Children Born Birth Defects of Pathological Children Born Birth Defects of Pathological

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2001 Annual Neural Tube G6PD 2001 Annual Births Neural Tube G6PD
with Birth Defects the Cardiovascular Hemoglobin Down Syndrome TOTAL1 with Birth Defects the Cardiovascular Hemoglobin Down Syndrome TOTAL1
Births (000s) Defects Deficiency 3 (000s) Defects Deficiency 3
Annually1 System 2 Disorders Annually1 System 2 Disorders

MARCH OF DIMES
Prevalence (per 1,000 live births) Prevalence (per 1,000 live births)

Afghanistan 80,741 1,078 7.9 2.0 0.6 2.1 3.1 74.9 Albania 3,050 59 7.9 1.5 1.6 1.3 0.0 52.9
Angola 49,865 697 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 1.8 71.5 Algeria 50,207 750 7.9 2.0 0.5 2.9 0.9 66.9
Armenia 1,922 36 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 53.4 Antigua and Barbuda 57 1 7.9 1.8 4.0 1.6 1.0 57.4
Azerbaijan 6,753 107 7.9 3.1 1.2 1.3 0.1 63.1 Argentina 37,976 724 7.9 2.1 0.0 1.7 0.1 52.5
Bangladesh 251,221 4,284 7.9 4.7 0.7 1.6 1.0 58.6 Barbados 168 3 7.9 1.8 3.0 1.4 1.3 56.0

G LOBAL R E POR T ON
Benin 20,962 269 7.9 2.7 23.1 2.1 1.3 77.9 Belarus 5,005 91 7.9 2.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 55.0
Bhutan 4,378 75 7.9 4.7 0.0 2.1 2.1 58.4 Belize 325 6 7.9 2.5 0.9 1.3 0.7 54.2
Burkina Faso 42,951 558 7.9 2.7 22.4 2.1 1.0 77.0 Boliva 14,779 267 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.8 0.1 55.4

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Burundi 16,066 284 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 0.7 56.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,100 39 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 53.8
Cambodia 30,905 479 7.9 1.9 6.1 2.1 5.9 64.5 Botswana 2,639 49 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.7 53.9

* Birth Defects Prevalence per 1,000 Live Births. T H E H I D D E N T O L L O F D Y I N G A N D D I S A B L E D C H I L D R E N Cameroon 33,921 558 7.9 2.0 5.6 2.1 1.1 60.8 Brazil 192,260 3,363 7.9 1.9 0.5 1.3 0.6 57.2
Central African Republic 8,661 144 7.9 2.0 3.6 2.1 2.4 60.1 Bulgaria 3,179 62 7.9 1.9 0.2 0.9 0.9 51.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Every year, an estimated 7.9 million children—6 percent of total Five common serious birth defects of genetic or partially genetic
Chad 22,857 396 7.9 2.0 2.5 2.1 1.1 57.7 Cape Verde 702 13 7.9 2.7 0.9 1.7 0.0 54.1
Sudan 82.0
Saudi Arabia 81.3 Comoros 1,528 28 7.9 1.3 0.4 2.1 0.8 54.6 Chile 15,125 287 7.9 1.9 0.0 1.8 0.0 52.7
Benin 77.9

births worldwide—are born with a serious birth defect of genetic origin in 2001 were:
Congo 9,965 139 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 2.0 71.7 China 963,997 18,841 7.9 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.4 51.2
Burkina Faso 77.0
Occupied Palestinian Territory 76.6 Congo, Dem. Republic of the 179,639 2,507 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 2.0 71.7 Colombia 54,347 979 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 55.5
United Arab Emirates 75.9

or partially genetic origin.

Côte d’Ivoire 36,418 581 7.9 2.7 6.6 2.1 2.5 62.7 Cook Islands 23 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.3
Tajikistan 75.2

Congenital heart defects—1,040,835 births

Iraq 75.2 East Timor 140 2 7.9 0.7 1.0 2.1 10.5 60.3 Costa Rica 4,739 92 7.9 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.2 51.5
Kuwait 74.9
Equatorial Guinea 1,318 20 7.9 2.0 10.0 2.1 1.8 65.9 Croatia 2,721 54 7.9 0.6 0.0 1.5 0.4 50.4
Afghanistan 74.9

About 3.3 million children under the age of five die each year
Oman 74.8 Eritrea 8,270 152 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.4 Cuba 6,329 134 7.9 1.8 2.5 1.0 0.5 47.2

Neural tube defects—323,904 births

© March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, 2006

Syria 74.8 154,944 2,848 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1
Ethiopia 54.4 Czech Republic 4,043 90 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.0 0.0 44.9
Pakistan 74.3

from birth defects. For those who survive, these disorders can
Nigeria 73.5 Gambia 3,186 51 7.9 2.7 7.9 2.1 1.0 62.5 Djibouti 1,771 25 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.0 70.8
Kyrgyzstan
Qatar
73.5
73.4 Hemoglobin disorders (thalassemia and sickle cell disease)— Georgia 3,002 56 7.9 2.0 0.2 1.2 0.0 53.6 Dominica 56 1 7.9 1.8 3.1 1.1 1.0 56.0

cause lifelong mental, physical, auditory, or visual disability.

Bahrain 73.4 Ghana 43,460 653 7.9 2.7 11.4 2.1 1.6 66.6 Dominican Republic 11,189 201 7.9 1.8 2.8 1.1 1.2 55.7
Jordan
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Tunisia
73.3
73.1
73.0
307,897 births Guinea

Guinea-Bissau
26,300

3,375
365

55
7.9

7.9
2.7

2.7
16.9

6.2
2.1

2.1
1.6

1.6
72.1

61.4
Ecuador

Egypt
17,497

109,209
308

1,672
7.9

7.9
2.0

2.2
0.1

0.3
1.6

1.9
0.2

2.9
56.8

65.3

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)—217,293 births

Morocco 72.7 14,942 256 7.9 1.8 4.5 2.1 1.2

Hundreds of thousands more are born with serious birth defects

Haiti 58.4 El Salvador 8,870 167 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.4 0.2 53.1
Yemen 72.3
India 1,613,502 25,112 7.9 4.7 1.2 1.6 2.4 64.3 Estonia 612 12 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.0
Guinea 72.1
Congo 71.7

of post-conception origin, the result of exposure to environ-

Indonesia 263,154 4,440 7.9 0.7 0.8 1.4 0.9 59.3

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency—

Fiji 1,024 20 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 51.2
Congo Dem. Rep. 71.7

LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES 4
Kenya 60,283 1,080 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.2 55.8 Gabon 3,432 48 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 1.8 71.5
Angola 71.5
Gabon 71.5

mental factors, including alcohol, rubella, syphilis, and iodine

Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 20,925 387 7.9 4.7 0.0 0.8 0.1 54.1

177,032 births
Grenada 113 2 7.9 1.8 4.0 1.4 1.0 56.7
Sierra Leone 71.3
Kyrgyzstan 7,424 101 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 73.5 Guatemala 21,821 409 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.8 0.1 53.4
Djibouti 70.8

deficiency.
Lao, People’s Dem. Rep. 67.5 Lao, People’s Dem. Rep. 13,299 197 7.9 1.9 9.5 2.1 5.5 67.5 Guyana 915 17 7.9 2.0 0.9 1.5 0.7 53.9
Algeria 66.9
Lesotho 3,663 68 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.7 53.9 11,109 204 7.9 2.5 0.0 2.1 0.1

Combined, these five conditions accounted for about 25 percent

Honduras 54.5
Ghana 66.6

The country names in this chart are taken from UNICEF, 2003
Equatorial Guinea 65.9 Liberia 11,155 172 7.9 2.8 9.6 2.1 1.6 64.9 Hungary 4,348 89 7.9 2.8 0.0 1.1 0.0 48.9
Egypt 65.3
Madagascar 39,903 696 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 1.4 57.3

The MOD Global Report on Birth Defects identifies for the first of all of birth defects of genetic or partially genetic origin. To
Iran, Islamic Republic of 102,681 1,592 7.9 2.0 0.6 1.8 3.4 64.5
Liberia 64.9
Cambodia 64.5 Malawi 29,567 525 7.9 1.3 1.6 2.1 1.3 56.3 Iraq 61,862 823 7.9 1.8 1.5 2.0 3.4 75.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 64.5 35,793 583 7.9 2.7 6.5 2.1 1.3
Mali 61.4

time the severe, and previously hidden, toll of birth defects, high- date, more than 7,000 different birth defects of genetic or par-
Jamaica 3,163 54 7.9 1.8 5.6 1.2 1.2 58.6
Niger 64.4
India 64.3 Mauritania 6,620 120 7.9 2.7 0.6 2.1 1.0 55.2 Jordan 12,388 169 7.9 3.3 0.8 2.1 0.6 73.3

MIDDLE -INCOME COUNTRIES 5

Azerbaijan 63.1 2,760 50 7.9 2.7 0.0 1.1 0.0

lighting the extent of this serious and vastly underappreciated tially genetic origin have been identified.
Moldova, Republic of 55.2 Kazakhstan 14,229 263 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 54.1
Lebanon 63.0
Togo 63.0 Mongolia 3,053 57 7.9 1.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 53.9 Kiribati 154 3 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.3
Côte d’lvoire 62.7

global public health problem.

Mozambique 45,526 795 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 1.4 57.3 Latvia 920 18 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 51.1
Sáo Tomé and Principe 62.5
Myanmar 68,587 1,173 7.9 0.7 4.0 1.7 3.1 58.5 Lebanon 4,350 69 7.9 1.8 0.6 1.9 1.7 63.0

Countries have been grouped by Gross National Income (GNI)

Gambia 62.5
Sri Lanka 62.2 Nepal 49,180 821 7.9 4.7 0.2 2.1 3.4 59.9 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 10,673 146 7.9 2.2 0.6 2.6 1.4 73.1
Turkey 62.0
Nicaragua 9,144 173 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.5 0.1 52.9 1,716 33 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.3 0.0

per capita:
Lithuania 52.0

The report shows that birth defects exact a particularly harsh toll
Mali 61.4
Guinea-Bissau 61.4 Niger 40,232 625 7.9 2.7 9.8 2.1 1.0 64.4 Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Rep. of 1,336 25 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 53.4
Senegal 61.4
Nigeria 345,753 4,702 7.9 2.7 18.0 2.1 2.0 73.5 29,214 522 7.9 1.9 1.4 2.1 2.1

in middle- and low-income countries where 94 percent of the

Bahamas 61.2 Malaysia 56.0
Uganda 60.9 Pakistan 396,920 5,340 7.9 2.0 1.2 1.9 2.4 74.3 Maldives 670 11 7.9 2.0 6.4 1.7 1.7 60.8
Maldives 60.8
Low-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of less Papua New Guinea 9,762 180 7.9 1.5 0.3 2.1 1.8 54.5

births with serious birth defects and 95 percent of the deaths of

Malta 263 5 7.9 1.1 0.2 1.8 0.8 52.6
Cameroon 60.8
Zambia 60.6 Rwanda 17,598 320 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 0.4 55.0 Mauritius 1,017 19 7.9 1.3 0.4 1.4 0.4 53.5
Tanzania, United Rep. of 60.5
than $826 and accounted for an estimated 4.75 million serious Sáo Tomé and Principe 375 6 7.9 2.0 6.4 2.1 2.0 62.5

these children occur.

Mexico 121,464 2,296 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.4 0.1 52.9
East Timor 60.3
Central African Republic 60.1 Senegal 22,400 369 7.9 2.7 6.3 2.1 0.9 61.4 Micronesia, Federated States of 206 4 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.5
Nepal
Thailand
59.9
59.9 birth defects in 2001, 60.2 percent of the world’s total. Sierra Leone 16,734 232 7.9 2.7 16.7 2.1 1.7 71.3 Morocco 56,321 775 7.9 2.2 1.1 2.3 0.8 72.7

Indonesia 59.3 Solomon Islands 938 18 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1 Namibia 3,387 63 7.9 2.3 0.2 2.1 0.4 53.8
Saint Kitts and Nevis 59.3
Also, the report provides the first systematic, country-by-country Somalia 26,169 481 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.4 Nauru 12 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 51.2

Middle-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of

San Marino 59.2
Bangladesh 58.6 Sudan 89,997 1,098 7.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 3.0 82.0 Niue 2 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.5
Jamaica 58.6
summary of annual births of infants with serious birth defects of Tajikistan 11,205 149 7.9 2.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 75.2 Occupied Palestinian Territory 10,105 132 7.9 5.5 0.8 2.1 1.1 76.6

$826-$10,065 and accounted for an estimated 2.67 million

Myanmar 58.5
Tanzania, United Rep. of 84,344 1,393 7.9 1.3 5.6 2.1 1.5 60.5 7,032 94 7.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 3.4

genetic or partially genetic origin.

Haiti 58.4 Oman 74.8
Bhutan 58.4 Togo 11,461 182 7.9 2.7 7.5 2.1 1.9 63.0 13 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0
Palau 51.3

Antigua and Barbuda

Madagascar
Chad 57.7
57.4
57.3
serious birth defects, 33.5 percent of the world’s total. Tuvalu 16

74,468
0

1,222
7.8

7.9
1.5

1.3
0.0

6.4
2.1

2.1
0.0

1.1
52.1 Panama 3,268 61 7.9 2.5 0.2 1.4 0.7 53.6
Uganda 60.9 Paraguay 9,342 170 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.7 0.1 55.0
Mozambique
Brazil
57.3
57.2 Besides poverty, the main reasons for the variations among rich Ukraine 21,800 400 7.9 2.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 54.5 Peru 33,090 606 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 54.6
Saint Lucia 57.0
High-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of more Uzbekistan 28,836 533 7.9 2.0 0.2 1.1 0.0 54.1 Philippines 109,239 2,065 7.9 1.9 0.6 1.9 0.0 52.9
Saint Vincent and The Grenadines
Ecuador
56.8
56.8 and poor countries in birth prevalence rates of serious birth defects Viet Nam 87,333 1,586 7.9 1.9 0.9 1.7 2.1 55.1 Poland 19,573 370 7.9 2.7 0.0 1.5 0.0 52.9
Grenada 56.7
than $10,065 and accounted for an estimated 0.50 million Yemen 68,881 953 7.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 0.9 72.3 Romania 12,825 233 7.9 2.5 0.0 0.9 0.2 55.0
Burundi
Malawi
56.6
56.3 include (1) survival advantage against malaria for carriers of sickle Zambia 27,130 448 7.9 1.3 5.6 2.1 1.6 60.6 Russian Federation 52,721 1,230 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 42.9
Barbados 56.0
serious birth defects, 6.3 percent of the world’s total. Zimbabwe 25,694 459 7.9 2.3 0.4 2.0 1.3 56.0 Saint Kitts and Nevis 44 1 7.9 1.8 5.8 1.7 1.3 59.3
Dominica
Zimbabwe
56.0
56.0 cell and thalassemia genes; (2) frequency of consanguineous 7.9 3.1 3.8 1.8 1.9
Saint Lucia 171 3 7.9 1.8 4.5 1.2 1.0 57.0

Malaysia 56.0 Low-Income 4 4,749,269 73,924 64.2 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 115 2 7.9 1.8 3.4 1.6 1.5 56.8

Dominican Republic
Kenya 55.8
55.7
marriages; (3) differences in the percentage of older mothers; and 584,002 births 225,482 births 283,127 births 133,186 births 137,506 births
Samoa 208 4 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1

Trinidad and Tobago 55.5 58,108 715 7.9 1.2 3.6 2.1 6.7

(4) sharp disparities in maternal and child health services.

7.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3 Saudi Arabia 81.3
Colombia 55.5 WORLD 7,881,603 131,751
1,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births
59.8
Seychelles 162 3 7.9 1.3 0.1 1.3 1.0 53.8
Bolivia 55.4
Moldova, Republic of 55.2 Slovakia 2,789 55 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 50.7
Mauritania 55.2
South Africa 58,962 1,105 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.2 53.4
Turkmenistan 55.1
Viet Nam 55.1 Sri Lanka 20,652 332 7.9 2.0 0.6 1.9 1.9 62.2
Romania 55.0 430 8 7.9 2.0 0.9 1.3 0.8
Suriname 53.7
Belarus 55.0
Greece 55.0 Swaziland 1,714 32 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.4 53.6
Rwanda 55.0 Estonia Belarus Turkey Syria 37,008 495 7.9 1.8 1.6 2.1 2.8 74.8
Paraguay 55.0 Latvia Yugoslavia Cyprus Thailand 70,045 1,170 7.9 0.7 5.6 1.5 3.6 59.9
Brunei Darussalam 54.7
Peru 54.6
Lithuania Romania Georgia 104 2 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.2 0.0
Tonga 52.2
Comoros 54.6
Iceland Croatia Albania Armenia
54.5 Trinidad and Tobago 944 17 7.9 1.8 2.8 1.6 0.8 55.5
Ukraine
54.5 Greenland Bosnia & Herz. Moldova, Rep. of Lebanon
Honduras Tunisia 12,857 176 7.9 2.2 1.4 2.2 0.9 73.0
Papua New Guinea 54.5 Slovakia Macadonia Syria
Turkey 88,288 1,424 7.9 3.0 0.6 1.3 0.0 62.0
Eritrea 54.4 Hungary Bulgaria Occupied Palestinian Terr.
Somalia 54.4
Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan 6,998 127 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 55.1
Ethiopia 54.4 Ukraine
Korea, Republic of 54.4
Finland Jordan Uzbekistan Uruguay 3,051 58 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 52.6

Belize 54.2 Sweden Iraq Vanuatu 313 6 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1
Singapore 54.2
Norway Iran, Islamic Rep. of Venezuela 30,212 577 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.5 0.3 52.4
Kazakhstan 54.1
Uzbekistan 54.1 Poland Turkmenistan Yugoslavia 6,474 120 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 53.9
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 54.1 Czech Rep.
Cape Verde 54.1
53.9
Denmark Russian Federation
7.9 1.8 0.5 1.4 0.8
Yugoslavia Middle-Income 5 2,638,614 47,363 55.7
Lesotho 53.9 United Kingdom Netherlands Kyrgystan
374,165 births 83,468 births 21,719 births 66,268 births 38,155 births
Botswana 53.9
Guyana 53.9 Germany Tajikistan 7.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3
Mongolia 53.9 Belgium Kuwait WORLD 7,881,603 131,751
1,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births
59.8
Seychelles 53.8
Ireland Mongolia
Bosnia and Herzegovina 53.8
Namibia 53.8 Canada Luxembourg Afghanistan
Children Born Birth Defects of Pathological
Suriname 53.7 Austria Bahrain with Birth Defects
2001 Annual Births
the Cardiovascular
Neural Tube
Hemoglobin Down Syndrome
G6PD
Total1
53.7 (000s) Defects Deficiency 3
Cyprus
53.6
France Qatar Annually1 System 2 Disorders
Georgia
Panama 53.6 Liechtenstein United Arab Emirates Prevalence (per 1000 live births)

Swaziland 53.6 Switzerland Pakistan Andorra 52 1 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 51.6
Mauritius 53.5
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Rep. of 53.4
Slovenia Australia 10,387 249 7.9 0.6 0.0 1.9 0.2 41.7

Armenia 53.4
South Africa 53.4
Monaco Austria 2,956 71 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.1 41.6

Andorra Italy Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. Bahamas 367 6 7.9 1.8 7.7 1.7 1.2 61.2
Guatemala 53.4 United States
El Salvador 53.1 San Marino Japan Bahrain 807 11 7.9 1.2 5.1 2.3 5.1 73.4
Ireland 53.0 Bahamas Korea, Rep. of
Portugal Belgium 4,552 102 7.9 1.2 0.1 1.2 0.0 44.6
Mexico 52.9
Cuba Israel
Poland 52.9 Spain Brunei Darussalam 382 7 7.9 1.9 0.4 1.8 2.0 54.7
52.9 Haiti China
Philippines
Greece Canada 15,545 342 7.9 1.6 0.2 1.8 0.0 45.5
Nicaragua 52.9 Dominican Rep. Nepal
Albania 52.9 Malta Cyprus 590 11 7.9 1.2 6.4 1.6 2.4 53.7
Bhutan
Chile 52.7 Mexico St. Kitts & Nevis Morocco Denmark 2,835 61 7.9 1.2 0.1 1.6 0.1 46.5
Uruguay 52.6 Bangladesh
Antigua & Barbuda Tunisia 2,276 52 7.9 0.9 0.0 1.2 0.0
Malta 52.6 Taiwan Finland 43.8
Argentina 52.5
Dominica W. Sahara
Venezuela 52.4 Jamaica Myanmar France 29,084 733 7.9 1.2 0.3 1.9 0.1 39.7

St. Lucia Algeria Oman

Tonga 52.2 India Micronesia
Germany 30,543 697 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.8 0.1 43.8
Vanuatu 52.1
Belize St. Vincent & Gren. Libya Saudi Arabia Lao, People’s Dem. Rep. Papua New Guinea Greece 5,280 96 7.9 1.5 2.3 1.6 2.7 55.0
Samoa 52.1
Guatemala Barbados Cape Verde Egypt Thailand Soloman Islands Iceland 206 4 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 51.6

HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES 6
Tuvalu 52.1
Honduras Grenada Mauritania Yemen
Solomon Islands 52.1 Cambodia Nauru Ireland 3,021 57 7.9 2.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 53.0
Lithuania 52.0
El Salvador Trinidad & Tobago Gambia Eritrea Viet Nam Vanuatu Israel 6,106 126 7.9 1.4 0.0 1.9 0.7 48.5
Lichtenstein 51.9
Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Djibouti
Japan 51.7 Philippines Italy 21,838 505 7.9 0.5 0.6 1.9 0.0 43.2
Costa Rica Venezuela Senegal Chad
Luxemburg 51.7
Palau Japan 61,668 1,192 7.9 0.7 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.7
Iceland 51.6
Panama Guyana Guinea Ethiopia Sri Lanka
Andorra 51.6 Brunei Korea, Republic of 33,220 611 7.9 4.7 0.0 1.1 0.1 54.4
Costa Rica 51.5
Suriname Sierra Leone Sudan Maldives
Colombia Mali Kuwait 2,624 35 7.9 1.2 0.8 2.1 4.7 74.9
Niue 51.5 French Guiana Somalia
Micronesia 51.5 Ecuador Central African Rep. Liechtenstein 24 0 7.9 1.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 51.9
Monaco 51.4 Liberia Uganda Luxembourg 259 5 7.9 1.0 0.1 1.9 0.0 51.7
Palau 51.3
Kiribati 51.3 Côte d’Ivoire Kenya Malaysia Monaco 26 1 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 51.4
Cook Islands 51.3 Burkina Faso Seychelles Singapore Netherlands 8,399 175 7.9 1.1 0.2 2.0 0.1 48.0
Bulgaria 51.3
Peru Ghana Rwanda Indonesia
Nauru 51.2 Kiribati New Zealand 2,473 53 7.9 1.7 2.2 2.0 0.1 46.7
Fiji 51.2 Togo Burundi East Timor Tuvalu Norway 2,417 53 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.8 0.0 45.6
China 51.2 Benin Tanzania, United Rep. of New Caledonia
Latvia 51.1 Samoa Portugal 5,413 113 7.9 0.6 0.1 1.5 0.5 47.9
Niger Comoros Australia
Estonia 51.0 Fiji Qatar 734 10 7.9 1.2 1.5 2.3 3.4 73.4
Slovakia 50.7
Boliva Nigeria Malawi New Zealand
Croatia 50.4
Niue San Marino 17 0 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 59.2
Hungary 48.9
Sáo Tomé & Principe Madagascar Tonga Singapore 2,601 48 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.1 54.2
Israel 48.5 Chile Mauritius
Netherlands 48.0 Cook Islands Cameroon Slovenia 788 17 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 46.3
Paraguay Zimbabwe
Portugal 47.9 Equatorial Guinea Spain 15,586 359 7.9 1.1 0.0 2.0 0.2 43.4
United States 47.8
Gabon Mozambique Sweden 3,382 75 7.9 1.0 0.1 1.8 0.1 45.1
Cuba 47.2
New Zealand 46.7 Congo Swaziland 2,763 65 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0
Switzerland 42.5
Denmark 46.5 Lesotho
United Arab Emirates 3,114 41 7.9 1.2 1.2 2.1 3.4 75.9
Slovenia 46.3 Congo, Dem. Rep. of South Africa
Norway 45.6 United Kingdom 28,602 653 7.9 1.7 0.3 1.8 0.1 43.8
Canada 45.5 Angola
United States 182,786 3,827 7.9 1.4 0.4 1.7 0.0 47.8
Sweden 45.1 Zambia
Czech Republic 44.9 Brazil Namibia 7.9 1.4 0.3 1.7 7 0.1
Belgium 44.6
Germany 43.8 Uruguay Botswana High-Income 6 493,720 10,464
82,668 births 14,954 births 3,051births 17,840 births 1,371 births
47.2

United Kingdom 43.8 Agentina

Finland 43.8
7.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3
Spain 43.4 Source: United Nations. This map does not reflect a position by the March of Dimes WORLD 7,881,603 131,751 59.8
43.2 1,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births
Italy
on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.
Russian Federation 42.9
Switzerland 42.5
Australia 41.7 1 All birth defects, including those not specifically listed in the table. Totals are adjusted for the effects of 4 Low-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of less than $826.
Austria 41.6 known preventive strategies. 5 Middle-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of $826 - $10,065.
France 39.7 2 The birth prevalence of cardiovascular defects is estimated in the model to be the same for all countries 6 High-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of more than $10,065.
(7.9 per 1,000 live births). The estimates for specific countries are expected to change as additional
empirical data become available and in countries that apply preventive strategies. 7 Birth prevalence without the application of known preventive strategies. Refer to Box 2 in the text.
* Rankings are determined by prevalence rates, which have been calculated to the third decimal 3 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency predisposing to neonatal jaundice or hemolytic anemia.
place, but are stated to the first decimal place, due to space limitations. Red: Highest Rates of Birth Defects—greater than 69.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Orange: High Rates of Birth Defects—between 61-69.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Yellow: Moderate Rates of Birth Defects—between 52.1-60.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Green: Lowest Rates of Birth Defects—less than 52.1 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Gray: No data.

President, March of Dimes: Authors: Research Assistant: Medical Advisor: Public Relations and Wall Chart Concept:
Jennifer Howse, Ph.D. Arnold Christianson, FRCP Edin. National Health Laboratory Service & University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Shelley Grim, BSc(Hons), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Michael Katz, M.D, March of Dimes Hoffman & Hoffman Worldwide, Vienna, Virginia
Christopher P. Howson, PhD. Global Programs, March of Dimes, White Plains, New York Publication Assistant: Editor: Design:
Bernadette Modell, PhD, FRCP, FRCOG. Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, U.K. Rachel Diamond, March of Dimes Mary Hager, B.A., M.A. Kristof Creative, Mount Juliet, Tennessee