➢ EARLY-PAVED

ROAD HISTORY ROADS

• In the medieval
• A line of communication (travelled way) using a Islamic world, many roads
stabilized base other than rails or air strips open were built throughout the
to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor Arab Empire. The most
vehicles running on their own wheels," which sophisticated roads were
includes "bridges, tunnels, supporting structures,
those of Baghdad, Iraq,
junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads,
which were paved with tar in the 8th century. Tar was
but not cycle paths.
derived from petroleum, accessed from oil fields in the
➢ TRAILS region, through the chemical process of destructive
• A path, track or unpaved lane or road distillation.
such as game trails (hunting trails), Ford
and mountain passes. • MODERN ROADS
• Is the first known “road” used by
humans to carrying goods over a track. • By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, new
methods of highway construction had
• been pioneered by the work of two British
engineers, Thomas Telford and John Loudon
• McAdam, and by the French road engineer Pierre-
Marie-JérômeTrésaguet.

• The first professional road

➢ HARRAPAN
ROADS
▪ Street paving has
been found from the
first human
settlements around
4000 BC in cities of the
Indus Valley
Civilization on the
Indian subcontinent, such as Harappa and
Mohenjo-daro. Roads in the towns were straight
and long, intersecting one another at right angles.
➢ ROMAN
ROADS
• These
'Roman roads' used
deep roadbeds of
crushed stone as
an underlying layer
to ensure that they
kept dry, as the
water would flow out from the crushed stone,
instead of becoming mud in clay soils.
• It is used mainly for transporting armies and
their supply in great distances.
builder to emerge during the
Industrial Revolution was John
Metcalf, who constructed about
180 miles (290 km) of turnpike
road, mainly in the north of
England, from 1765, when
Parliament passed an act
authorising the creation of
turnpike trusts to build new toll funded roads in
the Knaresborough area.
• John Loudon McAdam ,a
Scottish engineer who first
designed the modern roads. He
developed an inexpensive paving
material of soil and stone
aggregate (known as macadam).
• Construction of the
first macadamized road in
the United States (1823).
In the foreground, workers
are breaking stones "so as
not to exceed 6 ounces in
weight or to pass a two-
inch ring".
• Methods to stabilise macadam roads with DIFFERENT TRANSPORTATIONS
tar date back to at least 1834 when John THAT WERE INVENTED WITH THE
Henry Cassell, operating from Cassell's USE OF WIND POWER
Patent Lava Stone Works in Millwall,
patented "Pitch Macadam". This method ➢ ANCIENT CHINESE KITE
involved spreading tar on the subgrade,
placing a typical macadam layer, and
finally sealing the macadam with a mixture
of tar and sand. Targrouted macadam was
in use well before 1900, and involved
scarifying the surface of an existing
macadam pavement, spreading tar, and
re-compacting. Although the use of tar in • Kites have been flown as a popular
road construction was known in the 19th past time in the Far East since the
century, it was little used and was not beginning of the history.
introduced on a large scale until the • Based on a Korean tradition, the
motorcar arrived on the scene in the early kite was first used for transport
20th century. when a Korean general employed
one in bridge building.
• Modern tarmac was • By means of a kite, a cord was
patented by British civil conveyed across the river where
engineer Edgar Purnell heavier ropes were fastened and
Hooley, who noticed that finally the bridge cable.
spilled tar on the roadway • In the late 10th century, several
kept the dust down and European armies experimented
created a smooth surface. with kites in transporting men.
He took out a patent in ➢ DA VINCI’S ORNITHOPTER
1901 for tarmac. • Hooley's 1901 patent for
Tarmac involved mechanically mixing tar and
aggregate prior to laydown, and then
compacting the mixture with a steamroller.
The tar was modified by adding small
amounts of Portland cement, resin, and pitch

• Designed by one of the greatest

renaissance artist, scientist and
engineer, Leonardo Da Vinci, made
study of the flight of the birds and
his notebooks sketched a number
of ornithopter which derives its
ANCIENT MODES OF principal support and propelling
TRANSPORTATION WITH THE from flapping wings like those of a
bird.
USAGE OF POWER
➢ WIND POWER • It was not
until the 19th
Man realized the energy from the mass of
century that rigid
moving air and learned to utilize such
the wings were
powers to lift rather than to drag.
envisaged.
➢ MONTOGOLFIER BALLOON
• Designed and created by
brothers, France Joseph
Michael and Jacques Entienne
Montogolfier.
• They proposed to use two
condemned prisoners for the
first ascent with passengers.
• Until this had been protested by
Pilarte de Rozier, a natural
historian and claimed honor for
himself.
• In 1783, he and the Marquis d’
Arlanoes became the first men
to make a free balloon ascent.
• The balloon constructed of linen
and inflated with hot air traveled
9,000 yards in the air for 20
mins
➢ SIEMEN’S ROCKET PLANE
• Created by Ernst Werner Von
Siemens, an electric industrialist
during 1847.
• Designed as a rocket plane which
was propelled by the explosive
force of gunpowder.
• Similarly, Siemens’ rocket plane
was never carried beyond the
design stage.
➢ LILIENTHAL GLIDER
• Invented by a German, Otto
Lilienthal, who also made study of
the flight of birds and experimented
with ornithopters, going so far as to
build a model ornithopter.
• His chief work was with gliders.
• In 1891, he made the first number
of a glider flights which were to
exert a profound influence on the
development of aviation.
➢ SANTOS DUMONT’S AIRSHIP
• One of the pioneers of lighter-
than-air craft was Alberto
Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who
experimented with the steam-
powered balloons in Paris.
• He made his first balloon ascent
in 1897 and in 1898 completed
the construction of his first
airship.
• He then built several other
airships and in 1901, he made a
30-minute round trip flight
between St.Louis and the Eiffel
Tower.
➢ WRIGHT BROTHER’S FLYING Notwithstanding the inaccessibility of
MACHINE most places if travelling is done
through the air even by water
transportation. With no choice left, man
is left conceiving and inventing land
transportation facilities…

• Inspired by Lilienthal’s glider

experiments, brothers, Orville and
Wilbur Wright began studying the
problems of heavier-than-air flight.
• They built a biplane kite then over
200 different wing types which they
tested in a wind tunnel of their own
invention, before they conducted
their first man-carrying powered
machine.
• This flew successfully at Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina on December
17, 1903.
• By 1909, airplanes became
sufficiently accepted to justify
beginning commercial manufacture
of the machine.
➢ LINDBERGH’S SPIRIT OF ST.
LOUIS

• Following the initial flight of the

Wright Brothers’ airplane, the
development of aviation was rapid.
• The first airmail was delivered in
1911 and World War I gave an
impetus to plane design and the
training of pilots.
• During the 1920’s, many new
records were set. A feat which
particularly captured popular
imagination was the first solo flight
from New York to Paris, made by
Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in May
1927 in a plane especially built for
the flight.

Air transportation offers travelling in

lesser time but the cost is beyond
reach of most common people.