展健康生活方式的服務、制度和政策。
排除：一般社會支持的服務、制度和政策(e575)
e5800 健康的服務
在地方、社區、區域、州或國家層級，以爲他們身體、心理和社會幸福而對
個人施行介入為目的的服務和方案，如健康推展和疾病預防服務、初級照顧
服務、急性照顧、復健和長期照顧服務；此服務由公共或私人資助，在短期、
長期、定期或一次性基礎下施行，在各種服務環境，如社區、基於住家、學
校和工作環境、一般醫院、專科醫院、診所、及住宅和非住宅照顧設施，包
括那些提供這些服務者。
e5801 健康的制度
治理在各種環境，包括社區、基於住家、學校和工作環境、一般醫院、專科
醫院、診所、及住宅和非住宅的照顧設施，爲他們身體、心理和社會幸福，
對個人提供服務之範圍的行政管理和監督機制，如決定服務資格、提供裝
置、輔助技術或其他改造設備之實施法令和標準的制度，及立法如治理如可
近性、普遍性、可攜性、公共資助和綜合性之健康系統特色的健康法案。
280
e575 General social support services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies aimed at providing support to those requiring assistance
in areas such as shopping, housework, transport, self-care and care of others, in order to
function more fully in society.
Exclusions: social security services, systems and policies (e570); personal care
providers and personal assistants (e340); health services, systems and policies (e580)
e5750 General social support services
Services and programmes aimed at providing social support to people who,
because of age, poverty, unemployment, health condition or disability, require
public assistance in the areas of shopping, housework, transport, self-care and
care of others, in order to function more fully in society.
e5751 General social support systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the programmes
and schemes that provide social support to people who, because of age, poverty,
unemployment, health condition or disability, require such support, including
systems for the implementation of rules and regulations governing eligibility for
social support services and the provision of these services.
e5752 General social support policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the programme and schemes
that provide social support to people who, because of age, poverty,
unemployment, health condition or disability, require such support, including
legislation and regulations governing eligibility for social support.
e5758 General social support services, systems and policies, other specified
e5759 General social support services, systems and policies, unspecified
e580 Health services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for preventing and treating health problems, providing
medical rehabilitation and promoting a healthy lifestyle.
Exclusion: general social support services, systems and policies (e575)
e5800 Health services
Services and programmes at a local, community, regional, state or national level,
aimed at delivering interventions to individuals for their physical, psychological
and social well-being, such as health promotion and disease prevention services,
primary care services, acute care, rehabilitation and long-term care services;
services that are publicly or privately funded, delivered on a short-term,
long-term, periodic or one-time basis, in a variety of service settings such as
community, home-based, school and work settings, general hospitals, speciality
hospitals, clinics, and residential and non-residential care facilities, including
those who provide these services.
e5801 Health systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the range of
services provided to individuals for their physical, psychological and social
well-being, in a variety of settings including community, home-based, school
and work settings, general hospitals, speciality hospitals, clinics, and residential
and non-residential care facilities, such as systems for implementing regulations
and standards that determine eligibility for services, provision of devices,
assistive technology or other adapted equipment, and legislation such as health
acts that govern features of a health system such as accessibility, universality,
portability, public funding and comprehensiveness.
281
e5802 健康的政策
治理在各種環境，包括社區、基於住家、學校和工作環境、一般醫院、專科
醫院、診所、及住宅和非住宅的照顧設施，爲他們身體、心理和社會幸福，
對個人提供服務之範圍的法律、法令和標準，如決定服務資格、提供裝置、
輔助技術或其他改造設備之政策和標準，及立法如治理如可近性、普遍性、
可攜性、公共資助和綜合性之健康系統特色的健康法案。
e5808 健康的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5809 健康的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e585 教育和訓練的服務、制度和政策
獲得、維持和改進知識、專長和職業或藝術技能的服務、制度和政策。見聯合國
教科文組織(UNESCO)的國際教育標準分類(ISCED-1997)。
e5850 教育和訓練的服務
關於教育和獲得、維持和改進知識、專長和職業或藝術技能的服務和方案，
如那些提供不同層級的教育(如學齡前、小學、中學、大學院校、職業方案、
訓練和技能方案、學徒和繼續教育)，包括那些提供服務者。
e5851 教育和訓練的制度
治理教育方案施行的行政管理和監督機制，如決定公立或私立教育和特殊基
於需求方案之資格的政策和標準的實施系統；地方、區域或國家教育委員會
或其他執政當局治理教育制度之特色，包括課程、班級大小、區域內學校數
量、學費和補貼、特殊餐食方案及課後照顧服務。
e5852 教育和訓練的政策
治理教育方案施行的立法、法令和標準，如決定公立或私立教育和特殊基於
需求方案之資格的政策和標準；及指定地方、區域或國家教育結構或其他執
政當局管理教育制度之特色，包括課程、班級大小、區域內學校數量、學費
和補貼、特殊餐食方案及課後照顧服務。
e5858 教育和訓練的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5859 教育和訓練的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e590 勞動和就業的服務、制度和政策
失業或正在尋找不同工作的人尋得合適的工作、或支持已就業者尋求升遷相關的
服務、制度和政策。
排除：經濟的服務、制度和政策(e565)
282
e5802 Health policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the range of services provided
to individuals for their physical, psychological and social well-being, in a variety
of settings including community, home-based, school and work settings, general
hospitals, speciality hospitals, clinics, and residential and non-residential care
facilities, such as policies and standards that determine eligibility for services,
provision of devices, assistive technology or other adapted equipment, and
legislation such as health acts that govern features of a health system such as
accessibility, universality, portability, public funding and comprehensiveness.
e5808 Health services, systems and policies, other specified
e5809 Health services, systems and policies, unspecified
e585 Education and training services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies for the acquisition, maintenance and improvement of
knowledge, expertise and vocational or artistic skills. See UNESCO’s International
Standard Classification of Education (ISCED-1997).
e5850 Education and training services
Services and programmes concerned with education and the acquisition,
maintenance and improvement of knowledge, expertise and vocational or artistic
skills, such as those provided for different levels of education (e.g. preschool,
primary school, secondary school, post-secondary institutions, professional
programmes, training and skills programmes, apprenticeships and continuing
education), including those who provide these services.
e5851 Education and training systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the delivery of
education programmes, such as systems for the implementation of policies and
standards that determine eligibility for public or private education and special
needs-based programmes; local, regional or national boards of education or other
authoritative bodies that govern features of the education systems, including
curricula, size of classes, numbers of schools in a region, fees and subsidies,
special meal programmes and after-school care services.
e5852 Education and training policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the delivery of education
programme, such as policies and standards that determine eligibility for public or
private education and special needs-based programmes, and dictate the structure
of local, regional or national boards of education or other authoritative bodies
that govern features of the education system, including curricula, size of classes,
numbers of schools in a region, fees and subsidies, special meal programmes and
after-school care services.
e5858 Education and training services, systems and policies, other specified
e5859 Education and training services, systems and policies, unspecified
e590 Labour and employment services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies related to finding suitable work for persons who are
unemployed or looking for different work, or to support individuals already employed
who are seeking promotion.
Exclusion: economic services, systems and policies (e565)
283
e5900 勞動和就業的服務
地方、區域或國家政府、或私人組織為失業或正在尋找不同工作的人尋得合
適的工作、或支持已就業者所提供的服務和方案，如就業搜尋和準備服務、
再就業、職業安置、新職介紹、職業追蹤、職業健康和安全服務、及工作環
境服務(如人體工學、人力資源和人事管理服務、勞動關係服務、專業社團
服務)，包括那些提供這些服務者。
e5901 勞動和就業的制度
治理職業分配和在經濟中其他形式之有酬工作的行政管理和監督機制，如創
造就業、就業安全、指派性和競爭性就業、勞動標準和法律、及工會的實施
政策和標準的制度。
e5902 勞動和就業的政策
治理職業分配和在經濟中其他形式之有酬工作的立法、法令和標準，如創造
就業、就業安全、指派性和競爭性就業、勞動標準和法律、及工會的標準和
政策。
e5908 勞動和就業的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5909 勞動和就業的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e595 政治的服務、制度和政策
國家、區域和社區、與國際組織投票、選舉和治理相關的服務、制度和政策。
e5950 政治的服務
服務和結構，如地方、區域和國家政府、國際組織及被選出或被任命為這些
結構職位的人員，如聯合國、歐盟、政府、區域主管機關、地方村莊主管機
關，傳統領導者。
e5951 政治的制度
社會中組織政治和經濟權力的結構與相關運作，如政府行政和立法分支、及
其衍生其權力的憲法或其他法律來源，如政治組織理論、憲法、政府行政和
立法分支代理機構、軍隊。
e5952 政治的政策
透過治理政治制度運作之政治制度制定和強制的法律和政策，如治理競選活
動、政黨登記、投票、及國際政治組織成員的政策，包括條約、憲法和治理
立法和法令的其他法律。
e5958 政治的服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e5959 政治的服務、制度和政策，未特定者
e598 服務、制度和政策，其他特定者
e599 服務、制度和政策，未特定者
284
e5900 Labour and employment services
Services and programmes provided by local, regional or national governments,
or private organizations to find suitable work for persons who are unemployed or
looking for different work, or to support individuals already employed, such as
services of employment search and preparation, reemployment, job placement,
outplacement, vocational follow-up, occupational health and safety services, and
work environment services (e.g. ergonomics, human resources and personnel
management services, labour relations services, professional association
services), including those who provide these services.
e5901 Labour and employment systems
Administrative control and monitoring mechanisms that govern the distribution
of occupations and other forms of remunerative work in the economy, such as
systems for implementing policies and standards for employment creation,
employment security, designated and competitive employment, labour standards
and law, and trade unions.
e5902 Labour and employment policies
Legislation, regulations and standards that govern the distribution of occupations
and other forms of remunerative work in the economy, such as standards and
policies for employment creation, employment security, designated and
competitive employment, labour standards and law, and trade unions.
e5908 Labour and employment services, systems and policies, other specified
e5909 Labour and employment services, systems and policies, unspecified
e595 Political services, systems and policies
Services, systems and policies related to voting, elections and governance of countries,
regions and communities, as well as international organizations.
e5950 Political services
Services and structures such as local, regional and national governments,
international organizations and the people who are elected or nominated to
positions within these structures, such as the United Nations, European Union,
governments, regional authorities, local village authorities, traditional leaders.
e5951 Political systems
Structures and related operations that organise political and economic power in a
society, such as executive and legislative branches of government, and the
constitutional or other legal sources from which they derive their authority, such
as political organizational doctrine, constitutions, agencies of executive and
legislative branches of government, the military.
e5952 Political policy
Laws and policies formulated and enforced through political systems that govern
the operation of the political system, such as policies governing election
campaigns, registration of political parties, voting, and members in international
political organizations, including treaties, constitutional and other law governing
legislation and regulation.
e5958 Political services, systems and policies, other specified
e5959 Political services, systems and policies, unspecified
e598 Services, systems and policies, other specified
e599 Services, systems and policies, unspecified
285
ICF
附錄

Annexes
287
附錄一：分類學和術語學議題
附錄一
分類學和術語學議題
ICF 分類以層級體系模式組織而成，記住下列標準分類學原則：
• 身體功能和結構、活動和參與、環境因素要素係獨立分類，因此一要素下包括的術語
不會重複在另一要素之下。
• 每一要素內，類目是安排成呈現莖-枝-葉模式，因此低層級類目要和其成員的高層級
類目共有屬性。
• 類目是互斥的，即在相同層級的兩個類目不會共有完全相同的屬性。然而，這與使用
不只一個類目來分類特別的個體機能是不該被混淆的。如此實務是被容許的，事實上
在需要時是被鼓勵的。
1. ICF 類目的術語
術語是對已定義的概念以語言學表達來命名，如單字或片語。大多數術語會引起混淆是
因以日常言語和書寫常識的意義來使用，例如，損傷、失能和殘障在日常情境中經常互
換使用，雖然 ICIDH 1980 年版本這些術語已有約定的定義，即其已賦予它們精確定義
的意義。在修訂過程中，術語「殘障」已放棄，而「失能」於所有三個觀點 – 身體、個
體和社會用作傘式術語。然而，不同的概念需要清楚而精確地定義，所以要選擇適當的
術語來明確地表達每一潛伏的概念。作為書寫分類，這特別重要，因為 ICF 將翻譯成許
多語言。超出共同瞭解的概念外，每種語言的術語能最適當地反映內容以達成一致也是
必要的。那可能有很多替代，而應該基於正確性、可接受性和全面實用性來決定。希望
ICF 實用性能與清楚性平行進行。
把這目標放在心上，要注意下列 ICF 使用的一些術語：

幸福是涵括所有整體人類生活範疇的一般性術語，包括身體、心智和社會方面，構成所
謂的「美好生活」。健康範疇是構成所有整體人類生活之範疇的次集，其關係呈現在代
表幸福的下圖：
圖 1. 幸福整體
幸福的其他範疇幸福的健康範疇
• 教育 • 看見
• 就業 • 講話
• 環境 • 記憶
• 等等 • 等等
288
Annex 1
Taxonomic and terminological issues
The ICF classification is organized in a hierarchical scheme keeping in mind the following
standard taxonomic principles:
• The components of Body Functions and Structures, Activities and Participation, and
Environmental Factors are classified independently. Hence, a term included under one
component is not repeated under another.
• Within each component, the categories are arranged in a stem-branch-leaf scheme, so that a
lower-level category shares the attributes of the higher-level categories of which it is a
member.
• Categories are mutually exclusive, i.e. no two categories at the same level share exactly the
same attributes. However, this should not be confused with the use of more than one
category to classify a particular individual’s functioning. Such a practice is allowed, indeed
encouraged, where necessary.
1. Terms for categories in ICF
Terms are the designation of defined concepts in linguistic expressions, such as words or
phrases. Most of the terms over which confusion arises are used with common-sense
meanings in everyday speech and writing. For example, impairment, disability and handicap
are often used interchangeably in everyday contexts, although in the 1980 version of ICIDH
these terms had stipulated definitions, which gave them a precisely defined meaning. During
the revision process, the term “handicap” was abandoned and “disability” was used as an
umbrella term for all three perspectives - body, individual and societal. Clarity and precision,
however, are needed to define the various concepts, so that appropriate terms may be chosen
to express each of the underlying concepts unambiguously. This is particularly important
because ICF, as a written classification, will be translated into many languages. Beyond a
common understanding of the concepts, it is also essential that an agreement be reached on
the term that best reflects the content in each language. There may be many alternatives, and
decisions should be made based on accuracy, acceptability, and overall usefulness. It is hoped
that the usefulness of ICF will go in parallel with its clarity.
With this aim in mind, notes on some of the terms used in ICF follow:
Well-being is a general term encompassing the total universe of human life domains,
including physical, mental and social aspects, that make up what can be called a “good life”.
Health domains are a subset of domains that make up the total universe of human life. This
relationship is presented in the following diagram representing well-being:
Fig. 1 The universe of well-being
Other domains of Health domains of

well-being well-being
• Education • Seeing
• Employment • Speaking
• Environment • Remembering
• Etc. • Etc.
289
健康狀態和健康範疇：健康狀態是在 ICF 特定健康範疇內的機能程度。健康範疇表示

在「健康」觀念內詮釋生活領域，如為健康系統目地，那些可被定義為健康系統的主要
責任。ICF 在健康與健康相關範疇間並沒有指定固定界限，可能的灰色地帶取決於不同
概念化的健康與健康相關元素，這些可以繪入 ICF 範疇。
健康相關狀態和健康相關範疇：健康相關狀態是在 ICF 特定健康相關範疇的機能程度。

雖然與健康狀況有強烈關係，健康相關範疇係機能範圍，不可能是健康系統的主要責
任，而是促成全面幸福的其他系統。ICF 只涵蓋那些與健康相關的幸福範疇。
健康狀況係疾病(急性或慢性)、疾患、傷害或外傷的傘式術語。健康狀況也可包括其他
情況，如懷孕、老化、壓力、先天性異常、或基因素質。健康狀況以 ICD-10 來編碼。
機能係身體功能、身體結構、活動和參與的傘式術語，它表示個體(在某健康狀況)與個
體情境因素(環境和個人因素)間正向方面的互動。
失能係損傷、活動限制和參與受限的傘式術語，它表示個體(在某健康狀況)與個體情境
因素(環境和個人因素)間負向方面的互動。
身體功能係指身體系統的生理功能，包括心理功能。「身體」提及人類器官為整體，因
而包括腦部。因此，心智(或心理)功能包含在身體功能，這些功能的標準值被認為是人
類的統計常模。
身體結構係指身體的結構和解剖部分，如器官、肢體與其按照身體系統分類的要素，這
些結構的標準值被認為是人類的統計常模。
損傷係指身體結構或生理功能(包括心智功能)的喪失或異常，這裡的異常僅僅用來參照
明顯偏離已確立的統計常模(也就是偏差於族群已測量標準常模的平均值)且應該只用於
這意義。
活動係指個體執行任務或行動，它代表機能的個體觀點。
活動限制18係指個體執行活動時可能有的困難。活動限制範圍，就沒有健康狀況人們執
行活動之方式或程度所期望的質或量而言，可從輕度到重度偏差。
參與係指個人涉及生活處境，它代表機能的社會觀點。
註解：
18
「活動限制」取代ICIDH 1980 年版中使用的術語「失能」。
290
Health states and health domains: A health state is the level of functioning within a given
health domain of ICF. Health domains denote areas of life that are interpreted to be within the
“health” notion, such as those which, for health systems purposes, can be defined as the
primary responsibility of the health system. ICF does not dictate a fixed boundary between
health and health-related domains. There may be a grey zone depending on differing
conceptualizations of health and health-related elements which can then be mapped onto the
ICF domains.
Health-related states and health-related domains: A health-related state is the level of
functioning within a given health-related domain of ICF. Health-related domains are those
areas of functioning that, while they have a strong relationship to a health condition, are not
likely to be the primary responsibility of the health system, but rather of other systems
contributing to overall well-being. In ICF, only those domains of well-being related to health
are covered.
Health condition is an umbrella term for disease (acute or chronic), disorder, injury or trauma.
A health condition may also include other circumstances such as pregnancy, ageing, stress,
congenital anomaly, or genetic predisposition. Health conditions are coded using ICD-10.
Functioning is an umbrella term for body functions, body structures, activities and
participation. It denotes the positive aspects of the interaction between an individual (with a
health condition) and that individual’s contextual factors (environmental and personal
factors).
Disability is an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation
restrictions. It denotes the negative aspects of the interaction between an individual (with a
health condition) and that individual’s contextual factors (environmental and personal
factors).
Body functions are the physiological functions of body systems, including psychological
functions. “Body” refers to the human organism as a whole, and thus includes the brain.
Hence, mental (or psychological) functions are subsumed under body functions. The standard
for these functions is considered to be the statistical norm for humans.
Body structures are the structural or anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and
their components classified according to body systems. The standard for these structures is
considered to be the statistical norm for humans.
Impairment is a loss or abnormality in body structure or physiological function (including
mental functions). Abnormality here is used strictly to refer to a significant variation from
established statistical norms (i.e. as a deviation from a population mean within measured
standard norms) and should be used only in this sense.
Activity is the execution of a task or action by an individual. It represents the individual
perspective of functioning.
Activity limitations18 are difficulties an individual may have in executing activities. An
activity limitation may range from a slight to a severe deviation in terms of quality or quantity
in executing the activity in a manner or to the extent that is expected of people without the
health condition.
Participation is a person’s involvement in a life situation. It represents the societal
perspective of functioning.
Note:
18
“Activity limitation” replaces the term “disability” used in the 1980 version of ICIDH.
291
參與受限19係指個體涉及生活處境時可能經歷的問題，參與受限的存在決定於個體的參
與對那文化或社會中沒有失能個體所期望的比較。
情境因素係共同構成個體生活完整情境的因素，且特別是 ICF 分類中健康狀態的背景。

情境因素有兩個要素：環境因素和個人因素。
環境因素構成 ICF 的要素，並參照各方面外部或外來世界所形成個體的生活情境，且就

其本身而論，對個人機能有所衝擊。環境因素包括自然世界與其特色、人為的自然世界、
不同關係和角色的其他人、態度和價值觀、社會制度和服務，及政策、法則和法律。
個人因素係指與個體相關的情境因素，如年齡、性別、社會狀態、生活經驗等等，其現
時在 ICF 並未分類，但使用者可併入其分類的應用中。
促進因子係指在個人環境中，透過其不存在或存在，會改進機能和減少失能的因素。這
些包括各方面如可接近的自然環境、可取得相關輔助器具、及人們面對失能的正向態
度，與目的在加強涉及在全部生活領域所有有健康狀況人們的服務、制度和政策。某因
素不存在也可以是促進，例如不存在污名化或負向態度。促進因子能預防損傷或活動限
制成為參與受限，因為不管個人容能的問題，行動的實際表現會有加強。
阻礙因子係指在個人環境中，透過其不存在或存在，會限制機能和引起失能的因素。這
些包括各方面如難以接近的自然環境、缺乏相關輔助器具、及人們面對失能的負向態
度，與不存在或妨礙涉及在全部生活領域有健康狀況所有人們的服務、制度和政策。
容能，作為限定值，係指明在一特定時刻，個人在活動和參與表單的範疇中所能達到最
高可能機能程度的建構。容能是在一致或標準環境中測量，並因此反映個體在環境中調
整的能力，環境因素要素可用來描述這一致或標準環境的特色。
表現，作為限定值，係描述個體在其現時環境之所為的建構，並因此帶來個體涉及生活
處境的觀點，現時環境也可用環境因素要素來描述。
註解：
19
「參與侷限」取代ICIDH 1980 年版中所使用的術語「殘障」。
292
Participation restrictions19 are problems an individual may experience in involvement in life
situations. The presence of a participation restriction is determined by comparing an
individual’s participation to that which is expected of an individual without disability in that
culture or society.
Contextual factors are the factors that together constitute the complete context of an
individual’s life, and in particular the background against which health states are classified in
ICF. There are two components of contextual factors: Environmental Factors and Personal
Factors.
Environmental factors constitute a component of ICF, and refer to all aspects of the external
or extrinsic world that form the context of an individual’s life and, as such, have an impact on
that person’s functioning. Environmental factors include the physical world and its features,
the human-made physical world, other people in different relationships and roles, attitudes
and values, social systems and services, and policies, rules and laws.
Personal factors are contextual factors that relate to the individual, such as age, gender,
social status, life experiences and so on, which are not currently classified in ICF but which
users may incorporate in their applications of the classification.
Facilitators are factors in a person’s environment that, through their absence or presence,
improve functioning and reduce disability. These include aspects such as a physical
environment that is accessible, the availability of relevant assistive technology, and positive
attitudes of people towards disability, as well as services, systems and policies that aim to
increase the involvement of all people with a health condition in all areas of life. Absence of a
factor can also be facilitating, for example the absence of stigma or negative attitudes.
Facilitators can prevent an impairment or activity limitation from becoming a participation
restriction, since the actual performance of an action is enhanced, despite the person’s
problem with capacity.
Barriers are factors in a person’s environment that, through their absence or presence, limit
functioning and create disability. These include aspects such as a physical environment that is
inaccessible, lack of relevant assistive technology, and negative attitudes of people towards
disability, as well as services, systems and policies that are either nonexistent or that hinder
the involvement of all people with a health condition in all areas of life.
Capacity is a construct that indicates, as a qualifier, the highest probable level of functioning
that a person may reach in a domain in the Activities and Participation list at a given moment.
Capacity is measured in a uniform or standard environment, and thus reflects the
environmentally adjusted ability of the individual. The Environmental Factors component can
be used to describe the features of this uniform or standard environment.
Performance is a construct that describes, as a qualifier, what individuals do in their current
environment, and so brings in the aspect of a person’s involvement in life situations. The
current environment is also described using the Environmental Factors component.
Note:
19
“Participation restriction” replaces the term “handicap” used in the 1980 version of ICIDH.
293
2. ICF 作為分類
為要瞭解 ICF 的全面分類，明白其結構是重要的。下列術語反映其定義，並圖示於圖二。
分類是 ICF 全面結構和整體，在此層級體系中，這是最高術語。
分類的分部係分類中兩主要次分項之一。
• 第一分部涵蓋機能和失能
• 第二分部涵蓋情境因素
要素係分部中兩主要次分項之一。
第一分部的要素：
• 身體功能和結構
• 活動和參與
第二分部的要素：
• 環境因素
• 個人因素(ICF 並未分類)
建構係透過限定值及相關代碼來定義。，第一分部有四個建構而第二分部有一個。
第一分部的建構：
• 身體功能改變
• 身體結構改變
• 容能
• 表現
第二分部的建構：
• 環境因素的促進因子或阻礙因子
範疇係指生理功能、解剖結構、行動、任務、或生活領域相關的實用、有意義集組。範

疇構成各要素的不同章節和區組。
類目是要素範疇內的分類和次分類，即分類的單位。
層級構成層級體系次序以提供關於類目細節的指示(即範疇和類目的細單位)，第一層級
包含所有第二層級的項目等。
圖 2. ICF 結構
ICF 分類
第一分部：功能和失能第二分部：情境因素分部
身體功能和結構活動和參與環境因素個人因素要素
身體功能改變身體結構改變容能表現促進因子/阻礙因子建構/限定值
項目層級項目層級項目層級項目層級項目層級不同層級的

-第一 -第一 -第一 -第一 -第一範疇和類目
-第二 -第二 -第二 -第二 -第二
-第三&第四 -第三&第四 -第三&第四 -第三&第四 -第三&第四
294
2. ICF as a classification
In order to understand the overall classification of ICF, it is important to understand its
structure. This is reflected in the definitions of the following terms and illustrated in Fig. 2.
Classification is the overall structure and universe of ICF. In the hierarchy, this is the top
term.
Parts of the classification are each of the two main subdivisions of the classification.
• Part 1 covers Functioning and Disability
• Part 2 covers Contextual Factors.
Components are each of the two main subdivisions of the parts.
The components of Part 1 are:
• Body Functions and Structures
• Activities and Participation.
The components of Part 2 are:
• Environmental Factors
• Personal Factors (not classified in ICF).
Constructs are defined through the use of qualifiers with relevant codes. There are four
constructs for Part 1 and one for Part 2.
For Part 1, the constructs are:
• Change in body function
• Change in body structure
• Capacity
• Performance
For Part 2, the construct is:
• Facilitators or barriers in environmental factors
Domains are a practical, meaningful set of related physiological functions, anatomical
structures, actions, tasks, or areas of life. Domains make up the different chapters and blocks
within each component.
Categories are classes and subclasses within a domain of a component, i.e. units of
classification.
Levels make up the hierarchical order providing indications as to the detail of categories (i.e.
granularity of the domains and categories). The first level comprises all the second-level items,
and so on.
Fig. 2 Structure of ICF
ICF Classificatio
Part 1: Functioning and Disability Part 2: Contextual Factors Parts
Body Functions Activities and Environmental Personal

and Structures Participation Factors Factors Components
Change in Change in Facilitator/

Capacity Performance Constructs/qualifiers
body function body structure barrier
Item levels Item levels Item levels Item levels Item levels Domains and
- 1st - 1st - 1st - 1st - 1st categories at
- 2nd - 2nd - 2nd - 2nd - 2nd different levels
- 3rd & 4th - 3rd & 4th - 3rd & 4th - 3rd & 4th - 3rd & 4th
295
3. ICF 類目的定義
定義是指展現類目所指定概念之基本屬性(即品質、特性或關係)的陳述。定義陳述術語
所指示的事物或現象的種類，並在操作上，注意到如何異於其他相關事物或現象。
在建構ICF類目的定義時，要記住下列操作性定義的理想特徵，包括納入與排除。：
• 定義應該是有意義且邏輯一致。
• 它們必需獨特地確認類目意想的概念。
• 它們必需呈現概念的基本屬性 – 兼具意想的(概念內在所意味)和外延的(物品或現象所
參照)。
• 它們應該精確、清楚，並涵蓋術語的所有意義。
• 它們應該以操作性術語來表達(即就嚴重、期間、相對重要、和可能關聯而言)。
• 它們應該避免迂迴，即術語本身、或其任何同義詞，不應該出現在定義中，也不該包
括在其他地方使用該定義的第一個術語來定義的術語。
• 適當地，它們應該參照可能病因或互動的因素。
• 它們必需符合較高等級術語的屬性(如第三層級術語應該包括其所屬的第二層級類目
的一般特徵)。
• 它們必需與次層術語的屬性一致(如第二層級術語的屬性不能與其下第三層級者抵
觸)。
• 它們不應該是象徵性或隱喻性，而是可操作性。
• 它們應該用經驗性陳述使其藉間接的方法可觀察、可測試或可推理。
• 它們應該儘可能地用中性術語來表達，不要過度負向的涵義。
• 它們應該簡短並儘可能避免專門術語(一些身體功能和結構術語為例外)。
• 它們應該有所納入以提供在考慮橫跨生命壽限中文化差異和不同的同義詞和例子。
• 它們應該有所排除以提醒使用者相關術語可能的混淆。
4.術語附加註解
任何分類術語學所潛伏的是被分類的現象及分類本身結構間的基本區別。按一般言，區
辨分類界及我們用來描述這分類界的術語是重要的。例如，「向度」或「範疇」術語能
在參照的分類界精確地被定義，而「要素」和「類目」則只在參照的分類被定義。
同時，這些術語間是相對應的(即相配功能)，而廣大不同使用者交換使用這些術語是可
能的。對更高度專業的要求，例如對資料庫建構和研究模型，使用者分別地確認、並清
楚區別術語、概念模式的元素及那些分類結構是必要的。然而有人覺得像這取向所提供
的精確和純正在抽象層級不值得該價值，這可能逐漸傷害 ICF 的實用性，或更重要地會
限制此分類的潛在使用者範圍。
296
3. Definitions for ICF categories
Definitions are statements that set out the essential attributes (i.e. qualities, properties or
relationships) of the concept designated by the category. A definition states what sort of thing
or phenomenon the term denotes, and operationally, notes how it differs from other related
things or phenomena.
During the construction of the definitions of the ICF categories, the following ideal
characteristics of operational definitions, including inclusions and exclusions, were kept in
mind:
• Definitions should be meaningful and logically consistent.
• They must uniquely identify the concept intended by the category.
• They must present essential attributes of the concept - both intentional (what the concept
signifies intrinsically) and extensional (what objects or phenomena it refers to).
• They should be precise, unambiguous, and cover the full meaning of the term.
• They should be expressed in operational terms (e.g. in terms of severity, duration, relative
importance, and possible associations).
• They should avoid circularity, i.e. the term itself, or any synonym for it, should not appear
in the definition, nor should it include a term defined elsewhere using the first term in its
definition.
• Where appropriate, they should refer to possible etiological or interactive factors.
• They must fit the attributes of the higher-ranking terms (e.g. a third-level term should
include the general characteristics of the second-level category to which it belongs).
• They must be consistent with the attributes of the subordinate terms (e.g. the attributes of a
second-level term cannot contradict those of third-level terms under it).
• They must not be figurative or metaphorical, but operational.
• They should make empirical statements that are observable, testable or inferable by indirect
means.
• They should be expressed in neutral terms as far as possible, without undue negative
connotation.
• They should be short and avoid technical terms where possible (with the exception of some
Body Functions and Structures terms).
• They should have inclusions that provide synonyms and examples that take into account
cultural variation and differences across the life span.
• They should have exclusions to alert users to possible confusion with related terms.
4. Additional note on terminology
Underlying the terminology of any classification is the fundamental distinction between the
phenomena being classified and the structure of the classification itself. As a general matter, it
is important to distinguish between the world and the terms we use to describe the world. For
example, the terms ‘dimension’ or ‘domain’ could be precisely defined to refer to the world
and ‘component’ and ‘category’ defined to refer only to the classification.
At the same time, there is a correspondence (i.e. a matching function) between these terms
and it is possible that a wide variety of users may use these terms interchangeably. For more
highly specialized requirements, for database construction and research modelling for
example, it is essential for users to identify separately, and with a clearly distinct terminology,
the elements of the conceptual model and those of the classification structure. Yet, it has been
felt that the precision and purity that such an approach provides is not worth the price paid in
a level of abstraction that might undermine the usefulness of the ICF, or more importantly to
restrict the range of potential users of this classification.
297
附錄二：ICF 編碼指引
附錄二
ICF 編碼指引
ICF有意對不同健康與健康相關狀態進行編碼，20 強烈建議使用者在研究編碼規則和指
引之前，先閱讀完ICF簡介。另外，非常建議使用者透過WHO與其合作中心網路來得到
使用該分類的訓練。
下列係與其使用有關之分類的特色。
1. 組織和結構
分類的分部
ICF 組織成兩分部。
第一分部由下列要素組成：
• 身體功能和身體結構
• 活動和參與
第二分部由下列要素組成：
• 環境因素
• 個人因素(現時 ICF 並未分類)
這些要素在每個代碼以字首表示：
• b 表身體功能及
• s 表身體結構
• d 表活動和參與
• e 表環境因素
字首 d 表示活動和參與要素內的範疇，依使用者斟酌，字首 d 可用 a 或 p 取代分別表示
活動和參與。
字母b, s, d和e之後的數字碼是以章節數字(一位數)開始，接著是第二層級(兩位數)，及第
三和第四層級21 (各一位數)。例如，在身體功能分類有這些編碼：
b2 感官功能和疼痛 (第一層級項目)
b210 視覺功能 (第二層級項目)
b2102 視覺品質 (第三層級項目)
b21022 對比敏感度 (第四層級項目)
視使用者需求，可應用代碼的任何數字可用於任一層級。為了描述個體處境，任一層級
可應用一個以上的代碼，這些可以是獨立的或互相關聯的。
註解：
20
疾病本身不應該被編碼，這可用國際疾病與相關健康問題統計分類第十版(ICD-10)來
完成，其分類設計是允許對疾病診斷與其他健康問題，來進行系統性記錄、分析、詮
釋及比較死亡率和發病率的資料。ICF的使用者被鼓勵結合ICD-10 來使用此該分類(見
第 2 頁關於這兩種分類間重疊的簡介)。
21
只有身體功能和身體結構的分類包含第四層級項目。
298
Annex 2
Coding guidelines for ICF
ICF is intended for the coding of different health and health-related states.20 Users are
strongly recommended to read through the Introduction to ICF before studying the coding
rules and guidelines. Furthermore, it is highly recommended that users obtain training in the
use of the classification through WHO and its network of collaborating centres.
The following are features of the classification that have a bearing on its use.
1. Organization and structure
Parts of the Classification
ICF is organized into two parts.
Part 1 is composed of the following components:
• Body Functions and Body Structures
• Activities and Participation.
Part 2 is composed of the following components:
• Environmental Factors
• Personal Factors (currently not classified in the ICF).
These components are denoted by prefixes in each code:
• b for Body Functions and
• s for Body Structures
• d for Activities and Participation
• e for Environmental Factors
The prefix d denotes the domains within the component of Activities and Participation. At the
user’s discretion, the prefix d can be replaced by a or p, to denote activities and participation
respectively.
The letters b, s, d and e are followed by a numeric code that starts with the chapter number
(one digit), followed by the second level (two digits), and the third and fourth level21 (one
digit each). For example, in the Body Functions classification there are these codes:
b2 Sensory functions and pain (first-level item)
b210 Seeing functions (second-level item)
b2102 Quality of vision (third-level item)
b21022 Contrast sensitivity (fourth-level item)
Depending on the user’s needs, any number of applicable codes can be employed at each level.
To describe an individual’s situation, more than one code at each level may be applicable.
These may be independent or interrelated.
Note:
20
The disease itself should not be coded. This can be done using the International Statistical
Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), which is a
classification designed to permit the systematic recording, analysis, interpretation and
comparison of mortality and morbidity data on diagnoses of diseases and other health
problems. Users of ICF are encouraged to use this classification in conjunction with ICD-10
(see page 3 of Introduction regarding overlap between the classifications)
21
Only the Body Functions and Body Structure classifications contain fourth-level items.
299
在 ICF，一個人的健康狀態可被指定到分類跨範疇要素的代碼組列。在每一應用可用的
最大代碼數目在章節層級是 34 個(身體功能 8 個、身體結構 8 個、表現 9 個和容能 9 個
代碼)，而第二層級是 362 個。在第三和第四層級，最多可用到 1424 個代碼，來共同構
成該分類的完整版本。在 ICF 的現實生活應用上，一組由 3 到 18 個代碼可以足夠描述
個案精確到兩層級(三位數)。一般地，更詳細的四層級版本是有意為專家服務(如復健成
效、老人醫學、或心理健康)，而兩層級的分類能用於調查和健康成效評估。
範疇應該能編碼成可運用在預定位置的某特定時刻(如一遭遇的剪影描述)。然而，為要
描述一段時間軌跡或過程時，用在一段時間也有可能。然後使用者應該確認其編碼型態
與他們使用的時間架構。
章節
分類的每個要素組織成章節和範疇標題，其下是常用類目或特定項目。例如，在身體功
能分類中，第一章是處理所有心智功能。
區組
章節通常被再分成類目的「區組」，例如，在活動和參與分類第三章(溝通)，有三區組：
溝通 – 接受(d310-d329)、溝通 – 產生(d330-d349)、與交談及使用溝通裝置和技術(d350-
d369)。區組是為提供使用者方便，嚴格來說，並不是分類結構的一部分且正常不是用
為編碼目的。
類目
在每一章節裡都有個別二、三或四層級的類目，每一類目都有一簡短定義及納入和排
除，可適當地協助挑選適當代碼。
定義
ICF 賦予健康與健康相關類目操作性定義，此與「白話」或外行定義相反。這些定義描
述每個範疇的基本屬性(如品質、特性、和關係)，並包含每個類目所納入或排除的資訊。
該定義也包含常用評量的定位點，可以應用在調查和問卷，或替代地，在 ICF 術語所編
碼的評量儀器的結果。例如，視力功能可定義為就單眼或雙眼在近或遠距離的敏銳度而
言，因此視力困難的嚴重性可被編碼成沒有、輕度、中度、重度或全盲。
納入術語
納入術語在許多類目定義後被表列出來，它們提供類目內容的指引，但未必意味詳盡徹
底。至於第二層級項目，所納入的涵蓋所有嵌入的第三層級項目。
排除術語
排除術語，由於與其他術語的相似性，於當應用證明可能有困難時提供。例如可能有人
認為「如廁」類目要包括「照顧身體部位」類目，為了區辨這兩者，因此「如廁」排除
在 d520 類目「照顧身體部位」外而編碼為 d530。
300
In ICF, a person’s health state may be assigned an array of codes across the domains of the
components of the classification. The maximum number of codes available for each
application is 34 at the chapter level (8 body functions, 8 body structures, 9 performance and
9 capacity codes), and 362 at the second level. At the third and fourth levels, there are up to
1424 codes available, which together constitute the full version of the classification. In
real-life applications of ICF, a set of 3 to 18 codes may be adequate to describe a case with
two-level (three-digit) precision. Generally, the more detailed four-level version is intended
for specialist services (e.g. rehabilitation outcomes, geriatrics, or mental health), whereas the
two-level classification can be used for surveys and health outcome evaluation.
The domains should be coded as applicable to a given moment (i.e. as a snapshot description
of an encounter), which is the default position. Use over time, however, is also possible in
order to describe a trajectory over time or a process. Users should then identify their coding
style and the time-frame that they use.
Chapters
Each component of the classification is organized into chapter and domain headings under
which are common categories or specific items. For example, in the Body Functions
classification, Chapter 1 deals with all mental functions.
Blocks
The chapters are often subdivided into “blocks” of categories. For example, in Chapter 3 of
the Activities and Participation classification (Communication), there are three blocks:
Communicating—Receiving (d310-d329), Communicating—Producing (d330-d349), and
Conversation and using communication devices and techniques (d350-d369). Blocks are
provided as a convenience to the user and, strictly speaking, are not part of the structure of the
classification and normally will not be used for coding purposes.
Categories
Within each chapter there are individual two-, three- or four-level categories, each with a
short definition and inclusions and exclusions as appropriate to assist in the selection of the
appropriate code.
Definitions
ICF gives operational definitions of the health and health-related categories, as opposed to
“vernacular” or layperson’s definitions. These definitions describe the essential attributes of
each domain (e.g. qualities, properties, and relationships) and contain information as to what
is included and excluded in each category. The definitions also contain commonly used
anchor points for assessment, for application in surveys and questionnaires, or alternatively,
for the results of assessment instruments coded in ICF terms. For example, visual acuity
functions are defined in terms of monocular and binocular acuity at near and far distances so
that the severity of visual acuity difficulty can be coded as none, mild, moderate, severe or
total.
Inclusion terms
Inclusion terms are listed after the definition of many categories. They are provided as a guide
to the content of the category, and are not meant to be exhaustive. In the case of second-level
items, the inclusions cover all embedded, third-level items.
Exclusion terms
Exclusion terms are provided where, owing to the similarity with another term, application
might prove difficult. For example, it might be thought that the category “Toileting” includes
the category “Caring for body parts”. To distinguish the two, however, “Toileting” is excluded
from category d520 “Caring for body parts” and coded to d530.
301
其他特定
第三或第四層級項目的每一嵌入集組的末端，和每章節的末端，是「其他特定」類目(獨
特地以最後代碼數字 8 來確認)。這容許機能方面編碼不會包括於其他特定類目，當使
用「其他特定」時，使用者應該明定新項目成一附加清單。
未特定
第三或第四層級項目每一嵌入集組的最末類目，和每章節的末端，是「未特定」類目，
這容許符合類組內功能的編碼但資訊不足以允許指定成一更特定的類目。這個代碼與緊
接上列的第二或第三層級術語意義相同，沒有任何附加資訊(以區組而言，「其他特定」
和「未特定」類目結合成單一項目，但通常以最末代碼數字 9 來確認)。
限定值
ICF 代碼需要使用一個或更多的限定值，用來指示例如健康層級的量級或議題問題的嚴
重性。限定值是以點號後面一個、兩個或更多數字來編碼。使用任何代碼應該伴隨至少
一個限定值，沒有限定值，代碼就失去固有的意義(依設定，WHO 詮釋不完整代碼意味
問題不存在-- xxx.00)。
身體功能和結構的第一個限定值，活動和參與的表現和容能限定值，及環境因素的第一
個限定值都在個別要素中描述問題的程度。
所有要素是用相同通用量尺來量化。依建構有問題可能意味損傷、限制、受限、或阻礙。
下表括弧所列適當的限定單字應該根據相關的分類範疇來選擇(xxx 代表第二層級範疇
的數字)：
xxx.0 沒有問題 (沒有、喪失、可忽略、...) 0-4 %
xxx.1 輕度問題 (輕微、低度、...) 5-24 %
xxx.2 中度問題 (中度、尚可、...) 25-49 %
xxx.3 重度問題 (高度、極度、…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 完全問題 (全部、…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 不特定
xxx.9 不適用
提供廣泛範圍百分比給那些個案，其以可取得之已校正評量儀器或其他標準來量化損
傷、容能限制、表現問題或環境阻礙因子/促進因子。例如，當以「沒有問題」或「完全
問題」來編碼時，這會有誤差界限可達 5％。
「中度問題」定義為達到全部困難量尺的一
半，不同範疇的百分比要參考人口標準百分位進行校正。為能以一致方式使用此量化，
評量步驟需經由研究來發展。
至於環境因素要素，第一個限定值也能用來表示環境正向方面的程度、或促進因子。為
了表示促進因子，使用相同的 0-4 量尺，但點號被加號所取代：如 e110+2。環境因素可
以依(i)與每一要素有關，或(ii)與每一要素無關來編碼(見下列第三段)。第一種方式較可
取，因為它能更清楚地確認衝擊和屬性。
302
Other specified
At the end of each embedded set of third- or fourth-level items, and at the end of each chapter,
are “other specified” categories (uniquely identified by the final code number 8). These allow
for the coding of aspects of functioning that are not included within any of the other specific
categories. When “other specified” is employed, the user should specify the new item in an
additional list.
Unspecified
The last categories within each embedded set of third- or fourth-level items, and at the end of
each chapter, are “unspecified” categories that allow for the coding of functions that fit within
the group but for which there is insufficient information to permit the assignment of a more
specific category. This code has the same meaning as the second- or third-level term
immediately above, without any additional information (for blocks, the “other specified” and
“unspecified” categories are joined into a single item, but are always identified by the final
code number 9).
Qualifiers
The ICF codes require the use of one or more qualifiers, which denote, for example, the
magnitude of the level of health or severity of the problem at issue. Qualifiers are coded as
one, two or more numbers after a point. Use of any code should be accompanied by at least
one qualifier. Without qualifiers codes have no inherent meaning (by default, WHO interprets
incomplete codes as signifying the absence of a problem -- xxx.00).
The first qualifier for Body Functions and Structures, the performance and capacity qualifiers
for Activities and Participation, and the first qualifier for Environmental Factors all describe
the extent of problems in the respective component.
All components are quantified using the same generic scale. Having a problem may mean an
impairment, limitation, restriction or barrier, depending on the construct. Appropriate
qualifying words as shown in brackets below should be chosen according to the relevant
classification domain (where xxx stands for the second-level domain number):
xxx.0 NO problem (none, absent, negligible,…) 0-4 %
xxx.1 MILD problem (slight, low,…) 5-24 %
xxx.2 MODERATE problem (medium, fair,...) 25-49 %
xxx.3 SEVERE problem (high, extreme,…) 50-95 %
xxx.4 COMPLETE problem (total,…) 96-100 %
xxx.8 not specified
instruments or other standards are available to quantify the impairment, capacity limitation,
performance problem or environmental barrier/facilitator. For example, when “no problem” or
“complete problem” is coded, this may have a margin of error of up to 5%. A “moderate
problem” is defined as up to half of the scale of total difficulty. The percentages are to be
calibrated in different domains with reference to population standards as percentiles. For this
quantification to be used in a universal manner, assessment procedures have to be developed
through research.
In the case of the Environmental Factors component, this first qualifier can also be used to
denote the extent of positive aspects of the environment, or facilitators. To denote facilitators,
the same 0-4 scale can be used, but the point is replaced by a plus sign: e.g. e110+2.
Environmental factors can be coded either (i) in relation to each component; or (ii) without
relation to each component (see section 3 below). The first style is preferable since it
identifies the impact and attribution more clearly.
303
附加的限定值
對不同的使用者，在每一項目的編碼增加其他種類資訊可能是適當且有幫助的。後頭提
到種種附加的限定值可能是有用的。
正向方面的編碼
依使用者考量，編碼量尺可能發展出擷取機能的正向方面：
正向負向
身體功能損傷
正向負向
活動活動限制
正向負向
參與參與受限
2. 一般編碼規則
下列規則對此分類的各種使用以正確檢索資訊是必要的。
挑選一組列代碼來建立個體概況
ICF 針對健康與健康相關狀態分類，而因此需要指定一系列代碼，以可最佳描述個人機
能的概況。ICF 不是「事件分類」，像 ICD-10 是將一特別健康狀況用單一代碼來分類。
由於個人機能會受身體、個體和社會層級的影響，使用者應該經常考慮分類的所有要
素，即身體功能和結構、活動和參與、及環境因素。雖然期待所有可能的代碼將用在每
一遭遇並不實際，根據遭遇的背景使用者會挑選最突出的代碼來達到他們描述特定健康
經驗的目的。
代碼相關資訊
編碼的資訊通常是在健康狀況的情境中。雖然使用代碼並不需要追蹤健康狀況與所編碼
的機能和失能方面間的連結，ICF 是健康分類並以此推定某種健康狀況的存在。因此，
關於一個人選擇或不選擇做某事的資訊與其健康狀況所關聯的機能問題是不相關的，且
不應該被編碼。例如，若一個人為健康以外的理由決定不與他或她的鄰居開始新關係，
那就不適合使用類目 d7200，蓋這包括形成關係的行動。相反地，若這個人的決定連結
於健康狀況(如憂鬱)，那代碼就應該應用。
反映涉及個人的感覺或滿意於機能層級的資訊，現時並不編碼入 ICF。進一步研究可能
提供附加限定值以容許這資訊來編碼。
只有那些與預先定義的時間架構有關的個人機能方面才應該編碼，與先前遭遇相關及現
時遭遇無關的功能是不應該記錄的。
304
Additional qualifiers
For different users, it might be appropriate and helpful to add other kinds of information to the
coding of each item. There are a variety of additional qualifiers that could be useful, as
mentioned later.
Coding positive aspects
At the user’s discretion coding scales can be developed to capture the positive aspects of
functioning:
Positive Negative
Body Functions Impairment

Positive Negative
Activity Activity limitation

Positive Negative
Participation Participation restriction

2. General coding rules
The following rules are essential for accurate retrieval of information for the various uses of
the classification.
Select an array of codes to form an individual’s profile
ICF classifies health and health-related states and therefore requires the assigning of a series
of codes that best describe the profile of the person’s functioning. ICF is not an “event
classification” like ICD-10 in which a particular health condition is classified with a single
code. As the functioning of a person can be affected at the body, individual and societal level,
the user should always take into consideration all components of the classification, namely
Body Functions and Structures, Activities and Participation, and Environmental Factors.
Though it is impractical to expect that all the possible codes will be used for every encounter,
depending on the setting of the encounter users will select the most salient codes for their
purpose to describe a given health experience.
Code relevant information
Coded information is always in the context of a health condition. Although to use the codes it
is not necessary to trace the links between the health condition and the aspects of functioning
and disability that are coded, ICF is a health classification and so presumes the presence of a
health condition of some kind. Therefore, information about what a person does or does not
choose to do is not related to a functioning problem associated with a health condition and
should not be coded. For example, if a person decides not to begin new relationships with his
or her neighbours for reasons other than health, then it is not appropriate to use category
d7200, which includes the actions of forming relationships. Conversely, if the person’s
decision is linked to a health condition (e.g. depression), then the code should be applied.
Information that reflects the person’s feeling of involvement or satisfaction with the level of
functioning is currently not coded in ICF. Further research may provide additional qualifiers
that will allow this information to be coded.
Only those aspects of the person’s functioning relevant to a predefined time frame should be
coded. Functions that relate to an earlier encounter and have no bearing on the current
encounter should not be recorded.
305
代碼明確的資訊
當指定代碼時，使用者不應該推論關於身體功能或結構的損傷、活動限制或參與受限間
的相互關係。例如，若一個人四處移動的機能有限制時，就假定這人在動作功能有損傷
是沒有道理的。同樣地，從一個人四處移動的容能受限的事實，就推論他或她在四處移
動有表現問題是沒有根據的。使用者必需分別在身體功能和結構及在容能和表現得到明
確的資訊(在某些情況，例如心智功能需要從其他觀察來推論，因為所討論的身體功能
是無法直接看得見的)。
代碼特定的資訊
健康與健康相關狀態，經由指定最適當的 ICF 類目，應該儘可能特定地作記錄。例如，
夜盲症患者最特定的代碼是 b21020「光敏感性」。然而，若這個層級的細節因為某些理
由而無法應用時，就要使用這層級體系對應的「母體」代碼來代替(在這個案，b2102 視
覺品質、b210 視覺功能、或 b2 感官功能和疼痛)。
為能簡單並快速地確認適當的代碼，強烈建議使用ICF瀏覽器，22 它提供具分類完整版
本電子索引的搜尋引擎功能。替代地，可以使用以字母排序的索引。
3. 環境因素要素的編碼公約
對環境因素的編碼，三個編碼公約已公開使用：
公約一
環境因素單獨編碼，與身體功能、身體結構或活動和參與這些代碼並不相關。
身體功能
身體結構
活動和參與
環境
公約二
環境因素為每一要素編碼。
身體功能 E 代碼
身體結構 E 代碼
活動和參與 E 代碼
公約三
對每一項目的活動和參與要素，環境因素為容能和表現限定值編碼。
表現限定值 E 代碼
容能限定值 E 代碼
註解：
22
不同語言的ICF瀏覽器可以從ICF網站下載：http://www.who.int/classifications/icf
306
Code explicit information
When assigning codes, the user should not make an inference about the inter relationship
between an impairment of body functions or structure, activity limitation or participation
restriction. For example, if a person has a limitation in functioning in moving around, it is not
justifiable to assume that the person has an impairment of movement functions. Similarly,
from the fact that a person has a limited capacity to move around it is unwarranted to infer
that he or she has a performance problem in moving around. The user must obtain explicit
information on Body Functions and Structures and on capacity and performance separately (in
some instances, mental functions for example, an inference from other observations is
required since the body function in question is not directly observable).
Code specific information
Health and health-related states should be recorded as specifically as possible, by assigning
the most appropriate ICF category. For example, the most specific code for a person with
night blindness is b21020 “Light sensitivity”. If, however, for some reason this level of detail
cannot be applied, the corresponding “parent” code in the hierarchy can be used instead (in
this case, b2102 Quality of vision, b210 Seeing functions, or b2 Sensory functions and pain).
To identify the appropriate code easily and quickly, the use of the ICF Browser,22 which
provides a search engine function with an electronic index of the full version of the
classification, is strongly recommended. Alternatively, the alphabetical index can be used.
3. Coding conventions for the Environmental Factors component
For the coding of environmental factors, three coding conventions are open for use:
Convention 1
Environmental factors are coded alone, without relating these codes to body functions, body
structures or activities and participation.
Body functions
Body structures
Activities and Participation
Environment
Convention 2
Environmental factors are coded for every component.
Body functions E code
Body structures E code
Activities and Participation E code
Convention 3
Environmental factors are coded for capacity and performance qualifiers in the Activities and
Participation component for every item.
Performance qualifier E code
Capacity qualifier E code
Note:
22
The ICF Browser in different languages can be downloaded from the ICF website:
http://www.who.int/classifications/icf
307
4. 特定要素的編碼規則
4.1 身體功能的編碼
定義
身體功能係指身體系統的生理功能(包括心理功能)，損傷係指身體功能或結構顯著偏差
或缺失的問題。
使用身體功能的限定值
身體功能以一個限定值編碼來指明損傷的程度或大小，損傷的存在可以確認為喪失或缺
乏、減少、增加或過多、或偏差。
單側輕癱者的損傷可以代碼 b7302 身體單側肌肉力量來描述：
損傷的程度(第一個限定值)
b7302.
一旦損傷存在，它能用通用限定值來衡量其嚴重性，例如：
b7302.1 身體單側肌肉力量輕度損傷 (5-24 %)
b7302.2 身體單側肌肉力量中度損傷 (25-49 %)
b7302.3 身體單側肌肉力量重度損傷 (50-95 %)
b7302.4 身體單側肌肉力量完全損傷 (96-100 %)
損傷不存在(根據預先定義的閾值)指明以數值「0」作通用限定值，例如：
b7302.0 身體單側肌肉力量沒有損傷
如果沒有充足的資訊來明定損傷的嚴重性，應該使用數值「8」
。例如，若一個人的健康
紀錄陳述他患有身體右側無力而沒有進一步細節，便可應用下列代碼：
b7302.8 身體單側肌肉力量損傷，不特定
可能在有些處境下應用某一特別代碼是不適當的，例如，代碼 b650 月經功能並不能應

用於某一年齡以下或以上的婦女(初經前或停經後)。對這些個案，可以指定數值「9」：
b650.9 月經功能，不適用
身體功能的關聯結構
身體功能和身體結構的分類是平行設計的，當使用身體功能代碼，使用者應該檢查其對
應身體結構代碼是否適用。例如，身體功能包括人類基本感覺，如 b210-b229「視覺與
相關功能」，及其關聯結構出現於 s210 和 s230 間的「眼睛與相關結構」。
損傷間的相互關係
損傷可能導致其他損傷；例如，肌肉力量會減損動作功能，心臟功能可能與呼吸功能有
關、知覺可能與思想功能有關。
確認身體功能的損傷
對於那些總是無法直接觀察的損傷(如心智功能)，使用者可從行為觀察來推論損傷。例
如，在臨床環境中，記憶能透過標準化測試來評量，而雖然不可能真正「觀察」腦部功
能，依據這些測試的結果可以合理地假定其記憶的心智功能有所減損。
308
4. Component-specific coding rules
4.1 Coding body functions
Definitions
Body functions are the physiological functions of body systems (including psychological
functions). Impairments are problems in body function or structure as a significant deviation
or loss.
Using the qualifier for body functions
Body functions are coded with one qualifier that indicates the extent or magnitude of the
impairment. The presence of an impairment can be identified as a loss or lack, reduction,
addition or excess, or deviation.
The impairment of a person with hemiparesis can be described with code b7302 Power of
muscles of one side of the body:
Extent of impairment (first qualifier)
b7302.
Once an impairment is present, it can be scaled in severity using the generic qualifier. For
example:
b7302.1 MILD impairment of power of muscles of one side of body (5-24 %)
b7302.2 MODERATE impairment of power of muscles of one side of body (25-49 %)
b7302.3 SEVERE impairment of power of muscles of one side of body (50-95 %)
b7302.4 COMPLETE impairment of power of muscles of one side of body (96-100 %)
The absence of an impairment (according to a predefined threshold level) is indicated by the
value “0” for the generic qualifier. For example:
b7302.0 NO impairment in power of muscles of one side of body
If there is insufficient information to specify the severity of the impairment, the value “8”
should be used. For example, if a person’s health record states that the person is suffering
from weakness of the right side of the body without giving further details, then the following
code can be applied:
b7302.8 Impairment of power of muscles of one side of body, not specified
There may be situations where it is inappropriate to apply a particular code. For example, the
code b650 Menstruation functions is not applicable for women before or beyond a certain age
(pre-menarche or post-menopause). For these cases, the value “9” is assigned:
b650.9 Menstruation functions, not applicable
Structural correlates of body functions
The classifications of Body Functions and Body Structures are designed to be parallel. When
a body function code is used, the user should check whether the corresponding body structure
code is applicable. For example, body functions include basic human senses such as
b210-b229 “Seeing and related functions,” and their structural correlates occur between s210
and s230 as “eye and related structures”.
Interrelationship between impairments
Impairments may result in other impairments; for example, muscle power may impair
movement functions, heart functions may relate to respiratory functions, perception may
relate to thought functions.
Identifying impairments in body functions
For those impairments that cannot always be observed directly (e.g. mental functions), the
user can infer the impairment from observation of behavior. For example, in a clinical setting
memory may be assessed through standardized tests, and although it is not possible to actually
“observe” brain function, depending on the results of these tests it may be reasonable to
assume that the mental functions of memory are impaired.
309
4.2 身體結構的編碼
定義
用限定值為身體結構編碼
身體結構以三個限定值來編碼，第一個限定值描述損傷的程度或大小、第二個限定值用
來指明改變的性質、而第三個限定值表示損傷的位置。
損傷的程度(第一個限定值)
損傷的性質(第二個限定值)
損傷的位置(第三個限定值)
s7300.
表 1. 身體結構限定值的量尺化
第一個限定值第二個限定值第三個限定值(建議)
損傷的程度損傷的性質損傷的位置
0 沒有損傷 0 結構未變 0 不只一個區域
1 輕度損傷 1 完全缺失 1 右側
2 中度損傷 2 部分缺失 2 左側
3 重度損傷 3 附加部分 3 兩側
4 完全損傷 4 異常尺寸 4 前端
8 不特定 5 不連續性 5 後端
9 不適用 6 偏離位置 6 近端
7 結構質性改變，包括液體堆積 7 遠端
8 不特定 8 不特定
9 不適用 9 不適用
三個限定值所用描述性圖示列在表 1。
310
4.2 Coding body structures
Definitions
Body structures are anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their components.
Impairments are problems in body function or structure as a significant deviation or loss.
Using qualifiers for coding body structures
Body structures are coded with three qualifiers. The first qualifier describes the extent or
magnitude of the impairment, the second qualifier is used to indicate the nature of the change,
and the third qualifier denotes the location of the impairment.
Extent of impairment (first qualifier)
Nature of impairment (second qualifier)
Location of impairment (third qualifier)
s7300.
Table 1. Scaling of qualifiers for body structures

First qualifier Second qualifier Third qualifier (suggested)
Extent of impairment Nature of impairment Location of impairment
0 NO impairment 0 no change in structure 0 more than one region
1 MILD impairment 1 total absence 1 right
2 MODERATE impairment 2 partial absence 2 left
3 SEVERE impairment 3 additional part 3 both sides
4 COMPLETE impairment 4 aberrant dimensions 4 front
8 not specified 5 discontinuity 5 back
9 not applicable 6 deviating position 6 proximal
7 qualitative changes in structure, 7 distal
including accumulation of fluid 8 not specified
8 not specified 9 not applicable
9 not applicable
The descriptive schemes used for the three qualifiers are listed in Table 1.
311
4.3 活動和參與要素的編碼
定義
活動係指個體執行任務或動作，參與係指涉及生活處境，活動限制係指個體在執行活
動時可能有的困難，參與受限係指個體涉及生活處境可能經歷的問題。
活動和參與分類是單一表單的範疇。
使用容能和表現限定值
活動和參與是以兩個限定值來編碼：表現限定值位於點號後的第一位數，而容能限定
值位於點號後的第二位數。這確認來自活動和參與表單類目的代碼及兩個限定值形成預
定的資訊矩陣。
表現限定值(第一個限定值)
容能(沒有輔助)限定值(第二個限定值)
s4500.
資訊矩陣
(預定)
表現限定值描述個體在他或她的現時環境之所做，因為現時環境引進社會情境，以這限
定值來記錄的表現也可理解為人們在其生活實際情境的「涉及生活處境」或「生活經
驗」。這情境包括環境因素 - 即各方面的自然、社會和態度世界。現時環境的特色可以
用環境因素分類來編碼。
容能限定值描述個體執行任務或行動的能力，這建構目的在指明一個人於特定時刻在特
定範疇所能達到的最高可能機能程度。為評量個體的最大能力，需要有「標準化」環境
來中和不同環境對個體能力的不同衝擊。這標準化環境可以是：(a)在測試設置通常被用
作容能評量的實際環境；或(b)如果這不可能，可以想成具有一致衝擊的假定環境。這環
境可以稱為「一致」或「標準」環境。因此，這容能建構反映個體的環境適應能力，這
適應對於所有國家所有人必須是相同的，才容許作國際比較。為了精確，一致或標準環
境的特色能用環境因素要素加以編碼。容能和表現間的差距反映現時和一致環境衝擊的
差異，因此提供關於個體為改進表現對環境所能作為的有用指引。
典型地，沒有輔助的容能限定值是用來為了描述個體在沒有輔助器具加強或別人輔助下
的真正能力。因為表現限定值提出個體的現時環境，輔助器具或別人輔助的存在或阻礙
因子就能直接觀察。促進因子或阻礙因子的性質可以用環境因素分類來描述。
312
4.3 Coding the Activities and Participation component
Definitions
Activity is the execution of a task or action by an individual. Participation is involvement in
a life situation. Activity limitations are difficulties an individual may have in executing
activities. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may experience in
The Activities and Participation classification is a single list of domains.
Using the capacity and performance qualifiers
Activities and Participation is coded with two qualifiers: the performance qualifier, which
occupies the first digit position after the point, and the capacity qualifier, which occupies the
second digit position after the point. The code that identifies the category from the Activities
and Participation list and the two qualifiers form the default information matrix.
Performance qualifier (first qualifier)
Capacity (without assistance) qualifier (second qualifier)
s4500.
Information matrix
(default)
The performance qualifier describes what an individual does in his or her current environment.
Because the current environment brings in a societal context, performance as recorded by this
qualifier can also be understood as “involvement in a life situation” or “the lived experience”
of people in the actual context in which they live. This context includes the environmental
factors - i.e. all aspects of the physical, social and attitudinal world. This features of the
current environment can be coded using the Environmental Factors classification.
The capacity qualifier describes an individual’s ability to execute a task or an action. This
construct aims to indicate the highest probable level of functioning that a person may reach in
a given domain at a given moment. To assess the full ability of the individual, one would need
to have a “standardized” environment to neutralize the varying impact of different
environments on the ability of the individual. This standardized environment may be: (a) an
actual environment commonly used for capacity assessment in test settings; (b) in cases where
this is not possible, an assumed environment which can be thought to have an uniform impact.
This environment can be called the “uniform” or “standard” environment. Thus, the capacity
construct reflects the environmentally adjusted ability of the individual. This adjustment has
to be the same for all persons in all countries to allow international comparisons. To be
precise, the features of the uniform or standard environment can be coded using the
Environmental Factors component. The gap between capacity and performance reflects the
difference between the impacts of the current and uniform environments and thus provides a
useful guide as to what can be done to the environment of the individual to improve
performance.
Typically, the capacity qualifier without assistance is used in order to describe the individual’s
true ability which is not enhanced by an assistance device or personal assistance. Since the
performance qualifier addresses the individual’s current environment, the presence of assistive
devices or personal assistance or barriers can be directly observed. The nature of the
facilitator or barrier can be described using the Environmental Factors classification.
313
選擇性限定值
第三個和第四個(選擇性)限定值提供使用者編碼有輔助的容能和沒有輔助的表現的可能
性。
沒有輔助的容能限定值(第二個限定值)
有輔助的容能限定值(第三個限定值)
沒有輔助的表現限定值(第四個限定值)
s4500.
資訊矩陣選擇性的
(預定)
附加的限定值
第五數字位置是保留給未來可能會發展的限定值，如涉及或主觀滿意度的限定值。
沒有輔助的容能限定值(第二個限定值)
有輔助的容能限定值(第三個限定值)
沒有輔助的表現限定值(第四個限定值)
附加的限定值(第五個限定值)
s4500.
資訊矩陣選擇性的附加的
(預定) (發展中)
容能和表現兩者的限定值都能在有或沒有輔助器具或別人輔助下進一步一起使用，並依
照下列量尺(xxx 表示第二層級範疇數字)：
xxx.0 沒有困難
xxx.1 輕度困難
xxx.2 中度困難
xxx.3 重度困難
xxx.4 完全困難
xxx.8 不特定
xxx.9 不適用
何時使用表現限定值和容能限定值
任一限定值能用在表列每一類目，但是每一個案所傳達的資訊是不同的。當使用兩個限
定值，結果是兩個建購的聚集。例如：
d4500. 2 _
d4500. 2 1
d4500._ 1
如果只使用一個限定值，那沒有使用到的位置不應該填入 .8 或 .9，而是留為空白，因為
這兩者都是真正評量數值且將暗指限定值正被使用。
314
Optional qualifiers
The third and fourth (optional) qualifiers provide users with the possibility of coding capacity
with assistance and performance without assistance.
Capacity qualifier without assistance (second qualifier)
Capacity qualifier with assistance (third qualifier)
Performance qualifier without assistance (fourth qualifier)
s4500.
Information
Matrix Optional
(default)
Additional qualifiers
The fifth digit position is reserved for qualifiers that may be developed in the future, such as a
qualifier for involvement or subjective satisfaction.
Capacity qualifier without assistance (second qualifier)
Capacity qualifier with assistance (third qualifier)
Performance qualifier without assistance (fourth qualifier)
Additional qualifier (fifth qualifier)
s4500.
Information
Matrix Optional Additional
(default) (in development)
Both capacity and performance qualifiers can further be used both with and without assistive
devices or personal assistance, and in accordance with the following scale (where xxx stands
for the second-level domain number):
xxx.0 NO difficulty
xxx.1 MILD difficulty
xxx.2 MODERATE difficulty
xxx.3 SEVERE difficulty
xxx.4 COMPLETE difficulty
xxx.8 not specified
When to use the performance qualifier and the capacity qualifier

Either qualifier may be used for each of the categories listed. But the information conveyed in
each case is different. When both qualifiers are used, the result is an aggregation of two
constructs, i.e.:
d4500. 2 _
d4500. 2 1
d4500._ 1
If only one qualifier is used, then the unused space should not be filled with .8 or .9, but left
blank, since both of these are true assessment values and would imply that the qualifier is
being used.
315
應用兩個限定值的例子
d4500 短距離行走
對於表現限定值，這範疇提及個人在現時環境中以腳走動，如在不同地面和狀況，使用
手杖、助行器、或其他輔助技術，走一公里以下的距離。例如，有一人在工作相關意外
中失去他的腿並在之後使用手杖，但在四處行走時面臨中度困難，因為鄰近地區的人行
道非常陡峭且表面非常滑溜，其表現可以編碼為：
d4500.3 _短距離行走表現中度受限
對於容能限定值，這範疇提及個體在沒有輔助下四處行走的能力。為了中和不同環境的
不同衝擊，能力可在「標準化」環境下評量。這標準化環境可以是：(a)在測試設置通常
被用作容能評量的實際環境；或(b)如果這不可能，可以想成具有一致衝擊的假定環境。
例如，上述那個人在標準化環境(如平坦且不滑的地面)不使用手杖行走的真實能力將非
常有限。因此這人容能可編碼如下：
d4500._ 3 短距離行走容能重度限制
在使用表現或容能限定值時，使用者若想要明定現時或標準環境，應該使用環境因素分
類(見上述第三節環境因素編碼公約三)。
316
Examples of the application of the two qualifiers
d4500 Walking short distances
For the performance qualifier, this domain refers to getting around on foot, in the person’s
current environment, such as on different surfaces and conditions, with the use of a cane,
walker, or other assistive technology, for distances less than 1 km. For example, the
performance of a person who lost his leg in a work-related accident and since then has used a
cane but faces moderate difficulties in walking around because the sidewalks in the
neighbourhood are very steep and have a very slippery surface can be coded:
d4500.3 _ moderate restriction in performance of walking short distances
For the capacity qualifier, this domain refers to the individual’s ability to walk around without
assistance. In order to neutralize the varying impact of different environments, the ability may
be assessed in a “standardized” environment. This standardized environment may be: (a) an
actual environment commonly used for capacity assessment in test settings; or (b) in cases
where this is not possible, an assumed environment which can be thought to have an uniform
impact. For example, the true ability of the above-mentioned person to walk without a cane in
a standardized environment (such as one with flat and non-slippery surfaces) will be very
limited. Therefore the person’s capacity may be coded as follows:
d4500._ 3 severe capacity limitation in walking short distances
Users who wish to specify the current or standardized environment while using the
performance or capacity qualifier should use the Environmental Factors classification (see
coding convention 3 for Environmental Factors in section 3 above).
317
4.4 環境因素的編碼
定義
環境因素係指構成人們生活與引導其生活的自然、社會、和態度環境。
環境因素的使用
環境因素是分類第二分部(情境因素)的要素，機能的每一要素都必需考慮環境因素並根
據上述第三節段所描述三個公約之一來編碼。
環境因素需以個人處境正被描述的觀點來編碼，例如路邊石切口沒有質地鋪砌，可能對
輪椅使用者的編碼為促進因子，但對盲人是阻礙因子。
限定值指明因素是促進因子或阻礙因子的程度，何以環境因素可能是促進因子或阻礙因
子，及達到什麼程度，這有很多原因。對於促進因子，編碼者應該記住如資源可近性的
議題，及接近是否可依賴或多變、好或壞品質等等。至於阻礙因子，它可能與因素多常
阻礙個人、不管阻礙是大或小、或可避免與否相關。也應該記住的是環境因素可以是阻
礙因子，因為它的存在(例如，對於身心障礙者的負向態度)或它的不存在(例如，得不到
必要的服務)。環境因素對於人們生活健康狀況的影響是多變且複雜的，並希望未來的
研究能對這互動導致更好的瞭解，另可能的話，顯出這些因素第二個限定值的實用性。
在某些情況下，環境因素的多樣聚集能用單一術語來總結，如貧窮、發展、鄉村或城市
環境、或社會資本。這些總結性術語本身並不在分類出現，更確切地說，編碼者應該分
別這些成分因素並對其加以編碼。再一次，需要更一步研究來決定構成每一總結性術語
的環境因素集組是否清楚且一致。
第一個限定值
下列是負向和正向量尺來表示環境因素作為阻礙因子或促進因子的程度。單獨使用點號
表示是阻礙因子，反之用 + 號來代替表示是促進因子，如下所示：
xxx.0 沒有阻礙因子 xxx+0 沒有促進因子
xxx.1 輕度阻礙因子 xxx+1 輕度促進因子
xxx.2 中度阻礙因子 xxx+2 中度促進因子
xxx.3 重度阻礙因子 xxx+3 大量促進因子
xxx.4 完全阻礙因子 xxx+4 完全促進因子
xxx.8 阻礙因子，不特定 xxx+8 促進因子，不特定
xxx.9 不適用 xxx.9 不適用
318
4.4 Coding environmental factors
Definitions
Environmental Factors make up the physical, social and attitudinal environment in which
people live and conduct their lives.
Use of Environmental Factors
Environmental Factors is a component of Part 2 (Contextual Factors) of the classification.
Environmental factors must be considered for each component of functioning and coded
according to one of the three conventions described in section 3 above.
Environmental factors are to be coded from the perspective of the person whose situation is
being described. For example, kerb cuts without textured paving may be coded as a facilitator
for a wheelchair user but as a barrier for a blind person.
The qualifier indicates the extent to which a factor is a facilitator or a barrier. There are
several reasons why an environmental factor may be a facilitator or a barrier, and to what
extent. For facilitators, the coder should keep in mind issues such as the accessibility of a
resource, and whether access is dependable or variable, of good or poor quality and so on. In
the case of barriers, it might be relevant how often a factor hinders the person, whether the
hindrance is great or small, or avoidable or not. It should also be kept in mind that an
environmental factor can be a barrier either because of its presence (for example, negative
attitudes towards people with disabilities) or its absence (for example, the unavailability of a
needed service). The effects that environmental factors have on the lives of people with health
conditions are varied and complex, and it is hoped that future research will lead to a better
understanding of this interaction and, possibly, show the usefulness of a second qualifier for
these factors.
In some instances, a diverse collection of environmental factors is summarized with a single
term, such as poverty, development, rural or urban setting, or social capital. These summary
terms are not themselves found in the classification. Rather, the coder should separate the
constituent factors and code these. Once again, further research is required to determine
whether there are clear and consistent sets of environmental factors that make up each of these
summary terms.
First qualifier
The following is the negative and positive scale that denotes the extent to which an
environmental factor acts as a barrier or a facilitator. Using a point alone denotes a barrier,
whereas using the + sign instead denotes a facilitator, as indicated below:
xxx.0 NO barrier xxx+0 NO facilitator
xxx.1 MILD barrier xxx+1 MILD facilitator
xxx.2 MODERATE barrier xxx+2 MODERATE facilitator
xxx.3 SEVERE barrier xxx+3 SUBSTANTIAL facilitator
xxx.4 COMPLETE barrier xxx+4 COMPLETE facilitator
xxx.8 barrier, not specified xxx+8 facilitator, not specified
xxx.9 not applicable xxx.9 not applicable

319
附錄三：可能使用的活動和參與表單
附錄三
可能使用的活動和參與表單
活動和參與要素是指明各種行動和生活領域之範疇的中性表單，每一範疇包含不同層級
的類目，由一般到細節(如第四章移動的範疇，包含類目如 d450 行走與其下更特定項目
d4500 短距離行走)。活動和參與範疇的表單涵蓋機能的全部範圍，其可於個體和社會層
級兩者加以編碼。
如同簡介中所指明，這表單能以不同方式使用來指明特殊觀念的「活動」和「參與」，
如下列在 ICF 所定義：
在健康的情境：
活動係指個體執行任務或行動。
就建構活動 (a) 和參與 (p) 間關係的範疇表單而言，有四個替代選項：
(1) 區別活動範疇和參與範疇集組(沒有重疊)
某一類目集組只編碼為活動(即個體所做的任務或行動)，而另一集組只有參與(即涉及生
活處境)，因此這兩集組是互斥的。
在這選項下，活動類目和參與類目的集組是由使用者決定，每一類目不是活動就是參與
項目，但不會兩者都是。例如，範疇可劃分如下：
a1 學習和運用知識
a2 一般任務和需求
a3 溝通
a4 移動
p5 自我照顧
p6 居家生活
p7 人際互動
p8 主要生活領域
p9 社區、社交和公民生活
這類結構的編碼
a類目碼. q p q c (類目視作活動項目)
p類目碼. q p q c (類目視作參與項目)
這裡的q p = 表現限定值，而q c = 容能限定值。如果使用表現限定值，不論表示為活動
或參與項目，類目是在表現建構方面來詮釋；如果使用容能限定值，則用容能建構來詮
釋類目，同樣不論表示為活動或參與項目。
這樣，選項 (1) 提供了沒有任何多餘或重疊的完整資訊矩陣。

(2) 活動和參與範疇的集組有部分重疊
在這替代選項，一類目的集組可能以活動和參與項目兩者來詮釋；也就是說，相同類目
被認為是開放給個體(即個體所做的任務或行動)和社會(即涉及生活處境)來詮釋。
320
Annex 3
Possible uses of the Activities and Participation list
The Activities and Participation component is a neutral list of domains indicating various
actions and life areas. Each domain contains categories at different levels ordered from
general to detailed (e.g. the domain of Chapter 4 Mobility, contains categories such as d450
Walking and under it the more specific item, d4500 Walking short distances.) The list of
activity and participation domains covers the full range of functioning, which can be coded at
both the individual and societal levels.
As indicated in the Introduction, this list can be used in different ways to indicate the specific
notions of “Activities” and “Participation”, which are defined in ICF as follows:
In the context of health:
Activity is the execution of a task or action by an individual.
There are four alternative options for structuring the relationship between activities (a) and
participation (p) in terms of the domain list:
(1) Distinct sets of ativities domains and participation domains (no overlap)
A certain set of categories is coded only as activities (i.e. tasks or actions that an individual
does) and another set only as participation (i.e. involvement in life situations). The two sets,
therefore, are mutually exclusive.
In this option, the sets of activity categories and participation categories is determined by the
user. Each category is either an activity or a participation item, but not both. For example, the
domains may be divided as follows:
a1 Learning and applying knowledge
a2 General tasks and demands
a3 Communication
a4 Mobility
p5 Self-care
p6 Domestic life
p7 Interpersonal interactions
p8 Major life areas
p9 Community, social and civic life
Coding for this structure
a category code. q p q c (a category deemed an activities item)
p category code. q p q c (a category deemed a participation item)
Where q p = the performance qualifier and q c = the capacity qualifier. If the performance
qualifier is used, the category, whether denoted as an activities or a participation item, is
interpreted in terms of the performance construct; if the capacity qualifier is used, a capacity
construct is used to interpret the category, again whether denoted as an activities or a
participation item.
In this way option (1) provides the full information matrix without any redundancy or
overlap.
(2) Partial overlap between sets of activities and participation domains
In this alternative, a set of categories may be interpreted as both activities and participation
items; that is, the same category is thought to be open to an individual (i.e. as a task or action
that an individual does) and a societal (i.e. involvement in a life situation) interpretation.
321
例如：
a1 學習和運用知識
a2 一般任務和需求
a3 溝通 p3 溝通
a4 移動 p4 移動
a5 自我照顧 p5 自我照顧
a6 居家生活 p6 居家生活
p7 人際互動
p8 主要生活領域
p9 社區、社交和市民生活
在這結構下類目如何編碼是受限的。在「重疊」的類目下，相同限定值不可能有不同的
數值(不論是表現的第一個限定值或容能的第二個限定值)，例如：
a 類目. 1 _ 或 a 類目. _ 1
p 類目. 2 p 類目. _ 2
使用者選擇這選項會認為重疊類目的代碼，當其編碼於活動而非參與時，可能意味不同
的事情，且反之亦然。然而，單一代碼必須進入資訊矩陣的特定限定值欄位。
(3) 詳細類目如活動和廣泛類目如參與，有或沒有重疊
另一取向是應用活動和參與定義至限制參與到範疇内更一般或更廣泛類目的範疇(如第
一層級類目如章節標題)且將更詳細的類目視為活動(如第三或第四層級類目)。這種取向
就廣泛對詳細的區別而言，在某些或所有範疇内分別類目。使用者可視某些範疇為完全
(即所有層級的細節)活動或完全參與。
例如，d4550 爬行可建構為活動，而 d455 四處移動可建構為參與。
處理這取向時有兩個可能方法：(a)沒有「重疊」，即若一項目是活動它就不是參與；或
(b)可能會有重疊，因為有些使用者可能使用活動的全體表單，但只參與的廣泛題目。
相似於選項 (1) 或選項 (2)。
(4) 對活動和參與兩者完全重疊的範疇使用相同範疇
在這選項中，活動和參與表單的所有範疇可被視為活動和參與兩者，每一類目可被詮釋
為個體機能(活動)與社會機能(參與)。
例如，d330 講話可被視為活動和參與兩者。一個失去聲帶的人可使用輔助器具來講話，
根據使用容能和表現限定值的評量，這個人：
322
For example:
a1 Learning and applying knowledge
a2 General tasks and demands
a3 Communication p3 Communication
a4 Mobility p4 Mobility
a5 Self-care p5 Self-care
a6 Domestic life p6 Domestic life
p7 Interpersonal interactions
p8 Major life areas
p9 Community, social and civic life
There is a restriction on how categories can be coded for this structure. It cannot be possible
for a category within the “overlap” to have different values for the same qualifier (either the
first qualifier for performance or the second qualifier for capacity), e.g.:
a category. 1 _ or a category. _ 1
p category. 2 p category. _ 2
A user who chooses this option believes that codes in the overlapping categories may mean
different things when they are coded in activities and not in participation, and vice versa.
However, one single code has to be entered into the information matrix for the specified
qualifier column.
(3) Detailed categories as activities and broad categories as participation, with or

without overlap
Another approach to applying activities and participation definitions to the domains restricts
participation to the more general or broader categories within a domain (e.g. first-level
categories such as chapter headings) and deems the more detailed categories to be activities
(e.g. third- or fourth-level categories). This approach separates categories within some or all
domains in terms of the broad versus detailed distinction. The user may deem some domains
to be entirely (i.e. at all levels of detail) activities or entirely participation.
For example, d4550 Crawling may be construed as an activity while d455 Moving around
may be construed as participation.
There are two possible ways of handling this approach: (a) there is no “overlap”, i.e. if an
item is an activity it is not participation; or (b) there may be an overlap, since some users may
use the whole list for activities and only broad titles for participation.
Similar to option (1) or option (2).
(4) Use of the same domains for both activities and participation with total overlap of
domains
In this option, all domains in the Activities and Participation list can be viewed as both
activities and participation. Every category can be interpreted as individual functioning
(activity) as well as societal functioning (participation).
For example, d330 Speaking can be seen both as an activity and as participation. A person
with missing vocal cords can speak with the use of an assistive device. According to the
assessments using capacity and performance qualifiers, this person has:
323
第一個限定值
表現中度困難(可能因為情境因素，如個人壓力或他人態度) →2
第二個限定值
沒有輔助器具的容能重度困難 →3
第三個限定值
有輔助器具的容能輕度困難 →1
根據 ICF 的資訊矩陣，這人的處境應該被編碼為：
d330.231
根據選項 (4)，這也可被編碼為：
a330.231
p330.2
在選項 (4)，當使用表現和容能兩者限定值，ICF 資訊矩陣的相同單元會有兩個數值：一
個是活動而另一個是參與。當這些數值相同時，那沒有衝突，只是多餘。然而，就不同
數值而言，使用者必需為資訊矩陣發展出代碼的決策規則，因為正式 WHO 編碼樣式如
下：
d類目q p q c
一個可能克服此多餘的方法可考慮能力限定值為活動，而表現限定值為參與。
另一個可能性是發展參與的附加限定值來擷取「涉及生活處境」。
期待繼續使用 ICF 及產生實證資料，證據將使分類的不同使用者對於上述選項的偏好變

得可用。實證性研究也將造成活動和參與的觀念操作化更清楚。在不同環境、不同國家
和不同目的下如何使用這些觀念的資料可能會產生且將會告知未來修訂方案。
324
First qualifier
Moderate difficulty in performance (perhaps because of contextual factors such as personal
stress or other peoples’ attitudes) →2
Second qualifier
Severe difficulty in capacity without assistive device →3
Third qualifier
Mild difficulty in capacity with assistive device →1
According to the ICF information matrix this person’s situation should be coded as:
d330.231
According to option (4) this can also be coded as:
a330.231
p330.2
In option (4), when both performance and capacity qualifiers are used, there are two values
for the same cell in the ICF information matrix: one for activities and one for participation. If
these values are the same, then there is no conflict, only redundancy. However, in the case of
differing values, users must develop a decision rule to code for the information matrix, since
the official WHO coding style is this:
d category q p q c
One possible way to overcome this redundancy may be to consider the capacity qualifier as
activity and the performance qualifier as participation.
Another possibility is to develop additional qualifiers for participation that capture
“involvement in life situations”.
It is expected that with the continued use of ICF and the generation of empirical data,
evidence will become available as to which of the above options are preferred by different
users of the classification. Empirical research will also lead to a clearer operationalization of
the notions of activities and participation. Data on how these notions are used in different
settings, in different countries and for different purposes can be generated and will then
inform further revisions to the scheme.
325
附錄四：個案例子
附錄四
個案例子
以下例子描述在各種個案應用 ICF 概念，希望它們將協助使用者瞭解基本分類概念和建
構的含義和應用。進一步細節請參照 WHO 訓練手冊和課程。
損傷造成容能沒有限制且表現沒有問題
一小孩生下來缺少手指甲，這畸形是結構的損傷，但不干擾小孩手部功能或小孩用手所
能做的，因此小孩的容能沒有限制。同樣地，可能沒有表現問題 – 如與其他孩子們遊戲
不會被取笑或從遊戲中被排擠 – 因為這畸形。因此，這小孩沒有容能限制或表現問題。
損傷造成容能沒有限制但表現有問題
一位糖尿病小孩的功能有損傷：胰臟無法充分地運作產生胰島素。糖尿病能以藥物控
制，即胰島素。當身體功能(胰島素濃度)在控制之下，這損傷關聯的容能沒有限制。然
而，糖尿病小孩在和朋友或同儕社交涉及吃時很可能經歷表現的問題，因為小孩需要限
制糖類攝取。缺少適當的食物將產生阻礙因子。因此，僅管容能沒有限制，除非採取步
驟來確保能提供適當的食物，這小孩會在現時環境的社交中無法涉入。
另一個例子是一個人臉上有白斑但沒有其他身體抱怨，這個美容問題不會產生容能限
制。然而，這個人可能生活在一將白斑誤認為麻瘋的環境而認為有傳染性。因此，在個
人現時環境中，這負向態度是一環境阻礙因子造成人際互動上顯著的表現問題。
損傷造成容能有限制，且 - 視情況 - 表現有問題或沒有問題

智能損傷是智力發展上的顯著偏差，這可能會造成種種個人容能的一些限制。然而，環
境因素在不同生活範疇中會影響個體表現的程度。例如，一位智能損傷的小孩，在一個
對一般族群期待不高的環境中，並給小孩一系列簡單、重複但必需完成的任務時，他可
能只經歷到輕微不利。在這樣環境中，小孩對於不同生活處境會有好的表現。
一位類似小孩在競爭環境和高學業期待中成長，可能比起第一位小孩對於各種生活處境
會經歷到更多表現問題。
這個個案例子突顯兩件議題，第一是個體機能所用來比較的族群常模或標準，對實際現
時環境必需是適當的。第二是環境因素的存在或不在可能會對機能有促進或妨礙的衝
擊。
326
Annex 4
Case examples
The examples below describe applications of ICF concepts to various cases. It is hoped that
they will assist users to understand the intent and application of the basic classification
concepts and constructs. For further details, please refer to WHO training manuals and
courses.
Impairment leading to no limitation in capacity and no problem in performance
A child is born with a fingernail missing. This malformation is an impairment of structure, but
does not interfere with the function of the child’s hand or what the child can do with that hand,
so there is no limitation in the child’s capacity. Similarly, there may be no performance
problem - such as playing with other children without being teased or excluded from play -
because of this malformation. The child, therefore, has no capacity limitations or problems in
performance.
Impairment leading to no limitation in capacity but to problems in performance
A diabetic child has an impairment of function: the pancreas does not function adequately to
produce insulin. Diabetes can be controlled by medication, namely insulin. When the body
functions (insulin levels) are under control, there are no limitations in capacity associated with
the impairment. However, the child with diabetes is likely to experience a performance
problem in socializing with friends or peers when eating is involved, since the child is
required to restrict sugar intake. The lack of appropriate food would create a barrier. Therefore,
the child would have a lack of involvement in socialisation in the current environment unless
steps were taken to ensure that appropriate food was provided, in spite of no limitations in
capacity.
Another example is that of an individual with vitiligo on the face but no other physical
complaints. This cosmetic problem produces no limitations in capacity. However, the
individual may live in a setting where vitiligo is mistaken for leprosy and so considered
contagious. In the person’s current environment, therefore, this negative attitude is an
environmental barrier that leads to significant performance problems in interpersonal
interactions.
Impairment leading to limitations in capacity and - depending on circumstance - to
problems or no problems in performance
A significant variation in intellectual development is a mental impairment. This may lead to
some limitation in a variety of the person’s capacities. Environmental factors, however, may
affect the extent of the individual’s performance in different life domains. For example, a
child with this mental impairment might experience little disadvantage in an environment
where expectations are not high for the general population and where the child is given an
array of simple, repetitive but necessary tasks to accomplish. In this environment the child
will perform well in different life situations.
A similar child growing up in an environment of competition and high scholastic expectation
might experience more problems in performance in various life situations compared to the
first child.
This case example highlights two issues. The first is that the population norm or standard
against which an individual’s functioning is compared must be appropriate to the actual
current environment. The second is that the presence or absence of environmental factors may
have either a facilitating or a hindering impact on that functioning.
327
先前損傷造成容能沒有限制，卻仍然引發表現問題
一個人從急性精神發作恢復，但背負著曾是「精神病人」的污名，可能經歷在就業或人
際互動範疇上表現的問題，因為人們在他或她環境中的負向態度。因此這人涉及就業和
社會生活會受限制。
不同的容能損傷和限制造成類似的表現問題
一個人可能因為他或她的損傷程度(四肢癱瘓)，看來無法表現某些工作所需(如用手動鍵
盤來使用電腦)而沒有被雇用工作。工作場所沒有作必要改造來促進這個人在這些工作
所需的表現(如用語音辨識軟體來取代手動鍵盤)。
另外一個四肢癱瘓較不嚴重的人可能有容能來作必需的工作任務，但可能因為雇用身心
障礙者配額已滿，而沒有被雇用。
第三個有能力表現所需工作活動的人，可能因為他或她活動限制而不被雇用，而這可以
藉輪椅使用來減輕，儘管工作場所無法使用輪椅。
最後，一位使用輪椅的人可能被雇用工作，且有容能執行工作任務並事實上在工作情境
能以表現這些。但是，這個人與同儕的人際互動範疇可能仍有表現的問題，因為無法接
近工作相關休息區。這個工作場所的社交表現問題可能阻止接近工作晉升的機會。
所有四個人在就業範疇都經歷表現問題，因為不同的環境因素與他們的健康狀況或損傷
交互作用。對第一個人，環境阻礙因子包括缺乏工作場所的適應及可能的負向態度；第
二個人面臨關於失能者就業的負向態度；第三個人面臨建構的環境缺乏可近性；而最後
一個人面臨一般對於失能的負向態度。
疑似的損傷造成顯著的表現問題但容能沒有限制
一個人與愛滋病人一起工作，除此以外這個人是健康的但必須接受人類免疫缺乏病毒的
定期篩檢。他沒有容能限制。儘管這樣，社會上知道他的人們懷疑他可能帶有病毒而避
開他，這造成在社會互動及社區、社交和市民生活範疇個人表現的顯著問題。他的涉入
會受限，因為在他環境中人們所採的負向態度。
現時在 ICF 尚未分類的損傷造成表現問題

有一個人的母親死於乳癌，她 45 歲，在最近一次自願性篩檢中，發現帶有遺傳密碼使
她有乳癌風險。她在身體功能或結構、或容能限制都沒有問題，但因為乳癌風險增高，
她的保險公司拒絕她的健康保險。因為健康保險公司的政策，使她在涉及照顧她健康的
範疇受到限制。
328
Former impairment leading to no limitations in capacity but still causing problems in
performance
An individual who has recovered from an acute psychotic episode, but who bears the stigma
of having been a “mental patient”, may experience problems in performance in the domain of
employment or interpersonal interactions, because of negative attitudes of people in his or her
environment. The person’s involvement in employment and social life is, therefore, restricted.
Different impairments and limitations in capacity leading to similar problems in
performance
An individual may not be hired for a job because the extent of his or her impairment
(quadriplegia) is seen to preclude performing some job requirements (e.g. using a computer
with a manual keyboard). The workplace does not have the necessary adaptations to facilitate
the person’s performance of these job requirements (e.g. voice recognition software that
replaces the manual keyboard).
Another individual with less severe quadriplegia may have the capacity to do the necessary
job tasks, but may not be hired because the quota for hiring people with disabilities has been
filled.
A third individual, who is capable of performing the required job activities, may not be hired
because he or she has an activity limitation that is alleviated through use of a wheelchair,
although the job site is not accessible to wheelchairs.
Lastly, an individual using a wheelchair may be hired for the job, and has the capacity to do
the job tasks and in fact does perform them in the work context. Nonetheless, this individual
may still have problems in performing in domains of interpersonal interactions with
co-workers, because access to work-related rest areas is not available. This problem of
performance in socializing at the place of employment may prevent access to job
advancement opportunities.
All four individuals experience performance problems in the domain of employment because
of different environmental factors interacting with their health condition or impairment. For
the first individual, the environmental barriers include lack of accommodation at the
workplace and probably negative attitudes. The second individual is faced with negative
attitudes about employment of disabled people. The third person faces lack of accessibility of
the built environment and the last person faces negative attitudes about disability generally.
Suspected impairment leading to marked problems in performance without limitations
in capacity
An individual has been working with patients who have AIDS. This individual is otherwise
healthy but has to undergo periodic testing for HIV. He has no capacity limitations. Despite
this, people who know him socially suspect he may have acquired the virus and so avoid him.
This leads to significant problems in the person’s performance in the domain of social
interactions and community, social and civic life. His involvement is restricted because of
negative attitudes adopted by the people in his environment.
Impairments currently not classified in ICF leading to problems in performance
An individual has a mother who died of breast cancer. She is 45 years old and was voluntarily
screened recently and found to carry the genetic code that puts her at risk for breast cancer.
She has no problems in body function or structure, or limitation in capacities, but is denied
health insurance by her insurance company because of her increased risk for breast cancer.
Her involvement in the domain of looking after her health is restricted because of the policy
of the health insurance company.
329
附加的例子
一位十歲男孩因為參考診斷「口吃」而轉介給語言治療師，檢查中發現問題在講話中斷、
口語間和內加速、講話動作時間問題、及不適當的講話節律(損傷)。在學校中大聲朗讀
和交談有問題(容能限制)。在團體討論中，他並未採取主動從事討論，雖然他想要(在與
多人交談範疇有表現問題)。因為社會常模及關於交談表露次序的實務，這男孩涉及在
團體中的交談是受限的。
一位四十歲婦女在四個月前因鞭抽式傷害，抱怨頸部疼痛、嚴重頭痛、頭暈、肌力減少
和焦慮(損傷)。她走路、煮飯、清潔、操作電腦和開車的能力都受限(容能限制)。諮詢
她的醫師後，彼此都同意，在她能回到她先前全職定時的工作之前，要等待直到問題減
輕(就業範疇的表現問題)。如果她現時環境的工作場所政策容許彈性工作時間，她症狀
特別不好時可請假，並容許她在家裡工作，她涉及的就業範疇就會改善。
330
Additional examples
A 10-year-old boy is referred to a speech therapist with the referral diagnosis “stuttering”.
During the examination problems are found in discontinuities in speech, inter- and intra-
verbal accelerations, problems in timing of speech movements and inadequate speech rhythm
(impairments). There are problems at school with reading aloud and with conversation
(capacity limitations). During group discussions he does not take any initiative to engage in
the discussions although he would like to (performance problem in the domain of conversing
with many people). This boy’s involvement in conversation is limited when in a group
because of societal norms and practices concerning the orderly unfolding of conversations.
A 40-year-old woman with a whiplash injury four months earlier complains about pain in the
neck, severe headache, dizziness, reduced muscle power and anxiety (impairments). Her
ability to walk, cook, clean, handle a computer and drive a car are limited (limitations in
capacity). In consultation with her physician it was mutually agreed to wait till the problems
are reduced before she can return to her old full-time fixed-hours job (problems in
performance in the domain of employment). If the workplace policies in her current
environment allowed for flexible work hours, taking time off when her symptoms were
particularly bad, and allowed her to work from home, her involvement in the domain of
employment would improve.
331
附錄五：ICF 與身心障礙者
附錄五
ICF 與身心障礙者
在 ICF 修訂過程中，從一開始就受惠於許多身心障礙者和身心障礙者組織的投入。國際
身心障礙者組織特別在修訂過程貢獻其時間和精力，而 ICF 也反映這重要的投入。
WHO 承認身心障礙者與其組織在機能和失能分類修訂上完全參與的重要性。作為分
類，ICF 將作為許多科學、臨床、行政和社會政策情境的失能評量和測量兩者的基礎。
就其本身而論，ICF 不應該在方法上被誤用而損及身心障礙者的利益是一重要的事(見附
錄六倫理指引)。
特別地，儘管所有人盡最大努力，WHO 承認此分類使用的特有術語中可能有污名化或
標籤化。對這重要事的回應，在過程早期就決定完全不用「殘障」這術語 – 由於在英文
它有貶抑的言外之意 – 且也不使用術語「失能」為要素的名字，而是保留它為全面、傘
式術語。
然而，這仍餘留困難的問題，如何最佳地論及經歷某程度功能限制或受限的個體。ICF
使用術語「失能」表示人們與其自然和社會環境間的交互作用所引起的多重面向現象。
為著種種原因，當論及個體時，有些人較喜歡用術語「身心障礙者」，然而其他人較喜
歡「失能者」
。鑑於這分歧，WHO 沒有採取普遍習慣，而且若 ICF 僵硬地採取其一而不
用另一取向是不適當的。反而，WHO 證實這一重要原則，就是人們有權利稱呼他們所
選擇的。
此外，重要的是要強調，ICF 決不是對人的分類，它是在他們個體生活處境和環境衝擊
的情境下人們健康特徵的分類。它是健康特徵與產生失能的情境因素間的交互作用。正
因如此，個體不需，或只就其特徵而論，因他們的損傷、活動限制、或參與受限而貶低。
例如，取代提及「智能殘障者」，這分類使用片語「學習有問題者」。ICF 藉避免任何用
健康狀況或失能術語來提及一個人以確保這事，並且若不能正向，從頭到尾就使用中性
且具體的語言。
為了一步提出人們系統化標籤的合法考量，ICF 類目是以中性方式表達，以避免輕視、
污名和不適當的言外之意。然而，這取向帶來所可以稱為「術語衛生」的問題。個人健
康狀況的負向屬性與其他人對此如何反應，是獨立於定義這狀況所用的術語之外。無論
如何稱呼失能，它的存在無關於標籤。這不僅是語言的議題，而主要是其他個體和社會
對失能態度的議題，所需要的是術語和分類正確的內容和用法。
WHO 致力於持續努力以確保身心障礙者授權此分類和評量，而不是被剝奪或歧視。
332
Annex 5
ICF and people with disabilities
The ICF revision process has, since its inception, benefited from the input of people with
disabilities and organizations of disabled persons. Disabled Peoples’ International in particular
has contributed its time and energies to the process of revision, and ICF reflects this important
input.
WHO recognizes the importance of the full participation of persons with disabilities and their
organizations in the revision of a classification of functioning and disability. As a
classification, ICF will serve as the basis for both the assessment and measurement of
disability in many scientific, clinical, administrative and social policy contexts. As such, it is a
matter of concern that ICF not be misused in ways that are detrimental to the interests of
persons with disabilities (see Ethical Guidelines in Annex 6).
In particular, WHO recognizes that the very terms used in the classification can, despite the
best efforts of all, be stigmatizing and labelling. In response to this concern, the decision was
made early in the process to drop the term “handicap” entirely - owing to its pejorative
connotations in English - and not to use the term “disability” as the name of a component, but
to keep it as the overall, umbrella term.
There remains, however, the difficult question of how best to refer to individuals who
experience some degree of functional limitation or restriction. ICF uses the term “disability”
to denote a multidimensional phenomenon resulting from the interaction between people and
their physical and social environment. For a variety of reasons, when referring to individuals,
some prefer to use the term “people with disabilities” while others prefer “disabled people”.
In the light of this divergence, there is no universal practice for WHO to adopt, and it is not
appropriate for ICF rigidly to adopt one rather than another approach. Instead, WHO confirms
the important principle that people have the right to be called what they choose.
It is important to stress, moreover, that ICF is not a classification of people at all. It is a
classification of people’s health characteristics within the context of their individual life
situations and environmental impacts. It is the interaction of the health characteristics and the
contextual factors that produces disability. This being so, individuals must not be reduced to,
or characterized solely in terms of, their impairments, activity limitations, or participation
restrictions. For example, instead of referring to a “mentally handicapped person”, the
classification uses the phrase “person with a problem in learning ”. ICF ensures this by
avoiding any reference to a person by means of a health condition or disability term, and by
using neutral, if not positive, and concrete language throughout.
To further address the legitimate concern of systematic labelling of people, the categories in
ICF are expressed in a neutral way to avoid depreciation, stigmatization and inappropriate
connotations. This approach, however, brings with it the problem of what might be called the
“sanitation of terms”. The negative attributes of one’s health condition and how other people
react to it are independent of the terms used to define the condition. Whatever disability is
called, it exists irrespective of labels. The problem is not only an issue of language, but also,
and mainly, an issue of the attitudes of other individuals and society towards disability. What
is needed is correct content and usage of terms and classification.
WHO is committed to continuing efforts to ensure that persons with disabilities are
empowered by classification and assessment, and not disentitled or discriminated against.
333
附錄五：ICF 與身心障礙者
希望身心障礙者本身能貢獻於 ICF 所有節段的使用和發展，作為研究者、管理者和政策

決定者，失能者能幫助發展 ICF 分類基礎的協議和工具。ICF 也作為擁護實證為基的潛
在性有力工具，它提供了可靠且可比較資料以改變個案。政治觀念認為失能是環境阻礙
因子的結果如同健康狀況或損傷必需轉換，首先得進入研究議程，接著是有效且可信賴
的證據。這證據能為世界上身心障礙者帶來真正的社會改變。
對失能的擁護也能因使用 ICF 而增強，作為擁護首要目標是確認介入能改善身心障礙者

的參與層級。ICF 能協助確認失能主要「問題」之所在，不論是環境中經由阻礙因子或
不存在促進因子、個體他或她自身容能限制、或一些因素的結合。藉由這澄清，介入能
適當地達成目標，且能監測和測量參與層級的效果。這樣，可以達到具體且實證導向的
目標，並推動對失能擁護的全面目標。
334
It is hoped that disabled people themselves will contribute to the use and development of ICF
in all sectors. As researchers, managers and policy-makers, disabled people will help to
develop protocols and tools that are grounded in the ICF classifications. ICF also serves as a
potentially powerful tool for evidence-based advocacy. It provides reliable and comparable
data to make the case for change. The political notion that disability is as much the result of
environmental barriers as it is of health conditions or impairments must be transformed, first
into a research agenda and then into valid and reliable evidence. This evidence can bring
genuine social change for persons with disabilities around the world.
Disability advocacy can also be enhanced by using ICF. As the primary goal of advocacy is to
identify interventions that can improve levels of participation of people with disabilities, ICF
can assist in identifying where the principal “problem” of disability lies, whether it is in the
environment by way of a barrier or the absence of a facilitator, the limited capacity of the
individual himself or herself, or some combination of factors. By means of this clarification,
interventions can be appropriately targeted and their effects on levels of participation
monitored and measured. In this way, concrete and evidence-driven objectives can be
achieved and the overall goals of disability advocacy furthered.
335
附錄六：使用 ICF 的倫理指引
附錄六
使用 ICF 的倫理指引
每一科學性工具都可能被誤用或濫用，若相信像 ICF 分類系統絕不會在使用方式上對人

們有害，那是幼稚的。如附錄五所解釋，ICIDH 在修訂的過程中，從一開始就納入身心
障礙者與其擁護組織，他們的投入造成 ICF 在術語學、內容和結構上的實質改變。本附
錄規劃 ICF 倫理使用的一些基本指引。很明顯的沒有一組指引能夠預期分類或其他科學
工具的所有誤用類型，或就此而言，指引單獨能預防誤用。這份文件也不例外，希望注
意遵循規定將降低 ICF 在使用方式中失禮及傷害身心障礙者的風險。
尊重和保密
(1)ICF 應該永遠使用以便尊重個別個人固有價值和自主。
(2)ICF 應該永不用來貼人標籤，或除此之外僅僅就一個或多個失能類目方面來確認他
們。
(3)在臨床環境上，ICF 對機能層級被分類者，應該永遠在其個人完全瞭解、合作和同意
下使用。如果因個體認知容能受限而排除其涉入，個體擁護者就應該主動參與。
(4)使用 ICF 編碼的資訊應該視為個人資料，且資料的使用方法將受適當認可之保密規則

的限制。
ICF 的臨床使用
(5)只要有可能，醫師應該對個體或個體擁護者解釋使用 ICF 的目的，並且提出關於使用
它來分類個人機能層級的適當性問題。
(6)只要有可能，機能層級被分類的個人(或個人擁護者)應該有機會去參與，特別是質疑
或證實所使用類目及指定評量的適當性。
(7)由於被分類的缺失是個人健康狀況及個人生活中的自然和社會情境兩者的結果，ICF
應該全面性地使用。
ICF 資訊的社會使用
(8)ICF 資訊在可行的最大範圍下，應該與個體協調合作以對他們生活增強他們選擇和他
們控制的使用。
(9)ICF 資訊應該使用於朝向社會政策和政治改變的發展，尋求增強和支持個體的參與。
(10)ICF 與所有源自其使用的資訊，不應該被用來否定已建立的權利或在其他方面限制
個體或團體利益的合法應得權利。
(11)在 ICF 下分類在一起的個體可能仍在許多方面有所不同。參照 ICF 分類的法律或法
令不應該假定會比預期有更多同質性，而應該確保那些被分類的機能層級作為個體看
待。
336
Annex 6
Ethical guidelines for the use of ICF
Every scientific tool can be misused and abused. It would be naive to believe that a
classification system such as ICF will never be used in ways that are harmful to people. As
explained in Appendix 5, the process of the revision of ICIDH has included persons with
disabilities and their advocacy organizations from the beginning. Their input has lead to
substantive changes in the terminology, content and structure of ICF. This annex sets out some
basic guidelines for the ethical use of ICF. It is obvious that no set of guidelines can anticipate
all forms of misuse of a classification or other scientific tool, or for that matter, that guidelines
alone can prevent misuse. This document is no exception. It is hoped that attention to the
provisions that follow will reduce the risk that ICF will be used in ways that are disrespectful
and harmful to people with disabilities.
Respect and confidentiality

(1) ICF should always be used so as to respect the inherent value and autonomy of individual
persons.
(2) ICF should never be used to label people or otherwise identify them solely in terms of one
or more disability categories.
(3) In clinical settings, ICF should always be used with the full knowledge, cooperation, and
consent of the persons whose levels of functioning are being classified. If limitations of an
individual’s cognitive capacity preclude this involvement, the individual’s advocate should
be an active participant.
(4) The information coded using ICF should be viewed as personal information and subject to
recognized rules of confidentiality appropriate for the manner in which the data will be
used.
Clinical use of ICF

(5) Wherever possible, the clinician should explain to the individual or the individual’s
advocate the purpose of the use of ICF and invite questions about the appropriateness of
using it to classify the person’s levels of functioning.
(6) Wherever possible, the person whose level of functioning is being classified (or the
person’s advocate) should have the opportunity to participate, and in particular to
challenge or affirm the appropriateness of the category being used and the assessment
assigned.
(7) Because the deficit being classified is a result of both a person’s health condition and the
physical and social context in which the person lives, ICF should be used holistically.
Social use of ICF information

(8) ICF information should be used, to the greatest extent feasible, with the collaboration of
individuals to enhance their choices and their control over their lives.
(9) ICF information should be used towards the development of social policy and political
change that seeks to enhance and support the participation of individuals.
(10) ICF, and all information derived from its use, should not be employed to deny established
rights or otherwise restrict legitimate entitlements to benefits for individuals or groups.
(11) Individuals classed together under ICF may still differ in many ways. Laws and
regulations that refer to ICF classifications should not assume more homogeneity than
intended and should ensure that those whose levels of functioning are being classified are
considered as individuals.
337
附錄七：修訂過程摘要
附錄七
修訂過程摘要
ICIDH 的發展
在 1972 年，WHO 發展了一個關於疾病後果的初步方案，幾個月內提議一更全面性取向。
這些建議確立兩個重要原則：損傷與其重要性間的區別，即他們的功能和社會後果，及
這些各種方面或軸向的資料在不同數字的領域分別分類。本質上，這取向構成一些清
楚、僅管平行的分類，這與傳統 ICD 形成對比，在那裡多重軸向(病因、解剖、病理等)
整合成層級體系系統而只佔單一數字的領域。現已探索同化這些提案成為適合於隱伏於
ICD 結構原則方案的可能性。同時，初步企圖是將術語學系統化應用於疾病後果。這些
建議在 1973 年就非正式地流通，並特別請求對復健特殊關心團體的幫助。
損傷和殘障分別分類在 1974 年流通且持續討論。各種評論被整理並發展出最終提案，

這些提交 1975 年 10 月的國際疾病分類第九次修訂國際會議中作考慮。考慮這分類，會
議中建議以試驗目的來出版。1976 年 5 月第 29 屆世界衛生大會注意到這建議，並採納
為 WHA 29.35 號決議，為試驗目的批准損傷和殘障增補分類的出版作為國際疾病分類的
附件，而非整體的一部分。結果，ICIDH 第一版在 1980 年出版，並在 1983 年附加序文
重印。
ICIDH 修訂的起步
1993 年決定要開始 ICIDH 修訂的過程，暫時以 ICIDH-2 為名的修訂其所需求如下所示：
• 它應該適合不同國家、部門和健康照顧專業需求的多重目的；
• 它應該容易到足以讓開業者視為有意義地描述健康狀況的後果；
• 它應該是實務上有用 - 即確認健康照顧需求和修改介入方案(如預防、復健和社會行
動)；
• 它應該對涉及健康狀況後果的過程給予一致的觀點，如失能過程，而不只是疾病/疾患
的面向，要能客觀地評量、記錄和反應；
• 它應該對文化差異性敏感(可轉譯，且可用於不同文化和健康照顧系統)；
• 它應該可與 WHO 分類家族以互補方式使用。
338
Annex 7
Summary of the revision process
The development of ICIDH
In 1972, WHO developed a preliminary scheme concerning the consequences of disease.
Within a few months a more comprehensive approach was suggested. These suggestions were
made on two important principles: distinctions were to be made between impairments and
their importance, i.e. their functional and social consequences, and these various aspects or
axes of the data were to be classified separately in different fields of digits. In essence, this
approach consisted of a number of distinct, albeit parallel, classifications. This contrasted with
the traditions of ICD, wherein multiple axes (etiology, anatomy, pathology, etc.) are integrated
in a hierarchical system occupying only a single field of digits. The possibility of assimilating
these proposals into a scheme compatible with the principles underlying the structure of ICD
was explored. At the same time, preliminary attempts were made to systematize the
terminology applied to disease consequences. These suggestions were circulated informally in
1973, and help was solicited particularly from groups with a special concern in rehabilitation.
Separate classifications for impairments and handicaps were circulated in 1974 and
discussions continued. Comments were collated and definitive proposals were developed.
These were submitted for consideration by the International Conference for the Ninth
Revision of the International Classification of Diseases in October 1975. Having considered
the classifications, the Conference recommended its publication for trial purposes. In May
1976, the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly took note of this recommendation and
adopted resolution WHA29.35, in which it approved the publication, for trial purposes, of the
supplementary classification of impairments and handicaps as a supplement to, but not as an
integral part of, the International Classification of Diseases. Consequently, the first edition of
ICIDH was published in 1980. In 1993, it was reprinted with an additional foreword.
Initial steps in the revision of ICIDH
In 1993, it was decided to begin a process of revision of ICIDH. The desiderata for the revised
version, know provisionally as ICIDH-2, were as follows:
• it should serve the multiple purposes required by different countries, sectors and health care
disciplines;
• it should be simple enough to be seen by practitioners as a meaningful description of
consequences of health conditions;
• it should be useful for practice - i.e. identifying health care needs and tailoring intervention
programmes (e.g. prevention, rehabilitation, social actions);
• it should give a coherent view of the processes involved in the consequences of health
conditions such that the disablement process, and not just the dimensions of diseases/
disorders, could be objectively assessed, recorded and responded to;
• it should be sensitive to cultural variations (be translatable, and be applicable in different
cultures and health care systems);
• it should be usable in a complementary way with the WHO family of classifications.
339
起初，交給法國合作中心的任務是損傷節段與語言、言語和感官方面之提案，荷蘭合作
中心建議對分類中失能和移行方面的修訂並準備文獻回顧，而北美合作中心對殘障節段
提出提案。另外，兩任務小組分別對心智健康方面及兒童議題提出提案。1996 年在日內
瓦舉行的 ICIDH-2 修訂會議有進展，整理 α 草稿併入不同提案，並實施開始的初步測試。
1996 年會議中決定各合作中心和任務小組現應關心此草稿是一整體而不再是其先前要
修訂的個別範圍。從 1996 年 5 月到 1997 年 2 月，α 草稿在各合作中心和任務小組間流
通，而評論和建議被整理到 WHO 總部。一份規劃修訂相關主要議題的基本問題的表單
也流通以便促進評論的收集。
下列主題在修訂過程被考慮到：
• 這三層級分類，如損傷、失能和殘障，曾經很有用而應該保留。應該考慮納入情境 /
環境因素，雖然大部分提案停留在理論發展和實證性測試階段。
• I/D/H 間的相互關係與它們間的適當關係曾是討論的議題。很多批評指出潛伏於 1980

年 ICIDH 版本的因果模型，缺乏隨時間而改變，且從損傷到失能到殘障是單方向。此
次修訂過程建議以替代的圖形呈現。
• ICIDH-1980 使用上有困難，簡化其使用被認為很有必要：修訂應該趨向簡化而非趨向
附加細節。
• 情境因素(外在 – 環境因素 / 內在–個人因素)：這些因素，係殘障過程(ICIDH 1980 版本
已概念化)主要要素，應該在 ICIDH 中發展出附加方案。然而，既然環境中的社會和
自然因素及他們與損傷、失能和殘障間的關係是強烈的文化依存，他們不應該在 ICIDH
中是分別的面向。不過，環境因素分類被認為可能證明對於國家處境分析及國家層級
解決的發展是有幫助的。
• 損傷應該反映基本生物機制知識上的進展。
• 文化適用性和普遍性應該是主要目的。
• 訓練發展和題材呈現也是修訂過程中的主要目的。
ICIDH-2 的 β-1 和 β-2 草稿

1997 年 3 月，先前幾年所收集的建議整合成 β-1 草稿，這草稿在 1997 年 4 月的 ICIDH
修訂會議中提出。總合那次會議的決定後，ICIDH-2 的 β-1 草稿在 1997 年 6 月發佈作實
地試驗。根據 β-1 實地試驗部分收集的所有資料和其他回饋，在 1999 年 1 月到 4 月間
撰寫出 β-2 草稿，寫成的稿件在 1999 年 4 月於倫敦舉行的 ICIDH-2 年度會議中提出並
討論。總合此次會議的決定後，β-2 草稿在 1999 年 7 月印刷並發佈作實地試驗。
340
Originally, the French Collaborating Centre was given the task of making a proposal on the
Impairments section and on language, speech and sensory aspects. The Dutch Collaborating
Centre was to suggest a revision of the Disability and locomotor aspects of the Classification
and prepare a review of the literature, while the North American Collaborating Centre was to
put forward proposals for the Handicap section. In addition, two task forces were to present
proposals on mental health aspects and children’s issues respectively. Progress was made at a
ICIDH-2 revision meeting held in Geneva in 1996, an Alpha draft was collated incorporating
the different proposals, and initial pilot testing was conducted. It was decided at the 1996
meeting that each collaborating centre and task force would now be concerned with the draft
as a whole and no longer with their former individual areas for revision. From May 1996 to
February 1997, the Alpha draft was circulated among collaborating centres and task forces,
and comments and suggestions were collated at WHO headquarters. A list of basic questions,
setting out the main issues related to the revision, was also circulated in order to facilitate the
collection of comments.
The following topics were considered during the process of revision:
• The three-level classification, i.e. Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps, had been useful
and should remain. The inclusion of contextual / environmental factors should be
considered, although most proposals remained at the stage of theoretical development and
empirical testing.
• Interrelations between I/D/H and an adequate relationship between them had been an issue
for discussion. Many criticisms had pointed to the causal model underlying the 1980 version
of ICIDH, the lack of change over time, and the unidirectional flow from impairment to
disability to handicap. The revision process had suggested alternative graphic
representations.
• ICIDH-1980 was difficult to use. Simplification for use was deemed necessary: the revision
should tend towards simplification rather than towards the addition of detail.
• Contextual factors (external - environmental factors / internal - personal factors): These
factors, which were major components of the handicap process (as conceptualized in the
1980 version of ICIDH), should be developed as additional schemes within the ICIDH.
However, since social and physical factors in the environment and their relationship to
Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps were strongly culture-bound, they should not be a
separate dimension within ICIDH. Nevertheless, it was considered that classifications of
environmental factors might prove useful in the analysis of national situations and in the
development of solutions at the national level.
• Impairments should reflect advances in knowledge of basic biological mechanisms.
• Cultural applicability and universality should be a major aim.
• Development of training and presentation materials was also a major aim of the revision
process.
ICIDH-2 Beta-1 and Beta-2 drafts
In March 1997, a Beta-1 draft was produced which integrated the suggestions collected over
the previous years. This draft was presented to the ICIDH revision meeting in April 1997.
After incorporation of the meeting’s decisions the ICIDH-2 Beta-1 draft was issued for field
trials in June 1997. Based on all the data and other feedback collected as part of the Beta-1
field trials, a Beta-2 draft was written between January and April 1999. The resulting draft
was presented and discussed at the annual meeting on ICIDH-2 in London in April 1999.
After incorporation of the meeting’s decisions, the Beta-2 draft was printed and issued for
field trials in July 1999.
341
實地試驗
β-1 草稿的實地試驗從 1997 年 6 月到 1998 年 12 月間實施，而 β-2 實地試驗在 1999 年 7
月到 2000 年 9 月間實施。
這些實地測試引起 WHO 會員國及跨不同學科的最廣泛可能的參與，包括部門如健康保
險、社會安全、勞動、教育、與其他從事健康狀況分類的團體(使用國際疾病分類、護
理分類、及國際教育標準分類)，其目的是透過可操作的清楚定義來達成共識。這些實
地試驗構成發展、諮詢、回饋、更新和測試的連續過程。
下列研究是在 β-1 和 β-2 實地試驗所實施的部分：

• 翻譯和語言學評估；
• 項目評估；
• 共識會議和個人對於基本問題的反應；
• 組織和個人的回饋；
• 選項測試；
• 個案評估的可行性和信度(當場或個案摘要)；
• 其他(如焦點團體研究)。
這些測試聚焦於跨文化和多部門的議題，超過 50 個國家和 1800 位專家涉及實地試驗，
並已分別報告。
ICIDH-2 前終版
基於 β-2 實地試驗資料與諮詢合作中心及 WHO 測量和分類專家會議，2000 年 10 月起
草 ICIDH-2 的前終版。這個草稿在 2000 年 11 月修訂會議中提出，接著合併會議的建議，
ICIDH-2 前終版(2000 年 12 月)提交 2001 年 1 月的 WHO 執行委員會。ICIDH-2 的最終
草稿接著在 2001 年 5 月第 54 屆世界衛生大會中提出。
最終版本的認可
在討論最終版草稿後，衛生大會認可 2001 年 5 月 22 日 WHA54.21 決議，以「國際機能、
失能和健康分類(International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health)」為標題
的新分類。這個決議內容如下：
第 54 四屆世界衛生大會
1.認可第二版的國際損傷、失能和殘障分類(International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities and Handicaps, ICIDH)，以國際機能、失能和健康分類(International
Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health)為標題，今後提及作簡寫為 ICF。
2.敦促會員國在研究、監視和報告時適當地使用 ICF，並考慮會員國的特殊處境，特別
考慮到可能的未來修訂。
3.要求主席在會員國使用 ICF 有其需求時提供支持。
342
Field trials
The field trials of the Beta-1 draft were conducted from June 1997 to December 1998, and the
Beta-2 field trials from July 1999 to September 2000.
The field tests elicited the widest possible participation from WHO Member States and across
different disciplines, including sectors such as health insurance, social security, labour,
education, and other groups engaged in classifying health conditions (using the International
Classification of Diseases, the Nurses’ Classification, and the International Standard
Classification of Education - ISCED). The aim was to reach a consensus, through clear
definitions that were operational. The field trials constituted a continuous process of
development, consultation, feedback, updating and testing.
The following studies were conducted as a part of the Beta-1 and Beta-2 field trials:
• translation and linguistic evaluation;
• item evaluation;
• responses to basic question by consensus conferences and individuals;
• feedback from organizations and individuals;
• options testing;
• feasibility and reliability in case evaluations (live or case summaries);
• others (e.g. focus group studies).
The testing focused on cross-cultural and multisectoral issues. More than 50 countries and
1800 experts were involved in the field tests, which have been reported separately.
ICIDH-2 Prefinal version
On the basis of Beta-2 field trial data and in consultation with collaborating centres and the
WHO Committee of Experts on Measurement and Classification, the Prefinal version of
ICIDH-2 was drafted in October 2000. This draft was presented to a revision meeting in
November 2000. Following incorporation of the meeting’s recommendations the ICIDH-2
Prefinal version (December 2000) was submitted to the WHO Executive Board in January
2001. The final draft of ICIDH-2 was then presented to the Fifty-fourth World Health
Assembly in May 2001.
Endorsement of the final version
After discussion of the final draft, with the title International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health, the Health Assembly endorsed the new classification in resolution
WHA54.21 of 22 May 2001. The resolution reads as follows:
The Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly,
1. ENDORSES the second edition of the International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH), with the title International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health, henceforth referred to in short as ICF;
2. URGES Member States to use the ICF in their research, surveillance and reporting as
appropriate, taking into account specific situations in Member States and, in particular, in
view of possible future revisions;
3. REQUESTS the Director-General to provide support to Member States, at their request, in
making use of ICF.
343
附錄八：ICF 的未來方向
附錄八
ICF 的未來方向
ICF 的使用大部分取決於其實際功用：透過基於消費者成效的指標作為測量健康服務表
現的範圍，及跨文化以便能進行國際間比較來確認計畫和研究的需求和資源可運用的程
度。ICF 並不直接是一政治工具，然而，其使用可藉提供資訊來幫助建立健康政策、推
展全人類機會平等、及支持對抗由於失能而受的歧視，以在政策決定上貢獻正面的投入。
ICF 版本
考慮不同類型使用者的不同需求，ICF 將以多種版式和版本來呈現：
主要分類
ICF 的兩分部與其要素以兩個版本呈現，以便符合不同使用者在不同細節程度的需要：
第一個版本是完整(詳細)版本，提供分類的所有層級，且每個要素容許 9999 類目，然而，
其曾被使用的數目要小得多。當需要訊息摘要，完整版本類目可以聚集成簡短版本。
第二個版本是簡短(簡要)版本，每個要素和範疇有兩個層級的類目，也賦予這些術語的
定義、納入和排除。
特定改編
(a)臨床使用版本：這些版本將取決於不同臨床應用領域(如職能治療)ICF 的使用。他們
將以主要書卷的編碼和術語學為基礎；然而，他們會提供進一步詳細的資訊，如評
量和臨床描述指引。他們也可為特定學科而重排(如復健、心智健康)。
(b)研究版本：與臨床版本相似方式，這些版本能反應特定研究所需，並提供精確且可
操作的定義來評量狀況。
未來工作
考慮到 ICF 大量的使用和需要，重要的是要注意，WHO 與其合作中心完成許多額外工
作來符合那些需求。
ICF 為所有使用者擁有，這是在國際基礎上唯一接受的這類工具。它的目的是對於失能
現象和機能得到更佳資訊，並建立廣泛的國際共識。為了讓 ICF 被各個國家和國際社群
承認，WHO 已盡一切努力來確保它容易使用，並適合如國際標準組織所制定的標準化
程序。
ICF 發展和應用的可能未來方向可摘要如下：
• 推展 ICF 在國家級的使用以發展國家資料庫；
• 建立國際資料集組和架構以允許國際間比較；
• 確認社會利益和年金資格的算法；
• 研究家庭成員的失能和機能(如研究由於重要他人的健康狀況造成的第三者失能)；
• 發展個人因素要素；
344
Annex 8
Future directions for ICF
Use of ICF will largely depend on its practical utility: the extent to which it can serve as a
measure of health service performance through indicators based on consumer outcomes, and
the degree to which it is applicable across cultures so that international comparisons can be
made to identify needs and resources for planning and research. ICF is not directly a political
tool. Its use may, however, contribute positive input to policy determination by providing
information to help establish health policy, promote equal opportunities for all people, and
support the fight against discrimination based on disability.
Versions of ICF
In view of the differing needs of different types of users, ICF will be presented in multiple
formats and versions:
Main classification
The two parts and their components in ICF are presented in two versions in order to meet the
needs of different users for varying levels of detail:
The first version is a full (detailed) version which provides all levels of classification and
allows for 9999 categories per component. However, a much smaller number of them have
been used. The full version categories can be aggregated into the short version when summary
information is required.
The second version is a short (concise) version which gives two levels of categories for each
component and domain. Definitions of these terms, inclusions and exclusions are also given.
Specific adaptations
(a) Clinical use versions: These versions will depend on the use of ICF in different clinical
application fields (e.g. occupational therapy). They will be based on the main volume for
coding and terminology; however, they will provide further detailed information such as
guidelines for assessment and clinical descriptions. They can also be rearranged for
specific disciplines (e.g. rehabilitation, mental health).
(b) Research versions: In a similar way to the clinical versions, these versions will respond
to specific research needs and will provide precise and operational definitions to assess
conditions.
Future work
Given the multitude of uses and needs for ICF, it is important to note that WHO and its
collaborating centres are conducting additional work to meet those needs.
ICF is owned by all its users. It is the only such tool accepted on an international basis. It
aims to obtain better information on disability phenomena and functioning and build a broad
international consensus. To achieve recognition of ICF by various national and international
communities, WHO has made every effort to ensure that it is user-friendly and compatible
with standardization processes such as those laid down by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
The possible future directions for development and application of ICF can be summarized as
follows:
• promoting use of ICF at country level for the development of national databases;
• establishing an international data set and a framework to permit international comparisons;
• identification of algorithms for eligibility for social benefits and pensions;
• study of disability and functioning of family members (e.g. a study of third-party disability
due to the health condition of significant others);
• development of a Personal Factors component;
345
附錄八：ICF 的未來方向
• 為研究目的發展類目的精確操作性定義；
• 發展鑑定和測量的評量工具；23
• 用電腦化和個案記錄方式來提供實務應用；
• 建立生活品質概念和主觀幸福測量間的連結；24
• 研究治療或介入相配；
• 推展科學研究使用以比較不同的健康狀況；
• 發展使用 ICF 的訓練材料；
• 創立全球的 ICF 訓練和參考中心；
• 進一步研究環境因素以在描述標準化和現時環境兩者的使用上提供必要的細節。
註解：
23
連結ICF的評量工具正由WHO以不同文化的可應用性觀點發展中，他們正接受信度和
效度測試。評量工具有三種形式：篩檢/個案尋找目的的簡易版本；看護者日常使用版
本；和詳細研究用途的長文版本。他們可從WHO取得。
24
連結生活品質：重要的是「生活品質」和失能建構間的概念相容性。然而，生活品質
處理人們關於他們健康狀況或其後果的「感受」；因此這是個「主觀幸福」的建構。另
一方面，疾病/失能的建構則論及個體客觀和具體化病徵。
346
• development of precise operational definitions of categories for research purposes;
• development of assessment instruments for identification and measurement;23
• providing practical applications by means of computerization and case-recording forms;
• establishing links with quality-of-life concepts and the measurement of subjective well-
being;24
• research into treatment or intervention matching;
• promoting use in scientific studies for comparison between different health conditions;
• development of training materials on the use of ICF;
• creation of ICF training and reference centres worldwide.
• further research on environmental factors to provide the necessary detail for use in
describing both the standardized and current environment.
Note:
23
Assessment instruments linked to ICF are being developed by WHO with a view to
applicability in different cultures. They are being tested for reliability and validity.
Assessment instruments will take three forms: a brief version for screening/case-finding
purposes; a version for daily use by care-givers; and a long version for detailed research
purposes. They will be available from WHO.
24
Links with quality of life: it is important that there is conceptual compatibility between
“quality of life” and disability constructs. Quality of life, however, deals with what people
“feel” about their health condition or its consequences; hence it is a construct of “subjective
well-being”. On the other hand, disease/disability constructs refer to objective and
exteriorized signs of the individual.
347
附錄九：建議理想和最小健康資訊系統或調查的 ICF 資料需求
附錄九
建議理想和最小健康資訊系統或調查的 ICF 資料需求
身體功能和結構章節和代碼分類區組或類目

視力 2 b210-b220 視覺與相關功能
聽覺 2 b230-240 聽覺和前庭功能
言語 3 b310-b340 嗓音和言語功能
消化 5 b510-b535 消化系統功能
身體排泄 6 b610-b630 泌尿功能
生育力 6 b640-b670 生殖和生育功能
性活動 6 b640 生殖和生育健康
皮膚和毀形 8 b810-b830 皮膚與相關結構
呼吸 4 b440-b460 呼吸系統功能
疼痛* 2 b280 疼痛
情感* 1 b152-b180 特定心智功能
睡眠 1 b134 總體心智功能
精力/生命力 1 b130 總體心智功能
認知* 1 b140, b144, b164 注意力、記憶和較高階認知功能
活動和參與 3 d310-d345 溝通接收 – 產生
溝通
移動* 4 d450-d465 步行和移動
熟練度 4 d430-d445 運送、移動和處理物品
自我照顧* 5 d510-d570 自我照顧
平常活動* 6和8 居家生活；主要生活領域
人際關係 7 d730-d770 特殊人際關係
社交機能 9 d910-d930 社區、社交和公民生活
*最小表單的候選項目。
348
Annex 9
Suggested ICF Data requirements for ideal and minimal health
information systems or surveys
Body Functions and Structures Chapter and code Classification block or category
Vision 2 b210-b220 Seeing and related functions
Hearing 2 b230-b240 Hearing and vestibular functions
Speech 3 b310-b340 Voice and speech functions
Digestion 5 b510-b535 Functions of the digestive system
Bodily excretion 6 b610-b630 Urinary functions
Fertility 6 b640-b670 Genital and reproductive functions
Sexual activity 6 b640 Genital and reproductive health
Skin and disfigurement 8 b810-b830 Skin and related structures
Breathing 4 b440-b460 Functions of the respiratory system
Pain* 2 b280 Pain
Affect* 1 b152-b180 Specific mental functions
Sleep 1 b134 Global mental functions
Energy/vitality 1 b130 Global mental functions
Cognition* 1 b140, b144, b164 Attention, memory and higher-level
cognitive functions
Activities and Participation 3 d310-d345 Communication receiving -
Communication producing
Mobility* 4 d450-d465 Walking and moving
Dexterity 4 d430-445 Carrying, moving and handling
objects
Self-care* 5 d510-d570 Self-care
Usual activities* 6 and 8 Domestic life; Major life areas
Interpersonal relations 7 d730-d770 Particular interpersonal relationships
Social functioning 9 d910-d930 Community social and civic life
*Candidate items for a minimal list.
349
附錄十：致謝
附錄十
致謝
沒有世界不同地方許多人的廣泛支持，發展 ICF 是不可能的，他們貢獻出大量時
間和精力，並在國際網路中組織資源。而要在此完全感謝下列所有的領導中心、組織
和個人是不可能的。
世界衛生組織 ICF 合作中心

澳大利亞 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, GPO Box 570, Canberra ACT 2601,
Australia. 聯絡：Ros Madden.
加拿大 Canadian Institute for Health Information, 377 Dalhousie Street, Suite 200,
Ottawa, Ontario KIN9N8, Canada. 聯絡：Helen Whittome.
法國 Centre Technique National d’Etudes et de Recherches sur les Handicaps et les
Inadaptations (CTNERHI), 236 bis, rue de Tolbiac, 75013 Paris, France. 聯
絡：Marc Maudinet.
日本 Japan College of Social Work, 3-1-30 Takeoka, Kiyose-city, Tokyo 204-8555,
Japan. 聯絡：Hisao Sato.
荷蘭 National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Department of Public
Health Forecasting, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA
Bilthoven, The Netherlands. 聯絡：Willem M. Hirs, Marijke W. de Kleijn-de
Vrankrijker.
北歐國家 Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala Science Park, SE
75185 Uppsala, Sweden. 聯絡：Björn Smedby.
英國和 National Health System Information Authority, Coding and Classification,
北愛爾蘭 Woodgate, Loughborough, Leics LE11 2TG, United Kingdom. 聯絡：Ann
Harding, Jane Millar.
美國 National Center for Health Statistics, Room 1100, 6525 Belcrest Road,
Hyattsville MD 20782, USA. 聯絡：Paul J. Placek.
任務小組
ICIDH 心理健康和成癮、行為、認知和發展方面國際任務小組(International Task Force
on Mental Health and Addictive, Behavioural, Cognitive, and Developmental Aspects of
ICICH)，主席：Cille Kennedy, Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy,
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and
Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Room 424E, Washington, DC 20201,
USA；共同主席：Karen Ritchie.
兒童和少年任務小組(Children and Youth Task Force)，主席：Rune J. Simeonsson,
Professor of Education, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Center, CB # 8185,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8185, USA；共同主席：Matilde
Leonardi.
環境因素任務小組(Environmental Factors Task Force)，主席：Rachel Hurst, 11 Belgrave
Road, London SW1V 1RB, England；共同主席：Janice Miller.
網路
La Red de Habla Hispana en Discapacidades (西班牙語網絡)，協調者：José Luis
350
Vázquez-Barquero, Unidad de Investigacion en Psiquiatria Clinicaly Social Hospital
Universitario “Marques de Valdecilla”, Avda. Valdecilla s/n, Santander 39008, Spain.
歐洲 ICICH 應用專家委員會(The Council of Europe Committee of Experts for the
Application of ICICH), Council of Europe, F-67075, Strasbourg, France；聯絡：Lauri
Sivonen.
非政府組織
美國心理協會(American Psychological Association), 750 First Street, N.E., Washington,
DC 20002-4242, USA；聯絡：Geoffrey M. Reed, Jayne B. Lux.
國際殘障聯盟(Disabled Peoples International), 11 Belgrave Road, London SW1V 1RB,
England；聯絡：Rachel Hurst.
歐洲殘障論壇(European Disability Forum), Square Ambiorix, 32 Bte 2/A, B-1000,
Bruxelles, Belgium；聯絡：Frank Mulcahy.
國際心理健康聯盟歐洲區委員會(European Regional Council for the World Federation of
Mental Health (ERCWFM)), Blvd Clovis N.7, 1000 Brussels, Belgium；聯絡：John
Henderson.
國際融合組織(Inclusion International), 13D Chemin de Levant, F-01210, Ferney-Voltaire,
France；聯絡：Nancy Breitenbach.
國際復健聯盟(Rehabilitation International), 25 E. 21st Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
聯絡：Judith Hollenweger, Chairman, RI Education Commission, Institute of Special
Education, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 48, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland.
顧問
許多世界衛生組織顧問在改版過程中提供了無法估量的協助。他們的名單如下：
Elizabeth Badley, Jerome E. Bickenbach, Nick Glozier, Judith Hollenweger, Cille Kennedy,
Jane Millar, Janice Miller, Jürgen Rehm, Robin Room, Angela Roberts, Michael F.
Schuntermann, Robert Trotter II, David Thompson (編輯顧問).
世界衛生組織官方文字的 ICF 譯本
ICF 從僅以英文為工作語言而被修訂為多種語言，翻譯和語言學分析已是修訂過程的
整合部分。下列世界衛生組織合作者領導了世界衛生組織官方文字的翻譯、語言學分
析和編輯審校。其他翻譯可在世界衛生組織網站：www.who.int/classification/icf 找到。
阿拉伯文
翻譯和語言學分析：Adel Chaker, Ridha Limem, Najeh Daly, Hayet Baachaoui, Amor Haji,
Mohamed Daly, Jamil Taktak, Saïda Douki
編輯審校由 WHO/EMRO 完成：Kassem Sara, M. Haytham Al Khayat, Abdel Aziz Saleh
中文
翻譯和語言學分析：邱卓英(協調人), 董紅, 趙淑英, 李靜, 張愛民, 吳弘光, 周曉楠
編輯審校由世界衛生組織中國合作中心和 WHO/WPRO 完成：董景五, 周曉楠, 和 Y.C.
Chong
法文
翻譯和語言學分析由世界衛生組織日內瓦完成：Pierre Lewalle
351
附錄十：致謝
編輯審校由的世界衛生組織法國和加拿大合作中心完成：Catherine Barral 和 Janice

Miller
俄文
翻譯和語言學分析：G. Shostka (協調人), Vladimir Y. Ryasnyansky, Alexander V. Kvashin,
Sergey A. Matveev, Aleksey A. Galianov
編輯審校由世界衛生組織俄羅斯合作中心完成：Vladimir K. Ovcharov
西班牙文
翻譯、語言學分析和編輯審校由西班牙的合作中心及西班牙網路和世界衛生組織完成：
J. L. Vázquez-Barquero (協調人), Ana Díez Ruiz, Luis Gaite Pindado, Ana Gómez Silió,
Sara Herrera Castanedo, Marta Uriarte Ituiño, Elena Vázquez Bourgon Armando Vásquez,
María del Consuelo Crespo, Ana María Fossatti Pons, Benjamín Vicente, Pedro Rioseco,
Sergio Aguilar Gaxiola, Carmen Lara Muñoz, María Elena Medina Mora, María Esther
Araujo Bazán, Carlos Castillo-Salgado, Roberto Becker, Margaret Hazlewood
參與修訂過程的個人參加者名單
阿根廷 Gerhard S. Barolin L.S. Cherry Janice Miller
Liliana Lissi Klemens Fheodoroff René Cloutier Louise Ogilvie
Martha Adela Mazas Christiane Albert Cook Luc Noreau
Miguela Pico Meyer-Bornsen Jacques Côté Diane Richler
Ignacio Saenz 比利時 Marcel Côté Laurie Ringaert
亞美尼亞 Françoise Jan Cheryl Cott Kathia Roy
Catherine Mollman Aileen Davis Patricia Sisco
Armen Sargsyan
J. Stevens Henry Enns Denise Smith
澳洲 Gail Finkel Ginette St Michel
A. Tricot
Gavin Andrews Christine Fitzgerald Debra Stewart
Robyne Burridge 巴西 Patrick Fougeyrollas Luz Elvira Vallejo
Ching Choi Cassia Maria Adele Furrie Echeverri
Prem K. Chopra Buchalla Linda Garcia Michael Wolfson
Jeremy Couper E. d’Arrigo Busnello Yhetta Gold Sharon
Elisabeth Davis Ricardo Halpern Betty Havens Wood-Dauphinee
Maree Dyson Fabio Gomes Anne Hébert Nancy Young
Rhonda Galbally Ruy Laurenti Peter Henderson Peter Wass
Louise Golley 加拿大 Lynn Jongbloed Colleen Watters
Tim Griffin Hugh Anton Faith Kaplan 智利
Simon Haskell J. Arboleda-Florez Ronald Kaplan Ricardo Araya
Angela Hewson Denise Avard Lee Kirby Alejandra Faulbaum
Tracie Hogan Elizabeth Badley Catherine Lachance Luis Flores
Richard Madden Caroline Bergeron Jocelyne Lacroix Roxane Moncayo de
Ros Madden Hélène Bergeron Renée Langlois Bremont
Helen McAuley Jerome E. Bickenbach Mary Law Pedro Rioseco
Trevor Parmenter Andra Blanchet Lucie Benjamin Vicente
Mark Pattison Maurice Blouin Lemieux-Brassard
Tony M. Pinzone Annette Majnemer 中國
Mario Bolduc (已故)
Kate Senior Lucie Brosseau Rose Martini 張愛民
Catherine Sykes T.S. Callanan Raoul Martin-Blouin Mary Chu Manlai
John Taplin Lindsay Campbell Mary Ann McColl 董紅
John Walsh Anne Carswell Joan McComas Leung Kwokfai
奧地利 Jacques Cats Barbara McElgunn Karen Ngai Ling
352
吳弘光 María del Consuelo Lucie Matteodo K.S. Jacob
邱卓英 Crespo Marc Maudinet Sunanda Koli
趙淑英 Walter Torres Jean-Michel Mazeaux S. Murthy
李靜 Izquierdo Pierre Minaire (已故) D.M. Naidu
埃及 Lucien Moatti Hemraj Pal
湯小泉
Mohammed El-Banna Bertrand Morineaux K. Sekar
李建軍 K.S. Shaji
Pierre Mormiche
丁伯坦蕯爾瓦多 Shobha Srinath
Jean-Michel
董大宏 Jorge Alberto Alcarón Orgogozo T.N. Srinivasan
南登昆 Patricia Tovar de Claudine Parayre R. Thara
周曉楠 Canizalez Gérard Pavillon 印尼
衣索比亞 André Philip Augustina Hendriarti
哥倫比亞
Rene Rakotobe Nicole Quemada
Martha Aristabal 伊朗(伊斯蘭共和國)
芬蘭 Jean-François Ravaud
Gomez Karen Ritchie Mohamed M.R.
科特迪瓦 Erkki Yrjankeikki Mourad
Jean-Marie Robine
Markku Leskinen
B. Claver Isabelle Romieu 以色列
Leena Matikka
克羅埃西亞 Christian Rossignol Joseph Yahav
Matti Ojala
Ana Pascale Roussel 義大利
Heidi Paatero
Bobinac-Georgievski Seija Talo Jacques Roustit
Emilio Alari
Jésus Sanchez
古巴 Martti Virtanen Alberto Albanese
Marie-José Schmitt
Pedro Valdés Sosa 法國 Renzo Andrich
Jean-Luc Simon
Jesús Saiz Sánchez Charles Aussilloux A.Andrigo
Lauri Sivonen
Frank Morales Bernard Azema Andrea Arrigo
Henri-Jacques Stiker
Aguilera Jacques Baert Marco Barbolini
Annie Triomphe
Serge Bakchine Maurizio Bejor
丹麥 Catherine Vaslin
Giulio Borgnolo
Terkel Andersen Catherine Barral Paul Veit
Maratine Barres Gabriella Borri
Aksel Bertelsen Dominique Velche
Carlo Caltagirone
Tora Haraldsen Dahl Jean-Yves Barreyre Jean-Pierre Vignat
Felicia Carletto
Marianne Engberg Jean-Paul Boissin Vivian Waltz
François Chapireau Carla Colombo
Annette Flensborg 德國 Francesca Cretti
Ane Fink Pascal Charpentier
Helmi Böse-Younes Maria Cufersin
Per Fink Alain Colvez
Horst Dilling Marta Dao
Lise From Christian Corbé
Thomas Ewert Mario D’Amico
Jette Haugbølle Dr. Cyran
Kurt Maurer Simona Della Bianca
Stig Langvad Michel Delcey
Jürgen Rehm Paolo Di Benedetto
Lars von der Lieth Annick Deveau
H.M. Schian Angela Di Lorenzo
Kurt Møller Serge Ebersold
Michael F. Nadia Di Monte
Claus Vinther Nielsen Camille Felder Schuntermann Vittoria Dieni
Freddy Nielsen Claude Finkelstein
Ute Siebel Antonio Federico
Kamilla Rothe Nissen Anne-Marie Gallot Gerold Stucki Francesco Fera
Gunnar Schiøler Pascale Gilbert
Jacques Houver 希臘 Carlo Francescutti
Anne Sloth Francesca Fratello
Susan Tetler Marcel Jaeger Venos Mavreas
Franco Galletti
Selena Forchhammer Jacques Jonquères 匈牙利 Federica Galli
Thønnings Jean-Claude Lafon Lajos Kullmann
Maryvonne Lyazid Rosalia Gasparotto
Eva Wæhrens 印度 Maria Teresa Gattesco
Brita Øhlenschlæger Joëlle Loste-Berdot
Maryse Marrière Javed Abidi Alessandro
厄瓜多爾 Samir Guha-Roy Giacomazzi
353
附錄十：致謝
Tullio Giorgini Katsunori Fujita 拉脫維亞 J.T.P. Bonte

Elena Giraudo Shinichiro Furuno Valda Biedrina J.W. Brandsma
Lucia Granzini Toshiko Futaki Aldis Dudins W.H.E. Buntinx
Elena Grosso Hajime Hagiwara Lolita Cibule J.P.M. Diederiks
V. Groppo Yuichiro Haruna Janis Misins M J Driesse
Vincenzo Guidetti Hideaki Hyoudou Jautrite Karashkevica Silvia van
Paolo Guzzon Takashi Iseda Mara Ozola Duuren-Kristen
Leo Giulio Iona Atsuko Ito Aivars Vetra C.M.A. Frederiks
Vladimir Kosic Shinya Iwasaki 黎巴嫩 J.C. Gerritse
Matilde Leonardi Shizuko Kawabata José Geurts
Elie Karam
Fulvia Loik Yasu Kiryu G. Gladines
Mariangela Macan Akira Kodama 立陶宛 K.A. Gorter
Alessandra Ryousuke Matsui Albinas Bagdonas R.J. de Haan
Manassero Ryo Matsutomo 盧森堡 J. Halbertsma
Domenico Manco Yasushi Mochizuki Charles Pull E.J. van der Haring
Santina Mancuso Kazuyo Nakai M. De Smedt F.G. Hellema
Roberto Marcovich Kenji Nakamura Pascale Straus C.H. Hens-Versteeg
Andrea Martinuzzi Yoshukuni Nakane Y. F. Heerkens
Anna Rosa Melodia Yukiko Nakanishi 馬來西亞 Y. Heijnen
Rosetta Mussari Toshiko Niki Sandiyao Sebestian W.M. Hirs
Cristiana Muzzi Hidetoshi Nishijima 馬達加斯加 H. W. Hoek
Ugo Nocentini Shiniti Niwa Caromène D. van Hoeken
Emanuela Nogherotto Kensaku Ohashi Ratomahenina N. Hoeymans
Roberta Oretti Mari Oho Raymond C. van Hof
Lorenzo Panella Yayoi Okawa 馬爾他 G.R.M. van Hoof
Maria Procopio Shuhei Ota M. Hopman-Rock
Joe M. Pace
Leandro Provinciali Fumiko Rinko A. Kap
Alda Pellegri Junko Sakano 墨西哥 E.J. Karel
Barbara Reggiori Yoshihiko Sasagawa Juan Alberto Zoltan E. Kenessey
Marina Sala Hisao Sato Alcantara M.C.O. Kersten
Giorgio Sandrini Yoshiyuki Suzuki Jorge Caraveo M.W. de Kleijn-de
Antonio Schindler Junko Taguchi Anduaga Vrankrijker
Elena Sinforiani Eiichi Takada María Eugenia M.M.Y. de Klerk
Stefano Schierano Yuji Takagi Antunez M. Koenen
Roberto Sicurelli Masako Tateishi Fernando R. Jiménez J.W. Koten
Francesco Talarico Hikaru Tauchi Albarran D.W.Kraijer
Gariella Tavoschi Miyako Tazaki Gloria Martinez T. Kraakman
Cristiana Tiddia Mutsuo Torai Carrera Guuss Lankhorst
Walter Tomazzoli Satoshi Ueda María-Elena Medina W.A.L. van Leeuwen
Corrado Tosetto Kousuke Yamazaki Mora P. Looijestein
Sergio Ujcich Yoshio Yazaki Carmen E. Lara H. Meinardi
Maria Rosa Valsecchi 約旦 Muñoz W. van Minnen
Irene Vernero Abdulla S.T. 摩洛哥 A.E. Monteny
牙買加 El-Naggar Aziza Bennani I. Oen
Monica Bartley Ziad Subeih Wil Ooijendijk
荷蘭
W.J. den Ouden
日本科威特 T. van Achterberg R.J.M. Perenboom
Tsunehiko Akamatsu Adnan Al Eidan Jaap van den Berg A. Persoon
Masataka Arima Abdul Aziz Khalaf A. Bloemhof J.J. v.d. Plaats
Hidenobu Fujisono Karam Y.M. van der Brug M. Poolmans
R.D. de Boer
354
F.J. Prinsze Marbely Picado Ack-Seop Lee Luis Gaite Pindado
C.D. van Ravensberg Susana Rappaciolli 羅馬尼亞 María García José
K. Reynders Esterlina Reyes Radu Vrasti Ana Gómez Silió
K. Riet-van Hoof Franklin Rivera Andres Herran
G. Roodbol Leda María 俄羅斯 Gómez
G.L. Schut Rodríguez Vladimir N. Blondin Sara Herrera
B. Stoelinga Humberto Román Aleksey A. Galianov Castanedo
M.M.L. Swart Yemira Sequeira I.Y. Gurovich Ismael Lastra
L. Taal Ivonne Tijerino Mikhail V. Korobov Martinez
H. Ten Napel Ena Liz Torrez Alexander V. Kvashin Marta Uriarte Ituiño
B. Treffers Rene Urbina Pavel A. Elena Vázquez
J. Verhoef Luis Velásquez Makkaveysky Bourgon
A. Vermeer Sergey A. Matveev Antonio León Aguado
奈及利亞
J.J.G.M. Verwer N. Mazaeva Díaz
Sola Akinbiyi Vladimir K.
W. Vink John Morakinyo Carmen Albeza
M. Welle Donker Ovtcharov Contreras
A. O. Odejide S.V. Polubinskaya
Dirk Wiersma Olayinka Omigbodun María Angeles Aldana
J.P. Wilken Anna G. Ryabokon Berberana
P.A. van Woudenberg 挪威 Vladimir Y. Federico Alonso
P.H.M. Wouters Kjetil Bjorlo Ryasnyansky Trujillo
P. Zanstra Torbjorg Hostad Alexander V. Shabrov Carmen Alvarez
Kjersti Vik Georgy D. Shostka Arbesú
尼加拉瓜
Nina Vollestad Sergei Tsirkin Jesus Artal Simon
Elizabeth Aguilar Margret Grotle Yuri M. Xomarov
Angel Bonilla Serrano Enrique Baca
Soukup Alexander Y. Baldomero
Ivette Castillo Sigrid Ostensjo Zemtchenkov
Héctor Collado Julio Bobes García
Hernández 巴基斯坦斯洛維尼亞共和國 Antonio Bueno
Josefa Conrado S. Khan Andreeja Alcántara
Brenda Espinoza Malik H. Mubbashar Fatur-Videtec Tomás Castillo Arenal
Khalid Saeed Valentín Corces
María Félix Gontol 南非
Pando
Mirian Gutiérrez 菲律賓 David Boonzaier
Rosa Gutiérrez María Teresa Crespo
L. Ladrigo-Ignacio Gugulethu Gule Abelleira
Carlos Guzmán Patria Medina Sebenzile Matsebula
Luis Jara Roberto Cruz
祕魯 Pam McLaren Hernández
Raúl Jarquin Siphokazi Gcaza
Norman Lanzas María Esther Araujo José Armando De
Bazon Phillip Thompson Vierna Amigo
José R. Leiva
Carlos Bejar Vargas 西班牙 Manuel Desviat
Rafaela Marenco
María Alejandra Carmen Cifuentes Alvaro Bilbao Bilbao Muñoz
Martínez Granados Encarnación Blanco Ana María Díaz
Marlon Méndez Roxana Cock Egido García
Mercedes Mendoza Huaman Rosa Bravo María José Eizmendi
María José Moreno Lily Pinguz Vergara Rodriguez Apellaniz
Alejandra Narváez Adriana Rebaza María José Cabo Antonio Fernández
Amilkar Obando Flores González Moral
Dulce María Olivas Nelly Roncal Velazco Marta Cano Manuel A. Franco
Rosa E. Orellana Fernando Urcia Fernández Martín
Yelba Rosa Orozco Fernández Laura Cardenal Luis Gaite Pinadado
Mirian Ortiz Alvarado Rosa Zavallos Piedra Villalba María Mar García
Amanda Pastrana 韓國 Ana Diez Ruiz Amigo
355
附錄十：致謝
José Giner-Ubago Vázquez-Barquero Mhalla Nejia F. Bloch

Gregorio Miguel A.Verdugo Jamil Taktak Felicia Hill Briggs
Gómez-Jarabo Alonso 土耳其 Edward P. Burke
José Manuel Gorospe Carlos Villaro Ahmet Gögüs Larry Burt
Arocena Díaz-Jiménez Elif Iyriboz Shane S. Bush
Juana María 瑞典 Kultegin Ogel Glorisa Canino
Hernández Rodríguez Lars Berg Berna Ulug Jean Campbell
Carmen Leal Cercos Eva Bjorck-Akesson Scott Campbell
Marcelino López 阿拉伯聯合大公國 Brown
Mats Granlund Sheika Jamila Bint
Alvarez Gunnar Grimby John A. Carpenter
Juan José Lopez-Ibor Al-Qassimi Christine H.
Arvid Linden
Ana María López Anna Christina Nilson 英國及北愛爾蘭 Carrington
Trenco (已故) Simone Aspis Judi Chamberlin
Francisco Margallo Allan Colver LeeAnne Carrothers
Anita Nilsson
Polo Edna Conlan Mary Chamie
Louise Nilunger
Monica Martín Gil John E. Cooper Cecelia B. Collier
Lennart Nordenfelt
Miguel Martín A. John Fox William Connors
Adolf Ratzka
Zurimendi Nick Glozier John Corrigan
Gunnar Sanner
Manuel J. Martínez Ann Harding Dale Cox
Olle Sjögren
Cardeña Rachel Hurst M. Doreen Croser
Björn Smedby
Juan Carlos Rachel Jenkins Eugene D’Angelo
Sonja Calais van
Miangolarra Page Howard Meltzer Gerben DeJong
Stokkom
Rosa M.Montoliu Jane Millar Jeffrey E. Evans
Gabor Tiroler
Valls Peter Mittler Timothy G. Evans
Teresa Orihuela 瑞士 Martin Prince Debbie J. Farmer
Villameriel André Angela Roberts Michael Feil
Sandra Ortega Mera Assimacopoulos G. Stewart Manning Feinleib
Gracia Parquiña Christoph Heinz Wendy Thorne Risa Fox
Fernández Judith Hollenweger Andrew Walker Carol Frattali
Rafael Peñalver Hans Peter Rentsch Brian Williams Bill Frey
Castellano Thomas Spuhler E. Fuller
美國
Jesusa Pertejo Werner Steiner Cheryl Gagne
María Francisca John Strome Harvey Abrams J. Luis Garcia Segura
Peydro de Moya John-Paul Vader Myron J. Adams David W. Gately
Juan Rafael Prieto Peter Wehrli Michelle Adler Carol George
Lucena Rudolf Widmer Sergio A. Olinda Gonzales
Miguel Querejeta Aguilor-Gaxiola Barbara Gottfried
泰國 Barbara Altman
González Poonpit Amatuakul Bridget Grant
Miquel Roca Alicia Amate Craig Gray
Pattariya Jarutat William Anthony
Bennasar C. Panpreecha David Gray
Francisco Rodríguez Susan Spear Basset Marjorie Greenberg
K. Frederica Barrows
Pulido Roongruangmaairat Arlene Greenspan
Luis Salvador Carulla Mark Battista Frederick
Pichai Tangsin Robert Battjes
María Vicenta Guggenheim
Sánchez de la Cruz 突尼西亞 Barbara Beck Neil Hadder
Francisco Torres Adel Chaker Karin Behe Harlan Hahn
González Hayet Baachaoui Cynthia D. Belar Robert Haines
María Triquell A. Ben Salem J.G. Benedict Laura Lee Hall
Manuel Najeh Daly Stanley Berent Heather Hancock
José Luis Saïda Douki Linas Bieliauskas Nandini Hawley
Ridha Limam Karen Blair
356
Gregory W. Heath Anis Maitra Maxwell Prince Tyler Whitney
Gerry Hendershot Bob MacBride Jeffrey Pyne Brian Williams
Sarah Hershfeld Kim Louis Quatrano Jan Williams
Sarah Hertfelder MacDonald-Wilson Juan Ramos Linda Wornall
Alexis Henry Peggy Maher Geoffrey M. Reed J. Scott Yaruss
Howard Hoffman Ronald Manderscheid Anne Riley Ilene Zeitzer
Audrey Holland Kofi Marfo Gilberto Romero Louise Zingeser
Joseph G. Hollowell Ana Maria Patricia Roberts-Rose 烏拉圭
Jr Margueytio Mark A. Sandberg Paulo Alterway
Andrew Imparato William C. Marrin Judy Sangl Marta Barera
John Jacobson John Mather Marian Scheinholtz Margot Barrios
Judith Jaeger Maria Christina Karin Schumacher Daniela Bilbao
Alan Jette Mathiason Katherine D. Seelman Gladys Curbelo
J. Rock Johnson John McGinley Raymond Seltser Ana M. Frappola
Gisele Kamanou- Theresa McKenna Rune J. Simeonsson Ana M. Fosatti Pons
Goune Christine McKibbin Debra Smith Angélica Etcheñique
Charles Kaelber Christopher J. Gretchen Swanson Rosa Gervasio
Cille Kennedy McLaughlin Susan Stark Mariela Irigoin
Donald G. Kewman Laurie McQueen Denise G. Tate Fernando Lavie
Michael Kita (已故) Douglas Moul Travis Threats Silvia Núñez
Edward Knight Peter E. Nathan Cynthia Trask Rossana Pipplol
Pataricia Kricos Russ Newman Robert Trotter II Silvana Toledo
Susan Langmore Els R. R. Alexander Vachon
Nieuwenhuijsen Maureen Valente 越南
Mitchell LaPlante
Itzak Levav Joan F. van Nostrand Paolo del Vecchio Nguyen Duc Truyen
Renee Levinson Jean Novak Lois Verbrugge 辛巴威
Robert Liberman Patricia Owens Katherine Verdolini Jennifer Jelsma
Don Lollar Alcida Perez de Candace Vickers Dorcas Madzivire
Peter Love Velasquez Gloriajean Wallace Gillian Marks
David Lozovsky D. Jesse Peters Robert Walsh Jennifer Muderedzi
Perianne Lurie David B. Peterson Seth A. Warshausky Useh Ushotanefe
Jayne B. Lux Harold Pincus Paul Weaver
Reid Lyon Paul Placek Patricia Welch
Thomas E. Preston Gale Whiteneck
聯合國系統的組織
國際勞工組織(International Labour Organization, ILO)
Susan Parker
聯合國兒童基金會(United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF)
Habibi Gulbadan
聯合國統計署(United Nations Statistical Division)
Margarat Mbogoni, Joann Vanek
聯合國亞太統計研究所(United Nations Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific)
Lau Kak En
聯合國亞太經濟和社會理事會(United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and Pacific)
Bijoy Chaudhari
357
附錄十：致謝
世界衛生組織
區域辦事處
非洲區：C. Mandlhate
美洲區(泛美衛生組織)：Carlos Castillo-Salgado, Roberto Becker, Margaret Hazlewood,
Armando Vázquez
地中海東區：A. Mohit, Abdel Aziz Saleh, Kassem Sara, M. Haytham Al Khayat
歐洲區：B. Serdar Savas, Anatoli Nossikov
東南亞區：Than Sein, Myint Htwe
西太平洋區：R. Nesbit, Y.C. Chong
總部
世界衛生組織總部各部門參與修訂過程，在修訂過程有貢獻的個體工作人員及其部
門列表如下：
M. Argandoña, formerly of Department of Substance Abuse
Z. Bankowski, Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
J.A. Costa e Silva, formerly Division of Mental Health and Prevention of Substance Abuse
S. Clark, Department of Health Information, Management and Dissemination
C. Djeddah, Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention
A. Goerdt, formerly of Department of Health Promotion
M. Goracci, formerly of Department of Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation
M. A. Jansen, formerly of Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence
A. L’Hours, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy
A. Lopez, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy
J. Matsumoto, Department of External Cooperation and Partnerships
C. Mathers, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy
C. Murray, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy
H. Nabulsi, formerly of IMPACT
E. Pupulin, Department of Management of Noncommunicable Diseases
C. Romer, Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention
R. Sadana, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy
B. Saraceno, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence
A. Smith, Department of Management of Noncommunicable Diseases
J. Salomon, Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy
M. Subramanian, formerly of World Health Reporting
M. Thuriaux, formerly of Division of Emerging and other Communicable Diseases
B. Thylefors, formerly of Department of Disability/Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation
M. Weber, Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development
Sibel Volkan 和 Grazia Motturi 提供行政管理和秘書支持。
Can Çelik, Pierre Lewalle, Matilde Leonardi, Senda Bennaissa 和 Luis Prieto 完成修訂特殊
方面的工作。
Somnath Chatterji, Shekhar Saxena, Nenad Kostanjsek 和 Margie Schneider 根據所有收到
的進料完成修訂工作。
T. Bedirhan Üstün 管理和協調修訂過程及整個 ICF 專案。
358
ICF
索引
Index
Abnormality, 17, 291 Aircraft, piloting, 201
Absorption of nutrients, 117 Aircraft, using as a passenger, 201
Abstract thinking, abstraction, 83 Akinetic mutism, 133, 135
Access, 19, 20 Alactation, 129
Accessibility, 235, 281, 286, 319, 329 Alertness, 69
Accessory respiratory muscles, functions of, Allergies, 109
111 Allodynia, 97
Acquaintances, 221, 259, 263 Allopathic medication, 239
Acquaintances, creating relationships with, Alopecia, 145
221 Alveoli, 155
Acquisition of goods and services, 209 Ambitendency, 77
Acquisition of necessities, 209 Ambulance services, 273
Acting in a play, 231 Amenorrhoea, 127
Acting in accordance with social rules and Amicable, 71
conventions, 217 Amnesia, dissociative, 77
Acting independently in social interactions, Amnesia, selective, 77
217 Amusement or diversion, engaging in, 231
Activities and Participation, component, 3, 9, Anabolism, 121
11, 13, 19, 21, 23, 29, 31, 33, 35, 53, 169, Anaesthesia, 95
295, 299, 303, 305, 307, 313, 321 Anaesthesia dolorosa, 97
Activities and Participation List, uses of, Anal sphincter incompetence, 119
293, 313, 321, 323 Analgesia, 97
Activity, activities, 3, 9, 13, 15, 19, 75, 77, Anarthria, 101
169, 179, 207, 231, 291, 293, 305, 307, 313, Anatomical parts, 13, 15, 147, 291, 311
321, 323, 325, 329, 333 Anchor points, disability 29, 301
Activity limitations, 13, 15, 19, 291, 307, Anger, 79
333 Animal-powered transporters, 241
Actual environment, 21, 313, 317 Animals, 251
Acute health care services, 281 Animals for personal mobility, 261
Administrative control, 267, 269, 271, 273, Animals, taking care of, 213
275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 285 Ankle and foot, structure, 163
Abdominal cramps, 119 Ankle joint and joints of foot and toes, 163
Adoptive parents, 259 Ankle reflex, 137
Adrenal gland, 157 Anopsia, 89
Advocacy, ICF as a tool, 335, 337 Anosmia, 95
Aerobic capacity, 113 Anuria, 125
Aerophagia, 115 Anxiousness, 79
Affect, 79, 247, 249, 265, 327, 349 Aphonia, 101
Agalactorrhoea, 129 Apnea, 111
Age, aging, 23, 27, 107, 221, 259, 279, 281, Appetite, 73
293, 309, 350 Appliances, household, 211, 213, 239, 247
Ageusia, 95 Apprenticeship (work preparation), 225
Aggression, controlling verbal and physical, Apprenticeships programmes, 283
217 Apraxia, dressing, 87
Agitation, 77 Apraxia, ideation, 87
Agreeableness, 71 Apraxia, ideomotor, 87
AIDS, 329 Apraxia, oculomotor, 87
Air conditioning, 257 Apraxia, speech, 87
Air hunger, 113 Architects, 261
Air quality, 17, 61, 255, 257 Architecture, 63
360
Architecture and construction policies, 267, 275
269 Associations and organizational services,
Architecture and construction services, 267, 275
269 Associations and organizational services,
Architecture and construction services, systems and policies, 275
systems and policies, 267, 269 Asymmetric gait, 141
Architecture and construction systems, 267, Ataxic dysarthria, 101
269 Atherosclerosis, 105
Arousal, 79, 127 Athetosis, 141
Arranging a living space with furniture, 209 Athetotic movements, 141
Arrhythmias, 105 Atmospheric pressure, 253
Art galleries, going to, 231 Attention, 75, 77
Arterial constriction, 107 Attention, dividing, 75
Arterial dilation, 107 Attention, sharing, 77
Arteries, 155 Attention, shifting, 75
Arteries, constriction of, 105 Attention, sustaining, 75
Arteries, functions of, 105, 107 Attitudes, 23, 27, 63, 259, 263, 265, 293,
Arteriosclerosis, 105 319, 325, 329, 333
Arthritis, 131 Attitudes of acquaintances, peers, colleagues,
Articulation of phonemes, 101 neighbours and community members, 263
Asking questions, 185 Attitudes of extended family members, 263
Aspiration of food, 115 Attitudes of friends, 263
Assertiveness, 73 Attitudes of health professionals, 265
Assessment, clinical 323, 333, 337, 345 Attitudes of other professionals, 265
Assessment instruments, general 7, 21, 27, Attitudes of immediate family members, 263
29, 31, 67 Attitudes of people in positions of authority,
Assessment instruments and ICF, 147, 169, 263
237, 301, 303, 347 Attitudes of people in subordinate positions,
Assets, 249 263
Assets, financial, 249 Attitudes of personal care providers and
Assets, intangible, 249 personal assistants, 263
Assets, tangible, 249 Attitudes of strangers, 265
Assimilation functions, 117, 119 Attitudes, societal, 265
Assisting other moving around, 215 Attitudinal environment, 13, 23, 319
Assisting others, 213, 215 Attorney representation, 275
Assisting others in communication, 215 Audio loops, 245
Assisting others in health maintenance, 215 Audio recorders and receivers, 241
Assisting others in interpersonal relations, Audiologists, 261
215 Auditoriums or stadiums, accessible seating,
Assisting others in movement, 215 245
Assisting others in nutrition, 215 Auditory perception, 79
Assisting others with self-care, 215 Auditory trainers, 241
Assistive devices or personal assistance, 21, Aunts, 221, 259
33, 169, 213, 215, 313, 315 Aural pressure, 93
Assistive devices, maintaining, 213 Autism, 71
Assistive products and technology for Automatic bladder, 125
education, 239 Automatic local joint reflex, 137
Associations, forming political, 233 Automobile, driving, 201
Associations, religious, 275 Automobile, repairing, 213
Associations and organizational policies, Awareness, 7, 69, 71, 83, 87
361
Awareness of one's body, 87 Body organs, 13, 15
Awareness of one's identity, 87 Body position, changing and maintaining,
Azoospermia, 129 189
Babbling, 103 Body position, changing basic, 189
Balance reactions, 139 Body position, maintaining, 191
Banks, 277 Body structure, 9, 13, 15, 17, 29, 31, 33, 37,
Bank account, maintaining, 229 49, 97, 99, 147, 291, 295, 299, 301, 307,
Barrier, environmental, 303, 327, 329, 335 309, 311
Bartering, 229 Body structures, standard, 291
Basal ganglia, 149 Body systems, 5, 9, 13, 15, 67, 291
Basal metabolic rate, 121 Body temperature, 17, 123
Basic learning, 19, 53, 169, 171, 173 Body temperature, maintenance of, 123
Bath or shower, taking, 203 Boiling and heating food, 211
Bedsores, 145 Bone marrow, 107, 155
Behaviour pattern, 23 Bones of ankle and foot, 163
Bending, 189 Bones of face, 161
Biceps reflex, 137 Bones of forearm, 161
Bicycle, driving, 201 Bones of hand, 161
Bicycles, repairing, 213 Bones of lower leg, 163
Bile production, 117 Bones of neck region, 161
Binaural synthesis, 93 Bones of shoulder region, 161
Binocular acuity of distant vision, 89 Books, 173, 243
Binocular acuity of near vision, 89 Bottles and cans, opening, 207
Biomedical standards, 17 Bradycardia, 105
Biomedical status, 17 Bradylalia, 101
Biting, 115 Bradypnoea, 111
Bladder, automatic, 125 Braille versions of newspaper, 277
Bladder, functions of, 125 Braille writers, using, 187
Bliss board, 185 Braille, reading, 171
Bloated, feeling, 119 Braille, writing, 171
Blocks in ICF, function of, 301 Brain, functions of 15, 69, 83, 309
Blood pressure functions, 107 Brain, frontal lobe, 149
Blood pressure, decreased, 107 Brain, occipital lobe, 149
Blood pressure, increased, 107 Brain, parietal lobe, 149
Blood pressure, maintenance of, 107 Brain, temporal lobe, 149
Blood production, 105 Breast and nipple, 159
Blood supply to the heart, 105 Breast cancer, 329
Blood vessels, functions of, 105 Breast feeding, 207
Blood, metabolite-carrying functions of, 107 Breathing, irregular, 111
Blood, oxygen-carrying functions of, 107 Broca’s aphasia, 83
Blowing, 111 Bronchial spasm, 111
Body adjustment reactions, 139 Bronchial tree, 155
Body functions, 3, 11, 13, 15, 17, 23, 25, 29, Brother, relating to and as, 221
31, 33, 35, 41, 67, 291, 295, 299, 301, 305, Bruising, 145
309, 311, 349 Brushing teeth, 203
Body functions, standard, 291 Bruxism, 141
Body image, 87 Budgeting time, 179
Body language, expressing and producing, Building access, design and products,
185 private, 247
Body Mass Index, 119 Building access, products and technology,
362
public, 245 Carrying on shoulders, hip and back, 193
Building codes, 269 Carrying on the head, 193
Building entry and exit, products and Carrying out plans, 83
technology, public, 245 Carrying out single or multiple tasks, 177
Building, entering and exiting, design and Carrying, moving and handling objects, 193,
products, private, 247 195
Buildings, design and building products, Cars, 241
private, 247 Case examples, 327
Buoyant, feeling, 73 Catabolism, 121
Burping, 115 Catatonia, 77
Bus, 241 Catching objects, 195
Bus, using, 201 Categories in ICF, 289, 297
Cachexia, 119 Causation, etiology, 17
Calculating, 53, 173 Cerebellum, 149
Calculation, complex, 85 Ceremonies, engaging in, 231
Calculation, simple, 85 Cervical vertebral column, 163
Callus formation, 145 Cervix, 159
Calm, feeling of, 71 Changing and maintaining body position,
Camel, riding, 201 189, 193
Capacity, construct of, 295 Chanting, 103, 233
Capacity, as qualifier, 295, 303 Character style, 23
Capacity, as qualifier 'without assistance', Charitable organizations, engaging in, 231
313 Cheerfulness, 73
Capillaries, 105, 107, 155 Chewing, 115
Capillaries, functions of, 105, 107 Child parent relationships, maintaining, 221
Capital goods and services, 249 Child, relating as, 221
Carbohydrate metabolism, 121 Childbirth, 129
Cardiomyopathy, 105 Childbirth, delayed, 129
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems, Childbirth, premature, 129
additional functions and sensations of, 111 Children, 103, 171, 179, 215, 231, 259, 327,
Cardiovascular system, functions of, 106, 341, 350
107 Children's play, 231
Cardiovascular, haematological, Choice among options, making, 175
immunological and respiratory systems, Choking, 113
functions of, 105, 113 Choosing appropriate clothing, 205
Cardiovascular, immunological and Chorea, 141
respiratory systems, structures of, 155 Choreatic movements, 141
Caregivers, 261 Chronological sequencing, 83
Caring for body parts, 203, 301 Cinema, going to, 231
Caring for fingernails, 203 Circadian rhythm, 75
Caring for hair, 203 Circumstantiality, 81
Caring for household objects, 209 Citizenship rights, enjoying, 233
Caring for household objects and assisting Civil litigation, 275
others, 209 Civil protection policies, 275
Caring for teeth, 203 Civil protection services, 275
Caring for toenails, 203 Civil protection services, systems and
Carpal bones, 133 policies, 275
Carrying in the arms, 193 Civil protection systems, 275
Carrying objects, 193 Classification, categories, 295
Carrying objects in the hands, 193 Classification, granularity, 295
363
Classification, levels, 295 Colour vision, 89
Classification, parts of ICF, 295 Coma, 69
Classification, scope of ICF, 9 Combing hair, 203
Classification, unit of ICF, 11 Comfort, ensuring one’s comfort, 207
Classification, universe of in ICF, 9 Communicating - producing, 183
Classification, components of ICF, 9, 11 Communicating with - receiving - body
Claudication, 107 gestures, 180
Cleaning bathrooms and toilets, 211 Communicating with - receiving - drawings
Cleaning cooking area and utensils, 211 and photographs, 182
Cleaning household furnishings, 211 Communicating with - receiving - formal
Cleaning living area, 211 sign language messages, 183
Cleaning products, 239 Communicating with - receiving - general
Cleaning tables and floors, 211 signs and symbols, 183
Cleaning the house, 211 Communicating with - receiving - nonverbal
Cleaning windows and walls, 211 messages, 183
Climate, 253 Communicating with - receiving - spoken
Climbing, 189 messages, 183
Clinical applications of ICF, 345 Communicating with - receiving - written
Clinical use of ICF, ethical guidelines, 337 messages, 183
Clinics, 281 Communication, 3, 7, 19, 63, 183, 185, 187,
Clitoral erection, 127 213, 215, 241, 267, 271, 273, 321, 323
Clitoris, 159 Communication boards, 241
Closed captioning services, 277 Communication devices and techniques,
Clothes, 205, 211, 213, 239 using, 185, 187
Clothes, making and repairing, 213 Communication policies, 273
Clothes, putting on, 205 Communication services, 271
Clothes, taking off, 205 Communication services, systems and
Clothes, shopping for, 209 policies, 273
Clotting functions of blood, 109 Communication systems, 273
Clouding of consciousness, 69 Communication techniques, using, 185
Cluttering, 101 Communication, products and technology,
Coagulation of blood, 109 241
Coccyx, 163 Community members, 259, 263
Cochlea, 151 Community, social and civic life, 233
Cochlear implants, 241 Comprehending literal and implied
Coding in ICF, 299 meanings, 183
Coding body functions, 309 Computer hardware or software, 243
Coding body structures, 311 Computer software and hardware, 241
Coding convention, code “8”, 309 Computer technology, adapted, 243
Coding, Environmental Factors, 317, 319 Computer-based mass communication, 277,
Coding, generic scale, 31 329
Coding, options for Activities and Computers, using, 187
Participation, 307 Concentration, 75
Coding, relevance to health condition, 305 Conduction aphasia, 83
Cognitive flexibility, 83 Confidence, 71
Cognitive functions, 41, 71, 77, 81, 83, 85, Confidentiality, ethical guideline for use of
87, 349 ICF, 337
Cognitive functions, higher-level, 41, 71, 77, Congenital anomaly, 291
81, 83 Conjunctiva, sclera, choroid, 151
Colleagues, 61, 63, 219, 259, 263 Conscientiousness, 71
364
Consciousness, 69 Cranial nerves, 149
Consciousness, continuity of, 69 Cranium, 161
Consciousness, loss of, 69 Craving, 73
Consciousness, quality of, 69 Crawling, 197
Consciousness, state of, 69 Criminal trials, 275
Consequence of disease, 5, 339 Crises, handling, 179
Constipation, 119 Criticism in relationships, dealing with, 217
Constructs in ICF, 3, 11, 15, 25, 27, 295, Crying aloud, 103
315, 327 Cultural applicability and ICIDH, 341
Construction standards, 269 Cultural events, engaging in, 231
Consumer bodies, 267 Cultural organizations, 275
Consumer councils, 271 Cultural variation and classification, 297
Consumer goods, policies for the production Culture, recreation and sport, products and
of, 267 technology, 243, 245
Consumer goods, services for the production Customs, 263
of, 267 Cutting or breaking food into pieces, 207
Consumer goods, services, systems and Daily living, products and technology, 239
policies, 267 Daily routine, carrying out, 179
Consumer goods, systems for the production Daily routine, completing, 179
of, 267 Daily routine, managing, 179
Consuming nutritious foods, 207 Daily necessities, gathering, 209
Contextual factors, 9, 11, 13, 15, 23, 27, 235, Dark, adaptation to, 89
291, 293, 295, 319, 325, 333, 341 Data comparability and ICF, 7, 335
Continuing education, 283 Day/night cycles, 255
Continuous incontinence, 125 Deceitfulness, 73
Controlling verbal and physical aggression, Decision-making, 5, 83, 259
217 Decoding messages, 83, 85
Conversation, 185, 187, 331 Decorating rooms, 209
Conversation and use of communication Decryption of language, 83
devices and techniques, 185, 187 Defecation, 117, 119
Conversation, ending, 185 Defecation, frequency of, 119
Conversation, starting, 185 Defecation, regulating, 205
Conversation, sustaining, 185 Defensive reactions, 139
Conversing with many people, 187 Definitions, in classifications, 297
Conversing with one person, 187 Dehydration, 121
Cooking, 209, 211 Déjà vu, 87
Cooperation of both eyes, 91 Delayed ejaculation, 127
Coordination of voluntary movements, 139 Delirium, 69
Coping styles, 23 Delusion, 81
Copying, 53, 171 Dementia, 71
Cornea, 151 Demographic change, 251
Coronary insufficiency, 105 Dental hygiene, 203
Coronary ischaemia, 105 Dental prosthesis, taking care of, 203
Corporations, 277 Dependability, 73, 235, 319
Correctional or penal facilities, 275 Depersonalization, 87
Cortical lobes, 149 Derealization, 87
Coughing, 111 Design codes, 269
Courts, tribunals and other agencies, 275 Design, construction and building products
Crafts or hobbies, engaging in, 231 and technology for entering and exiting
Crafts, engaging in, 231 buildings for public and private use, 245
365
Design, construction and building products Dizziness, 93
and technology for gaining access to Doctors, 261
facilities in buildings for public and private Domain, of disability, 3, 9, 11, 13, 15, 19,
use, 245 21, 25, 29, 31, 67, 147, 169, 237, 289, 291,
Design, construction and building products 295, 301, 303, 313, 315, 317, 321, 323, 327,
and technology for way finding, path 329, 331
routing and designation of locations in Domestic life, 209, 215
buildings for public and private use, 247 Domesticated animals, 261
Designers, 261 Door handles, 247
Desks and filing cabinets, 243 Doors, power-assisted, 245, 247
Despairing, 73 Downhearted, feeling, 73
Determinants of health, 5 Drawing, 115, 183
Development, 235 Drawings and photographs, expressing with
Diabetes, 327 and producing, 183
Diagnosis, 3, 5 Dress codes, following, 205
Diagrams, making, 185 Dressing, 205
Diaphragm, 155 Dressing in keeping with climatic conditions,
Diarrhoea, 119 205
Diencephalon, 149 Drinking, 207
Diet, maintaining balanced diet, 207 Drinking running water, 207
Digestive system functions, 115, 119 Drinking through a straw, 207
Digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems, Drive, psychological, 73
functions of, 115, 123 Driving a vehicle, 201
Disability, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 25, 27, 34, 239, Driving animal-powered vehicles, 201
279, 281, 289, 291, 293, 295, 333, 335, 341, Driving human-powered transportation, 201
343, 345, 347 Driving motorized vehicles, 201
Disability benefits, 279 Drooling, 115
Disability, lived experience of, 19, 169, 313 Drug-induced altered consciousness, 69
Disability pension, 279 Drugs, 239
Disability, as a medical issue, 27 Drying oneself, 203
Disability, as a political issue, 27 Dusting, 211
Disability compensation systems, 7 Dutch Collaborating Centre for ICIDH, 341
Disabled Peoples’ International, 333 Dwelling and furnishings, maintaining, 213
Discriminating sounds, 93 Dysdiadochokinesia, 139
Discrimination, social, 21, 27 Dysfluency, 101
Discussion, 187 Dyskinesia, 141
Discussion with many people, 187 Dysmenorrhoea, 129
Discussion with one person, 187 Dyspareunia, 129
Discussion, ending, 187 Dysphagia, 115
Discussion, starting, 187 Dysphagia, oesophageal, 115
Discussion, sustaining, 187 Dysphagia, oral, 115
Disease, 3, 5, 11, 17, 21, 25, 27, 137, 207, Dysphagia, pharyngeal, 115
281, 291, 339, 347 Dysphonia, 101
Disease, consequence of, 5 Dyspnoea, 113
Disfigurement, 27 Dystonias, 135
Dislocation of a joint, 131 Dystonic movements, 141
Dislocation of shoulder, 131 Ear, 151
Disorder, 3, 5, 11, 17, 21, 25, 291, 339 Ear, eustachian canal, 151
Disposing of garbage, 211 Ear, inner, 151
Diurnal cycle, 75 Ear, inner, functions of, 93
366
Ear, middle, 151 Elbow joint, 161
Ear, ossicles, 151 Elected officials, 285
Ear, semicircular canals, 151 Electricity, 253, 271
Ear, tympanic membrane, 151 Electrolyte balance, 121
Ear, vestibular labyrinth, 151 Electronic mail, 271
Earthquakes, 253 Electro-optical devices, 241
Eating, 207 Elephant riding, 201
Eating implements, using, 207 Elimination of faeces, 119
Echolalia, 77 Emaciation, 119
Echopraxia, 77 Emergency services, 273, 275
Economic doctrines, 279 Emotion, appropriateness of, 79
Economic entitlements, public, having Emotion, range of, 79
command over, 229 Emotion, regulation of, 79
Economic life, 229 Emotional functions, 79
Economic policies, 279 Emotionally inexpressive, 73
Economic resources, having command over, Employers, 219, 225, 259
229 Employment seeking, 225, 227
Economic self-sufficiency, 229 Employment, acquiring, 225
Economic services, 277 Employment, advancing through a job, 225
Economic services, systems and policies, Employment, attending work on time as
277 required, 227
Economic systems, 279 Employment, being hired and accepting
Economic transactions, basic, 229 employment, 225
Economic transactions, complex, 229 Employment, full-time, 227
Ectopic pregnancy, 129 Employment, keeping, 227
Education, 225, 243, 283 Employment, leaving a job, 227
Education, continuing, 283 Employment, obtaining promotion and other
Education, informal, 225 advancements, 227
Education and training policies, 283 Employment, part-time, 227
Education and training services, 283 Employment, performing required tasks to
Education and training services, systems and get hired, 227
policies, 283 Employment preparation programmes,
Education and training systems, 283 engaging in, 225
Education, assistive products and Employment, products and technology, 243
technology, 243 Employment, seeking, 225, 227
Education, attending school regularly, 225 Employment, seeking employment and
Education, gaining admission to school, 225 getting a job, 225, 227
Education, post-secondary educational Employment, short-term contract work, 227
institutions, 283 Employment, supervising other workers,
Education, products and technology, 243 227
Education, professional schools, 225 Employment, terminating, 227
Education, school-related responsibilities Endocrine gland functions, 123
and privileges, 225 Endocrine glands, 157
Education, studying and completing Energy, psychological, 73
assigned tasks and projects, 225 Enunciation, 101
Education, working cooperatively with other Environment, actual, 21, 313, 317
students, 225 Environment, current, 9, 13, 19, 27, 33, 169,
Educational toys, 243 293, 313, 317, 327, 331
Educational uses of ICF, 7 Environment, immediate, 9, 23, 69, 71, 75,
Ejaculation, 127 239
367
Environment, social, 21, 23, 27, 333 External ear, 151
Environment, standard or uniform, 21, 169, External genitalia, 159
293, 313 External muscles of the eye, functions of, 91
Environmental control units, 239 External nose, 153
Environmental disasters, 253 External ocular muscles, 151
Environmental factors, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, Extra-articular ligaments, fasciae,
17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 61, extramuscular aponeuroses, retinacula,
169, 235, 239, 259, 263, 289, 293, 295, 299, septa, bursae, 165
303, 305, 307, 313, 317, 319, 327, 329, 341, Extraversion, 71
347 Eye, fixation of, 91
Environmental factor, barrier, 15, 23, 31, 33, Eye foot coordination, 139
235, 237, 293, 295, 303, 313, 319, 327, 329, Eye hand coordination, 139
335 Eye, internal muscles, functions of, 91
Environmental factors, coding, 235 Eye irritation, 91
Environmental factor, facilitator, 15, 23, 31, Eye socket, 151
33, 235, 237, 293, 295, 303, 313, 319 Eye strain, 91
Environmental factors, qualifier, 235 Eye, ear and related structures, 151
Environmental modification, 7 Eyeball, 151
Environmental planning policies, 269 Eyeball, vitreous body, 151
Environmental planning policy, 269 Eyebrow, 151
Environmentally adjusted ability, 21, 293, Eyelid, 151
313 Eyelid protective reflex, 91
Enzyme production and action, 117 Eyelid, functions of, 91
Ergonomics services, 285 Facilitator, environmental, 15, 23, 31, 33,
Estate agencies, 271 235, 293, 295, 303, 313, 319
Ethical guidelines for the use of ICF, 337 Faecal consistency, 119
Etiquette, 265 Faecal continence, 119
European Union, 285 Fallopian tubes, 159
Event classification, 305 Family relationships, creating and
Even-tempered, 71 maintaining, 221
Exchanging capital or property, 229 Family, extended, 221
Exchanging goods or services, 229 Family, immediate, 259
Exclusion terms in ICF, 301 Farm animals, 251
Excretory functions, 125 Farm lands, 249
Executive functions, psychological, 83 Fat metabolism, 121
Exercise tolerance functions, 105 Fatiguability, 113
Experience of self and time, 87 Fear, 79
Experience-seeking, 73 Feeling too fat or too thin, 87
Expressing customary greetings, 185 Feelings, 79, 91
Expressing with body language, 185 Fertility, 129
Expressing with drawings and photographs, Field trials, during ICIDH-2 revision, 341,
185 343
Expressing with formal sign language, 185 Financial organizations, 277
Expressing with gestures, 185 Finding solutions to questions or situations,
Expressing with signs and symbols, 185 173
Expression of language, 85 Fine arts, engaging in or appreciating, 231
Expression of language, sign, 85 Fine hand use, 195
Expression of language, spoken, 85 Finger nails, 167
Expression of language, written, 85 Fire and life safety standards, 269
Extended family relationships, creating, 221 Fire, emergency services, 273, 275
368
Fitness, managing, 207 Games, engaging in, 231
Fixation of the eye, 91 Garbage, disposing of, 211
Flaccid dysarthria, 101 Gender, 9, 23, 27, 259
Flatulence, 119 General tasks and demands, 177
Floods, 253 Genetic abnormality, 17
Flora and fauna, 251 Genetic predisposition, 21, 291
Fluency and rhythm of speech, 101, 103 Genital and reproductive functions, 127
Focal dystonias, 135 Genitalia, 159
Focusing attention, 173 Genitourinary and reproductive structures,
Following medical and other health advice, 159
207 Geriatric applications, 301
Following rules, 305 Geriatrics, 31
Food, 239 Glans penis, 159
Food, boiling and heating, 211 Glasses and contact lenses, 241
Food, breakdown of, 117 Global mental functions, 69
Food, keeping fresh, 213 Global psychosocial functions, 71
Food, manipulating in the mouth, 115 Globus feeling, 119
Food, serving, 211 Gloomy, 73
Food, shopping for, 209 Goal-directed behaviours, 83
Footwear, fixing and polishing, 213 Good life, 289
Footwear, putting on, 205 Government, local, regional and national,
Footwear, taking off, 205 285
Forearm, structure, 161 Governmental life of a citizen, enjoying, 233
Forest fires, 253 Grammatical structures, organizing, 85
Formal associations, engaging in, 231 Grandparents, 221
Formal sign language, 185 Greeting, expressing customary, 185
Foster parents, 259 Guardians, 221
French Collaborating Centre for ICIDH, 341 Gums, 153
Friends, 217 Gustatory perception, 81
Friendships, finding and establishing, 217 Habits, 23
Frigidity, 127 Haematological and immunological systems,
Frontal lobes, 83 functions of, 105, 107
Frowning, 185 Hair and nails, functions of, 145
Frozen shoulder, 131 Hair, functions of, 145
Fuel, getting, 209, 271 Hair, growth, 145
Fugue, 69 Hand and arm use, 195
Functional stimulation devices, 239 Hand and eye coordination, 79
Functioning, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 25, Hand, structure, 161
27, 29, 34, 235, 239, 289, 291, 293, 295, Handicap, 3, 289, 333, 339, 341
303, 305, 307, 313, 319, 321, 323, 327, 333, Handicrafts, engaging in, 231
337 Handling crises, 179
Functioning, process of, 25 Handling distraction, 179
Furnishing a place to live, 209 Handling objects, 193
Furniture, 177, 209, 213, 239 Handling responsibilities, 179
Furniture, arranging a living space with Handling stress, 179, 181
furniture, 209 Handling stress and other psychological
Gagging, 113 demands, 179, 181
Gait, 47, 79, 139, 141 Hard palate, 153
Gait pattern, 139, 141 Hate, 79
Gall bladder and ducts, 157 Head and neck region, structure, 161
369
Headache, 331 Hobbies, engaging in, 231
Healing, 145 Hopeful, feeling of being, 73
Health and safety boards, 271 Hormonal balance, 123
Health advice, following, 207 Horse riding, 201
Health, avoiding risks to, 207 Hospitals, 281, 283
Health care systems, 7 Hot flushes during menopause, 129
Health, components of, 5 House-building, 269
Health condition, 3, 5, 9, 11, 17, 21, 23, 25, Household tasks, 211
27, 279, 281, 291, 293, 305, 319, 329, 333, Household items, shopping for, 209
335 Housing policies, 271
Health condition, etiology of, 5, 17 Housing services, 271
Health, determinants of, 5 Housing services, systems and policies, 269
Health domains, 3, 9, 289, 291 Housing systems, 271
Health information systems, 7 Human rights, 7, 27, 233
Health insurance, 329 Human-caused events, 253
Health, looking after one's, 207 Human-made products, 239
Health outcomes, 7 Humidity, 253
Health outcome evaluation, 7, 31, 301 Humming, 103
Health policies, 7, 283 Hurricanes, 253
Health professionals, 261 Hydramnios, 129
Health promotion, 7 Hypaesthesia, 97
Health promotion and disease prevention Hypalgesia, 97
services, 281 Hyperacidity of stomach, 117
Health-related domains, 3, 9, 291 Hyperadrenalism, 123
Health research, 5, 7 Hyperaesthesia, 95
Health services, systems and policies, 281 Hypercalcaemia, 121
Health states, 23, 291, 293 Hypergonadism, 123
Health statistics, 7 Hypermenorrhoea, 127
Health system, 281, 291 Hypermobility of joints, 131
Health-related states, 291 Hypermotility of intestines, 117
Hearing aids, 241 Hypernasality, 101
Hearing and vestibular functions, 93, 95 Hypernatraemia, 121
Hearing functions, 93 Hyperparathyroidism, 123
Heart, 155 Hyperpathia, 97
Heart beat, irregular, 105 Hyperpituitarism, 123
Heart failure, 105 Hypersensitivity reactions, 109
Heart functions, 105 Hypersensitivity to light, 89
Heart rate, 105 Hypersomnia, 75
Heart rhythm, 105 Hypertension, 107
Heart valves, functions of, 105 Hyperthermia, 123
Heart, atria, 155 Hyperthyroidism, 123
Heart, ventricles, 155 Hypertonia, 135
Heartburn, 119 Hyperventilation, 111
Hemiparesis, 133, 137, 309 Hypoadrenalism, 123
Hemiplegia, 133, 135, 137 Hypogeusia, 95
Herbs, 239 Hypogonadism, 123
Heritage or conservation policies, 269 Hypomenorrhoea, 127
Hip joint, 163 Hyponasality, 101
HIV-positivity, 21, 27 Hyponatraemia, 121
Hoarseness, 101 Hypoparathyroidism, 123
370
Hypopituitarism, 123 Impairment, scaling severity, 311
Hyposensitivity to light, 89 Impairments, interrelationship between, 309
Hyposmia, 95 Impotence, 127
Hypotension, 107 Impulse control, 73
Hypothermia, 123 Inattentive, 73
Hypothyroidism, 121 Income support services, 279
Hypotonia, 135 Individual perspective on functioning and
Hypotonic urinary bladder, 125 disability, 3, 9, 13, 289, 291, 293
ICD-10, 5, 17, 291, 299, 305 Individual’s health profile, coding, 305
Ice-storms, 253 Indoor air quality, 257
ICF browser, 307 Informal relationships with acquaintances,
ICF constructs, 3, 11, 15, 21, 25, 27, 31 creating, 221
ICF databases, 345 Informal relationships with co-inhabitants,
ICF, aims of, 7 creating, 221
ICF, applications, 7, 327 Informal relationships with friends, creating,
ICF, case-recording forms, 347 221
ICF, clinical use versions, 345 Informal relationships with neighbours,
ICF, computerization, 347 creating, 221
ICF, definitions in, 297 Informal relationships with peers, creating,
ICF, exclusion terms in, 301 221
ICF, as a framework, 3, 5, 7, 9, 21 Information matrix, 19, 313, 315, 321, 323,
ICF, full (detailed) version, 29 325
ICF, future directions, 345 Information systems, 7
ICF, inclusion terms in, 301 Ingestion functions, 115
ICF, minimal health information, 349 Inhibition, 71
ICF, operational definitions in, 29, 297, 301, Injury, 17, 21, 109, 207, 291, 331, 358
345, 347 Inquisitive, 73
ICF, properties of, 9 In-service training, 225
ICF, research versions of, 345 Insight, 83
ICF, satisfaction or feeling of involvement Insomnia, 75
or satisfaction, coding, 305 Institutionalization, 27
ICF, short (concise) version, 29, 345 Insurance services, 277
ICF, structural features of, 29 Intellectual functions, 71
ICF, training materials, 347 Intellectual growth, 71
ICF, use of, 29, 31 Intellectual retardation, 71
ICIDH, 1980, 341 Interacting according to social rules, 217
ICIDH revision, 339, 341 Interacting, regulating behaviours within,
Ideation, 87 217
Ideologies, 23, 263, 265 Interactions, 217, 219
Imaginative, 73 Intercostal muscles, 155
Imitating, 171 Intermittent claudication, 107
Immune response, 109 International classifications, WHO family of,
Immune response, non-specific, 109 5
Immune response, specific, 109 International Organization for
Immune system, structure, 155 Standardization (ISO), 267, 345
Immunological system functions, 109 International political organizations, 285
Impairment, 5, 9, 13, 15, 17, 21, 25, 31, 289, Internet, 271, 277
291, 293, 303, 305, 311, 307, 309, 327, 329, Internship, 225
331, 333, 335, 341, 343 Interpersonal interactions and relationships,
Impairment, identifying, 309 217, 223
371
Interpersonal interactions, basic, 217 Labour and employment services, systems
Interpersonal interactions, complex, 217 and policies, 283, 285
Interpersonal interactions, General, 217, 219 Labour and employment systems, 285
Interpersonal relationships, Particular, 223 Labour relations services, 285
Intervention matching, ICF use, 347 Labour standards and law, 285
Intestinal obstruction, 117 Lachrymal gland, 151
Intestinal paralysis, 117 Lachrymal glands, functions of, 91
Intimate relationships, maintaining, 221 Lactation, 129
Intonation, 101 Land development, products and technology,
Introducing oneself, 185, 217 247
Involuntary contraction of muscles, 137 Land forms, 249
Involuntary contractions of large muscles, Land use policies, 247, 249
139 Language, integrated functions of, 85
Involuntary contractions of muscles, 139 Language, mental functions of, 85
Involuntary movement, 139 Larynx, 153
Involuntary movement reaction, 139 Larynx, functions of, 101
Involvement in a life situation, 13, 19, 169, Laziness, 71
291, 293, 313, 321 Learning, basic, 171
Iris, 151 Learning and applying knowledge, 171, 175
Ironing clothes, 213 Learning at home, 225
Irregular heart beat, 105 Leg, structure, 163
Irresponsible, 71 Legal policies, 275
Irritable, 71 Legal services, 275
Jamais vu, 87 Legal services, systems and policies, 275
Job, interview for, 225, 227 Legal standing as a citizen, enjoying, 233
Job, leaving or quitting, 225 Legal status as a citizen, enjoying, 233
Job, maintaining, 225, 227 Legislation and laws, 7, 267, 269, 271, 275,
Job-related tasks, performing, 227 279, 281, 283
Job resume, preparing, 225 Legislation, regulations and standards, 267,
Joints and bones, functions of, 133 269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 285
Joints of hand and fingers, 161 Lens of eyeball, 151
Joints of head and neck region, 161 Leprosy, 27, 327
Joint, mobility of, 131 Life areas, 169, 225, 229
Joints, range and ease of movement of, 131 Life experiences, 293
Joints of shoulder region, 161 Life span, variations, 297
Joy, 79 Lifestyle, 23
Judgement, 83 Lifting objects, 195
Jumping, 197 Lifts or elevators, escalators, 245
Keloid formation, 145 Ligaments and fasciae of ankle and foot, 163
Kerb cuts, 235, 249 Ligaments and fasciae of hand, 161
Kicking, 193 Ligaments and fasciae of head and neck
Kidney, 159 region, 161
Knee joint, 163 Ligaments and fasciae of lower leg, 163
Kneeling, 189 Ligaments and fasciae of shoulder region,
Kneeling position, maintaining, 189 161
Knowledge, applying, 243 Ligaments and fasciae of thigh, 163
Labia majora, 159 Ligaments and fasciae of upper arm, 161
Labia minora, 159 Light, 253, 255
Labour and employment policies, 283, 285 Light intensity, 253
Labour and employment services, 285 Light quality, 253, 255
372
Light sensitivity, 307 Medical social workers, 261
Lighting, artificial, 253 Medulla oblongata, 149
Limping, 141 Melody of speech, 101
Lips, 153 Memory, 77
Listening, 171 Memory, autobiographical, 77
Lived experience of disability, 19, 169, 313 Memory, retrieval of, 77
Liver, 157 Memory, semantic, 77
Localisation of sound source, 93 Memory, short-term, 77
Locating and choosing a job, 227 Memory, long-term, 77
Long-term care services, 281 Menarche, 127, 309
Love, 79 Mending clothes, 213
Low backache or pain, 97 Meninges, 149
Lower extremity, structure, 163 Menopause, 127, 129, 309
Lower leg, structure, 163 Menorrhagia, 127
Lumbar vertebral column, 163 Menstrual bleeding, extent of, 127
Lunar cycles, 255 Menstrual care, 205
Lungs, 155 Menstrual cycle, discomfort, 129
Lying down, 189 Menstrual cycle, regularity, 127
Lying position, maintaining, 191 Menstrual flow, 127
Lymph nodes, functions of, 109 Menstruation functions, 127, 309
Lymphatic vessels, functions of, 109 Menstruation, interval between, 127
Major life areas, 225, 229, 321, 323, 349 Menstruation, retrograde, 127
Making a choice among options, 175 Mental (or psychological) functions, 15, 291
Making decisions, 173, 175 Mental flexibility, 83
Making plans, 179 Mental functions, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81,
Malabsorption in stomach, 117 83, 85, 87
Managed health care, 7 Mental health, 301, 341, 350
Managing day-to-day requirements, 179 Mental health applications of ICF, 301
Managing diet and fitness, 207 Mental illness, 27
Managing one's own activity level, 179 Mental retardation, 71
Manipulating objects, 189 Metabolism and the endocrine system,
Manipulation of food in the mouth, 115 functions of, 123
Mannerisms, 141 Metabolism of carbohydrate, 121
Marriages, funerals or initiation ceremonies, Methodical, 71
engaging in, 231 Midbrain, 149
Masticating food, 115 Migration, 251
Mathematical principles, applying, 173 Mimicking, 171
Mathematical signs, using, 171 Mineral balance, 123
Mathematics, applying operations, 171 Miscarriage, 129
Mathematics, performing, 173 Mixing foods, 211
Mathematics, translating word problems into Mobility and transportation, products and
arithmetic procedures, 85 technology, 241
Meals, having, 207 Mobility of bone, 131, 133
Meals, organizing, 211 Mobility of carpal bones, 133
Meals, preparing, 211 Mobility of joint, 131
Media policies, 277 Mobility of joint, several, 131
Media services, 277 Mobility of joint, single, 131
Media systems, 277 Mobility of joints, generalized, 131
Medical care, 27 Mobility of pelvis, 133
Medical rehabilitation services, 281 Mobility of scapula, 133
373
Mobility of tarsal bones, 133 Muscle functions, 133
Mobility, 189, 201 Muscle paralysis, 133
Model of disability, biopsychosocial, 27 Muscle paresis, 133
Model of disability, ICF, 27 Muscle power, 133
Model of disability, interactive, 25, 27 Muscle power, all muscles of the body, 135
Model of disability, medical, 27 Muscle power, isolated muscles and muscle
Model of disability, social, 27 groups, 133
Modulation of pitch patterns in speech, 103 Muscle power, muscles in lower half of the
Money, 209, 229, 249 body, 133
Monitoring one's own work performance, Muscle power, muscles of all limbs, 135
225 Muscle power, muscles of one limb, 133
Monocular acuity of distant vision, 89 Muscle power, muscles of the trunk, 135
Monocular acuity of near vision, 89 Muscle power, one side of the body, 133,
Monoparesis, 133, 135, 137 309
Monoplegia, 133, 135, 137 Muscle spasm, 141
Monotone speech, 103 Muscle spasticity, 135
Moody, 71 Muscle stiffness, sensations, 141
Mopping floors, 211 Muscle tension, 135
Morbidity information, 5, 17 Muscle tightness, 141
Mortality information, 5 Muscle tone, 135
Mosque, attending, 233 Muscle tone, all muscles of the body, 135
Motivation, 73 Muscle tone, isolated muscles and muscle
Motor perseveration, 141 groups, 135
Motor reflex, 137, 139 Muscle tone, muscles of all limbs, 135
Motorboat, driving, 201 Muscle tone, muscles of lower half of body,
Motorcycle, driving, 201 135
Motorized and non-motorized vehicles, 241 Muscle tone, muscles of one limb, 135
Motorized transportation, using private, 201 Muscle tone, muscles of one side of body,
Mouth, 153 135
Mouth breathing, 111 Muscle tone, trunk, 135
Movement Functions, 137, 139, 141, 143 Muscle weakness, 133
Movement, structures related to, 161, 165 Muscle, sensation of heaviness, 141
Moving around, 197 Muscles of ankle and foot, 163
Moving around outside the home and other Muscles of forearm, 161
buildings, 199 Muscles of hand, 161
Moving around using equipment, 199 Muscles of head and neck region, 161
Moving around using transportation, 201 Muscles of lower leg, 163
Moving around within buildings other than Muscles of pelvic region, 163
home, 199 Muscles of respiration, structure, 155
Moving around within the home, 199 Muscles of shoulder region, 161
Moving from floor to floor, 199 Muscles of thigh, 163
Moving inside, outside and around buildings, Muscles of trunk, 163
199 Muscles of upper arm, 161
Moving objects with lower extremities, 193 Musculoskeletal structures related to
Muscle atrophy, 27 movement, additional, 165
Muscle endurance, 137 Museum or art gallery, going to, 231
Muscle endurance, all muscles of the body, Musical notation, 185
137 Musical vocal sounds, production of, 103
Muscle endurance, isolated muscles, 137 Mutual aid organizations, 275
Muscle endurance, muscle groups, 137 Myasthenia gravis, 137
374
Myocarditis, 105 Ocular stimuli, 79
Nails, caring for, 203 Odours, 95
Nails, functions of, 145 Oesophageal swallowing, 115
Nails, structure, 167 Oesophagus, 157
Nannies, 261 Office equipment, 243
Narcolepsy, 75 Olfactory functions, 95
Nasal fossae, 153 Olfactory perception, 79
Nasal pharynx, 153 Oligozoospermia, 129
Nasal septum, 153 Oliguria, 125
Natural environment and human-made Open space planning policies, 269
changes to environment, 251, 257 Open space planning services, 269
Natural events, 253 Open space planning services, systems and
Natural products, 239 policies, 269
Naturopathic medication, 239 Open space planning systems, 269
Nausea, 93, 95 Opening bottles and cans, 207
Needs assessment, 7 Openness to experience, 73
Negativism, psychological, 77 Operational definitions, in the ICF, 29, 297,
Neighbours, 221, 259, 263 301
Neighbours, creating relationships with, 221 Opinions and beliefs, 263
Nephews, 259 Oppositional, 71
Nervous system, structure, 149 Optical and auditory devices, 241
Neural prostheses, 239 Optimism, 73
Neuromusculoskeletal and Oral pharynx, 153
movement-related functions, 131, 143 Oral swallowing, 115
Neutral terms, in the ICF, 297 Ordering events, 83
Newspapers, 173, 277 Organized religion, engaging in, 233
Nieces, 259 Organizations, financial, 277
Night blindness, 89, 307 Organizations, international political, 285
Night sweats during menopause, 129 Organizations, sporting, 275
Non-purposive involuntary contract of Orgasm, 127, 129
muscles, 141 Orientation functions, 69
Non-remunerative employment, 227 Orientation to person, 69
Non-verbal messages, expressing with and Orientation to time, 69
producing, 185 Orthotist, prosthetists, 261
Normative beliefs, norms, 265 'Other specified', use in ICF, 303
North American Collaborating Centre for Outdoor air quality, 255, 257
ICIDH, 341 Outplacement services, 285
Nose, 153 Ovaries, 159
Notaries, 275 Overweight, 119
Not-for-profit organizations, 275 Owning and running a shop or other
Numbers, manipulating, 85, 171 business, 227
Numbness, 95, 97 Ozone levels, 257
Numeric coding in ICF, 299 Pain, 97, 99
Nurses, 261 Pain in back, 97
Nutritious foods, consuming, 207 Pain in body part, 97
Nystagmus, 91 Pain in chest, 97
Obesity, 119 Pain in head and neck, 97
Obsession, 81 Pain in joints, 99
Occupational health and safety services, 285 Pain in lower limb, 99
Occupational therapists, 261 Pain in multiple body parts, 99
375
Pain in stomach or abdomen, 97 321
Pain in the hip, 99 Performance, as qualifier, 169, 293, 303,
Pain in the pelvic region, 97 307, 313, 315, 317
Pain in the shoulder, 99 Peristalsis, 117
Pain in the trunk, 97 Perseveration, 81, 141
Pain in upper limb, 97 Personal care providers and personal
Pain, generalized, 97 assistants, 261
Pain, radiating in a dermatome, 99 Personal factors, 9, 11, 13, 15, 23, 25, 27,
Pain, radiating in a segment or region, 99 291, 293, 295, 299, 341, 345
Painting, 183, 185, 213 Personality, 71, 73, 79
Palate, 153 Pets, 213, 215, 261
Palpitation, 113 Phantom limb, 87
Pancreas, 157, 327 Pharyngeal swallowing, 115
Paraesthesia, 95, 97 Pharynx, 153
Paralysis, general, 137 Phonation, 101
Paraparesis, 133, 135, 137 Phonemes, articulation of, 101
Paraplegia, 133, 135, 137 Photophobia, 89
Paraplegic gait, 141 Physical activity, getting appropriate level of,
Parasympathetic nervous system, 149 207
Parathyroid gland, 157 Physical contact in relationships, dealing
Parent, relating as, 221 with, 217
Parents, 221, 225, 259 Physical endurance, 113
Paresis, 133, 137 Physical fitness programmes, engaging in,
Parkinson's disease, 137 231
Parks, conservation and wildlife areas, Physical geography, 251
products and technology, 249 Physiological functions, 3, 13, 15
Participation, 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21, 27, Physiotherapists, 261
169, 289, 291, 293, 299 Picking up objects, 195
Participation restriction, 3, 9, 15, 19, 169, Picture distortion, 91
291, 293 Pigmentation, 145
Participation, standard, 289 Pituitary gland, 157
Partners, 223, 259 Place to live, acquiring, 209
Part-time employment, 227 Place to live, buying, 209
Patellar reflex, 137 Place to live, renting, 209
Path routing, 247 Plans, carrying out, 83
Pathology, 17 Plans, making, 179
Pathways and signposting, 249 Planning, 7, 83, 205, 211, 247, 249
Peeling foods, 211 Planning acts, 273
Peers, 259 Planning and development of space, 247,
Peers, creating relationships with, 221 249
Pelvic floor, 159 Plants, 251
Pelvic region, structure, 163 Plants, indoors and outdoors, taking care of,
Pelvis, mobility of, 133 215
Penile erection, 127 Play, recreational or leisure activity,
Penis, 159 engaging in, 231
Pensions, 279, 345 Play, engaging in, 231
People with disabilities, 7, 9 Playing a musical instrument, 231
People with disabilities and ICF, 319 Playing chess or cards, 231
Perceptual functions, 79 Police, 273
Performance, as construct, 11, 15, 293, 295, Political life and citizenship, engaging in,
376
233 recreation and sport, general, 243
Political life of citizen, engaging in, 233 Products and technology for education, 243
Political policy, 285 Products and technology for employment,
Political services, 285 243
Political services, systems and policies, 285 Products and technology for employment,
Political systems, 285 assistive, 243
Pollution, land, water or air, 253 Products and technology for personal indoor
Polymenorrhoea, 127 and outdoor mobility and transportation,
Polyuria, 125 241
Pons, 149, 352 Products and technology for personal indoor
Population, 251 and outdoor mobility and transportation,
Population density, 251 assistive, 241
Population health, 5 Products and technology for personal indoor
Population health surveys, 7 and outdoor mobility and transportation,
Population studies and surveys, 7 general, 241
Possession states, 69 Products and technology for personal use in
Post office, 273 daily living, 239
Post-secondary educational institutions, 283 Products and technology for personal use in
Postural hypotension, 107 daily living, assistive, 239
Postural reactions, 139 Products and technology for personal use in
Posturing, 77 daily living, general, 239
Pouring liquids for drinking, 207 Products and technology for the practice of
Poverty, 235, 279 religion and spirituality, 245
Poverty relief programmes, 279 Products and technology for the practice of
Precipitation, 253 religion or spirituality, assistive, 245
Pregnancy, 129, 291 Products and technology for the practice of
Premature ejaculation, 127 religion or spirituality, general, 245
Premenstrual tension, 127 Products and technology of land
Preschool, 225, 283 development, 247
Press reporting services, 277 Products and technology of parks,
Prevention, 7, 17 conservation and wildlife areas, 249
Priapism, 127 Products and technology of rural land
Primary care services, 281 development, 249
Primary school, 283 Products and technology of suburban land
Problem-solving, 83 development, 249
Procreation functions, 129 Products and technology of urban land
Production and manufacturing, services, development, 249
systems, policies, 267 Products and technology, 239, 241, 243, 245,
Production of speech sounds, 101 247, 249
Products and technology for communication, Products or substances for personal
241 consumption, 239
Products and technology for communication, Professional association services, 285
assistive, 241 Professional programmes, 283
Products and technology for communication, Professional relationships, finding, 217
general, 241, 243 Professional social organizations, engaging
Products and technology for culture, in, 231
recreation and sport, 243, 245 Professionals, other, 261
Products and technology for culture, Prone position, staying in, 191
recreation and sport, assistive, 243 Proprioceptive function, 95
Products and technology for culture, Prosody, 101
377
Prostate, 159 Reading for enjoyment, 231
Prostheses, neural, 239 Reading lips, 187
Prostheses, orthoses, repairing, 213 Reasons for contact with health services, 5
Prosthetic and orthotic devices, 239 Recalling, 77
Prostrate position, getting into, 189 Reception of language, 83, 85
Protein metabolism, 121 Reception of language, sign, 83
Psychic stability, 71 Reception of language, spoken, 83
Psychological assets, 23 Reception of language, written, 83
Psychological demands and stress, handling, Recognizing characters and alphabets, 171
179, 181 Recreation and leisure organizations, 231,
Psychological functions, 13, 15 275
Psychomotor control, 77 Recreation and leisure, engaging in, 231
Psychomotor excitement, 77 Recreational and sporting equipment, 243
Psychomotor functions, 79 Reflex, biceps, 137
Psychomotor functions, quality of, 79 Reflex incontinence, 125
Psychomotor retardation, 77 Reflexes generated by noxious stimuli, 137,
Ptosis, 91 139
Public assistance programmes, 279 Reflexes generated by other exteroceptive
Public transportation, using, 201 stimuli, 139
Public, commercial services, cooperatives, Regional authorities, 285
277 Regurgitation, 117
Pulling objects, 195 Rehabilitation services, 31, 281, 301
Pulmonary emphysema, 111 Rehearsing, 171
Pupillary reflex, 91 Rehydration, 121
Purposeful sensing, 171 Relating to employee, 219
Pushing objects, 195 Relating to employer, 219
Pushing objects with lower extremities, 193 Relating with equals, 219
Putting down objects, 193 Relating with persons in authority, 219
Quadriceps reflex, 137 Relating with strangers, 219
Quadriplegia, 133, 329 Relating with subordinates, 219
Qualifier, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21, 29, 31, 33, 67, Relation to self and others, knowing and
293, 303 ascertaining, 69
Qualifier, body functions and structure, 67 Relationships, dealing with physical contact,
Qualifier, body structure, 147 217
Qualifier, environmental factors, 235, 293 Relationships, dealing with social cues, 217
Qualifiers, Activities and Participation, 169 Relationships, formal, creating, 219
Qualifiers, optional for activities and Relationships, forming, 217
participation, 303 Relationships, intimate, maintaining, 223
Qualifiers, scaling, 311 Relationships, reacting to criticism, 217
Quality assurance, 7 Relationships, showing respect and warmth,
Quality of life, 7, 347 217
Quality of vision, 89, 91, 299, 307 Relationships, showing appreciation, 217
Questionnaire application of ICF, 301 Relationships, showing tolerance, 217
Race, 9, 23 Relationships, terminating, 217, 219
Radio, 171, 277 Relationships with acquaintances, creating,
Radius reflex, 137 221
Rain, 253 Relationships with co-inhabitants, creating,
Ramps, portable or stationary, 245, 247 221
Reaching for objects, 195 Relationships with friends, creating, 221
Reading, 173 Relationships with neighbours, creating, 221
378
Relationships with peers, creating, 221 Romantic relationships, maintaining, 223
Relaxation, engaging in, 231 Routines, organizing, 177
Releasing objects, 195 Rule, following, 305
Religion and spirituality, engaging in, 233 Rumination, 81
Religious associations, 275 Running, 197
Religious beliefs, 263 Running for political office, 233
Religious ceremonies, activities and events, Running patterns, 141
engaging in, 233 Rural land development, products and
Religious doctrine, 265 technology, 249
Religious leaders, 259 Rural land use policies, 249
Remote control entry and exit, 243 Rural or urban setting, 235, 319
Remunerative employment, 227 Sacral vertebral column, 163
Renal insufficiency, 125 Salivary glands, 157
Renting a place to live, 209 Salivation, 115
Repairing fixtures and furniture, 213 Sanitation, 271
Repetition of sounds, 101 Sanitation of terms, 333
Repetitive speech cadence, 101 Saving money, 229
Reproductive system, structure, 159 Scab formation, 145
Residential and non-residential care Scanners, 239, 243
facilities, 281, 283 Scapula, laterorotation of, 133
Residential, commercial, industrial and Scapula, medial rotation of, 133
public buildings, 269 Scarring, 145
Respect and warmth in relationships, School education, 225
showing, 217 Scientific symbols, 185
Respect, ethical quideline for use of ICF, Scooters, 213, 241
337 Scotoma, 89
Respiration functions, 111 Scratching, 145
Respiration rate, 111 Screaming, 103
Respiration, depth of, 111 Scrupulous, 71
Respiration, irregular, 111 Seasonal variation, 253
Respiration, paradoxical, 111 Sebaceous glands, 167
Respiration, rhythm and depth, 111 Secondary school, 283
Respiration, superficial or shallow, 111 Seeing and related functions, 89, 91
Respiratory muscle functions, 111 Seeing floaters or webbing, 91
Respiratory rhythm, 111 Seeing functions, 89, 91, 299, 307
Respiratory system, functions of, 111 Seeing stars or flashes, 91
Respiratory system, structure, 155 Self-assuredness, 73
Responsibilities, handling, 179 Self-care and care of others, support service,
Restlessness, 77 281
Retina, 151 Self-care, 203, 207
Rickshaw, using, 201 Self-effacing, 73
Riding animals for transportation, 201 Self-employment, 227
Right left coordination, 139 Semantic and symbolic meaning, organizing,
Right left motor coordination, 139 85
Right to self-determination or autonomy, Sensation of distension of the stomach, 119
233 Sensation of falling, 95
Ringing in ears, 93 Sensation of muscle spasm, 141
Risk factors, 5 Sensation of muscle stiffness, 141
Romantic relationships, creating and Sensation of nausea, 119
maintaining, 223 Sensation of pain, 97
379
Sensation of pins and needles, 145 Sequencing complex movements, 87
Sensation of rotating, swaying or tilting, 95 Service clubs, engaging in, 231
Sensations related to the skin, 145 Service utilization, 17
Sensation, crawling, 145 Services, systems and policies for the
Sensations associated with hearing and production of consumer goods, 267
vestibular function, 93, 95 Services, systems and policies, 267, 269,
Sensations associated with the eye and 271, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 285
adjoining structures, 91 Serving food, 211
Sensations of burning in the eye, 91 Serving meals, 211
Sensations of cardiovascular and respiratory Sewing, 213
functions, 113 Sexual arousal, 127, 129
Sensations of digestive system, 115 Sexual functions, 127
Sensations of dizziness, 93 Sexual intercourse, 127, 129
Sensations of genital and reproductive Sexual intercourse, discomfort during, 129
functions, 129 Sexual interest, 127
Sensations of incomplete voiding of urine, Sexual preparatory, 127
125 Sexual relationships, maintaining, 223
Sensations of irritation in ear, 93 Sexually transmitted diseases, avoiding, 207
Sensations of irritation in the ear, 95 Shaft of penis, 159
Sensations of missing a heart beat, 113 Shaving, 203
Sensations of muscles and movement Shelters for homeless people, 271
functions, 141 Shifting mental sets, 83
Sensations of pressure behind the eye, 91 Shifting the body's centre of gravity, 189
Sensations of something in the eye, 91 Shopping, 209
Sensations of tightness of chest, 113 Shortness of breath, 113
Sensations of tired eyes, 91 Shoulder region, structure, 161
Sensations of urinary functions, 125 Shyness, 71
Sensing bitterness, 95 Sibling relationships, maintaining, 221
Sensing cold and heat, 95 Siblings, 259
Sensing odours, 95 Sightseeing, 231
Sensing pressure, 97 Sign language, expressing with and
Sensing pressure against or on the skin, 97 producing, 85
Sensing saltiness, 95 Signage, 247, 249
Sensing shaking or oscillation, 95 Signs and symbols, expressing with and
Sensing sourness, 95 producing, 183, 185
Sensing surfaces and their texture, 95 Signalling systems, 241
Sensing sweetness, 95 Signposting and street lighting, 249
Sensing the presence of sounds, 93 Singing, 103, 255
Sensing the relative position of body parts, Sister, relating as and to, 221
95 Sitting, 189, 191
Sensing vibration, 95 Sitting position, maintaining, 191
Sensitivity to a noxious stimulus, 97 Skating, 199
Sensitivity to pressure, 97 Sketching, 185
Sensitivity to temperature, 95 Skiing, 199
Sensitivity to vibration, 95 Skills, acquiring, 171, 173
Sensory functions, additional, 95, 97 Skills, acquiring basic, 171, 173
Sensory functions and pain, 89, 99 Skills, acquiring complex, 173
Sensory functions related to temperature, 95, Skin, 97, 145, 167
97 Skin and related structures, functions of, 145
Sentience, 69 Skin glands, structure, 167
380
Skin of head and neck region, 167 Social security, 7, 273, 277, 279
Skin of lower extremity, 167 Social security services, 279
Skin of pelvic region, 167 Social security services, systems and
Skin of the shoulder region, 167 policies, 279
Skin of trunk and back, 167 Social security systems, 279
Skin of upper extremity, 167 Social space, maintaining, 217, 219
Skin, caring for, 203 Social status, 293
Skin, glandular functions of, 145 Social support programmes, 281
Skin, hardening, 145 Social support policies, 281
Skin, insulating function of, 145 Social support services, 281
Skin, photosensitivity, 145 Social support services, systems and policies,
Skin, protective functions of, 145 281
Skin, quality of, 145 Social support systems, 281
Skin, repair functions of, 145 Social use of ICF information, ethical
Sleep, 75 guidelines, 337
Sleep cycle, 75 Social workers, 261
Sleep, amount of, 75 Socializing, 233
Sleep, maintenance of, 75 Societal perspective on disability, 9, 291
Sleep, onset of, 75 Socioeconomic characteristics, 9
Sleep, quality of, 75 Soft palate, 153
Sleep, REM, 75 Solutions to questions or situations, finding,
Sleep-related movement disorders, 141 173
Slicing foods, 211 Solving complex problems, 175
Small intestine, 157 Solving problems, 173, 175
Smell function, 95 Solving simple problems, 173
Smelling, 171 Somatization, 81
Smells, 79, 95 Sorrow, feeling of, 79
Smiling, 185 Sound, 255
Smoke, 257 Sound detection, 93
Sneezing, 111 Sound discrimination, 93
Snow, 253 Sound distractions, 255
Social action, 7 Sound intensity, 255
Social assistance programmes, 279 Sound, lateralization of, 93
Social background, 23 Sound quality, 255
Social benefit programmes, 345 Sound separation and blending, 93
Social capital, 235, 319 Sound transmission systems, 241
Social ceremonies or non-religious rites, Sounding out words, 171
engaging in, 231 Sounds, making a range of, 103
Social change, 27 Spastic dysarthria, 101
Social conventions governing one's role, Spastic gait, 141
complying with, 219 Speaking, 77, 183
Social cues in relationships, reacting to, 217 Speech articulation, 101
Social environment, 21 Speech discrimination, 93
Social insurance programmes, 279 Speech, modulation of pitch patterns, 103
Social life of citizen, engaging in, 233 Speech, monotone, 103
Social norms, practices and ideologies, 265 Speech therapists, 261
Social policy, 7 Speech, fluency and rhythm of, 101, 103
Social relationships, informal, creating, 221 Speech, speed of, 101
Social rules, interacting according to, 219 Speech, uninterrupted flow of, 101
Social or legal status, 233 Spelling, 171
381
Spinal cord, 149 Subjective well-being and ICF, 347
Spinal cord, cauda equina, 149 Subordinate, people positions of, 259
Spinal cord, cervical, 149 Substance abuse, 73
Spinal cord, lumbosacral, 149 Substitute decision-makers, 259
Spinal cord, thoracic, 149 Suburban land development, products and
Spinal nerves, 149 technology, 249
Spiritual contemplation, engaging in, 233 Subway, using, 201
Spirituality, engaging in, 233 Sucking, 115
Spleen, 155 Summary measures of population health, 5
Spontaneous abortions, 129 Sunlight, 253
Sporting organizations, 275 Supervisors, 259
Sports, engaging in, 231 Supine position, staying in, 191
Spousal relationships, creating and Support and relationships, 259, 261
maintaining, 223 Supporting reactions, 139
Spouses, 259 Supportive functions of arm or leg, 139
Squatting, 189 Surface and air mail, 271, 273
Squatting position, maintaining, 191 Survey, application of ICF, 301
Stability of joint, 131 Swallowing, 115
Stability of joint, single, 131 Sweat glands, 167
Stability of joints, generalized, 131 Sweating, 145
Stability of joints, several, 131 Sweeping, 211
Stamina, 73, 113 Swimming, 199
Stammering, 101 Symbolic notation systems, 185
Standard Rules for the Equalization of Sympathetic nervous system, 149
Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities Symptoms and signs, 17
(1993), 233 Synagogue, attending, 233
Standing, 189, 191 Systematizing, 83
Standing position, maintaining, 191 Systems, 267
Statesthesia, 95 Tables, adjustable, 243
Statistical norms, 291 Tachycardia, 105
Stereotypic speech cadence, 101 Tachylalia, 101
Stereotypies, 141 Tachypnoea, 111
Sterility, 129 Tactile perception, 81
Stigma, 21, 293, 329 Tangentiality, 81
Stomach, 157 Tarsal bones, mobility of, 133
Stomach gas, 119 Task, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21, 169, 291, 295, 313,
Stomach spasm, 119 327
Storage of nutrients in the body, 117 Task, undertaking complex, 177
Storing daily necessities, 211, 213 Task, undertaking simple, 177
Storing food, drinks, 209, 213 Task, undertaking single task in a group,
Strangers, 261 177
Street lighting, 249 Task, undertaking single task independently,
Stress, 291 177
Stress, handling, 177, 179, 181 Tasks, carrying out multiple, 177
Stress incontinence, 125 Tasks, completing multiple, 179
Stretch motor reflex, 137, 139 Tasks, undertaking multiple, 177, 179
Students, 221, 225, 259 Tasks, undertaking multiple tasks in a group,
Stupor, 69 177
Stuttering, 101, 331 Tasks, undertaking multiple tasks
Subfertility, 129 independently, 177, 179
382
Tasks and demands, general, 177, 181 Thymus, 155
Taste function, 95 Thyroid gland, 157
Tastes, 81 Tics, 141
Tasting, 89, 171 Time, allocating amounts of time to events,
Taxi, using, 201 83
Taxonomic and terminological issues, 289 Time, budgeting, 179
Taxonomic principles, 289 Time, experience of, 87
Teachers, 225, 259, 261 Time management, 83
Tear ducts and glands, functions of, 91 Timer switches, 239, 243
Teeth, 153 Time-related changes, 255
Teeth, caring for, 203 Timid, 73
Telecommunication devices, using, 187 Tingling, 95, 97, 145
Telecommunication regulation authorities, Tinnitus, 93
273 Toe nails, 167
Telephone, 245, 271, 273 Toileting, 203, 205
Telephone relay, 271 Tolerance in relationships, showing, 217
Telephones, using, 187 Tolerance to cold, 123
Teletext, 271, 277 Tolerance to food, 117
Teletype, 271 Tolerance to heat, 123
Television, 241, 277 Tongue, 153
Television and video equipment, 241 Tools, 171, 195, 209, 213, 239, 243
Temperament, 73 Tools, maintaining and repairing tools, 213
Temperature, 253 Tornadoes, 253
Temple, attending, 233 Torticollis, 135
Tension, 77, 79 Touch, 81, 95, 97
Terms, in the ICF, 3, 7, 9, 13, 17, 29, 289, Touch function, 95
295 Touching, 95, 171
Testes, 159 Tourism and travelling for pleasure,
Tetraparesis, 135, 137 engaging in, 231
Tetraplegia, 135, 137 Trachea, 155
Textiles, 239 Tracking movements of the eye, 91
Theatre, going to, 231 Trade unions, 285
Thermoregulatory functions, 123 Trading in commodities, 229
Thigh, 163 Traditional leaders, 285
Thinking, 173 Train, using, 201
Thinking process, 81 Training and skills programmes, 283
Thinning of skin, 145 Training services, 283
Thoracic cage, 155 Trance, 69
Thoracic respiratory muscles, functions of, Transfer devices, 241
111 Transferring oneself, 191, 193
Thoracic vertebral column, 163 Transferring oneself while lying, 193
Thought, 81 Transferring oneself while sitting, 191
Thought broadcast, 81 Transport assistants, 261
Thought insertion, 81 Transport of food through stomach and
Thought, content of, 81 intestines, 117
Thought, control of, 81 Transportation planning, 273
Thought, forms of, 81 Transportation policies, 273
Thought, pace of, 81 Transportation routes, 269
Thromboembolism, 105 Transportation services, 273
Throwing objects, 195 Transportation services, systems and
383
policies, 273 Urination, frequency, 125
Transportation, public, 273 Urination, regulating, 205
Transportation, support service, 281 Urine retention, 125
Transporting objects, 193 Uterus, 159
Trauma, 11, 291 Utilities, 271
Tremor, 141 Utilities policies, 271
Trunk, structure, 163 Utilities services, 271
Trustees, 259 Utilities services, systems and policies, 271
Trustworthiness, 73 Utilities systems, 271
Tunnel vision, 89 Vacuum cleaners, using, 211
Turning or twisting the hands or arms, 195 Vagina, 159
Typewriters, using, 187 Vaginal canal, 159
Ulcers, 145 Vaginal lubrication, 127
Uncles, 221, 259 Vaginismus, 127
Understanding oneself, 83 Values, 263, 293, 325
Understanding words, 171 Varicose veins, 105
Underweight, 119 Vasomotor function, 105
Unemployment insurance, 279 Vegetative states, 69
UNESCO's International Standard Vehicle adaptations, 241
Classification of Education, 283 Vehicles, human-powered, using, 201
Uniform environment, 21, 169, 293, 313, Vehicles, maintaining, 213
317 Veins, 155
Unintentional muscle contractions, 141 Veins, functions of, 105
United Nations, 7, 233, 285, 357 Venous, 107
United Nations Universal Declaration of Venous constriction, 107
Human Rights (1948), 233 Ventricular muscles, contraction force, 105
Universalism and the ICF, 9, 333 Vertebral column, 163
Unreliable, being, 71 Vertigo, 93, 95
'Unspecified', use in ICF, 303 Vestibular function of balance, and
Upbringing, 23 movement and position determination, 93
Upper arm, 161 Vestibular functions, 93
Upper extremity, structure, 161 Vibration, 255
Upper lip, 153 Vigour, 73
Urban land development, products and Village authorities, 285
technology, 249 Visiting friends or relatives, 233
Urban land use policies, 249 Visual acuity, 89
Ureteric obstruction, 125 Visual contrast sensitivity, 89
Ureters, 159 Visual distractions, 255
Ureters, functions of, 125 Visual field functions, 89
Urethra, 159 Visual perception, 79
Urge incontinence, 125 Visual picture quality, 91
Urine, collection of, 125 Visuospatial perception, 81
Urinary bladder, 159 Vitamin and other supplements, 239
Urinary continence, 125 Vitiligo, 327
Urinary filtration, 125 Vocal folds, 153
Urinary functions, 125 Vocal tics, 141
Urinary retention, 125 Vocalization, alternative, 103
Urinary system, structure, 159 Vocational assessment, 7
Urinary urgency, 125 Vocational follow-up services, 285
Urination functions, 125 Vocational training, 225
384
Vocational training for trade, 225 Wasting, 119
Voice and speech functions, 101, 103 Watching, 171
Voice and speech, related structure, 153 Water and fuel, provision, 271
Voice functions, 101 Water balance, maintenance, 121
Voice prostheses, 241 Water retention, 121
Voice, production of, 101 Water, bodies of, 251
Voice, quality of, 101 Water, getting, 209
Voice-controlled systems, 243 Watery stool, 119
Voiding the urinary bladder, 125 Way finding, building design, products and
Volitional control, 81 technology, public, 247
Voluntary movement, control of, 131 Weight maintenance, 117, 119
Voluntary movements, coordination of, 139 Welfare, 279
Vomiting, 115, 117 Well-being, 281, 283
Voting, 285 Wernicke’s aphasia, 83
Wakeful state, wakefulness, 69 Wheelchair, 241, 245, 329
Walker, moving around with, 199 Wheelchair, moving around with, 199
Walking, 197 Wheelchairs and scooters, maintaining, 213
Walking aboard a ship, train or other vehicle, Wheezing, 113
197 Whistling, 111, 255
Walking and moving, 197 WHO family of classifications, 339
Walking around obstacles, 197 Wildlife trails, 249
Walking around one's home, 199 Wincing, 185
Walking devices, 241 Wind, 253
Walking down streets in the neighbourhood, Withdrawal reflex, 137, 139
town, 199 Work and employment, 225
Walking long distances, 197 Work environment services, 285
Walking on different surfaces, 197 Work, volunteer, 227
Walking on ice and snow, 197 Working as a free-lance writer or consultant,
Walking on moving surfaces, 197 227
Walking on sloping surfaces, 197 Working as an artist or crafts person, 227
Walking patterns, 141 World Health Assembly, 3, 34, 339, 343
Walking short distances, 197 Wrist joint, 161
Wars, 253 Writing, 173
Washing and drying clothes, 211 Writing devices, specialized, 241
Washing body parts, 203 Writing machines, using, 187
Washing dishes, pans, pots and cooking Writing messages, 185
utensils, 211 Written language, comprehending, 183
Washing machines, using, 211 Written record, producing, 173
Washing oneself, 203 Xerophthalmia, 91
Washing whole body, 203 Yawning, 111

385

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

國際機能、失能和健康分類

個人因素也是情境因素的要素，但它並未在 ICF 分類，因為關聯它們有很大的社會和文

4.1 Body Functions and Structures and impairments

Body Functions Activities Participation

5.2 Medical and social models

(2)ICF使用字母數字系統以字母 b、s、d、e 來代表身體功能、身體結構、活動和參與、

進一步的編碼指引呈現於附錄二，強烈建議使用者透過 WHO 與其合作中心的網路來得

身體結構(s) 負向量尺的通用限定值用以指明 用以指明個別身體結構改變的

54th World Health Assembly endorsement of ICF for international use

Activities and participation

Chapter 2 Sensory functions and pain

Chapter 3 Voice and speech functions

Chapter 4 Functions of the cardiovascular, haematological, immunological and

Chapter 6 Genitourinary and reproductive functions

Chapter 7 Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions

Chapter 8 Functions of the skin and related structures

Chapter 2 The eye, ear and related structures

Chapter 3 Structures involved in voice and speech

Chapter 4 Structures of the cardiovascular, immunological and respiratory

Chapter 5 Structures related to the digestive, metabolic and endocrine systems

Chapter 6 Structures related to the genitourinary and reproductive systems

Chapter 7 Structures related to movement

Chapter 8 Skin and related structures

Chapter 2 General tasks and demands

Chapter 6 Domestic life

Chapter 7 Interpersonal interactions and relationships

Chapter 9 Community, social and civic life

Chapter 2 Natural environment and human-made changes to environment

Chapter 3 Support and relationships

Chapter 5 Services, systems and policies

Detailed classification with

xxx.0 沒有損傷 (沒有、缺乏、可忽略、…) 0-4 %

Global mental functions (b110-b139)

Specific mental functions (b140-b189)

Seeing and related functions (b210-b229)

Additional sensory functions (b250-b279)

Functions of the cardiovascular system (b410-b429)

Functions of the haematological and immunological systems (b430-b439)

Additional functions and sensations of the cardiovascular and respiratory

Functions related to the digestive system (b510-b539)

Urinary functions (b610-b639)

Functions of the joints and bones (b710-b729)

Muscle functions (b730-b749)

Movement functions (b750-b789)

Functions of the skin (b810-b849)

Functions of the hair and nails (b850-b869)

活動和參與要素的兩限定值是表現 限定值 和容能 限定值。表現限定值描述一個體在他

Purposeful sensory experiences (d110-d129)

Basic learning (d130-d159)

Applying knowledge (d160-d179)

d210 Undertaking a single task

d3158 以非語言訊息溝通 - 接收，其他特定者

Communicating - receiving (d310-d329)

Communicating - producing (d330-d349)

Conversation and use of communication devices and techniques (d350-d369)

Changing and maintaining body position (d410-d429)

Carrying, moving and handling objects (d430-d449)

Walking and moving (d450-d469)

d510 Washing oneself

Acquisition of necessities (d610-d629)

Caring for household objects and assisting others (d650-d669)

General interpersonal interactions (d710-d729)

Particular interpersonal relationships (d730-d779)

身體結構(s) 負向量尺的通用限定值用以指明用以指明個別身體結構改變的

活動和參與要素的兩限定值是表現限定值和容能限定值。表現限定值描述一個體在他

健康狀態和健康範疇：健康狀態是在 ICF 特定健康範疇內的機能程度。健康範疇表示

情境因素係共同構成個體生活完整情境的因素，且特別是 ICF 分類中健康狀態的背景。

環境因素構成 ICF 的要素，並參照各方面外部或外來世界所形成個體的生活情境，且就

身體功能和結構活動和參與環境因素個人因素要素

身體功能改變身體結構改變容能表現促進因子/阻礙因子建構/限定值

項目層級項目層級項目層級項目層級項目層級不同層級的

身體功能和結構章節和代碼分類區組或類目