TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

AND ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

Prof. Lothes J. Samante

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
LAND TRANSPORTATION
.
• Transportation – is the movement or conveying of
persons and goods from one location to another.

LAND TRANSPORTATION

Domesticated Animals – are the

very first transporter of goods to
primitive human beings.
• They are trained to bear
loads and pull sleds
• Horses, dogs, donkeys,
camels and other suited
animals are examples
 INVENTION OF THE WHEEL

• Cited as the “hallmark of man’s innovation”

• Most inventions were inspired by the natural world, but no wheel
exist in nature – it is a hundred percent homo sapiens invention.
• Bacterial flagella, dung beetles and tumbleweeds come close, but
even they are “wheeled organism” in the loosest use of term. –
Michael LaBarbera, Professor of Biology and Anatomy
 INVENTION OF THE WHEEL

• Several significant inventions predated the wheel by

thousands of years: sewing needles, woven cloth, rope,
basket weaving, boats and even the flute.
• The first wheels were invented to serve as a potter’s
wheel, around 3500 B.C. in Mesopotamia – 300 years
before they were used for chariots.

• Wheelbarrow – believed to be
invented in China around 100 AD, but
could also have existed in ancient
Greece
• Carts and Wagons – began to appear in the
Tigris -Euphrates valley about 3500 BC when
the wheel was perfected, and later appeared in
Egypt and China.
• Wheeled vehicles could not use the narrow
paths used by pack animals, and early roads
were soon being built.
• Romans – major builder of roads in the
ancient world, their well-constructed roads
led from Rome to most parts of the expanding
empire.
 • Railways were invented long before steam
power
• The Diolkos – was a 6 km long railway
that transported boats across the Corinth
isthmus in Greece in the 6th century BC.
• Crude railways – horse-drawn wagons with
wooden wheels and rails – had been used
in English and European mines during the
17th century.
• Steam Locomotives – inventors like
Richard Trevithick adapted it to the mine
railways between 1797 and 1813
RAILROADS
 MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION

• Steam Engine – perfected by James Watts in 1760’s and

provided power for many factories in England
• French, Scottish and American inventors tried to apply the steam
engine to navigation
• 19th Century – Steam navigation replaced the sailing vessel
 MOTORIZED VEHICLES

• Horse-drawn coaches were the first regular public

coach services between two point or more points or
‘stages’. They were first used in London in the 1630’s

• Leonardo Da Vinci – invented the first self-propelled

cart in history in the 15th century

• Nicholas Joseph-Cugnot – is a French military

engineer who designed and built the world’s first true
automobile—a huge, heavy, steam-powered tricycle.
• William Murdock – ran a model steam carriage on the roads of Cornwall
in 1784
• Richard Trevithick – British mechanical engineer and inventor who
successfully harnessed high-pressure steam and constructed the world’s first
steam railway locomotive (1803)
• Goldsworthy Gurney – put a steam engine in a coach in 1830 to make the
first powered bus, he first commercially successful steam carriage builder
• Bus – is short for “omnibus” which means “for all”.
• Rudolf Diesel – invented the
diesel engine in 1892, and
experiments with diesel
locomotives started soon after
• The first great success was
the Flying Hamburger which
ran from Berlin to Hamburg
in the 1930’s.
• Diesel took over from steam
in the 1950’s and 1960’s.
• Henry T. Ford – introduced
the Model T in 1908, which
proved so popular that by
1914, had adopted mass
production to meet demands
DIESEL AND
FORD
 BICYCLES

• Draisienne – the first bicycle in 1818 of Baron

de Drais. The rider scooted his feet on the
ground to move.

• Kirkpatrick Macmillan – a Scot blacksmith

invented the first bicycle in 1839 with pedals
and brakes.

• 1861 – French father and son Pierre and

Ernest Michaux stuck the pedals directly on
the front wheel to make the first successful
bicycle, nicknamed ‘boneshaker’
• Ordinary – made by James Starley in
1870, which has a huge front wheel which
gave high speed with little pedaling

• H.J. Lawson – made the first chain driven

bicycle in 1874

• 1885 – John Starley, James Starley’s

nephew, made the Rover Safety bicycle.
Air-filled tyres were added in 1890, and
the modern bicycle was born
 MOTORCYCLE

• Motorcycle, any two-wheeled or, less

commonly, three-wheeled motor vehicle,
usually propelled by an internal-combustion
engine.
• The first commercial design was a three-
wheeler built by Edward Butler in Great Britain
in 1884
• Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach– built
the first petrol engine motorbike in Germany
in 1885 called the “Daimler Reitwagen”
 WATER TRANSPORTATION

• Raft and Canoe – the first watercraft, both evolved from floating
logs.
• Hide-covered wicker baskets or dugout canoes were the first
boats along the Tigris and Euphrates River
• Cretans and Phoenicians – built wooden ships: oar propelled galleys
with a single sail which dominated trade on the Mediterranean
 AGE OF EXPLORATION

• 1300 – invention of the compass and

rudder in Europe, and later the square sail
improved ocean transportation
• England, France, Portugal, and Spain in the
15th century – were beginning to build
three-mast ships, and these countries were
soon the leaders in the Age of Exploration
• Canals – important form of water
transportation, which was in used in
Europe
 ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

• Road or Highway – is an overland route between two points.

• Road – a generally narrow route in a rural area
• Street – an urban route
• Highway – a wide road that can carry more traffic at higher speeds
• In the United states, a major highway – a multilane divided roadway with limited entrances
and exits – is called an expressway
• Freeway – has no tolls
• Turnpike – has tolls
• Other names are used elsewhere:
• Motorway – Great Britain (UK)
• Autobahn – Germany
• Autostrada – Italy
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

• Way stems from the Middle English wey, which in turn branches from the Latin
veho (“I carry”), Derived from the Sanskrit vah (“carry,” “go,” or “move”).
• As early as 3000 BC, the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley
developed roads, first for pack animals, and then for wheeled vehicles
• Persians linked up existing highways beginning from the 6th century BC
• Qin Dynasty in China established a countrywide network of roads in the 3rd
century BC
• The greatest road builders of the
ancient world were the Romans.
• They are very conscious of the
military, economic, and administrative
advantages of a good road system
• France – generally credited with the
first successful laying of pavement of
asphalt mastic in the early 19th century
• In the middle of the century, both
France and England used compressed
rock asphalt for city streets, and in the
United States, bitumen (a natural
asphalt) was used
• Asphalt is greatly used because it
produced a dustproof surface
 TRANSPORTATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Before 1850, people traveled on foot, and may hitch a ride in private owned
horse or carabao-drawn cart
• 1850 – Horse-drawn vehicles were for hire. The four types are:
• Carromata
• Quiles
• Calesa
• Carruaje
• 1880 - The Campania de los
Tranvias de Filipinas launched
a tranvia – a single horse
drawn tramcar, 12 seater
• 1898 – Ten tranvias were
operating in the network –
during the Philippine
Revolution
• 1903-1906 – Manila Electric Road and Light
Company purchased the streetcar franchise and was
converted into an electric rail. The first fare was at 6
centavos.
• 1927 – MERALCO introduced urban passenger
buses – the autobus
• 1941 – Americans took over the autobuses and auto-
calesas for military transport. None were put back to
service
• 1945 – About 16 cars of the tranvia system were left
operational before the liberation. However, due to
heavy bombing and shelling that followed after
furthered the damage on the tranvia system, ending
the forty years efficient urban transportation for
Manila

PUBLIC TRANSPORT
• Post World War II
• Reconstruction of Metro Manila
began in 1946 – and gave birth to
the jeepney
• Significant growth continued till
1970’s which further aggravated
rural to urban migration
• 1975 – Metro Manilas was
established, consisting of 4 cities
and 13 municipalities
• Aimed to promote orderly
urban development and solve
urban problems such as slums,
traffic congestion and garbage
among others
 ROAD CLASSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• National Primary
• a. Directly connects Major Cities (at least around 100,000 people)
Cities within Metropolitan Areas are not covered by the criteria
• National Secondary
• a. Directly connects Cities to National Primary Roads, except in Metropolitan Area
• b. Directly connects Major Ports and Ferry Terminals to National Primary Road
• c. Directly connects Major Airports to National Primary Road
• d. Directly connects Tourist Service Centers to National Primary Roads or other-
• e. Directly connects Cities (not included in the category of Major Cities)
• f. Directly connects Provincial Capitals within the same Region
• g. Directly connects to Major National Government Infrastructure to National Primary
• h. Roads or Other National Secondary Roads
• National Tertiary
• a. Other existing roads under DPWH which perform a local function
• Provincial Roads (Local Roads)
• a. Connect Cities and Municipalities without traversing National Roads
• b. Connect National Roads to Barangays through rural areas
• c. Connect to Major Provincial Government Infrastructure
• Municipal and City Roads (Local Roads)
• a. Roads within the Poblacion
• b. Roads that connect to Provincial and National Roads
• c. Roads that provide Inter-Barangay connections to Major Municipal and
• e. City Infrastructure without traversing Provincial Roads
• Barangay Roads (Local Roads)
Other Public Roads (officially turned over) within the
Barangay and not covered in the above definitions.
• Expressways
Highways with limited access, normally with interchanges;
may include facilities for levying tolls for passage in an open or
closed system.
• Bypasses
Are roads or highways that avoid a built-up area, town or city
proper to let through traffic flow without interference from local
traffic reduce congestion and improve road safety where a toll for
passage is levied in an open or closed system.
 LAST CLEAR CHANCE
DOCTRINE

• The doctrine of last clear chance

provides that where both parties
are negligent but the negligent act
of one is appreciably later in point
of time than that of the other, or
where it is impossible to
determine whose fault or
negligence brought about the
occurrence of the incident, the one
who had the last clear opportunity
to avoid the impending harm but
failed to do so,
 WHAT IS THE RIGHT OF WAY?

• It’s basically who has the right to go first

at an intersection, when merging lanes,
or when coming across a pedestrian lane
as defined by the law. More importantly,
it’s about giving way to the other party
as a sense of courtesy and a practice of
road safety.
 ARTICLE III SEC. 42 OF R.A. 4136
RIGHT OF WAY AND SIGNALS

• When two vehicles approach or enter an intersection at approximately the same time,
the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way to the vehicle on the
right
• The driver of a vehicle approaching but not having entered an intersection, shall yield
the right of way to a vehicle within such intersection or turning therein to the left
across the line of travel of such first-mentioned vehicle, provided the driver of the
vehicle turning left has given a plainly visible signal of intention to turn
• The driver of any vehicle upon a highway within a business or residential district shall
yield the right of way to a pedestrian crossing such highway within a crosswalk, except
at intersections where the movement of traffic is being regulated by a peace officer or
by traffic signal. Every pedestrian crossing a highway within a business or residential
district, at any point other than a crosswalk shall yield the right of way to vehicles upon
the highway.
 PILLARS OF TRAFFIC AND
TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND
REGULATIONS
• Traffic – the movement of
persons, goods, or vehicles,
either powered by
combustion system or animal-
drawn, from one place to
another for travel.

• Management - – skillful and judicious

use of means or resources to
accomplish a goal or an objective
 Five Pillars of Traffic Management

TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC

ENGINEERING EDUCATION ENFORCEMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
Professional Giving training Deals on the Study of Deals with
practice of potentially disastrous
to travel and implementation the benefits
population
planning, practice in the and explosion, changes in and adverse
deciding, and actual enforcement of urban environment,
operating traffic application of traffic laws, air and water effects of
pollution and traffic to our
system and road traffic safety rules, and transport congestion
design knowledge. regulations which result therein. economy.
Traffic Laws Rules and Regulations
• The standard of regulating movements on roads, streets and highways are
found in traffic laws, rules and regulation.
• In the Philippines, the mass of traffic laws, rules and regulations have their
source in:
• Presidential Decrees
• Executive Orders
• Letters of Instruction
• Administrative Orders
• Implementing Memoranda and
• Other special laws relative to traffic operation and traffic law enforcement.
• As a traffic enforcer, it is essential that you should be familiar with these rules
and regulations.
Sources of Traffic Laws
• R.A. 4136, dated June 20, 1964 – This is the basic law
regulating land transportation in the Philippines. It has
repealed Act No. 3992 (The Revised Motor Vehicle Law).
Further amended by:
• R.A. 5715
• R.A 6374
• PD 382, 843, 896, 1057, 1934, 1950, 1958
• BP Blg. 43
• BP Blg. 74
• BP Blg. 398
• R.A. 6539 – effective date: August 26, 1972, the “Anti-Carnapping Act of
1972."
• R.A. 5448 – effective date: January 01, 1969, An Act Imposing a Tax on
Privately Owned Passenger Automobiles, Motorcycles and Scooters, and a
Science Stamp Tax, to Constitute a Special Science Fund, Defining the
Programs, Projects and Activities of Science Agencies to be Financed
Therefrom and for Other Purposes.
Important Provision of R.A. 4136
A. Definition of Terms
• Motor Vehicle - Any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular
power using the public highways, except:
• Road rollers
• Trolley cars
• Street-sweepers
• Sprinklers
• Lawn mowers
• Bulldozer,
• Fork-lifts
• Cranes if not used on public highways
• Vehicles which run only on rails or tracks
• Tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural
purposes
• Passenger automobiles - All pneumatic-tire vehicles
of types similar to those usually known under the
following terms: touring car, command car, speedster,
sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle car (except motor
wheel and similar small outfits which are classified
with motorcycles), coupe, landaulet, closed car,
limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.

• Pneumatic Tire – is a rubber tire filled with air under

pressure and mounted around the wheel of a vehicle.
• Motor vehicles with changed or rebuilt bodies using a
chassis of the usual pneumatic-tire passenger
automobile type, shall also be classified as passenger
automobile, as long as it , does not exceed nine
passengers and if they are not used primarily for
carrying freight or merchandise.
• Distinction between passenger truck and passenger
automobile - a motor vehicle registered for more than
nine passengers shall be classified as “truck”
• A “truck” with seating compartments at the back not used
for hire shall be registered under special “S”
classifications.
 • Articulated vehicle - Any motor vehicle
with a trailer having no front axle and so
attached that part of the trailer rests upon
motor vehicle and a substantial part of the
weight of the trailer and of its load is borne
by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be
called as “semi-trailer.”

• Driver - shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle
• Professional driver - shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for
driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to
the public.
• Any person driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a professional
driver
• Owner - The actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name
such vehicle is duly registered with the Land Transportation
CommissionThe “owner” of a government-owned motor vehicle is
the head of the office or the chief of the Bureau to which the said
motor vehicle belongs.

• Dealer - Every person, association, partnership, or corporation

making, manufacturing, constructing, assembling, remodeling,
rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles; and every such entity acting
as agent for the sale of one or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor
vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or
selling same or handling with a view to trading same.
• Garage – For the purpose of this law, shall mean any building in
which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not
include street stands, public service stations, or other public
places designated by proper authority as parking spaces for
motor vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting business.
• Gross weight – is the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus
the maximum allowable carrying capacity in merchandise,
freight and/or passenger, as determined by the Commissioner
of Land Transportation.
• Highways – every public thoroughfare, public boulevard,
driveway, avenue, park, alley and callejon, but shall not include
roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges,
universities, or other similar institutions.
• Parking or parked - shall mean that a motor vehicle is
“parked” or “parking” if it has been brought to a stop on
the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains
inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable
period of time.
• A motor vehicle which properly stops merely to discharge a
passenger or to take in a waiting passenger, or to load or
unload a small quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch
shall not be considered as “parked”, if the motor vehicle again
moves away without delay.
• Tourist - A foreigner who travels from place to place for
pleasure or culture.
Selected Provisions of R.A. 4136
• Section 32 A . Exceeding Registered Capacity (Overloading) - No
person operating any motor vehicle shall allow more passengers or
more freight or cargo in his vehicle than its registered carrying
capacity.
• In the case of public utility trucks or buses, the conductor shall be
exclusively liable for the violations of this section or of Section 32
C.
• All passenger automobiles for hire are required to have the
registered passenger capacity marked plainly and conspicuously
on the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5 cms in
height.
• All motor trucks, whether for passenger or freight, private, or for
hire, shall have the registered passenger gross and net weight
capacities plainly and conspicuously marked on both sides thereof,
in letters and numerals not less than five centimeters in height.
• Cargo Carrying Devices - Passenger trucks may be allowed to
construct any cargo-carrying device at the rear or at the side
of the truck, subject to the approval of the Director:
Provided, however, that the total weight of the device,
including the cargo, shall not exceed 100 kilos. (Section 32)
• Riding on Top of the Motor Vehicle – Passengers shall not be
allowed to ride on the cover or top of motor vehicles, but
baggage or freight may be carried on the top of a truck so
long as the weight thereof does not exceed 20 kilos per
square meter distributed in such a way as not to endanger
the passengers or the vehicle’s stability (Section 32B)
• Riding on Running Boards. – It is strictly prohibited for any
person to ride on the running board, step board, or
mudguard of his motor vehicle for any purpose while the
vehicle in motion, except for conductors collecting fare.
(Section 32C)
• Required Motor Vehicle Accessories (Article 4, Section 34 A-
J)
• Tires of Motor Vehicles. – No motor vehicle with metallic
tires shall be operated upon any public highway, and solid
tires whenever used shall be of sufficient thickness to
prevent the metal rims thereof from coming in direct
contact with the road.
• Brakes – Every motor vehicle with four or
more wheels shall be provided with dual
hydraulic brake system.

• This requirement, however, does not apply

to motor vehicles equipped with
pneumatic braking system.
• (b-1) Horns. – Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a
horn or signalling devise in good working order: Provided,
however, That no horn or signalling device emitting an
exceptionally loud, startling, or disagreeable sound shall be
installed or used on any motor vehicle.
• All authorized emergency vehicles, such as ambulance and
police cars and fire wagons used for emergency calls shall be
equipped with a bell, siren, or exhaust whistle of a type
approved by the Commissioner, and no such device shall be
installed or used in any other vehicle.
• No vehicle not classified as a motor vehicle under this Act shall
be equipped with a horn or signalling device similar to the horn
customarily used on motor vehicles.
• Headlights. – Every motor vehicle of more than one meter of
projected width, while in use on any public highway shall bear two
headlights, one on each side, with white or yellowish light visible from
the front, which, not later than one-half hour after sunset and until at
least one-half four before sunrise and whenever weather conditions
so require, shall both be lighted.
• Additional lamps and light may be carried, but no red lights shall be visible
forward or ahead of the vehicle. Trucks, buses, trailers, and other similar
vehicles must carry, while in use on any public highway during night-time,
colored riding lights on each of the four corners not more than ten
centimeters from the top.
• All motor vehicles shall be equipped with devices for varying the intensity of
light, and the driver must dim the headlights or tilt the beams downward
whenever the vehicle is being operated on well-lighted streets within the
limits of cities, municipalities, and thickly populated barrios or districts, or
whenever such vehicle meets another vehicle on any public highway.
• Taillights. – Every motor vehicle and trailer shall, during the above-
mentioned hours, also bear on each side in the rear a lamp
showing a red light visible at least one hundred meters from the
rear of the vehicle and a lamp throwing a white light upon the
number plate issued for such vehicle.
• Stop lights. – Every motor vehicle shall be equipped at the rear
with at least one lamp which shall throw a sustained bright red
light visible under all conditions, even under bright sunlight, when
the brakes are applied. Each bus, truck, trailer or similar vehicle
shall be equipped, as its stop light at or near its rear center, with a
lamp at least twelve centimeters in diameter with the word “stop”
inscribed in the center.
• Windshield wiper. – Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a
mechanically or electrically operated device for wiping off raindrops or
other moisture from its front windshield.
• Use of red flag. – Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than
one meter beyond the bed or body thereof, there shall be displayed at
every projecting end of such load a red flag not less than thirty
centimeters both in length and width, except that during the hours
fixed under subsection (c), there shall be displayed, in lieu of the
required red flags, red lights visible at least fifty meters away.
• Mufflers. – Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion
engine shall be equipped with a muffler, and whenever said motor
vehicle passes through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly
populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or
disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be operated in such a manner as
to cause it to emit or make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor,
smoke or noise.
• Hitching on a Vehicle (Section 51)
• Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end
of any vehicle
• Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot
or otherwise
• Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride
outside of or at the rear end of the vehicle
• Driving While Under the Influence of Liquor and Other
Prohibited Drugs (Section 53)
• R.A. 10586 "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013″
(Approved: MAY 27 2013). Penalties:
• If the violation of Section 5 did not result in physical injuries or
homicide, the penalty of three (3) months imprisonment, and a
fine ranging from Twenty thousand pesos (Php20,000.00) to
Eighty thousand pesos (Php80,000.00) shall be imposed;
• If the violation of Section 5 resulted in physical injuries, the
penalty provided in Article 263 of the Revised Penal Code or
the penalty provided in the next preceding subparagraph,
whichever is higher, and a fine ranging from One hundred
thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) to Two hundred thousand
pesos (Php200,000.00) shall be imposed;
• If the violation of Section 5 resulted in homicide, the penalty
provided in Article 249 of the Revised Penal Code and a fine
ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos (Php300,000.00)
to Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) shall be
imposed; and
• The nonprofessional driver’s license of any person found to
have violated Section 5 of this Act shall also be confiscated and
suspended for a period of twelve (12) months for the first
conviction and perpetually revoked for the second conviction.
• The professional driver’s license of any person found to have
violated Section 5 of this Act shall also be confiscated and
perpetually revoked for the first conviction. The perpetual
revocation of a driver’s license shall disqualify the person from
being granted any kind of driver’s license thereafter.
• Obstruction of Traffic (Section 54) – Obstruction of traffic by operating a motor
vehicle in such a manner as to obstruct, block, or impede the passage of another
vehicle is prohibited. This prohibition applies even when discharging or loading
passengers
• Duties of Driver in Case of Accident (Section 55). In the event that any accident
should occur in a highway, the driver shall observe the following:
• Stop immediately
• Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer
• Give his true name and address, including that of the owner of the vehicle
• Assist injured persons
• Take measures protecting belongings of passengers
• Report the accident
• Circumstances when a driver can leave the area of the accident without being liable
for Hit and Run:
• In imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by
reason of the accident;
• Reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or
• Has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
 PILLARS OF TRAFFIC AND
TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND
REGULATIONS
• Traffic – the movement of
persons, goods, or vehicles,
either powered by
combustion system or animal-
drawn, from one place to
another for travel.

• Management - – skillful and judicious

use of means or resources to
accomplish a goal or an objective
 Five Pillars of Traffic Management

TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC

ENGINEERING EDUCATION ENFORCEMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
Professional Giving training Deals on the Study of Deals with
practice of potentially disastrous
to travel and implementation the benefits
population
planning, practice in the and explosion, changes in and adverse
deciding, and actual enforcement of urban environment,
operating traffic application of traffic laws, air and water effects of
pollution and traffic to our
system and road traffic safety rules, and transport congestion
design knowledge. regulations which result therein. economy.
Traffic Laws Rules and Regulations
• The standard of regulating movements on roads, streets and highways are
found in traffic laws, rules and regulation.
• In the Philippines, the mass of traffic laws, rules and regulations have their
source in:
• Presidential Decrees
• Executive Orders
• Letters of Instruction
• Administrative Orders
• Implementing Memoranda and
• Other special laws relative to traffic operation and traffic law enforcement.
• As a traffic enforcer, it is essential that you should be familiar with these rules
and regulations.
Sources of Traffic Laws
• R.A. 4136, dated June 20, 1964 – This is the basic law
regulating land transportation in the Philippines. It has
repealed Act No. 3992 (The Revised Motor Vehicle Law).
Further amended by:
• R.A. 5715
• R.A 6374
• PD 382, 843, 896, 1057, 1934, 1950, 1958
• BP Blg. 43
• BP Blg. 74
• BP Blg. 398
• R.A. 6539 – effective date: August 26, 1972, the “Anti-Carnapping Act of
1972."
• R.A. 5448 – effective date: January 01, 1969, An Act Imposing a Tax on
Privately Owned Passenger Automobiles, Motorcycles and Scooters, and a
Science Stamp Tax, to Constitute a Special Science Fund, Defining the
Programs, Projects and Activities of Science Agencies to be Financed
Therefrom and for Other Purposes.
Important Provision of R.A. 4136
A. Definition of Terms
• Motor Vehicle - Any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular
power using the public highways, except:
• Road rollers
• Trolley cars
• Street-sweepers
• Sprinklers
• Lawn mowers
• Bulldozer,
• Fork-lifts
• Cranes if not used on public highways
• Vehicles which run only on rails or tracks
• Tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural
purposes
• Passenger automobiles - All pneumatic-tire vehicles
of types similar to those usually known under the
following terms: touring car, command car, speedster,
sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle car (except motor
wheel and similar small outfits which are classified
with motorcycles), coupe, landaulet, closed car,
limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.

• Pneumatic Tire – is a rubber tire filled with air under

pressure and mounted around the wheel of a vehicle.
• Motor vehicles with changed or rebuilt bodies using a
chassis of the usual pneumatic-tire passenger
automobile type, shall also be classified as passenger
automobile, as long as it , does not exceed nine
passengers and if they are not used primarily for
carrying freight or merchandise.
• Distinction between passenger truck and passenger
automobile - a motor vehicle registered for more than
nine passengers shall be classified as “truck”
• A “truck” with seating compartments at the back not used
for hire shall be registered under special “S”
classifications.
 • Articulated vehicle - Any motor vehicle
with a trailer having no front axle and so
attached that part of the trailer rests upon
motor vehicle and a substantial part of the
weight of the trailer and of its load is borne
by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be
called as “semi-trailer.”

• Driver - shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle
• Professional driver - shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for
driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to
the public.
• Any person driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a professional
driver
• Owner - The actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name
such vehicle is duly registered with the Land Transportation
CommissionThe “owner” of a government-owned motor vehicle is
the head of the office or the chief of the Bureau to which the said
motor vehicle belongs.

• Dealer - Every person, association, partnership, or corporation

making, manufacturing, constructing, assembling, remodeling,
rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles; and every such entity acting
as agent for the sale of one or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor
vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or
selling same or handling with a view to trading same.
• Garage – For the purpose of this law, shall mean any building in
which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not
include street stands, public service stations, or other public
places designated by proper authority as parking spaces for
motor vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting business.
• Gross weight – is the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus
the maximum allowable carrying capacity in merchandise,
freight and/or passenger, as determined by the Commissioner
of Land Transportation.
• Highways – every public thoroughfare, public boulevard,
driveway, avenue, park, alley and callejon, but shall not include
roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges,
universities, or other similar institutions.
• Parking or parked - shall mean that a motor vehicle is
“parked” or “parking” if it has been brought to a stop on
the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains
inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable
period of time.
• A motor vehicle which properly stops merely to discharge a
passenger or to take in a waiting passenger, or to load or
unload a small quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch
shall not be considered as “parked”, if the motor vehicle again
moves away without delay.
• Tourist - A foreigner who travels from place to place for
pleasure or culture.
Selected Provisions of R.A. 4136
• Section 32 A . Exceeding Registered Capacity (Overloading) - No
person operating any motor vehicle shall allow more passengers or
more freight or cargo in his vehicle than its registered carrying
capacity.
• In the case of public utility trucks or buses, the conductor shall be
exclusively liable for the violations of this section or of Section 32
C.
• All passenger automobiles for hire are required to have the
registered passenger capacity marked plainly and conspicuously
on the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5 cms in
height.
• All motor trucks, whether for passenger or freight, private, or for
hire, shall have the registered passenger gross and net weight
capacities plainly and conspicuously marked on both sides thereof,
in letters and numerals not less than five centimeters in height.
• Cargo Carrying Devices - Passenger trucks may be allowed to
construct any cargo-carrying device at the rear or at the side
of the truck, subject to the approval of the Director:
Provided, however, that the total weight of the device,
including the cargo, shall not exceed 100 kilos. (Section 32)
• Riding on Top of the Motor Vehicle – Passengers shall not be
allowed to ride on the cover or top of motor vehicles, but
baggage or freight may be carried on the top of a truck so
long as the weight thereof does not exceed 20 kilos per
square meter distributed in such a way as not to endanger
the passengers or the vehicle’s stability (Section 32B)
• Riding on Running Boards. – It is strictly prohibited for any
person to ride on the running board, step board, or
mudguard of his motor vehicle for any purpose while the
vehicle in motion, except for conductors collecting fare.
(Section 32C)
• Required Motor Vehicle Accessories (Article 4, Section 34 A-
J)
• Tires of Motor Vehicles. – No motor vehicle with metallic
tires shall be operated upon any public highway, and solid
tires whenever used shall be of sufficient thickness to
prevent the metal rims thereof from coming in direct
contact with the road.
• Brakes – Every motor vehicle with four or
more wheels shall be provided with dual
hydraulic brake system.

• This requirement, however, does not apply

to motor vehicles equipped with
pneumatic braking system.
• (b-1) Horns. – Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a
horn or signalling devise in good working order: Provided,
however, That no horn or signalling device emitting an
exceptionally loud, startling, or disagreeable sound shall be
installed or used on any motor vehicle.
• All authorized emergency vehicles, such as ambulance and
police cars and fire wagons used for emergency calls shall be
equipped with a bell, siren, or exhaust whistle of a type
approved by the Commissioner, and no such device shall be
installed or used in any other vehicle.
• No vehicle not classified as a motor vehicle under this Act shall
be equipped with a horn or signalling device similar to the horn
customarily used on motor vehicles.
• Headlights. – Every motor vehicle of more than one meter of
projected width, while in use on any public highway shall bear two
headlights, one on each side, with white or yellowish light visible from
the front, which, not later than one-half hour after sunset and until at
least one-half four before sunrise and whenever weather conditions
so require, shall both be lighted.
• Additional lamps and light may be carried, but no red lights shall be visible
forward or ahead of the vehicle. Trucks, buses, trailers, and other similar
vehicles must carry, while in use on any public highway during night-time,
colored riding lights on each of the four corners not more than ten
centimeters from the top.
• All motor vehicles shall be equipped with devices for varying the intensity of
light, and the driver must dim the headlights or tilt the beams downward
whenever the vehicle is being operated on well-lighted streets within the
limits of cities, municipalities, and thickly populated barrios or districts, or
whenever such vehicle meets another vehicle on any public highway.
• Taillights. – Every motor vehicle and trailer shall, during the above-
mentioned hours, also bear on each side in the rear a lamp
showing a red light visible at least one hundred meters from the
rear of the vehicle and a lamp throwing a white light upon the
number plate issued for such vehicle.
• Stop lights. – Every motor vehicle shall be equipped at the rear
with at least one lamp which shall throw a sustained bright red
light visible under all conditions, even under bright sunlight, when
the brakes are applied. Each bus, truck, trailer or similar vehicle
shall be equipped, as its stop light at or near its rear center, with a
lamp at least twelve centimeters in diameter with the word “stop”
inscribed in the center.
• Windshield wiper. – Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a
mechanically or electrically operated device for wiping off raindrops or
other moisture from its front windshield.
• Use of red flag. – Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than
one meter beyond the bed or body thereof, there shall be displayed at
every projecting end of such load a red flag not less than thirty
centimeters both in length and width, except that during the hours
fixed under subsection (c), there shall be displayed, in lieu of the
required red flags, red lights visible at least fifty meters away.
• Mufflers. – Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion
engine shall be equipped with a muffler, and whenever said motor
vehicle passes through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly
populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or
disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be operated in such a manner as
to cause it to emit or make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor,
smoke or noise.
• Hitching on a Vehicle (Section 51)
• Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end
of any vehicle
• Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot
or otherwise
• Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride
outside of or at the rear end of the vehicle
• Driving While Under the Influence of Liquor and Other
Prohibited Drugs (Section 53)
• R.A. 10586 "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013″
(Approved: MAY 27 2013). Penalties:
• If the violation of Section 5 did not result in physical injuries or
homicide, the penalty of three (3) months imprisonment, and a
fine ranging from Twenty thousand pesos (Php20,000.00) to
Eighty thousand pesos (Php80,000.00) shall be imposed;
• If the violation of Section 5 resulted in physical injuries, the
penalty provided in Article 263 of the Revised Penal Code or
the penalty provided in the next preceding subparagraph,
whichever is higher, and a fine ranging from One hundred
thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) to Two hundred thousand
pesos (Php200,000.00) shall be imposed;
• If the violation of Section 5 resulted in homicide, the penalty
provided in Article 249 of the Revised Penal Code and a fine
ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos (Php300,000.00)
to Five hundred thousand pesos (Php500,000.00) shall be
imposed; and
• The nonprofessional driver’s license of any person found to
have violated Section 5 of this Act shall also be confiscated and
suspended for a period of twelve (12) months for the first
conviction and perpetually revoked for the second conviction.
• The professional driver’s license of any person found to have
violated Section 5 of this Act shall also be confiscated and
perpetually revoked for the first conviction. The perpetual
revocation of a driver’s license shall disqualify the person from
being granted any kind of driver’s license thereafter.
• Obstruction of Traffic (Section 54) – Obstruction of traffic by operating a motor
vehicle in such a manner as to obstruct, block, or impede the passage of another
vehicle is prohibited. This prohibition applies even when discharging or loading
passengers
• Duties of Driver in Case of Accident (Section 55). In the event that any accident
should occur in a highway, the driver shall observe the following:
• Stop immediately
• Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer
• Give his true name and address, including that of the owner of the vehicle
• Assist injured persons
• Take measures protecting belongings of passengers
• Report the accident
• Circumstances when a driver can leave the area of the accident without being liable
for Hit and Run:
• In imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by
reason of the accident;
• Reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or
• Has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
TRAFFIC SAFETY
EDUCATION
 • Trafficsafety education is one of the
primary areas of traffic education
particularly in the reduction and
Importance of
prevention of road accidents
Traffic Safety
• TrafficEducation – the process of
training road users in the avoidance
and prevention of traffic-related accidents.
• It
is already identified that the one of the
major causes of traffic accidents is human
factor,which includes but not limited to:
 Ignorance
 Lack of Skills
 Erratic attitude or behavior
• Road Safety – refers to reduced risk of
accident or injury on the roads achieved
through multidisciplinary approaches
involving road engineering and traffic
management, education and training of road
users, and vehicle design.
• 12,690 road traffic deaths in 2016 (World
Health Organization)
• About half of the number of road traffic
deaths in the Philippines involved
vulnerable road users (WHO Global Status
Report on Road Safety 2018)
• More than 10,000 die annually from road
crashes in the Philippines, with those aged
20 to 24 being the most vulnerable.
Road Deaths Facts

https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/road-safety/home
Factors Contributing to Accidents
• Research studies in the United Kingdom have shown that
human factors contribute to the percent of accidents, road
factors at about one quarter, and vehicle factors fewer
than five percent.
• These factors are:

Human Error Road Defects Vehicle Factor

Human Errors
Going too fast or excessive speed
Failing to give at junctions
Following too closely
Overtaking improperly
Misperceiving or misjudging the road
situation ahead
Intoxication of alcohol or drug
Lack of skill
Road Defects
Poor design of layout and
control at junctions
Inadequate signing, road
marking and lighting
Slippery roads
Obstructions on the road
such as parked vehicle, on-
going road construction,
etc.
Vehicle Factors
Defects in tires, brakes and
lights
Absence or non-use of seat
belts
Poorly maintained motor
vehicles
Principles of Effective Traffic
Accident Prevention
 Traffic Engineering – Effective construction and
maintenance of traffic facilities which does not only
expedite the movement of traffic but also prevents the
occurrence of traffic accidents
 Traffic Education - when road users are informed
of the traffic laws, rules and regulations, accidents
are likely prevented. Further, there are strong
suggestions of benefits from pre-school schemes
involving parents, and from road safety education in
schools where it is an integral part of the school
curriculum
Traffic Enforcement – one of the causes
of accidents is the blatant non-compliance
of motorists and pedestrians to traffic
laws, rules and regulations. To minimize
the occurrence of accidents due to non-
compliance of road users, enforcement
must be conducted.
Traffic Ecology/Environment – people
should be educated regarding the adverse
effect of traffic to our environment that
directly or indirectly affect the
population’s health
Traffic Economy – people should learn
also to develop schemes and/or devices
and programs that do not only lessen
expenses but also accident-free
Levels of Traffic Safety Education
Imparting knowledge concerning
traffic safety
Training and practice in the actual
application of traffic safety
knowledge
Developing traffic safety morality
Traffic Safety for Children
• Highly unsystematic
• Necessary to make it systematic to lessen the number of
children fatalities and injuries. Can be taught in:
 Elementary – Pupils are usually educated by stressing on
traffic safety and guides, and classroom discussions of accidents
and other traffic safety rules
 Secondary – This level initiates driver education program
because students have reached the age to drive, hence, proper
driving habits should be stressed. It also includes the
establishment of school safety organizations
 Higher Education – Some universities and colleges offer and
conduct courses to private and public agencies regarding traffic
safety subjects
Traffic Safety Education for Adults
• Relativelyeasier compared to the education
designed for younger children
 It is the general belief that by being a better driver,
it follows that one becomes a better pedestrian.
 Driver education is carried out in secondary schools
and in private and government sponsored driving
school in a number of countries where people are
expected to drive when they reach the legal age
 The basic purpose of education is to develop good
traffic citizens who are equipped to live in a
motorized society and achieving traffic safety and
to develop citizens who are legally eligible to get a
driver’s license
Driver’s Education
• Ingeneral, driver instruction aims
primarily to teach rudiments of
driving. Secondary aims are as
follows:
To instill awareness of one’s legal and
moral responsibilities in traffic
To teach the abilities required for one to
be eligible for a driver’s license
 Four Basic Types of Instruction
Methods
 Comprehensive – This method places the student into real life of
driving situation from the beginning
 Traditional Instruction – This type of instruction depends on
instructor-student communication
 Commentary Driving Method – The student-driver accompanied
by an instructor has to give a commentary on his driving – what
he sees, what he does, why he does it, what he proposes to do,
what others are likely to do, etc.
 Simulated Conditions – On and Off the Road Training. The
premise of simulated conditions training is that the behavior of
the driver – subject placed in condition will relatively analogous to
normal behavior.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND
INVESTIGATION (CDI 2)
 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

• Objectives
• To achieve free and rapid flow of traffic yet at the same
time, to prevent accidents and casualties
• To build and design new roads and improve older ones
• To build safety feature of the roads and introduce new
designs
Essential Task of Traffic Engineering
• Discovering the need for proposing and promoting traffic ordinance and
the efficient use of signs, signals, and markings
• Detection of dangerous intersections, streets, and district compilation and
analyzing facts
• Establishing the need for improved street lighting by passer one-way
streets
• Evaluating parking needs and proposing suitable restrictions
• Ascertaining safe speed on curve areas as well as straight stretches
• Directing traffic signals
• Analyzing accident report and environment data
 • Any signs, signals or markings placed
on the road exerted for the purpose
of regulating, warning, or guiding
traffic.
TRAFFIC • Installed to control traffic and
contribute indirectly to the
CONTROL assurance of traffic safety. They are
the means by which the road user is
DEVICES advised as to the detailed
requirements or conditions affecting
road use at specific places and times
in order for proper action be taken
and accident or delays avoided.
• The oldest traffic control device used to
guide the safe and orderly movement of
traffic is the traffic sign. Signs contain:
• Instruction a road user need to obey
• Warning of hazards which are not self-
evident
• Information about routes, directions,
designations, and point of interest
• Traffic Signs – a device mounted on affixed
or portable support whereby official
notice is given in the form of symbol for
the purpose of regulating, warning, and
guiding.
 TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS
• Traffic Lights – this refers to any power
operated traffic control device by which
traffic is warned or directed to take some
specific actions.
• These are used to control traffic at junctions
and also stop traffic to provide safe crossing
points for pedestrian and cyclists.
• The color of traffic lights are chronologically
arranged to give motorists a better view of
signal lights. From top, the series of color is
Red, Amber/Yellow and Green
Classification of Traffic Signal Lights
1. Traffic Control Signals – These are signal lights designed
primarily to control and regulate traffic flows
2. Special Pedestrian Signals – These signal lights provides
regulation for pedestrians like the “WALK” and “DO NOT
WALK” signal lights
3. Train Approach and Gate Signals – These are usually
installed on railroad intersections designed to inform
motorists of any approaching train or intersection
4. Other Special Traffic Signals – Installed on traffic ways
where special regulations are emphasized, like the “YIELD
TO VEHICLES COMING FROM THE LEFT”, and other similar
regulations
Traffic Signal System
• Traffic Signal Lights use different signaling systems which
vary according to the needs of the traffic way.
1. The Fixed-time System – a traffic control signal by which
traffic is alternately commanded to stop and permitted
to proceed in accordance with pre-determined time
schedule.
• This is the most widely used system of signaling.
• Traffic activated controllers can also be used – these vary the
length of the green light on a street according to changes in
traffic demand
2. Progressive System – Signals at successive
intersections along the artery are timed to
change from red to green at staggered
intervals, permitting a vehicle that maintains a
constant speed to proceed without
interruption under normal circumstances.
3. Computerized Control of
Signal Networks – Signal
changes are ordered by the
demands of traffic and are
directed by computers that
operate on the basis of traffic
information relayed from
vehicle sensors on the streets.
• Traffic detectors are placed at
several location generally in
the pavement
• A computer continuously
scans the traffic information
from each detector and
selects the best timing to
reduce traffic congestion and
minimize delays
Meaning of Traffic Lights

• Steady Red
• Sop at the designated line
• Vehicles will be crossing from the “other
side”
• Expect pedestrians to cross at the
pedestrian lane
• Unless specified, you can TURN RUGHT
after a FULL STOP to clear traffic coming
from the left
• Steady Green
• GO
• It is the turn of the vehicles on the other
side to STOP
• Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the
pedestrian lane in front of you
• Unless specified, you can move up to the
middle section of the intersection and
make a left turn when clear
• Vehicles GOING STRAIGHT have the right
of way
• DO NOT ANTICIPATE a green light
•Steady Green Arrow
• GO
• Vehicles turning left can do so
• Oncoming straight traffic is still RED to
give way for vehicles turning left
• DO NOT ANTICIPATE a green arrow
•Steady Amber/Yellow
• Prepare to STOP
• It is the turn of the vehicles on the
other side and will be given the GO
signal shortly
• DO NOT BEAT a yellow light
•Flashing Red
• This is the same as a stop sign
• STOP at the designated line
• Vehicles will be crossing from the “other
side”
• Expect pedestrians to cross at the
pedestrians’ lane
• PROCEED when CLEAR
•Flashing Yellow
•This is the same as the YIELD sign
•Proceed through the intersection
with caution
•You have the right of way over a
flashing red light
•Vehicles on the other side will
proceed after coming to a FULL
STOP
•Steady Green and Steady
Left/Right Arrow
• Vehicles can go straight or vehicles
on the left lane can make a left turn
• Vehicles can go straight or vehicles
on the right lane can make a right
turn
• The RIGHT GREEN signal light might
not have a road sign disallowing a
right turn while the RED light is on
 PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
• Pavement Markings – They take the form of lines, symbols,
messages, or numerals, and may be set into the surface of,
applied upon, or attached to the pavement and are officially
placed for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding
traffic
• Pavement markings have definite limitations:
• They are subject to traffic wear and require proper
maintenance;
• They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or
dusty (e.g., near shoulder edge or median);
• They may be obscured by traffic;
• Their effect on skid resistance requires careful
choice of materials; and,
• They cannot be applied on unsealed roads.
Types of Pavement Markings and Markers
1. Pavement Markings – these are lines usually white
and yellow or a combination of the two, officially set
on the roadway as separation for motor vehicles
travelling in the opposite direction in case of:
• Two-way lane one-way street
• Two-lane two-way street
• Four-lane two-way street
2. Curb Markings for Restrictions 3. Object Markings – These are
– These are markings placed on markings placed on objects on the
the curbs or edges of the traffic road or beside the road like humps,
for restriction or for parking rocks, or similar hazardous objects.
regulation purposes
4. Reflectorized Markings – these are markings or gadgets designed
to reflect and become luminous when hit by the vehicles headlight.
These are placed in the middle of the roadway to supplement
separation lines or at the side of the roadway which are too near or
within the road pavement itself.
Color of Pavement Markings
• The color of pavement markings shall be white except for
the alternative uses of yellow as specified below:
• Double yellow no-passing lines;
• Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual
• Unbroken portion of no-passing lines;
• Curb markings for prohibition of parking;
• On islands in line of traffic;
• Bus and PUJ lanes; and,
• Keep Intersection Open markings.
• Red shall be used in:
• No Loading/Unloading Zone; and,
• Fire lane zone.
• Black may be used in hazard markers to warn road users at
locations where the protruding objects such as bridge piers,
traffic islands and other permanent objects on or near the
roadway. However, the use of black does not establish it as
standard color for pavement marking.
 Types of Lines
1. Longitudinal Lines
i. Center Line (or Separation Line) -
is used to separate opposite traffic
movements of an undivided
roadway and is generally placed
centrally on all roads and bridges
6.0m or more in width.
ii. Lane Line - A lane line is used to
separate adjacent lanes of traffic
moving in the same direction.
iii. Barrier Lines
Barrier lines may consist of either:
• two unbroken yellow lines;
• single unbroken yellow line; or,
• single yellow line with a broken white line.

• DOUBLE SOLID YELLOW LINES -

should only be used where
overtaking from both directions
of the road and all crossing
movements are prohibited.
Vehicles must always keep to
the right of the double yellow
lines.
• Single Unbroken Yellow Line/
Single Solid Yellow Line -
should be used where
overtaking from both directions
of the road are prohibited.
• However, crossing movements
are permitted. Vehicles must
always keep to the right of the
double yellow lines.
• Single Yellow Line with Broken White Line
• Overtaking is prohibited when the solid line is on your
side
• Broken Yellow Line – • Broken and Solid Yellow
this means that Lines – passing is permitted
passing/ overtaking is on the side of the broken
allowed line but not on side of solid
line
 Specific Meaning of Pavement Markings
• Single White Dotted Lines – This pavement marking
indicates the following:
• On two-lane road, it separates traffic moving in opposite directions
• On a one-way street, separates traffic moving in one direction
• Overtaking is possible when other lane is clear of oncoming
possible.
• Single White Continuous Line in A Two-Traffic Way –
this indicates the following:
• Separates traffic moving in opposite direction
• Could be found in road sections that are dangerous
• Passing and overtaking can be made but ONLY under
circumstances when there is no oncoming traffic
• Single Continuous Line On a Four-Lane Road – This sign
when found on four-lane streets indicates:
• When there are slow and fast lanes, NEVER overtake by passing
over the solid white line
• Lanes 1 & 4 (outer lanes) for slow moving vehicles on this lane
should not be BELOW the minimum speed limit
• Lanes 2 & 3 (inner lanes) are usually for faster moving vehicles
• Double Yellow Lines or Double White Lines – A double
yellow or white line with a dotted line in between means:
• Absolutely NO OVERTAKING
• Overtaking is extremely dangerous
• Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid lines
• Single Yellow/White Lines – A yellow or white line with a
dotted white line means:
• That you cannot overtake if the solid line is on your side
• If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the solid line
• Yellow Continuous Line or Road Provided with a Passing Lane – This
line indicates the following:
• These are common on mountain roads
• Slow moving vehicles and buses and heavy trucks should always use the
outer lane
• Inner lane (lane 2) is for vehicles to pass without having to use the other
lane (lane 1) for vehicles coming from the opposite direction
• Vehicles coming from the opposite direction (lane 1) should not use the
inner lane (lane 2) at the other side for overtaking.
• Crosswalk or Pedestrian Lane – This pavement marking
indicates the following:
• For pedestrian to cross
• Stop for pedestrian on an intersection with no traffic light
• DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane especially to load or unload
passengers
• Pedestrians should ALWAYS cross a street on a crosswalk
• Directional Arrows – These pavement markings
indicate the following traffic regulations:
• Direction of permitted traffic movement
• When approaching intersections where pavement arrows
are used, you should enter the lane where the arrow
points in the direction you want to go
• If you get in the wrong lane, you should keep going in the
direction indicated by the arrow, until it is safe to turn off
and get back on the street or highway which will carry you
to your destination
• Some have double headed arrows which means the lane
is for traffic going in the two directions indicated.
 Edge Lines
• The edge line is used to delineate the edge of the traveled way to
distinguish it from the shoulder area. It should be a solid white
line between 100mm and 200mm wide. Studs, or raised
pavement markers may be used in conjunction with edge lines
where there are paved shoulders.
• The purpose of installing edge lines is generally based
on the following:
• to discourage travel on road shoulders;
• to make driving safer and more assured, particularly at
night and during inclement weather by providing a
continuous guide for the driver;
• to act as a guide past objects which are close to the edge
of pavement and which constitute a hazard; and,
• to prevent parking at or near intersections.
• No Parking Zones - The road curb for No Parking Zones
shall be painted.
• No Loading / Unloading Zones - Road curb for No
Loading / Unloading Zones shall be painted red.
• The limit of the No Parking Zone depends upon the
implementing Local Government Units.
• Further, No Parking Zones shall mean parking
prohibition at all times. If parking is to be permitted
at times (e.g., outside peak hours), then curb
painting shall be supplemented with standard signs.
• Continuity Line
• It generally means that the lane you are in is ending or exiting,
and that you must change lanes if your want to continue in your
current direction. Continuity lines on your right means your lane
will continue unaffected.
• Transition Lines
• These are used to guide traffic safely past obstructions on
roadways such as islands, median strips, bridge piers, or
indicate changes in the width of the traveled portion of
the roadway and increase or reduction in traffic lanes
 TRANSVERSE LINES
• Transverse lines are markings across the carriageway. Because
of the low angles at which the markings are viewed, it is
necessary that all transverse lines be proportionally widened to
give visibility equal to that of longitudinal markings or to avoid
apparent distortion where longitudinal and transverse lines are
combined in symbols or letterings.
• Transverse lines may be classified into the following types:
• Stop Lines;
• Give Way lines;
• Pedestrian Crossing Markings; and,
• Roundabout Holding Lines.
 • Give Way or Holding Lines –
• Stop Lines – vehicles are markings consisting of two
required to stop in adjacent broken white lines
compliance with a stop sign, across the carriageway at which
traffic signals, or any other drivers must give way to all
legal requirement. traffic in accordance with the
standard sign
• Pedestrian Crossing Markings
• Zebra (non-signalized crossing)
• Crosswalks (signalized crossing) - Crosswalks are defined
by a pair of solid white lines across the road surface. They
should be used in conjunction with mid-block or
intersection signals
• Roundabout Holding Lines – vehicles within the rotunda
have the right of way over vehicles which are just about to
enter
 • Traffic Islands – these
are areas within the
roadway constructed in a
manner to establish
physical channels
through which vehicular
traffic is guided.
• Functions of Traffic
Islands:
• Segregate pedestrians
and vehicles; and
• Control streams of
traffic in order to
TRAFFIC ISLANDS minimize conflict,
expedite traffic and
increase safety.
CLASSIFICATION
OF TRAFFIC
ISLANDS

• Traffic islands are classified according to design, place of

installation, and purpose of construction.
1. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers)
• Constructed between the pedestrian sidewalk and the road
pavement
• To prevent pedestrian from using the roadway when passing
• To prevent motor vehicles from using the sidewalk for
passing and parking purposes
2. Traffic Islands
• Raised portion in the middle of the
traffic way
• Constructed to separate the
streams of motor vehicle travelling
on opposite directions
• Preventing motorist from using the
opposite lane for overtaking

Sub-classifications:
a. Division Islands
• Constructed to divide the stream
of motor vehicles
b. Channelizing Island
Constructed to direct the flow of
traffic
c. Rotary Island
• Constructed along intersections or
rotundas for purposes of turning
around
• Functions are:
• Prohibit pedestrians from crossing
major roads at points where
crossing is dangerous
• Minimize imprudence and delays to
vehicular traffic
• Channelize and control pedestrians
 OTHER TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES
• Traffic managers added other control devices
and aids to improve the previous standard
control devices, as they their limits and
weaknesses.
A. Median Barriers
• Usually movable concrete or hard plastics
(with/without water)
• Installed on divided highways with narrow
medians (area that separates opposing
lanes of traffic)
• To prevent head-on collision of vehicles
• To restrict pedestrians from crossing any
section of the roads
B. Guard Rails
• Safety devices installed at the
road side to protect vehicles
which run out of control from
following on steep slopes or
hitting fixed objects

C. Gantries
• Made of light materials
installed overhead on
highways n which other
devices and aids are also
attached
D. Reflectorized Markers (Cat’s Eye)
and Solar Markers
• Installed along curb lines and on the
division lines
• Provides reflection during the night
and when visibility is low
E. Traffic Bollards
• Upright metals, woods, plastics, or
any other hard materials along side
streets and parking areas
• To limit the movement of motor
vehicles
F. Early Warning Devices
• Triangular shaped reflectorized device used to warning or inform motorists
about an emergency-stalled or parked motor vehicle
G. Traffic Cones
• Made of plastic or lightweight materials used as replacement or aid to
early warning devices
• Can also be used to temporarily redirect traffic in safe manner
H. Curb or Curbstones
• Aligned stones along the sides of the roads or highway serving as boundary
lines
I. Close Circuit Televisions (CCTV)
• Assist traffic enforcers and managers
monitor usual and unusual traffic
occurrences
• Valuable in detection, identification,
and apprehension of traffic law violators
to provide general deterrence
J. Weighbridges
• Installed permanently or movable on
road pavement located at main
entrances of main roads.
• Used to monitor overloading or
exceeding limits of motor vehicles
particularly cargo trucks.
 Traffic Economy

“Congestion is a bit like cholesterol – if you

don’t have any you die. And like cholesterol,
there’s a good kind and a bad kind.” – John
Norquist
• Higher levels of congestion are initially associated
with faster economic growth. But, above a certain
threshold congestion starts to become a drag on
growth.
• It seems that job growth slows when congestion gets
to be worse than about 35 to 37 hours of delay per
commuter per year (or about four and a half minutes
per one way trip).
Example:
• A city that has little congestion would be wasting
taxpayer money building new lanes of highway.
• As Sweet says, paving unnecessary highways does
more harm than good to the economy.
• Workers having to spend longer getting to work every
day are gong to want higher wages to compensate, or
they’ll look for another job. And if congestion makes it
harder to match the right workers to the best jobs,
that’s economically inefficient too.
 Macroeconomics VS Microeconomics
• Microeconomics is the study of decisions made by people and
businesses regarding the allocation of resources and prices of goods
and services. It also takes into account taxes and regulations created
by governments.
• Macroeconomics studies the behavior of a country and how its
policies affect the economy as a whole. It analyzes entire industries
and economies, rather than individuals or specific companies, which
is why it's a top-down approach.
• It tries to answer questions like "What should the rate of inflation be?" or
"What stimulates economic growth?"
Effects of Traffic in the Economy
• Pollution
• Increased fuel expenditure
• Delays in the movement of goods
• Decreased turnover
• Perpetuation of poverty.
Increased Fuel Expenditure
• Fuel bill also goes up since you will be traveling at less efficient speeds
or going nowhere while your engine is consuming fuel.
• A higher fuel bill means less profit for the public transport operators
or cooperatives, and less disposable income for the private vehicle
owners.
Delays in Movement of
Goods
• Delivering finished goods or receiving
raw materials or inventory is time
sensitive.
• Delays affect production, delivery and
work schedules, take its toll on the
bottom line of the company.
• It could also have an adverse impact on
market demand, where alternative
suppliers from other countries are more
readily able to provide products at more
reliable delivery schedules.
Decreased Turnover
• Public transport, delivery trucks and
shuttle services are also victim to the
perpetual traffic in Metro Manila.
• Instead of being able to do three or
four round trips, they are lucky to be
able to do two, which translates to lost
revenues and, in many cases, a shift
from profitable operations to a losing
business.
• Public service also suffers in that the
available schedules become less
frequent and the waiting time
becomes longer.
Perpetuation of
Poverty
Solutions of the Government
• Build, Build, Build (BBB) Program
• Targeting to build more than 1000
kilometers of railways by the
Duterte administration’s end.
• Infrastructure projects to improve
transport networks and ease traffic
congestion in the Philippines
• Metro Manila Subway Project
• Panguil Bay Bridge Project
• Mindanao Rail Project
Traffic Environment
What are the environmental effects of
the urbanization of transportation?
Noise
• The ill effect of noise is one of the major considerations in
the evaluation of consequences of traffic urbanization to
the environment.
• The level of noise inside and outside a dwelling is an
important indicator of the quality of life.
• A normal conversation is about 60dB. Anything above 80dB
is harmful to the human ear.
Vibration
• Effect can be severe particularly when there are
heavy trucks and when the building is old.
• While there are subjective costs from
experiencing vibration, a minimum cost of
damage or prevention can be established from
experience and experiment.
Air Pollution
• Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into
the air that are detrimental to human health and the
planet as a whole..
• Air pollutants can come from both natural and
anthropogenic sources, but anthropogenic air
pollutants dominate the atmosphere of areas
primarily undergoing industrialization.
AIR POLLUTION
Sources of Air Pollution According to RA 8749
• Republic Act 8749 or the “Philippine Clean Air Act of
1999” guarantees the right of every Filipinos to
breathe clean air
• The following are the sources of air pollution
according to the law:
1. Stationary Sources
2. Mobile Sources
3. Area Source
Stationary sources
• Refer to any building or immobile structure, facility or
installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant, and
may be defined generally as individual points of air emissions
(e.g. smokestacks).
Mobile sources
• Are any vehicle propelled by or
through combustion of carbon-based
or other fuel, constructed and
operated principally for the
conveyance of persons or the
transportation of property or goods.
• Manila 1996-1999 - that the sources
of major atmospheric pollutants
such as particulate matter and NOx
come mostly from motor vehicle
exhaust emissions mainly attributed
to jeepneys, buses and taxicabs.
Area source
• A source of air emissions that is not confined to a
discrete point or points of emissions, examples of
which (but not limited to) are construction
activities, unpaved road ways, lagoons, industrial
facilities with many small or generalized potential
sources such as valves, seals, etc.
• Common generally industrial, small, non-regulated
point sources (e.g. dry cleaners and gasoline
stations) where the point source(s) cannot feasibly
or practically be measured.
• Household cooking, meat curing and waste burning
are also among the contributors to area sources.
• Dirt – These are foul and filthy substances related to motor
vehicle use such as empty can of oils, grease, materials,
etc.
• Visual Intrusion
• Loss of Privacy – Loss of privacy from drivers and others
being able to look at one’s house and garden frequently is
a disliked environmental effect. Walls and earthworks
would prevent this, and at the same time, reducing noise.
• Neighborhood Severance – Severance both physical and
sociological. This can be partly be quantified in terms of changed
travel time and costs, and accident experience to pedestrian and
traffic.
• Relocation – The people relocated will tend to be decentralized as
well as those sufficiently affected by the environment consequences
to refer to move.
• Distraction during planning and construction – In some cases,
benefits offset the distraction cost, which are experienced by people
during construction of new facilities, loss of business, excess noise,
dirt and vibration during constructing and excess journey costs
through diversion because of buildings.
• Accident Experiences
• Pedestrian Journey – The opportunity to make the road safe and
enjoyable for pedestrians and efficient for vehicles; and set of roads
provided access to dwelling and is designed primarily for the safety of
pedestrians.
• Traffic Congestion – These are conditions on road
networks that occurs as use increases, and is
characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and
increased vehicular queueing.
• Major Causes of Traffic Congestion:
1. Physical Inadequacy
2. Poor Control Measures
3. Human Errors
4. Poor Maintenance
Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic
Environment/Ecology
• Presidential Decree 1181 - Providing for the Prevention, Control and
Abatement of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles and for Other
Purposes - in order to protect the health and welfare of the people
and to prevent or minimize damage to property and hazards to land
transportation.
• Letter of Instruction No. 551 – instructing the National Pollution
Control Commission, Land Transportation Office, PNP and all other
law enforcement and concerned agencies directing to promote anti-
pollution devices on all PUVs and private vehicles, factories and sites
and shall take immediate action on the reports in keeping with the
aims of the government anti-pollution policy.
•Republic Act 8794 – Also known as the
“Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”, is a
comprehensive air quality management
policy and program which aims to achieve
and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
• Traffic Law Enforcement Action is part of enforcement involving the
arrest, issuance of Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or Inspection
Report Summons, or warning of any person who is believed to have
violated a law, ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of traffic
roads
Two Major Functions of Traffic Law
Enforcement
• Police Traffic Law Enforcement – This function includes the
enforcement of traffic laws deterrent to law violations, special
assistance to prosecutors and courts and incidental service to
highway users. Usually, these are the responsibilities of traffic
enforcers like members of the PNP-TMG and the LTO Law
Enforcement Services (LES).
• Court Traffic Law Enforcement – One part of traffic law enforcement
is performed by the court through:
• Prosecution
• Adjudication
• Penalization
Three Important Goals of Enforcement
Activities
• To increase safety level – enforcement effort should be directed
towards the reduction of accidents or minimizing their effects.
• To increase traffic efficiency – when traffic violators are reduced
particularly those related to traffic obstruction through an
effective enforcement, there will be free-flow of traffic
• To insure harmonious and comfortable environment - when
there is an increase safety level and increase traffic efficiency,
travelling is more comfortable and luxurious and it may reduce
chaotic situations in the traffic way
Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System
1. Enforcement System – This area consists of legislation, police,
and the courts.
• Legislation defines and specifies correct and incorrect road user
behavior
• Police and the Courts are charged with the responsibility of
insuring that these laws are adhered to
2. Road Users System (Traffic Way User) – This element includes
pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers, passengers, and others.
3. Road System (Traffic System) – Composed of the entire road and
vehicle complex, as well as traffic rules and regulation.
Five Essential Steps in the Enforcement
Process
• Detection (of violation) – A police responsibility that entails
looking for defects in the behavior of motorists, pedestrians,
vehicles, equipment and roadway condition. Requires knowledge
of law on the part of the police.
• Apprehension – It is also a police function which involves the
actual taking of enforcement actions.
• Prosecution – This area is handled by the prosecution and partly
the court where the police also provides corresponding
influences through preparation and introduction of evidence or
close contact with the prosecuting officer.
• Adjudication – A court and prosecution’s function. The police
also influence on this step by acting as witness to the
prosecution or supplying additional evidence. This step
determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.
• Penalization – After due process, the court imposes the penalty
upon the accused once found guilty. The penalty is greatly
influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by the
police. Penalty involves either a fine or imprisonment or both, it
may also result to the suspension or revocation of the driver’s
license of the accused.
Reasons for Violation of Traffic Laws
• Physical disabilities or infirmities
• Ignorance of traffic
• Lack of training and experience
• Wrong attitude towards driving
• PUV drivers for increased compensation
• Driver’s apathy towards signs, signals and markings
• Influential person violate the law because they might feel
exempted from punishment
Considerations that act as deterrents to
motorists and pedestrians
• Fear of fine or punishment
• Loss of driving privilege
• Possibility of being involved in an accident
• Positive area of good citizenship doing what is right and
setting an example
Kinds of Enforcement Action
• Traffic Arrest – Consists of taking a person into custody for the
purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law
violation before a court.
• Following Rule 113, Rules of Court, Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure
• An arrest is made by an actual restraint of a person to be arrested,
or by his submission to the custody of the person making the
arrest. (Sec. 2, Rule 113)
• Warrantless Arrest following Section 5, Rule 113
• Traffic Citation – This is a means of having violators appear in court
without physical arrest. To ensure that an apprehended traffic violator
will appear to the court or to the proper authority, the traffic officer
should confiscate the violator’s driver’s license and issue a Traffic
Citation Ticket (TCT), TOP, or Traffic Violator’s Receipt (TVR)
• Uses of TCT, TOP and TVR. These are official documents
designed for:
• Serves as a receipt for the confiscation of a vehicle or the driver’s
license or the OR/CR of the vehicle
• Temporary Permit to operate motor vehicle for 72 hours without
extension from the time of confiscation or apprehension (in case of
TVR in Manila, it is 7 days)
• An official form of judicial or administrative citation to facilitate
action on the case for which it is issued
• A record for disposing a case cited therein either administratively or
judiciary
• A receipt for release of the confiscated items after adjudication and
termination of the case
• Traffic Warning – An enforcement action which does not
contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court or
otherwise as a result of warning alone. The three types of
traffic warnings are:
• Visual Warning – usually used when you have observed a minor
violation but are more importantly occupied at the moment.
Indicate by gesture of the hand and/or the head
• Verbal Warning – A form of safety education. Explain to the
driver/violator the law he violated and the hazards of such
violations.
• Written Warning – combination of verbal warning and citation.
This is seldom used nowadays.
Decision on Enforcement
• In determining what enforcement action to be taken,
whether you arrest, cite or warn the apprehended violator,
consider the following:
• Degree of violation
• Accuracy of observation
• Traffic and weather condition
• Evidence gathered
• If it is a newly implemented law or not
• Continuous of momentary actions, a factor in some type of
violations
Pursuit in Traffic Enforcement
• Pursuit is a part of the apprehension of a violator. In general, a driver
who is aware of his violation will stop his vehicle when signaled to do
so.
• When to pursue?
• When a violator fails to stop on signal. In pursuing, observe the
following:
• Pursuit must be with common sense and foresight of hazards
• Better judgment
• High speed pursuit may be justified in the apprehension of a driver
endangering the lives of motorists, pedestrians, and others
Identification of Pursued Vehicle
• Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicle:
• Color
• Year of Manufacture
• Make
• Body Type
• License Plate Number
• Outstanding Features and Accessories
• Unusual Features of the Driver of Passenger
Officer-Violator Relationship
• Always aim to establish a pleasant relationship with offending
motorists or pedestrians. This may be accomplished by:
1. Officer’s physical appearance
2. Observance of the following rules:
a. Get your emotions under control
b. Advise the violator of the nature of the alleged violation in a manner
he can understand
c. Allow the violator to explain his side
d. Be courteous and business-like
e. Request compliance using request words
f. Avoid telling the driver what not to do and if you want him to do
something explain why
3. Being alert at all times
4. In requesting the driver’s license or OR/CR, observe the
following:
a. Do not put your head or arms in the window
b. While waiting for the license, ask his name and address
c. Never accept anything other than the documents requested
d. Ask the documents to be removed from the billfold or other
container
e. Establish the identity of the driver and check the documents for
any possible fraud, false identities or falsifications
f. Do not return the driver’s license until you are about to
terminate the contact
5. In terminating your contact with the violator:
a. Explain what action he must take
b. Tell him when and where he must appear
c. Don’t discuss probable bail or penalties
d. Avoid inappropriate suggestion
e. Once certain that the driver understood, close the interview
by:
• Thanking the driver for his cooperation
• Explaining how he may avoid further difficulty
f. Help the driver get safely through traffic
g. When the violator leaves, don’t follow him immediately. He
may feel that you are just waiting to flag him again.
Road Check
• This is another enforcement activity which involves the
conduct of actual inspection of vehicles and motorists on the
road.
• Objectives of Road Check
• Faulty vehicle equipment
• Registration and licensing violations
• Intoxicated drivers
• The load or cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for
load weight
• Considerations to be taken:
• Minimum delay to motorist
• Thorough checking procedure
• Protection/safety of both motorist and officers
• Timing, location and frequency
• In case of thorough checking of vehicles, note the
legalities:
• Follow Rule 126 of the Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure, Rules of Court
REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
• Republic Act 4136 mandates that all motor vehicles shall be registered by
its owner before the designated District Offices of the Land Transportation
Office.
• Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles
1. Private (Not for Hire) – These are motor vehicles for personal use of
the owner
2. Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) – These are registered primarily for the
conveyance of passengers and other commercial goods
3. Government – Owned by government offices and are used for official
purposes only
4. Diplomat – Issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the
Philippines
Plate Numbers
• Upon registration, motor vehicles are assigned with plate
numbers. The letters and numeral prefixes as well as the
assigned colors are based on the date and place of
registration and purpose of the registered motor vehicles
• Regular government plates
• Red characters on a white background (or with the Rizal
monument starting 2003) and starts with the letter "S" so it goes
by the format SLL-DDD (1981 series) or SLL-DDDD (2014 series).
 Protocol/high-ranking government plates
• These plates are green plates
reserved for the top government
officials of the Republic of the
Philippines.
1 – President
2 – Vice President
3 – President of the Senate
4 – Speaker of the House of
Representatives
5 – Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court
6 – Cabinet Secretaries
7 – Senators
8 – Representatives (Congressmen)
9 – Associate Justices of the Supreme Court
10 – Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court
of Appeals.
11 – Chairman, Commission on Elections
12 – Cabinet Undersecretary
13 – Solicitor-General
14 – Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines and Chief of the Philippine National
Police
16 – Regional Trial Court Judges
17 – First Level Courts added by Memorandum Order
No. 297 signed by President Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo on March 2, 2009, assistant city prosecutors,
district prosecutors and chief city prosecutors with
initials of 17*ACP (court branch number)
• Diplomatic/other exempted vehicle plates
• Blue characters on a white background plates reserved for diplomats,
embassy and consulate officials, country ambassadors and some
expatriates such as scientists and researchers at the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI)
• Public utility vehicles
• Yellow plates (black characters on a yellow background)
• Private vehicles
• For private vehicles, the plate contains green-colored symbols on a
white background (or reverse – white symbols on green background
• On newer vehicles, the first letter usually indicates the region where
the vehicle is registered. For example, if the plate begins with the letter
"N", the vehicle is registered in the National Capital Region.
• Trailers
• Yellow, green or white plates that mostly have either "U" (Private) or "Z"
(For Hire) in the middle of the letter block. e.g. CUU-482, NZB-263, BUA-
5301
• Electric vehicles
• For electric vehicles, orange plates are used (white symbols on orange
background).

Motorcycles
• Private Motorcycle
• Green characters (1981 series) or black characters (2014 series) on a
white background with the letters "MC" stamped on the upper left-hand
corner next to the registration sticker.
• Public utility
• Yellow characters on a black background. Same format as
in private motorcycles. This plate is very rarely seen.
• Diplomatic
• Diplomatic motorcycles use the all-number plates (same
for 4 wheels and up) instead of the aforementioned
pattern for private, public utility and government ones,
but with the same physical dimensions and the "MC"
stamp.
Tricycles
• Private
• Green characters on a white background with the letters "MC"
stamped on the upper left-hand corner next to the registration
sticker.
• This is also rare because when a tricycle is purchased, its
immediate use is to be a public transport vehicle and will be
registered with black on yellow plates.
• Public utility
• Black characters on a yellow background with the letters "TC"
stamped on the upper right-hand corner next to the registration
sticker.
Department of Tourism accredited vehicles
• Vehicles accredited by the Department of Tourism (usually
tour buses and airport taxis) are issued plates that look
similar to those of private vehicles, but have yellow
highlights mixed with the green color and share the same
first letter of current public utility vehicle plates.
• These vehicles must also have special stickers placed on the
rear windows indicating that they are DOT-accredited.
• For 2014 to 2016 series, it now uses yellow plate, same as
the PUV and the word TOURIST is indicated (e.g. NCR
TOURIST).
Personalized plates/ Vanity Plates
• A motorist who would like to have personalized plates
can have any letter combination he fancies upon three
conditions:
1. It is unique i.e., the plate does not have a registered
duplicate anywhere else in the Philippines.
2. The plate should not have the same format as
government vehicles.
3. The motorist can afford to pay its PHP 25,000 ($500+)
price tag
Dimensions and medium
• The current series of Philippine registration plates measure 390 x 140 mm.
• Characters are stamped on an aluminum plate which is then applied with
reflectorized paint.
• As of 2008, all plates issued by the LTO are produced by a sole, privately
funded manufacturer in Manila.
• There also was a slogan on the bottom of the license plate usually reflects
the campaign goals of the incumbent President.
• President Fidel V. Ramos' "Philippines 2000" campaign in 1995.
• Until 2003, plates also bore the word "Pilipinas" at the bottom;
• Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo government's slogan "Matatag Na Republika" ("Strong
Republic")
• The introduction of the 2014 design plate replaced the presidential slogan with
region names, and with the introduction of its 2018 revision, the slogan feature has
been removed.
• PILIPINAS (the most common inscription; 1981–1995, 2001–2003; for private
and government vehicles, 2001–2014; for-hire and public utility vehicles)
• PHILIPPINES 2000 (1995–2000)
• ANGAT PINOY 2004 ("Raise Pinoy 2004"; 2000–2001)
• PERLAS NG SILANGAN ("Pearl of the Orient"; 2002–2003; starting 2003, it is
concurrently produced with the PILIPINAS license plates that have a Rizal
Monument in the background that was first introduced in 2002 and
continued to use when the MATATAG NA REPUBLIKA slogan was introduced)
• MATATAG NA REPUBLIKA (2003-April 12, 2014; for private, tourist and
government vehicles; alternating with the PILIPINAS license plates in 2003 for
other Public Utility Vehicles.)
• REGIONAL DESIGNATIONS (April 13, 2014-June 30, 2016; it is concurrently
produced with the regional license plates that have with bar code security
feature that was first introduced in 2014)
Typeface
• The current typeface used for Philippine registration
plates was first implemented in 1981. It is loosely
based on the Australian license plate system.
• There have been slight variations on the font design
until February 2018 when all plates switched to FE-
Schrift, which has been used since at least 2010 for
personalized plates.
1981 Series Geographical designation
• "A" – Region I (Ilocos Region) and CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)
• "B" – Region II (Cagayan Valley Region) 1981-2014
• "C" – Region III (Central Luzon Region 1981-2003, Superseded by "R" in
September 2003 to April 2014
• "D" – Region IV-A (CALABARZON) 1981-2000, Superseded by "V" in May 2000-
April 2014
• "E" – Region V (Bicol Region) 1981-2014, July 2016-onwards
• "F" – Region VI (Western Visayas Region) 1981-2014
• "G" – Region VII (Central Visayas Region), 1981-2004, Superseded by "Y" in August
2004-April 2014,
• "H" – Region VIII (Eastern Visayas Region), 1981-2014
• "J" – Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) and ARMM, 1981-2014
• "K" – Region X (Northern Mindanao), 1981-2014
• "L" – Regions XI (Davao Region) 1981-2014/ Region XI (Davao Region)
• "M" – Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN), 1981-2014
• "N" – National Capital Region, July 1, 1981-September 1982, June 2009-
May 2010 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
• "P" – National Capital Region, September 1982-March 1991, May 2010-
June 2011 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
• "R" – Region III (Central Luzon Region), overflow Series for Private since
September 2003-April 2014
• "S" – Government-owned (Red Plate) Vehicles, 1981-2014, April 2014-
onwards
• "T" – National Capital Region, March 1991-April 1995, June 2011-July
2012 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
• "U" – National Capital Region, February 1995-March 1995, April 1995-
August 1997, July 2012-June 2013 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
• "V" – Regions IV-A (CALABARZON) and IV-B (MIMAROPA), overflow
Series for Private since May 2000-April 2014 / Region IV-B
(MIMAROPA)
• "W" – National Capital Region, August 1997-June 2001, June 2013-
April 12, 2014 (with increments of "I", "O", and "Q")
• "X" – National Capital Region, June 2001-June 2005
• "Y" – Region VII (Central Visayas Region), overflow series for Private
since August 2004-April 2014 / CAR (Cordillera Administrative
Region), July 2016-onwards
• "Z" – National Capital Region, June 2005-June 2009

• Note: I, O and Q are previously not used to avoid confusion with

the numbers “1” and “0”. But with the exhaustion of the “Z” series
in 2009, they are already used.
2014 Series Geographical designation
• April 13, 2014 to June 30, 2016, the plate number letters are all the same
throughout the Philippines in a series and combination, since the region where it
is registered is now displayed in the new license plates at the bottom part.
• "AAA, AAH, AAI, AAJ, AAK, AAL, AAM, AAN, AAO, AAP, AAQ, AAW, AAX, AAY, AAZ,
ABA, ACA, ADA, AEA, AFA, AGA, AHA, AIA, AJA, AKA, ALA, AOA, APA, AQA, ARA,
ASA, ATA, AVA, ABB, ABC, ABD, ABE, ABF, ABG, ABH, ABO, ABP, ABQ, ABR, ABS,
ABT, ABV, ABW, ABX" – National Capital Region
• "AAA-ABV; ABA-ATA, AVA-AXA; AYA, AYB, AYC"– Public Utility Vehicles (All regions
with indicating the type of service, ex. tourist vehicles from 2014 to 2016)
• "AAA-ABZ; ABA-ATA, AVA-AXA except with indicating the type of service, ex.
tourist vehicles from 2014 to 2016)
• "AUA, BUA" – NCR, Region I, Region II, Region III, Region IV-A, Region XI and
Region XII – Public Utility Trailer (2014-2016)
• "AUA, BUA" – NCR, Region II, Region III, Region IV-A, Region VII and Region
XII – Trailer (2014-2016)
• "AAA, AAR, AAS, AAU, ABA, ALA, AVA, ABI, ABV" - Region I (Ilocos Region)
• "AAA, AAU, ABA, ALA, ABI, ABV" – Region II (Cagayan Valley)
• "AAK, AAU, ADA, ABN, ABV" – (Cordillera Administrative Region)
• "AAB, AAQ, AAR, AAT, AAU, AAV, AFA, ALA, AMA, AVA, AWA, ABB, ABI, ABJ,
ABK, ABV, ABW, ABX" - Region III (Central Luzon)
• "AAB, AAC, AAD, AAV, AAW, AEA, AWA, AXA, ABB, ABK, ABL, ABY" – Region
IV-A (CALABARZON)
• "AAD, ABA, AFA, AGA, AMA, AXA, ABL, ABY" – Region V (Bicol Region)
• "AAD, AAR, ABA, AGA, AMA, ANA, AXA, ABM, ABY" – Region VI (Western
Visayas)
• "AAD, AAE, AAF, AAZ, AFA, AXA, ABM, ABN, ABY, ABZ" – Region VII (Central
Visayas)
• "AAF, AAW, ABA, AFA, ABN, ABZ" – Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)
• "AAF, AAR, AAT, AFA, ANA, AXA, ABU, ABY" – Region IX (Zamboanga
Peninsula)
• "AAF, AAR, AAS, AAU, AFA, ANA, ABB, ABC, ACB" – Region X
(Northern Mindanao)
• "AAF, AAG, AAH, ABY" – Region XI (Davao Region)
• "AAH, AAS, AAT, AAU, ABA, AGA, ANA, AOA, ABU, ABV, ABZ, ACB,
ACC" – Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)
• "AAL, AAU, ADA, AFA, ABB, ABZ" – Region XIII (Caraga)
2018 Series Geographical Designation
• Under this new plate series, the first letter of the license plate will
determine where the vehicle is registered.
• This is the same designation that was implemented during the 1981
series.
• Subsequently, all virtual plates that were issued from July 2016 to
December 2017 using the previous design will be updated to the
latest alphabetical designation (e.g. ACD 1234, registered under NCR,
will be updated to NCD 1234, the designation for vehicles registered
in NCR).
• "A" - Is not used in the 2018 series to avoid confusion with vehicles
registered under the 2014 series.
• "A" - "AZA-AZD" - Northern Luzon - Electric Vehicle, July 2016-onwards
• "B" – "BAA-BAF, BCL, BDI" - Region II (Cagayan Valley Region), July 2016-
onwards
• "C" – "CAA-CAS, CAV, CAY, CBB, CCL-CCO, CDI-CDL, CDZ" – Region III (Central
Luzon Region), July 2016-onwards
• "D" – "DAA-DAN, DCP-DCR, DDL-DDM, DDZ, DEB" - Region IV-A
(CALABARZON), July 2016-onwards
• "E" – "EAA-EAE, ECR, EDM" - Region V (Bicol Region), July 2016-onwards
• "E" - "EZA-EZC" - Southern Luzon - Electric Vehicle, July 2016-onwards
• "F" – "FAA-FAH, FCR-FCS, FDM" - Region VI (Western Visayas Region), July
2016-onwards
• "G" – "GAA-GAM, GCS-GCT, GDM-GDN, GEC-GEE" - "Region VII (Central Visayas
Region), July 2016-onwards
• "H" - "HAA-HAD, HCT, HEC" – Region VIII (Eastern Visayas Region), July 2016-
onwards
• "I" - "IAA-IAI, ICL, IDI" - Region I (Ilocos Region), July 2016-onwards
• "I" - "IZA, IZB, IZC, IZD, IZE" - National Capital Region - Electric Vehicle, July 2016-
onwards
• "J" – "JAA-JAG, JBB, JCT-JCU, JDN-JDO" - Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) and
ARMM, July 2016-onwards
• "K" – "KAA-KAG, KCU, KDO" - Region X (Northern Mindanao), July 2016-onwards
• "L" – "LAA-LAG, LCU-LCV, LDP" Regions XI (Davao Region), July 2016-onwards
• "M" - "MAA-MAK, MBA, MCV-MCX, MDP-MDQ" – Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN),
July 2016-onwards
• "N" – NAA-NAZ, NBA-NBZ, NCA-NCZ, NDA-NDZ, NEA-NEP" — National Capital
Region Private Vehicles, July 2016-onwards
• "N" – NVA-NVN" - (National Capital Region) Public Utility Vehicles, July
2016-onwards
• "N" - "NUA-NUE" - National Capital Region - Trailer, July 2016-onwards
• "N" - "NZA-NZC" - National Capital Region - Public Utility Trailer, July
2016-onwards
• "O" - "OZA-OZE" - Visayas - Electric Vehicle, July 2016-onwards
• "U" - "UZA-UZB" - Mindanao - Electric Vehicle, July 2016-onwards
• "V" - "VAA-VAC, VCQ, VDM" – Region IV-B (MIMAROPA), July 2016-
onwards
• "Y" - "YAA-YAE, YCX" - CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region), July 2016-
onwards
• "Z" - "ZAA-ZAC, ZCX, ZDR" - Region XIII (CARAGA), July 2016-onwards)
 PROVISIONS ON DRIVER’S LICENSES
• Driver’s License – a document issued to a qualified driver who possess the
statutory qualification as mandated by law.
• Types of Licenses, Procedures and Requirements
1. International Driver’s License – Bona fide tourists and transients who are duly
licensed to operate motor vehicles in their respective countries may be allowed
to operate motor vehicles during their stay but not beyond 90 days.
2. Military Driver’s License – Enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor
vehicles owned by the government shall be licensed, but no fees shall be
collected thereof.
• All licenses shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT VEHICLES ONLY” plainly
marked or stamped in red inks across the face.
3. Professional Driver’s License – Issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or
operating a motor vehicle whether private use or for hire to the public.
• The word “Professional” on the license is red-highlighted.
• QUALIFICATIONS
• Must be at least eighteen (18) years old;
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle (or work, in the
case of applications for Conductor's License);
• Must be able to read and write Filipino, English or the applicable local dialect;
• For RC 1,2,4 and 6 - must be a holder of valid Student Permit (SP) issued at least
six (6) months prior to the application.
• For RC 3,5,7 and 8 - must be a holder of valid Non-Professional Driver's License
(NPDL) at least one (1) year prior to the application or PDL holder with RC 1,2,4
and 6 for a period of at least six (6) months prior to the application.
• Must not have been cited for two (2) or more counts of reckless driving during
the period of validity of his/her existing license; and
• In addition, for foreigners, the applicant must have been in the Philippines for at
least one (1) month with proof that he/she will stay in the country for at least
one (1) year from date of application and is allowed to work herein.
4. Non-Professional Driver’s License – Issued to owners of
privately-owned motor vehicles or those not for hire or paid
for driving.
• QUALIFICATIONS
• Must be at least eighteen (18) years old
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor
vehicle;
• Must be able to read and write Filipino, English or the
applicable local dialect;
• Must be a holder of a valid SP issued at least thirty (30)
days prior to the application; and
• In addition, for foreigners, the applicant must have been in
the Philippines for at least one (1) month with proof that
he/she will stay in the country for at least one (1) year from
date of application.
5. Student Driver’s Permit – This kind of document is issued to a
person who desires to learn how to drive.
• A student driver cannot operate a vehicle unless accompanied by
an instructor who may either be a licensed professional or non-
professional driver.
• QUALIFICATIONS
• Must be at least seventeen (17) years old.
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle.
• Must be able to read and write in Filipino or English or the
applicable local dialect; and
• In addition, for foreigners, the applicant must be eighteen (18)
years old and must have been in the Philippines for at least one
(1) month and will stay in the country for at least one (1) year
from date of application.
Restriction Codes
1. Motorcycles/Motorized Tricycles
2. Vehicle up to 4500 kg. G V W
3. Vehicle above 4500 kg. G V W
4. Automatic Clutch up to 4500 G V W
5. Automatic Clutch above 4500 kg. G V W
6. Articulated Vehicle 1600 kg. G V W & below
7. Articulated Vehicle 1601 kg. up to 4500 G V W
8. Articulated Vehicle 4501 kg. and above G V W

*Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) is the overall weight of a vehicle as specified by the vehicle
manufacturer which includes vehicle’s engine, chassis, body, fluids, fuel, accessories, driver,
passengers and other loads.
 In accordance with Republic Act No. 4136, otherwise
known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, as
amended, the following rules and regulation providing
for a five-year validity of driver's licenses and
conductor's licenses are hereby promulgated.

Validity of
Licenses
Five-Year Validity
Non-professional driver's licenses, professional
driver's licenses and conductor's licenses shall be valid
and effective for five (5) consecutive years reckoned
from the birthdate of the licensee, unless sooner
revoked or suspended.
 • Application Fee- P100.00
New • Computer Fee- P 67.63
License • License Fee - P 585.00
• Computer Fee- P 67.63
Fees and
Charges
• License Fee - P 585.00
Renewal • Computer Fee- P 67.63
 TRAFFIC PATROL

Traffic Patrol. It refers to the observation of road

conditions, the behavior of the drivers and other users
of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and
law enforcement and providing authorized traffic
connected services to the public.

However, traffic patrol is not all moving from one place

to another place, but it also involves stationary
observation particularly on strategic places where
accidents and traffic violations are very common
occurrence.
A. Types of Traffic Patrol. Traffic patrol may be conducted
on area or line bases which refer to the territory
covered. It includes, for enforcement purposes,
stationary observation to detect driver’s behavior as
well as moving about to detect violators.

1. Line Patrol. This involves observation either in moving

or stationary observation at a certain route or point of
a major street in a city. Usually, this is done by foot
patrol violators.
2. Area Patrol. This involves the conduct of observation
either by moving patrol or observation of a certain
area which included a number of streets, roads or
sections of a highway. Area patrolling is usually the
job of mobile police officers as well as those
motorcycle cops.
B. Types of Stationary Observation. As discussed earlier,
observation of traffic conditions of selected place,
usually one with unfavorable accident experiences for
traffic law supervision. Stationary observation may be
conspicuous, visible, or concealed, depending upon the
location of the patrol unit relation to the street under
observation.
1. Conspicuous Observation. Stationary observation in
which observer remains in full view of traffic
conditions. Here, the traffic patrol officer is situated
in any place where he could be seen by all traffic
users.
2. Visible Observation. Stationary observation in which
the observer is in full view but so located, for
example, at side street, so as to require effort on the
part of traffic users to discover the observer.
3. Concealed Observation. Stationary observation in
which the observer is in full to persons using ordinary
power of observation from the roadway being
observed.
 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

A. What Traffic Accident Investigation Determines? It aims to know the five

(5) “Ws” and one (1) “H” of the incident.
1. WHAT happened?
2. WHO and WHAT was involved?
3. WHERE did it happen?
4. WHY did it happen?
5. WHEN did the accident happen?
1. Accident. It is that occurrence in a sequence of
events which usually produces unintended injury,
death, or property damage.
2. Traffic Accident. An accident involving travel
transportation on a traffic way.
3. Motor Vehicle Accident. Events resulting in
unintended injury or proper damage attributable
directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle
or its loads.
4. Motor Vehicle. Every device which is self-propelled by
electric power obtained from overhead trolley, but not
operated upon rails.
5. Key Event. An event on the road which characterizes
the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic
accident.
6. Debris. The scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust
and other materials left at the scene of the accident caused
by collision.
7. Skid Marks. These are marks left on the roadway by tries
which are not free to rotate, usually because brakes are
applied strong and the wheels locked.
8. Traffic Unit. Any person using a traffic way for travel, parking
or other purposes as pedestrian or driver, including any
vehicle, or animal which he is using.
9. Hazards. A hazard is generated when critical space-motion
relationships between a traffic unit and another objects
develops due to the movement of either or both.
10. safe Speed. The speed adjusted to the potential or possible
hazards or the road and traffic situation ahead. Safe speed on
the road is determined by the road rather than the particular
driver of a vehicle.
11. Strategy. It is the adjusting of speed, position on the
road, and direction of motion, giving signals of intent to
turn or slow down, or any other action in situations
involving potential hazards.
12. Tactic. Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid
hazardous situations like steering, braking, or
accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.
13. Impact. The striking of one body against another or a
collision of a motor vehicle with another motor vehicle.
14. Contact Damage. Damage to a vehicle resulting from
direct pressure of some foreign object in a collision or
roll over. It is usually indicated by striations, rub-off of
material or puncture.
15. Factor. Any circumstances contributing to a result
without which the result, but not by itself sufficient.
16. Primary Cause. A misnomer loosely applied to the
most obvious or easily explained factor in the cause of
an accident or the most easily modified condition
factor.
17. Cause. The combination of simultaneous and
sequential factors without any one of which result
could not have occurred.
18. Attribute. Any inherent characteristics of a road, a
vehicle, or a person that affects the probability of a
traffic accident.
19. Modifier. A circumstances that alters an attribute
permanently or temporarily.
 Kinds of Traffic Accidents

1. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident. Refers to any

accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons
using the traffic way or travel or transportations, but
not involving a motor vehicle in motion.
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident. Any motor vehicle
accident which occurs entirely in any place other than
a traffic way.
3. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident. Any motor vehicle
occurring on traffic way.
 Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident According to Key Event

1. Running off road. This is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling

on the roadside or on a cliff along mountains roads.
2. Non-collision on road. This does not involve any collision an example of
which is overturning.
3. Collision on road. On the other hand, this type of accident includes all
forms of accident as long as there is collision.
Cause of Motor Vehicle traffic Accidents. Traffic
accidents occur due to varying circumstances and only
after thorough investigation, when liability and
responsibility can be ascertained. Notwithstanding that
no driver will ready accept that he initiated the
accident. With these, the traffic investigator is faced
with a gargantuan task of bringing out the truth on who
should be held responsible for the unusual incident. His
primary concern will be determine how and why the
accident happened.
1. Simultaneous Factors
a. Road conditions.
b. Driver’s attitude or behavior.
c. Weather condition.
2. Sequential Factors
a. Speed is greater or less than safe.
b. Defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction).
3. Operational Factors
a. Road hazards.
b. Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules and
regulations.
4. Perception Factors
a. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation.
b. Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.
1. Simultaneous Factors
a. Road conditions.
b. Driver’s attitude or behavior.
c. Weather condition.
2. Sequential Factors
a. Speed is greater or less than safe.
b. Defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction).
3. Operational Factors
a. Road hazards.
b. Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules and
regulations.
4. Perception Factors
a. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation.
b. Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.
Five (5) Levels of Activity in Accident investigation. In the
investigation of traffic accidents, the police are guided
by the following stages or levels of investigation:

1. Reporting. This stage involves basic data collection to

identify and classify a motor vehicle, traffic and
persons, property and planned movements involved.
2. At-Scene Investigation. This level involves delayed
traffic accident determine from whatever information
is available, how the accident happened.
3. Technical Preparation. This involves delayed traffic
accident data collection and organizations for study
and interpretation.
4. Professional Reconstruction. This involves efforts to
determine from whatever information is available, how
accident happened.
5. Cause Analysis. This last level usually involves final
analysis on the causes of accident which are bases for
the prevention of similar accident.
 HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION

Hit-and-run cases Defined. Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied

to a traffic accident in which a driver fails to comply with any of the duties
required by Sec. 55 of RA 4136. Further, it states that no driver of a motor
vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall leave the scene of the
accident without aiding the victim, except under any of the following
circumstances. If the driver is in imminent danger of being seriously
harmed by any person or persons by reason of the accident; if the drivers
reports the accident to the nearest officers of the law; or if the driver has
o summon a physician or nurseto aid the victim.
SKIDMARkS AS A TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Skidmarks. The sudden application of brakes which

results in the locked wheel condition places great
pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum
that the frictional force at this point becomes greater
than the frictional force between the tire and the road
surface. When this condition exists, the wheels skids.

Other Tire Marks. The investigator’s first job is to find out

if the mark on the pavement is a skid mark or another
type of mark. Thus, he must familiarize himself with
the following marks that may be left by a motor vehicle
on a road surface.
1. Centrifugal skid mark. A marking on a roadway left by
a rotating tire and wheel of a speeding vehicle on a
curve when the speed of the vehicle is above the
critical speed of the curve and the centrifugal force
entirely or partially overcomes that friction between
the mass of the vehicle and its tires and the surface of
the roadway.
2. Impending skid marks. Marks caused by the forward
rotation of the wheels being slower than the forward
movement of the vehicle. The shadowy beginning of a
skid mark along the approach path of the vehicle is
impending skid mark (a.k.a as tire shadow marks),
while the darker markings are the skid marks which
begins in the impending skid mark and ends at the
point of collision or final rest.
3. Yawn mark. A scuffmark made while a vehicle is
yawning the mark made on the road by a rotating tire
which is slipping in a direction parallel to the axle of
the wheel.
4. Skip mark. A braking skid mark interrupted at
frequent regular intervals; the skid mark made by a
bouncing wheel on which brakes keep the wheel from
turning. Compare with a gap skid.
5. Side Skid mark (Scuff mark) – It is a roadway marking
left by the tire and wheel of a vehicle sliding
sideways as a result of force other than centrifugal.
6. Gap skid. A braking skid mark which is interrupted by
release and reapplication of brakes or which
terminates by release of brakes before collision.
Other Marks and Impression Left by a Motor Vehicle
either on the Road Surface or on the Other Motor
Vehicle. When a motor vehicle overturned or collided
with another object like another motor vehicle, it
sometimes impresses or leaves marks that may be used
to identify the motor vehicle, if it fled the accident scene.
These impressions or marking are:
1. Ruts. A sunken track worn by a wheel, as in road;
hence, a groove forming a path for anything.
2. Gouge. A groove made by a hard part of a motor
vehicle to another car after sides sweeping each
other or it may be left on a road surface by a motor
vehicle which overturned then slid on the road
surface.
3. Paint Strips. When a vehicle collided with other
object, it sometimes transfers its paint to the other
object.
Skidmarks as Evidence in Accident Cases. Skidmarks
will: aid in determining the speed prior to the accident
or collisions; show if the vehicle was travelling in the
wrong side of the road; indicate if the driver failed to
observe the right of way; and also show if the driver did
not obey a traffic signal.

Skidmarks Do Not Show All of the Speed. Skidmarks

never show all of the speed of a car before the
accident happened. They show only how far the car
would have had to slide to stop in the distance shown
by skidmarks.