LESSON 1
Donkey – The first domesticated in middle east
Transportation
Transportation is the movement of humans,
animals and goods from one location to another. In
other words, the action of transport is defined as a
particular movement of an organism or thing from a
point A (a place in space) to a point B. Modes of
transport include air, land (rail and road), water,
cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided
into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.
Transport enables trade between people, which is
essential for the development of civilizations.
Humans' first means of transport involved walking,
running and swimming. The domestication of
animals introduced a new way to lay the burden of
transport on more powerful creatures, allowing the
hauling of heavier loads, or humans riding animals
for greater speed and duration. Inventions such as
the wheel and the sled helped make animal
transport more efficient through the introduction of
vehicles. Water transport, including rowed and
sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and
was the only efficient way to transport large
quantities or over large distances prior to the
Industrial Revolution.
Various Ancient Modes of Transportation:
Manpower. Early man who had no domesticated
animals, carry his own burdens. More today,
manpower is important transportation in many parts
of the world.
a. Carrying Pole- China and Far East; the carrying
pole is balanced on one shoulder; the ends of the
pole are supported by two men with goods
suspended from pole in between.
b. Back Load and Tumpline- goods are carried on
the back
c. Sledge on rollers- heavy burdens are placed on
sledge which rested on a series of rollers
d. Sledge on runners- simple sledge man-drawn
used at the end of Stone Age in Northern Europe
as evidenced by fragments of wooden runners
which survived.
e. Travois- pole arrangement, serves as a platform
on which burdens are placed.
Animal Power. The domestication of animals
greatly increased the potential power available for
transportation. Packed animals were introduced as
conveyances mainly to save labor.
1. Ox – Cattle which were first domesticated in
Mesopotamia were used as draft animals to draw
war chariots.
2. Reindeer – These were first domesticated in
Siberia in the beginning of the Christian era.
3. Dog – the first animal domesticated, is too slight
to carry heavy loads.
4.
5. Llama – was the only new world animal other
than the dog capable of domestication for used of
transport.
6. Elephant – The Carthaginians used African
elephant in their way against war.
Roads and Vehicles history
Wheel is widely believed to have been invented by
the ancient Mesopotamian people around 4200–
4000 BC. It appears to have also been invented,
independently in China, around 2800 BC.
Surprisingly, the first wheels were not used for
transportation but were actually potter’s wheels,
known as “tournettes” or “slow wheels”. Before the
invention of the wheel, large/heavy objects were
typically dragged on some form of sled.
When was the first wheeled vehicle invented?
Somewhere around 3500–3350 BCE, the first
wheeled vehicles emerged across parts of Europe
and Asia. No one is really sure whether it was a
simultaneous invention or a fast-paced adoption of
the new technology.
Evolution of Motor Vehicles.
Steam and Electricity Power the Earliest
Vehicles (1700s-1890s)
Those first “vehicles” were powered by steam. It
was an energy source that had been used for many
years to power trains. However, it wasn’t until the
1870s that steam power became more practical for
small vehicles. Despite improvements, there were
still a lot of shortcomings. Steam-powered vehicles
took a very long time to start up and the range was
limited.
Mass Produced Gas-Powered Cars Corner the
Market (1890s-1930s)
While some of the very first cars were powered by
steam engines, dating back to the 1700s, it was
Karl Benz in 1885 who invented the first gas-
powered car, which he later received a patent for in
1886. Benz’s first car had three wheels, looked
much like an elongated tricycle and sat two people.
Four-wheeled gas-powered cars were later
introduced in 1891.
The invention of the gas-powered automobile
marked the beginning of the vehicular evolution in
America.
Vehicles Features Take Center Stage (1930s-
Present)
Along with mass production came new features,
some of the first being speedometers, seatbelts,
windshields and rearview mirrors. Believe it or not,
the first turn signals weren’t added to a car until
Buick did it in 1939 – that’s even after the first car
with electric windows and air conditioning! Then
cars started to get fancy, with power steering
(1951), cruise control (1957), three-point seatbelts
(1959) and heated seats (1966).
Modern Vehicle Features
This brings us to modern-day cars with Bluetooth,
hard drives, advanced safety systems, GPS, WiFi
and even the ability to parallel park themselves. It
seems crazy, but it’s true. In this age, cars come
standard with features that were once a luxury (or
didn’t even exist at all). And driverless cars that
once seemed like something out of a science fiction
film are close to being a reality. It’s amazing to think
how far cars have come and where the technology
will go down the road.
Significant Improvement of Road vehicle
Began with the adaptation of Coach spring about
1650.
In the mid-18th century, English roads were so bad
that the coaches could average only about 4mph
(6.4 km/h)and the mail was usually carried by boys
on horses
The invention of bicycle in 19th century served as
the nursery of automobile builders
LESSON 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT- It refers to the skillful use of
means to accomplish a purpose.
OPERATION- Pertains to a course or series of acts
o effect a certain purpose, manner of action; or a
vital or natural process of activity.
ROADWAY- Refers to that part of the traffic way
over which motor vehicle pass.
SHOULDER- It refers to either side of the roadway,
especially along highways.
TRAFFIC- it refers to the movement of persons,
goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn, from one place to another
for the purpose of travel. (from the Italian word
“trafficare”-to carry on trade.)
TRAFFIC WAY- refers to the entire width between
boundary lines of every way or place of which any
part is open to the use of the public for the
purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or
custom.
***WHY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS
NECESSARY?
It is designed to make the traffic way safer for
travelers, expedite the movement of traffic and to
provide convenience to the traffic facilities users.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT is an exclusive function
such as planning, organizing, and directing,
supervising, coordinating, operating, recording and
budgeting traffic affairs.
❖TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES- these
measures are aimed at improving vehicular flow
and increasing the efficiency of existing road space,
thereby avoiding the need for major road
expansion.
o Traffic Control Utilizing Signal Coordination,
pavement markings, delineators, traffic sig ns and
lighting to promote safe and smooth flow of traffic.
o Flow regulations are used to increase the
capacity of roads particularly during the peak
periods without road expansion.
o Minor improvements of the road system by
means of channelization, road widening and
intersection design are carried out whenever traffic
management schemes fail to increase the road
efficiency.
o Conduct continuing researches on the
improvement of transport and traffic system and
facilitate to achieve the required standards of
performance for the entire road network.
o Develop and administer for the entire area of
transport operation in an integrated program that
shall cover the operation, design, coordination and
administration of all public and private transport.
o Undertake a continuing information program of
transport problem and identification of transport
problem and identification of traffic congestion
areas.
o Establish coordinative linkages with other
government agencies and private sector groups
relating to transport, mobility and traffic
management program.
❖ MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION
o Physical Inadequacy-characterized by lack of
roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, lack of
traffic facilities, etc.
o Poor Control Measures- characterized by
ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient
traffic officers and poor implementation of traffic
laws, rules and regulations.
o Human Errors- Most traffic congestions are
caused by slow drivers or poor driving habits,
pedestrian mistakes, officer’s errors, poor planning,
poor legislation.
o Poor Maintenance- characterized by unrepaired
diggings, cracks on the pavements or unfinished
road pavement concreting. This can be attributed to
inappropriate budget for the maintenance of the
traffic facilities.
❖ SCOPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
o All public surface facilities traversing and parking
and all other types of conveyances for the
movement of persons and things.
o All agencies having responsibilities for
ascertaining traffic flow requirements, planning,
approving, funding, construction, and/or
maintaining these public facilities for such
movements.
o All agencies responsible for licensing, approving,
restricting, stopping, prohibiting or controlling the
use of facilities.
❖ AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
o Department of Transportation and
Communication (DOTC)-through Land
Transportation Office is responsible for the
implementation of RA 4136 Land Transportation
Code of Philippines and Land Transportation
Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB).
o City/Municipal Engineers’ Office –planning,
construction and maintenance of traffic facilities
within respective locality.
o Department of Public Works and
Highways(DPWH)- main executive department
which is responsible for the planning, construction
and maintenance of traffic facilities particularly
categorized as national highways and other major
arteries.
o Legislative (Congress/ City or Municipal
Boards)- They are not only responsible for the
passing or amendment of laws concerning traffic
but also they involved in the planning and approval
of government projects.
o Philippine National Police –through Traffic
Management Group (TMG) is responsible primarily
for the direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules and
regulations.
o Academic Institutions
o Courts
o Public Information Offices
o Citizen Support Groups
o Media
o Other Agencies
❖ TRAFFIC RESTRAINTS measures and limits
vehicular traffic by imposing some charges for the
use of the transportation system. The charges
could take the form of payment for the use of the
transportation system and also charges in the form
of penalty. Specific measures include:
o Traffic sell solution involves the division of the
central area into cells or zones with one way street
system and turn regulations to prohibit inter-zonal
or through traffic.
o Road pricing aims to reduce the overall cost of
travel by reducing congestion and favoring the
more efficient public transport modes.
o Pricing charges discourage long-term parking and
provide venues for the construction of additional
parking facilities.
HOW DO WE SOLVE OUR TRAFFIC
PROBLEMS?
❖ TRAFFIC ENGINEERS- help to improve our
street and highway system through:
▪ Use of signs, traffic signals, and control devises
▪ Design and construction of more roads, bridges,
flyovers, tunnels, and update infrastructures to
lessen congestion.
▪ Focus on the comprehensive objectives of
mobility, safety, energy, efficiency, and the
environment through application of scientific
methods based on the principles of system
engineering and planning.
❖ EDUCATORS- schools in many cities and towns
are teaching young new drivers –sometimes older
ones too- to know how to handle a car and to
behave on streets and highways.
❖ LAWMAKERS make the basic rules for using
roads
❖ POLICEMEN are the front liners and
implementers of traffic rules and regulation.
5 Pillars of Traffic
1. Traffic Engineering – the science of Measuring
traffic study of the basic laws relative to the traffic
law and generation; the application of this
knowledge to the professional practice of planning,
deciding and operating traffic system.
2. Traffic Education – refers to any act or process
of imparting or acquiring general Knowledge on
traffic or any matters relating to the use of the
trafficway or roadway.
3. Traffic Enforcement – This field deals mostly on
the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws
and rules and regulation
4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment – this
pillar is very recent which includes the study of
potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to the scale and
density of new urban concentration.
5. Traffic Economy – This is the most recent of the
pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits and
adverse effects of traffic to our economy
Definition of Traffic Enforcement
· It is an action taken by the traffic law
enforcers and the count to compel obedience to
traffic laws and ordinances, regulating the
movement and use of motor vehicle for the purpose
of creating deterrence to unlawful behavior by all
potential violators.
LESSON 3
1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

❖ It is the science of measuring traffic and travel

the study of basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation
TRAFFIC SIGNS- A device mounted on affixed or
portable support whereby official notice is given in
the form of symbol for purpose of regulating traffic,
❖ Deals with the planning and geometrical designs warning and guiding.
of streets, highways, and abutting lands and with
operation thereon.

❖ It is basically concerned with the efficiency of

road design.
FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:
SYMBOL SIGNS-Upon which words are
❖ fact-finding, surveys and recommendations of
completely omitted, they have marked ability to
traffic rules and regulations;
compel attention and to rapidly communicate the
❖ supervisions and maintenance to the application planned message.
of traffic control devices

❖ planning of traffic regulations

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

o Any signs, signal marking placed exerted for the
purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
▪ TRAFFIC SIGN- This is the oldest traffic control
device used to guide the safe and orderly
movement of traffic
• This contains instructions, information about
routes, directions designations and point of interest
must be recognizable as such the means to convey
the intended message consists of either a legend or
symbol or a combination of both.
o Traffic Control Device are installed to control
traffic and contribute indirectly to assurance of
traffic safety. They are means by which the road
user is advised as to detailed requirements or
conditions affecting road use.
o There are few signs which do not conform to
this rule. It is important to note that contrast in color
is necessary in order to achieve these two (2) basic
requirements:
• The sign stands out from its background
• The legend stands out form the sign board.
TRAFFIC SIGNS MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN THE
FOLLOWING GROUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR
USE.
o NUMBERING SYSTEM
-The numbering system for signs is as follows: A
letter prefix, as shown below, denoting class of
sign;

o Traffic Signs should be installed only with the ▪ R - Regulatory signs

approval of a public authority. Authorized ▪ G - Guide signs
Construction Contractors and Public Utility
Companies may install temporary warning signs at ▪ W - Warning signs
work sites to protect workmen, equipment, and the ▪ GE - Freeway and Expressway signs
public provided that such conform to the standard.
▪ S - Special Traffic Instruction Signs
TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
▪ HM - Hazard Markers
o TRAFFIC SIGNALS
• REGULATORY SIGNS (TYPE R)-regulate the
▪ Signal Operated manually, electrically, or movement of traffic and traffic to comply with their
mechanically by which traffic is alternately directions constitute and offense.
commanded to stop and permitted to proceed.
A. PRIORITY SIGNS-these are signs intended to
*RED-stop-no entry into intersection regulate priority over a particular road section
*Yellow/Amber- permit the driver to proceed or roadway.
but requires intersection to be cleared
*Green- Go-Proceed; Green and arrow –
directs movement
B. PROHIBITORY SIGNS OR RESTRICTIVE
SIGNS- shall be used in specified section of the
road which will be easily seen by motorist to
indicate regulation which is prohibitive or
restrictive and nature.
C. MANDATORY SIGNS- These shall be used to
notify the road users of special rules in which
they must comply for the safety, convenience
and smooth flow of traffic.
• SPECIAL MANDATORY SIGNS (TYPE S)
-instruct users to meet certain traffic rule
requirements or road conditions that ordinary guide
or regulatory signs do not achieved the desired
result.
LANE DIRECTION SIGN
MOVEMENT INSTRUCTION SIGN
• WARNING SIGNS (TYPE W)-warn road users
of condition on or adjacent to the road which may
be unexpected or hazards to traffic operation.
Changes in Horizontal Alignment
▪ GUIDE SIGNS OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS
(TYPE G)
-Inform and advise road users of directions,
distances, and destination routes, location of
services for road users and point of interest. They
are subdivided into:
o ADVANCED SIGNS- these inform the motorists
or road users of the names and distances of the
principal destination/s served by intersecting roads.
 DIRECTION SIGNS- these shall be placed at
the right of the intersection to show he direction
and destination of route. Direction signs are
different from special mandatory signs since
this signs give only information as to direction
and destination of a place while special
mandatory signs require compliance.
o PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN-these maybe
use to show frontier between two (2) countries or
for the purpose of showing the beginning and/or
end of built-up area.

 CONFIRMATORY SIGNS- these are used to

confirm direction of the road. They shall bear
the name of one or more places. When
distances are shown, the figures expressing
them shall be placed after the name of locality.
▪ EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE WITH ONE POINT
VERTICALLY DOWN reserved for GIVE WAY
SIGN.

▪ CIRCLE-Regulatory sign

o Other signs providing useful information for

drivers of vehicles.
▪ CIRCLE SYMBOL-may sometimes be mounted
on a regular base either for easy recognition or for
additional information.

▪ EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE with one point

 Other signs indicating facilities which may be
vertically upward-used for warning signs
useful to road users.

▪ RECTANGLE- with long axis horizontal is used

for directional signs, signs for road works and
special purposes and supplementary plates to
STANDARD APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS warning signs; for facility information signs and
o It should fulfill a need. destination of point of interest.

o It should command attention.

o It should clearly relay a simple message.
o It should be so located that a motorist would have
time to respond to its message. THE STANDARD COLOR FOR SIGNS ARE AS
o It should command respect. FOLLOWS:

UNIFORMITY OF DESIGN  RED- background for stop signs and as border

color for give way signs, warning signs and
o Uniformity can simply be defined as treating prohibitive signs in regulatory series.
similar situations in the same way.
o The following are the standard shapes adopted
by the International Standards: ▪
OCTAGON-reserved exclusively for STOP SIGN.
 BLACK- used as background color signs
having a white, yellow, yellow-orange
background, and as background color for
hazard markers.

 YELLOW- is used as background color for
warning signs, advisory speed signs and for
most road work signs whose legends relate to
personnel working.
 GREEN-is used as background color for most
direction signs and legends for parking signs.
 BLUE- for facility information signs and to
indicate point of interest.
WHEN and WHERE THE OBJECTIVES OF
TRAFFIC ARE APPLIED?
▪ Habitually Congested commercial areas
▪ Heavily Traffic thoroughfares
▪ Congested local areas and intersections
▪ During special occasions and events
▪ During disasters and emergencies
▪ At school crossings
METHODS IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES OF
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
o Planning and Geometric Design- factor
employed in planning
▪ Composition of traffic streams
▪ Traffic volumes for capacity
▪ Origin and destination
o Factors Influencing Design
▪ Composition of Traffic
▪ Volume of traffic
▪ Speed of vehicles
▪ The starting, turning and stopping abilities of
traffic units.
▪ Performance values of road users
o Regulation and Control-Traffic Regulation
▪ Based and Confined within the boundaries of
safety, public welfare and convenience.
▪ Limitations imposed on road users and their load
▪ Basic general rule of road use and conduct
▪ Prohibition and Restrictions.
2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION
❖ It is the process of giving training and practice in
the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.
The following are the agencies and offices
responsible for traffic education:
o SCHOOLS (Public and Private)
o Public Information Programs
o Citizen Support Groups
3. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
❖ This field deals mostly on the implementation
and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and
regulations. The following are the various
agencies/offices involved in enforcement of traffic
laws.
o Land Transportation Office (LTO) This office is
responsible for the following:
▪ Vehicle registration
▪ Vehicle Inspections
▪ Driver’s Licensing
▪ Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles
o Legislative Bodies-included are the senate,
congress, provincial boards, and city and municipal
councils. They are responsible for the passing
and /or amending of laws and/or ordinances.
o Police Traffic Enforcement- This pillar is not
limited to PNP-TMG but includes all government
personnel who are duly authorized for the direct
enforcement of traffic rules and regulations such
as:
▪ Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority(MMDA) for NCR
▪ Police Auxiliaries
▪ LTO Flying Squad
4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC
ENVIRONMENT
❖ This pillar is very recent which includes the
study of potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to the scale and
density of new urban concentration and new
activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution
and crowding, especially transport congestion
which result therein.
❖ The following are the environmental effects:
o Noise
o Vibration
o Air Pollution
o Dirt
o Visual Intrusion
o Loss of Privacy
o Changes in amount of light
o Neighborhood Severance
o Relocation
o Distraction during planning and construction
o Accident Experiences
o Pedestrian Journey
o Congestion and Other benefits to vehicles
❖ Laws and Statutes concerning Traffic
Ecology
o PD 1181- Providing for Prevention, control,
abatement of Air Pollution from motor vehicles
o LOI 551- Directing Law Enforcement Agencies
to implement the pollution control programs
o RA 8749- Clean Air Act
5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
❖ This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic
which deals with the benefits and adverse effects of
traffic to our economy. Primarily, Traffic Operation is
designed to expedite the movement of traffic.
However with the prevailing traffic congestion
during rush hours in a given locality, traffic
adversely affects the economic status of the
commuting public.
❖ One aspect affecting our economy is the
unending increase of oil prices in the world market.
Somehow, programs must be instituted in order to
minimize the ill effect of rising prices of basic
commodities.
LESSON 4
Traffic Safety Education –It is the process of
training road users in avoidance and prevention of
traffic-related accidents.
Road Safety- It refers to the reduced risk of
accident or injury on the roads, achieved through
multidisciplinary approaches involving road
engineering and traffic management, education and
training of road users, and vehicle designs.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ACCIDENTS
HUMAN ERRORS:
▪ going too fast or excessive speed
▪ failing to give at junctions
▪ overtaking improperly
▪ following too closely
▪ misperceiving or misjudging the road situation
ahead
▪ lack of skill
ROAD DEFICIENCIES THAT ARE MAIN
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS
▪ Poor design of lay-out and control at junctions
▪ inadequate signing, road marking, lighting,
▪ Slippery roads
▪ Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle,
ongoing road construction, etc.,
MAIN VEHICLE FACTORS
▪ defects and tires, brakes, and lights
▪ absence or non-using of seatbelts
▪ poorly maintained motor vehicles
The three principles that have been emphasized
as effective in the prevention of traffic accidents are
known as the three (3) E’s or pillars of traffic.
Recently however Traffic Environment and Traffic
Economy were added to complete the 5 Pillars of
Traffic.
o ENGINEERING (Traffic Engineering) –
Effective construction and maintenance of traffic
facilities which does not only expedite the
movement of traffic but also prevents the
occurrence of traffic accidents. Successful
treatments have included:
▪ changes in layout at junctions to define priorities
more clearly (use of roundabouts, or traffic circles);
▪ more wide use of road markings to delineate
traffic lanes and waiting areas for turning vehicles
▪ improvements in skidding resistance of wet roads
▪ more uniform street lighting
▪ more highly visible and legible direction,
information and warning signs
o EDUCATION (in traffic safety)- When road
users are informed of the traffic laws, rules and
regulations, accidents are likely prevented. This is
also an integral part of curriculum. Included are:
▪ New approach on training and educating young
drivers;
▪ Training in hazard perception
▪ Changing of attitudes
o ENFORCEMENT (of Traffic Rules)- The following
are highly recommended in areas of traffic
enforcement:
▪ strengthening and simplifying the application of
law
▪ new technology to aid traffic
▪ enhancd publicity
▪ education of teenagers in schools
▪ the development of rehabilitation course like
seminars for apprehended traffic violators
o ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT- People should be
educated regarding the adverse effect of traffic to
our environment that directly or indirectly affects the
population’s health.
o ECONOMY- People should also learn to
develop schemes that do not only lessen expenses
but also accident-free.
LEVELS OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION
o Imparting Knowledge concerning traffic safety
o Training and practice in the actual application of
traffic safety knowledge
o Developing traffic safety morality
TRAFFIC SAFETY FOR CHILDREN- This is
highly unsystematic and is usually carried out in the
home through parental education and in
kindergarten and nurseries. This is now necessary
to make it systematic to lessen the number of
children fatalities and injuries.
Elementary- Pupils are usually educated by
stressing on traffic safety and guides, classroom
discussions of accidents, incidents and other traffic
safety rules.
Secondary- This level initiates driver education
program because students have reached the age to
drive, hence, proper driving should be stressed. It
also includes school safety organizations.
Higher Education- Some universities and colleges
offer and conduct courses to private and public
agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR ADULTS-
This is easier compared to the education designed
for younger children since the adults are in a better
position to understand what is being taught to them.
o It is a general belief that by being a better
driver, it follows that one becomes a better
pedestrian. By knowing the limitations of the driver
and the vehicle as a driving student, one learns to
watch out for dangerous cues such as pedestrians.
o Driver education is carried out in secondary
schools and in private and government sponsored
driving school. The basic purposes of this
education are:
• To develop good traffic citizens who are equipped
to live in motorized society and achieving traffic
safety.
• To develop drivers who are eligible to have their
driver’s license.
DRIVER’S EDUCATION In general, Driver
instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving. Secondary aims are as follows:
o To install awareness of one’s legal and moral
responsibilities in traffic
o To teach the abilities required for one to be
eligible for a driver’s license.
FOUR BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION
METHODS used in Driver Education Programs:
Comprehensive-This method places the student
into real life of driving situations from beginning.
Traditional Instruction- This depends on
instructor-student communication.
Commentary Driving Method- The student-driver
accompanied by an instructor. As the student-driver
drives, the instructor has to give a commentary on
his driving- what he sees, what he does, why he
does, what he proposes to do, etc.,
Simulated Conditions (On and Off Training)- The
premise of simulated conditions training is that the
behavior of the driver-subject placed in condition
will be relatively analogous to normal behavior.
SIMULATOR- is a static machine with all the
important features of a car used in driving method
or driver training. There are two methods of
simulation presently adopted:
Partial Simulation Method- this method has the
specific aim of training for the “subtasks” of the
driving task.
Global Simulation- It may be classified into two (2)
specific groups which are: training, simulated in
traffic conditions and situations.
Simulators are most commonly use for the following
types of training:
 Training in basic car-control skills
 Perceptual Training
 Emergency Training
• Classification of Films as shown by the
simulators:
Analytical Film- Which provides an objective
analysis of the driving situation presented to the
subject.
Didactic Film- aims to show good driving behavior
Simulation Film- offers “visual realism” to driving
situations and therefore aid in actual practice.
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF DRIVING
TASKS- Driver Education includes:
* Collection of Information which includes:
▪ Perceptual Scanning and
▪ Identification
* Process of Information which includes:
Predicting and
▪ Decision-making
* Action which is focused on:
▪ Motor Skills and control of vehicles and
▪ Knowledge and subjective Interpretation.
BIORHYTHM- It is a theory which asserts that man
exhibits a constant variation of the energy and
mood states. Men’s theorized cycles and
interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics of
most natural phenomenon like:
o the dilurnar exchange of light and darkness
o four seasons o wet and dry seasons
o waxing and waning of moon
➢ The observation of the rhythm mentioned and
their possible correlation with the habits of man has
led to a host of different theories that tried to
explain this correlation in terms of physical,
psychological, etc. The following are the most
controversial theory of biorhythm:
o 23 day cycle a.k.a our cycle of strength,
endurance and courage (male component of a
person)
o 28 day emotional cycle (equivalent to female’s
28 day menstrual cycle) is a.k.a our cycle of
sensitivity, love and intuition (female component)
o 33 Day Intellectual cycle
➢ All of these are present at the time we are born.
When the curve is above the center line, the
biorhythm value is said to be “high” or a person has
more energy to spare:
o Physical High
o Emotional High
o Intellectual High
➢ When the curve is below the center line, the
biorhythm is said to be “Low” or in a recharged
period.:
o Physical Low
o Emotional Low
o Intellectual Low
➢ Importance of Biorhythm in the field of study. It
should be borne in mind that biorhythm does not
predict what actually happen. All it does is to give
us a hint on how we tend to feel in a certain day.
o The theory asserts that people are accident
prone if their biorhythm crosses the center line on a
certain day or is totally below the line.
o Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a
certain day, we can psychologically cope up with
▪
any situation.
➢ The idea has been put into use in different
countries in the world, and the result helps reduce
accident rates until it is totally refuted.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN. This is a mass publicity
aimed to make road users behave more safely.
These basically focus on public information
attitudes, and particular or specific behaviors, or
combination of these.
Safety Campaign- is also known as road
propaganda which may be intended simply to
inform or it may be felt that the public is already
aware of the recommended behavior by need to be
persuaded into adopting it.
o SAFETY CAMPAIGN CLASSIFICATIONS:
• According to purpose-maybe categorized as
informational, attitudinal and behavioral
• According to kind of appeal- used to reason by
simply feeding the public with authenticated factual
data
o SAFETY CAMPAIGN DESIGN:
• Initial campaign planning
• Final campaign design
• Campaign evaluation
o PRIVATE and GOVERNMENT ENTITIES FOR
SAFETY CAMPAIGN:
• Newspapers
• Radio Broadcasting Networks
• Television Broadcasting Networks
• Public Information Agencies
LESSON 5
V. IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF R.A 4136-Land
Transportation and Traffic Code
A. Words and Phrases used in RA 4136
(a) "Motor Vehicle" shall mean any vehicle
propelled by any power other than muscular power
using the public highways, but excepting road
rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers,
lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts,
amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public
highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks,
and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all
kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
Trailers having any number of wheels, when
propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment
to a motor vehicle, shall be classified as separate
motor vehicle with no power rating.
(b) "Passenger automobiles" shall mean all
pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those
usually known under the following terms: touring
car, command car, speedster, sports car, roadster,
jeep, cycle, car (except motor wheel and similar
small outfits which are classified with motorcycles),
coupe, landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet,
and sedan.
Motor vehicles with changed or rebuilt bodies, such
as jeepneys, jitneys, or station wagons, using a
chassis of the usual pneumatic-tire passenger
automobile type, shall also be classified as
passenger automobile, if their net allowable
carrying capacity, as determined by the
Commissioner of Land Transportation, does not
exceed nine passengers and if they are not used
primarily for carrying freight or merchandise.
The distinction between "passenger truck" and
"passenger automobile" shall be that of common
usage: Provided, That a motor vehicle registered
for more than nine passengers shall be classified
as "truck": And Provided, further, That a "truck with
seating compartments at the back not used for hire
shall be registered under special "S" classifications.
In case of dispute, the Commissioner of Land
Transportation shall determine the classification to
which any special type of motor vehicle belongs.
(c) "Articulated vehicle" shall mean any
motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and
so attached that part of the trailer rests upon motor
vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the
trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle.
Such a trailer shall be called as "semi-trailer." (d)
"Driver" shall mean every and any licensed
operator of a motor vehicle.
(e) "Professional driver" shall mean every and
any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a
motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to
the public. Any person driving his own motor
vehicle for hire is a professional driver.
(f) "Owner" shall mean the actual legal owner of a
motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly
registered with the Land Transportation
Commission.
The "owner" of a government-owned motor vehicle
is the head of the office or the chief of the Bureau
to which the said motor vehicle belongs.
(g) "Dealer" shall mean every person,
association, partnership, or corporation making,
manufacturing, constructing, assembling,
remodeling, rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles;
and every such entity acting as agent for the sale of
one or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor
vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the
same in stock or selling same or handling with a
view to trading same.
( h ) "Garage" shall mean any building in which two
or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but
shall not include street stands, public service
stations, or other public places designated by
proper authority as parking spaces for motor
vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting
business.
(i) "Gross weight" shall mean the measured
weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum
allowable carrying capacity in merchandise, freight
and/or passenger, as determined by the
Commissioner of Land Transportation.
(j)"Highways" shall mean every public
thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue,
park, alley and callejon, but shall not include
roadway upon grounds owned by private persons,
colleges, universities, or other similar institutions.
(k)"The Commissioner of Land Transportation
or his deputies" shall mean the actual or acting
chief of the Land Transportation Commission or
such representatives, deputies, or assistants as he
may, with the approval of the Secretary of Public
Works and Communications, appoint or designate
in writing for the purpose contemplated by this Act.
(l) "Parking or parked", for the purposes of this
Act, shall mean that a motor vehicle is "parked" or
"parking" if it has been brought to a stop on the
shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains
inactive in that place or close thereto for an
appreciable period of time. A motor vehicle which
properly stops merely to discharge a passenger or
to take in a waiting passenger, or to load or unload
a small quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch
shall not be considered as "parked", if the motor
vehicle again moves away without delay.
(m) "Tourist" shall mean a foreigner who travels
from place to place for pleasure or culture.
B. SELECTED PROVISIONS OF R.A 4136
1. Exceeding Registered Capacity
(Overloading)- Passengers, freight or cargo load
of a motor vehicle should not be more than its
registered carrying capacity. Conductors are held
liable of public utility trucks or buses for
overloading.
All passenger automobiles for hire shall have the
registered passenger capacity plainly and
conspicuously marked on both sides thereof, in
letters and numerals not less than five (5)
centimeters in height. All motor trucks, whether for
passenger or freight, private, or for hire, shall have
the registered passenger gross and net weight
capacities plainly and conspicuously marked on
both sides thereof, in letters and numerals not less
than five(5) centimeters in height.
2. CARGO CARRYING DEVICES- may be allowed
to construct any cargo carrying device at the rear or
at the side of the truck, subject to the approval of
the Commissioner: Provided, however, That the
total weight of the device, including the cargo, shall
not exceed one hundred kilos.
3. Riding on Running Board- It is strictly
prohibited, except for conductors collecting
passenger fare.
4. Riding on top of the Motor Vehicle-
Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of
motor vehicles, but baggage or freight maybe
carried on top of the truck, provided that the weight
thereof is not more than 20 kilos per square meter
distributed in such a way as not to endanger
passengers or the vehicle’s stability.
5. Required Motor Vehicle Accessories
(a) Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle
with metallic tires shall be operated upon any public
highway, and solid tires whenever used shall be of
sufficient thickness to prevent the metal rims
thereof from coming in direct contact with the road.
(b) Brakes - Every motor vehicle with four or more
wheels shall be provided with dual hydraulic brake
system so that in case of hydraulic line failure
affecting the braking efficiency of any of the four
wheels at least either the front or rear wheels shall
retain normal braking capabilities.
(b-1) Horns. - Every motor vehicle shall be
provided with a horn or signalling devise in good
working order: Provided, however, That no horn or
signalling device emitting an exceptionally loud,
startling, or disagreeable sound shall be installed or
used on any motor vehicle.
(c)Headlights. – The vehicle should have 2
headlights, one on each side, which must be
dimmed when meeting another vehicle
(d)Taillights. – Installed at the rear portion of the
vehicle, this should be visible at least 500 meters
away.
(e)Stop lights. – Installed at the rear portion of the
vehicle, this should be visible at least 100 meters
away. Red lights are prohibited at the forward
portion of the vehicle.
(f) Motorcycle and other vehicle lights. - Every
motor vehicle of less than one meter of projected
width shall be subject to the preceding provisions of
this section, except that one headlight and one
taillight shall be required. No signal light shall be
necessary.
(g) Lights when parked or disabled. -
Appropriate parking lights or flares visible one
hundred meters away shall be displayed at a corner
of the vehicle whenever such vehicle is parked on
highways or in places that are not well-lighted or is
placed in such manner as to endanger passing
traffic.
(h ) Windshield wiper. - Every motor vehicle shall
be equipped with a mechanically or electrically
operated device for wiping off raindrops or other
moisture from its front windshield.
(i) Use of red flag. - Whenever the load of any
vehicle extends more than one meter beyond the
bed or body thereof, there shall be displayed at
every projecting end of such load a red flag not less
than thirty centimeters both in length and width,
except that during the hours fixed under subsection
there shall be displayed, in lieu of the required red
flags, red lights visible at least fifty meters away.
(j)Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle propelled by an
internal combustion engine shall be equipped with
a muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes
through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly
populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be
cut out or disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be
operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or
make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor,
smoke or noise.
6. HITCHING ON TO A VEHICLE.
The following practices are prohibited:
a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear
end of any vehicle.
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether foot
or otherwise.
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on or to ride
outside of or at the rear end of the vehicle.
7. OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC. No person shall
drive his motor vehicle in such a manner as to
obstruct or impede the passage of any vehicle, nor,
while discharging or taking on passengers or
loading or unloading freight, obstruct the free
passage of other vehicles on the highway.
8. DRIVING while under influence of liquor or other
prohibited drugs.
9. DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT-
In the event that any accident should occur as a
result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a
highway, the driver shall observe the following:
a. STOP immediately
b. SHOW his driver’s license to inspecting traffic
law enforcer.
c. GIVE his true name and address, including the
owner of the vehicle.
d. ASSIST injured person.
e. TAKE MEASURES to protect belongings of
passengers.
f. REPORT the accident.
10. WHEN COULD THE DRIVER LEAVE
THE AREA OF ACCIDENT WITHOUT BEING
LIABLE FOR HIT-and-RUN?
1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously
harmed by any person or persons by reason of the
accident;
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of
the law; He surrenders to proper authority or
3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid
the victim.
LESSON 6
VI. REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
NOTE: Vehicles may be registered one month in
CONCEPT: RA 4136 mandates that all motor advance of weekly deadline. For motorcycles, use
vehicles shall be registered by its owner before the 3rd digit.
designated District Offices of the Land
EXAMPLE: TNG 984
Transportation Office.
The above motor vehicle shall be registered in April
A. CLASSIFICATION OF REGISTERED MOTOR
every year because the last digit is “4” and the day
VEHICLES
of registration falls in April 15-21 since the middle
1. PRIVATE (not for hire)- These are motor digit is “8”.
vehicles used for the personal use of their owners.
D. LETTER PREFIXES ON PLATE NUMBERS
2. PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLE (P.U.V aka for
1. Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle;
hire)- These are registered primarily for the
conveyance of passengers and other commercial 2. Year of initial registration and the possible year
goods. model of the registered motor vehicle could be
determined from the order of the letter prefixes, i.e.,
3. GOVERNMENT- These are motor vehicles
the higher the letters the later the year of
owned by government offices and are used for
registration and year model of the motor vehicle.
official purposes only.
EXAMPLE:
4. DIPLOMAT- These are issued to foreign
diplomats and consuls assigned in the Philippines. VEHICLE 1-PLT 255
B. PLATE NUMBERS VEHICLE 2- TNU 636
1. Green with white background- Issued to Between the above motor vehicles, Vehicle 1 was
private or not for hire motor vehicles (MVs). registered earlier than Vehicle 2, and possibly,
Vehicle 2’s model is later than Vehicle 1.
2. Black with yellow background- Issued to
PUJs. E. PLACE PREFIXES
3. Red (Maroon) with white background- Issued
to government owned MVs.
4. Blue with white background- Assigned for
foreign diplomats, consuls, and other foreign
dignitaries.
5. Commemorative plate - Issued for specific
purposes such as fund-raising for government
projects and programs.
C. SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION- Registration
of motor vehicles should be done annually which
follows the numerical suffixes of their plate
numbers.
 F. VANITY LICENSE PLATE- This is an optional
MV plates having preferred inscriptions for purpose
of establishing personalize identity of MV to
registered owner. This is issued in conjunction with
regular plate placing it on top of regular license
plate.
-issued to MV owner with effectivity period for life
unless revoked.
CATEGORIES OF VANITY PLATES:
LIMITED EDITION- consists of four (4) characters
or maximum of six (6) characters either all
NOTE: I and O are not in use to avoid confusion numeric/alphabets.
with the numbers 1 and 0, uses only for private ▪ Ex: AAAAAA, ACACAC, ACCA, 1111, 2222
motorcycles.
▪ P50K thru public auction
Q is a special letter and is not in use on regular
plate circulation or used only for motorcycle- PREMIUM EDITION- 6 characters, combination
tricycle for hire. numeric or alphabets (reverse of current license
plate number)
S is reserved for government-owned vehicles.
▪ Ex: 682XED
E. SPECIAL PLATE NUMBERS FOR
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ▪ P15K thru public auction

Executive Order No. 400, signed by Pres. SELECT EDITION- minimum of 3/ maximum of 6
Arroyo on January 18, 2005
▪ Ex: GANDA, JUST4U, LUV8
The following Officials shall be entitled to the use of
▪ P10K thru public auction
low-numbered/ protocol license plates:
SPECIAL PLATE- 3 alphabet character and
number ranging from 1-100 ▪
▪ Ex: AVE 15