TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING

DEFINITION OF TERMS 1783 - First practical steam boat

demonstrated by Marquis Claude Francois
Traffic – is a movement of vehicles along a
de Jouffroy d'Abbans - a paddle wheel
route where passengers and cargoes are
steamboat.
carried by transportation. Traffic may
consist of pedestrians, ridden or herded 1783 - The Montgolfier brothers invent the
animals, vehicles, street cars and other first hot air balloons.
conveyances either singly or together
1787 - Steamboat invented.
while using the public way for purposes of
travel. 1769 - First self-propelled road vehicle
invented by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.
Traffic Management – it comprises all
public surfaces, facilities and agencies 1790 - Modern bicycles invented.
having responsibility for licensing,
1801 - Richard Trevithick invented the first
approving, maintaining and controlling the
steam powered locomotive (designed for
flow of traffic and the use of traffic
roads).
facilities.
1807 - Isaac de Rivas makes a hydrogen gas
Traffic laws - laws which govern traffic and
powered vehicle - first with internal
regulate vehicles.
combustion power - however, it is an
Traffic signs/road signs - are signs erected unsuccessful design.
at the side of the roads to provide
1807 - First steamboat with regular
HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION passenger service – inventor Robert
Fulton's Clermont.
3500 BC - Fixed wheels on carts are
invented- the first wheeled vehicles in 1814 - George Stephenson invents the first
history. Other early wheeled vehicles practical steam powered railroad
include the chariot. Also, River boats are locomotive.
invented - ships with oars
1862 - Jean Lenoir makes a gasoline engine
2000 BC - Horses are domesticated and automobile.
used for transportation.
1867 -First motorcycle invented.
1492 - Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously
1868 - George Westinghouse invents the
theorize about flying machines - with over
compressed air locomotive brake - enabled
100 drawings that illustrated his theories
trains to be stopped with fail-safe
on flight.
accuracy.
1620 - Cornelis Drebbel invented the first
1871 - First cable car invented.
submarine - a human oared submersible.
1885 - Karl Benz builds the world's first
1662 - Blaise Pascal invents the first public
practical automobile to be powered by an
bus - horse-drawn, regular route, schedule,
internal combustion engine.
and fare system.
1899 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin invents the
1740 -Jacques de Vaucanson demonstrates
first successful dirigible - the Zeppelin.
his clockwork powered carriage.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING
1903 - The Wright Brothers invent and fly
the first engine airplane.
1907 - Very first helicopter - unsuccessful
design.
1908 - Henry Ford improves the assembly
line for automobile manufacturing.
1908 - Hydrofoil boats co-invented by
Alexander Graham Bell and Casey Baldwin
- boats that skimmed water.
1926 - First liquid propelled rocket
launched.
1940 - Modern helicopters invented.
1947 - First supersonic jet flight.
1956 - Hovercraft invented.
1964 - Bullet train transportation invented.
1969 - First manned mission (Apollo) to the
Moon.
1970 - First jumbo jet.
1981 - Space shuttle launched.
SIGNIFICANT NAMES
Ferdinand Verbiest - a member of a Jesuit
mission in China, built the first steam-
powered vehicle around 1672 which was of
small scale and designed as a toy for the
Chinese Emperor, that was unable to carry
a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly,
was the first working steam-powered
vehicle.
Benz Patent-Motorwagen - (motorcar)
built in 1886, is widely regarded as the first
automobile. It is a vehicle designed to be
propelled by an internal combustion
engine.
Ferdinand Verbiest - a member of a Jesuit
mission in China, built the first steam-
powered vehicle around 1672 which was of
small scale and designed as a toy for the
Chinese Emperor, that was unable to carry
a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly,
was the first working steam-powered
vehicle.
Francois Isaac de Rivaz - A French and
Swiss national who invented a hydrogen
powered internal combustion engine with
electric ignition and described it in a French
patent published in 1807. In 1808 he fitted
it into a primitive working vehicle the
world's first internal combustion powered
automobile.
Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle - FCHV was
developed by Toyota in 2005. The vehicle
is powered by the chemical reaction
between hydrogen and oxygen to power
the motor driving the vehicle.
Geneva Convention on Road Traffic -
September 19, 1949. Promotes the
development and safety of international
road traffic by establishing certain uniform
rules.
Gottlieb Daimler - He invented the high-
speed petrol engine. He is also thought to
have invented the first real motorcycle in
1885.
Gustave Trouve - In November 1881,
Trouvé demonstrated a working three-
wheeled electric automobile at the
International Exhibition of Electricity in
Paris.
Ivan Kulibin - a Russian mechanic and
inventor, he developed in 1971 a human-
pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with
modern features such as a flywheel, brake,
gear box, and bearings.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING

Karl Friedrich Benz - was a German engine HISTORY OF TRAFFIC

designer and car engineer, generally
The word traffic originates from a Greco-
regarded as the inventor of the first
Roman word “TRAFICO” with reference to
automobile powered by an internal
the movement of people that dates back
combustion engine, and together with
from the dawns of history, from the
Bertha Benz, pioneering founder of the
domesticated horse drawn wheels to
automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.
horseless carriage.
Lester Wire - a policeman in Salt Lake City,
The Greek originally called the system
Utah. He developed the first electric traffic
“TRAFIGA” after the early horse-drawn
light in 1912 which used red-green.
chariots with spoke wheels. The wheeled
Macadam - is a type of road construction chariots are considered one of man’s
pioneered by Scottish engineer John greatest inventions of the time and
Loudon McAdam around 1820. The become a vital alley to the armies of
method simplified what had been summer in defense against the invaders of
considered state of the art at that point. the old Mesopotamia.
Single-sized aggregate layers of small
If savant of Rome is to be believed, there is
stones, with a coating of binder as a
no dispute that the word trafico is a Greco-
cementing agent, are mixed in an open-
Roman word, but the word traffic was
structured roadway.
crafted from the famous “Trafalgar
Motor Car Act 1903 - introduced Square” the hub-center of commerce and
registration of motor cars and licensing of culture in the heart of London.
drivers in the United Kingdom and
But in Latin, the word traffic is
increased the speed limit.
denominated as “COMMERCIUM” with
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot - was a French reference to the movement and control of
inventor. He is known to have built the first goods in transit, from unwheeled axle to
working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, horseless carriage.
the world's first automobile.
5 E’S TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Nikolaus August Otto - the German
The cornerstone of SRTS is the
inventor of the first internal-combustion
acknowledgement that safer walking and
engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a
biking routes can best be accomplished
piston chamber.
through a combination of infrastructure
COUNTRY and non-infrastructure projects and
programs. These are known collectively as
Paris - in 1964, first time that police
the "5 Es": Education, Encouragement,
women were used for traffic control
Engineering, Enforcement, and Evaluation.
duties.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING

Education: Teach students and community Enforcement

members about walking and biking safely.
o Enforcement campaign
Education can happen through in-school
curriculum, bike/ped safety assemblies, Encouragement
newsletter blurbs, tips sheets, and send-
o Walk and Roll to School Event
home flyers.
o Walking School Bus
Encouragement: Get students and parents o Bike Train
excited about walking and biking by o Walking and Biking Contest
hosting special events, walking school
Evaluation
buses and bike trains, holding schoolwide
competitions, or celebrating walking and o Student travel tallies
biking with student art or other projects. o Parent survey
Enforcement: Reduce negative behaviors Engineering
such as speeding, double parking, or
o Walk Audit
disobeying traffic signals by working with
o Travel Plan
local law enforcement. Officers can attend
walking events to monitor speeding KINDS OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCERS
activity or to build relationships with ACTION
school children and neighbors.
1. Arrest
Evaluation: Check to see if your strategies 2. Traffic Citation
are working! Schools and local 3. Traffic Warning
governments can record walking and
biking rates, parent concerns, and traffic
Traffic arrest – is an enforcement action
data to evaluate the success of a SRTS
which consists of taking a person into
program. Evaluation activities can help set
custody for the purpose of holding or
goals and establish baseline data for
detaining him to answer a charge of law
planning projects.
violation before a court. Arrest is made
Engineering: Improve the physical walking when the:
and biking environment. Schools can work
1. Offense committed is serious
with local government agencies to
2. Detention is necessary to avoid
determine if infrastructure improvements
continued violation
are needed to encourage students to walk
3. There is reasonable doubt that the
or bike to school safely.
violator will appear in court.
SRTS Activities by E's
Below are programs and activities your Traffic citation – a means of having
school can conduct using each of the 5 E's violators appear in court without physical
arrest. Kinds of which are Traffic Citation
Education
Ticket and Temporary Operators Permit
o Bicycle/Pedestrian safety curriculum (TCT/TOP);
o SRTS Presentation
o Bicycle Rodeo
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING
Traffic warning – an enforcement action
which does not contemplate possible
assessment of penalty by the court or
otherwise as a result of warning alone. It is
of three types: visual, verbal, and written.
Traffic supervision – is defined as keeping
informed on streets, highways within
existing regulations to make their use safe
and expeditions.
Traffic control – the control of vehicles or
pedestrians at a certain point or area by
mechanical means, fixed objects, or
manpower.
5 ESSENTIAL STEPS OF TRAFFIC
ENFORCEMENT
1. Detection (of violation) – wholly a traffic
law enforcer’s responsibility and entails in
looking for the defects in the behavior of
motorist, pedestrians, vehicles,
equipment, and roadway condition.
However, requires knowledge of law on
the part of the traffic law enforcers.
2. Apprehension – wholly a traffic law
enforcers responsibility where the traffic
law enforcers are required to take action
at once to prevent continued and future
violations.
3. Prosecution – while this is a court
function the traffic law enforcers also
provides corresponding influence through
preparation and introduction of evidence
or by close contact with the prosecuting
officer.
4. Adjudication – while this is obviously a
court function, the traffic law enforcers
provides influence on this step by acting as
witness to the prosecution or supplying
additional evidences, this step determines
the guilt or innocence of the respondents.
5. Penalization – the court imposes the
penalty upon the respondents. The penalty
is greatly influenced by previous records of
conviction as provided by the traffic law
enforcers
MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC JAMS
1. Multiple Head-on Collisions – Statistics
tell us that the impact of any head-on
collision on the highway is beyond
comprehension for flesh and debris
littered on the roadways. An even
experienced investigator is sometimes
shocked at the gory sight of the tragedy
and may cause his investigation in snail
pace. This undue delay is an invitation to
traffic jams.
2. Flooded Area – The cause may be
attributed to clog drainage network or
engineering failure to consider the
interplay of ecology in road constructions.
3. Bridged Collapsed – Rampaging flood
due to heavy downpour may cause soil
erosion of the river bank and in the process
weak bridge foundation, collapsed.
4. Landslide – Denudation of the forests,
causes to loosen the earth surface and as a
consequence of torrential rains may cause
the earth and boulders to fall or landslide.
5. Overturned Forty-Footer Van – When
detach may go wayward or uncontrollable
and rest across the street, constricting of
fully block the road to traffic. Its removal
can only be affected by a ten-toner towing
machine.
6. Logs Rolled from the Trailer Trucks – A
freak accident but may precipitate at traffic
jam if strewn across the road for its
removal cannot be made manually but only
either to heavy crane or bulldozer.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING
7. Oil Leaks- From tanker that covers three
to five kilometer oil leaks on cemented
pavement could create pandemonium
traffic accidents that would give rise to
suits and counter-suits.
INSTANT SOLUTIONS TO TRAFFIC JAMS
1. One Way Traffic - An important tool to
decongest the traffic standstill until such
time that the density of the vehicle is
reduced to accommodate the regular flow.
2. Counter-Flow Traffic - A temporary
scheme when the volume of one lane
direction is so saturated that the
movement of the vehicles is practically nil,
while the flow of the opposite’s direction is
light in scale, the only solution under the
circumstances if to counter-flow.
3. Re-Routing of Traffic – When the density
of vehicles in opposite directions has
reached such proportion tantamount to a
complete halt of movement, the only
alternatives is to adapt the re-routing of
traffic to secondary streets.
4. Diverting of Traffic – When the
magnitude of traffic conflicts was on vast
scales: flooded area, landslide, bridge
collapsed and other contingencies, the
only feasible solution is diversion of traffic.
The difference between re-routing and
diverting of traffic, the latter is large in
scope, long and tedious in perspective.
5. To Open Private Roads for Temporary
Access – Most often than not, residents of
exclusive subdivisions vigorously opposed
the use of their roads under the many real
or imaginary pretext. But the objection can
be assailed under the police power of the
state.
6. Stop-and-Go Signal – One of the secrets
to unlock the monstrous traffic gridlock is
for one lane to move. Unless this can be
affected the problem would be aggravated
by the passage of time. The scheme should
only be implemented when other
alternative is seemingly un-adaptable.
7. X-Option - When the situation is so
grave that solutions are nowhere in sight,
traffic enforcers should adapt the multi-
options as the viable approach to solve the
traffic orgy.
PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING – science of
measuring traffic and travel, study of the
basic laws relative to the traffic flow and
generation, and application of this
knowledge to the professional practice of
planning, and the operating traffic systems
to achieve safe and efficient movement of
persons and goods.
TRAFFIC EDUCATION – is the process of
giving training and travel and practice in
the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge.
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT – deals mostly on
the implementation and enforcement of
traffic laws and rules and regulations. The
action taken by the police, such as
arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket, and
giving warning to the erring drivers for the
purpose of deterring and discouraging
and/or to preventing such violation.
TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT - is the
study of dealing with potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban
environment due to the scale and density
of a new urban concentration and new
activities carried out, air pollution, water
pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result therein.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING

and then moved over the land on sleds

running in rollers.
TRAFFIC ECONOMY - is the study how
people choose to use scarce or limited Gangs of slaves dragged the blocks of stone
productive resources to produce by means of large ropes, while other slaves
commodities and distribute them for their at the rear of the sled pick-up the rollers
consumption. over which the sled has passed and hurried
around to place them at the front. To raise
CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGENSTION
the blocks of tone to their position in the
a. Physical inadequacy – lack of roads, pyramids, the Egyptians build damps.
bridges, traffic facilities, rail road, etc.
a. Carrying pole – China, other parts of
b. Poor control measure – ineffective
the Far East, and Island of Pacific
mechanical control devices, inefficient
b. Back load and tumpline –
traffic enforcers, poor implementation
Subtemala (pots on the forehead),
of traffic laws, rules and regulations
Andes (load at the back by strap
c. human errors – slow drivers or poor
passing over chest)
driving habits, pedestrian mistakes,
c. Sledge on rollers/runners – Old
officers’ error etc.
Stone Age in Northern Europe
d. Poor maintenance – unrepaired
d. Travois – the pole arrangement
digging, unfinifished road pavement
called serves as platforms on which
because of inappropriate budget
the burdens are placed.
VARIOUS ANCIENTS MODES OF
B. ANIMAL:
TRANSPORTATION
But while human muscles power was still in
A. MANPOWER:
widespread use for transport in ancient
Stone Age man’s transportation of Egypt, animal muscle power was being
firewood and of animals killed in the hunt widely exploited in the other river valley
probably led to the invention of the sled, civilizations.
from the sled early man may have got the
The ox (Africa), the ass, and the camel were
idea for skis-pieces of smooth board
controlled somewhere in the Middle East
resembling sled runners but worn on the
by 3000 B.C. In the arctic snows the
feet of the hunter and later of snow-shoes.
reindeer (Siberia), which can carry a load of
The first water craft and the canoe about 130lbs. (60kgs.) without much
probably evolved from the floating log. The effort, is still widely used.
greatest advance in land transportation
In the higher altitudes of the Himalayas the
the sled was the wheel, probably first
yak(Tibet), a species of ox, is used as a pack
invented in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley
animal. In India the beast of burden is often
some time before 3500 B.C.
the elephants (Burma/Thailand).
The ancient Egyptians took little time or on
In Peru, the llama is domesticated and
part in this invention. The great blocks of
used as a pack animal. The horse was
stone that went to make the pyramids
controlled somewhere in its native
were floated in barges down the Nile River
habitant on the steppes of Central Asia.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING
Until the invention of the horse collar,
about 900 A.D. horse was raised like oxen.
A yoke passed over the wishers, and a strap
tightened on the horse’s chest when it
pulled, half strangling the animal.
The Roman knows little of anatomy, did
not realized that what was good harness
for the ox was a very poor harness for the
horses. Where the horse was used for
transportation during the Middle Ages, it
was mainly a pack animal, carrying loads of
about 150lbs. (70kgs.) in two panniers at its
side.
Another invention that played a great part
in the history of transportation was the
horseshoe. In its wild state the horses can
gallop for long distance on the soft grass of
the Asiatic steppes. But if it is driven on a
hard, metal road its soft hoofs soon
became broken and it goes lame. An iron
horseshoe, mailed around the edges of the
hard hoofs, stops the hoop from breaking
away. It appears that the iron horseshoe
was invented in Gaul about the time of
Julius Caesar, and taken to Britain soon
afterward.
C. WIND POWER:
Primitive man may have be hoisted crude
sails of skin on his crafts or canoes, for
there is clear evidence of the migration of
people over wide stretches of ocean long
before 3000 B.C. The ship of Egypt,
Phoenicia, and Greece was driven partly by
a large square sail amidships and partly by
cars.
In other part of the world the original
dugout canoe developed in different kinds
of water craft. In the North Sea a ship that
was sharp at both ends like a canoe,
developed whereas in Mediterranean type
remained in use in some regions a
completely different type of ocean-going
water craft, the outrigger canoe,
developed. In Chinese water at junk
appeared.
Mediterranean were all caravel built, that
is, the planks were placed side-by-side like
the boards on the floor, and the cracks
between the boards and water tight with
tar.
A great aid to sea transportation reached
Europe about 1200 in the form of the ships,
compass, a device first known among
Chinese sailors and then transmitted by
the Arabs. An important improvement in
ship building took place about 1450 with
the development of the three mast ships.
Thereafter the story of sea transportation
is largely the story of the conquest of the
whole globe by the three masts ship.
a. Ancient Chinese kite – Korea
b. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter – study the
flight of the birds
c. Montgolfier balloon – Montgolfier
brothers of France (Joseph Michel
and Jacques Entienne)
d. Siemens’ rocket plane – Ernst Werner
Von Siemens
e. Lilienthal glider – Otto Lilienthal
(German) flight of the birds, 1891 he
made the first of a number of glider
flights
f. Santos Dumont’s Airship – Alberto
Santos Dumont (Brazilian),
experiment the steam powered
balloon – he made his first balloon
ascent in 1897, 1898 completed the
construction of his first airship, 1901
made a 30mins. Round trip between
St. Louis and the Eiffel Tower.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING
g. Wright brothers’ flying machine –
Orville and Wilbur they built biplane
kite then over 200 different wing
types, first man-carrying powered
machine successfully at Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina on Dec. 17, 1903. 1909
beginning commercial manufacture
of the machine.
h. Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis – first
airmail was delivered in 1911, first
solo flight from New York to Paris
made by Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in
May 1927 in a plane especially built
for the flight, the Spirit of St. Louis
D. ROAD AND VEHICLE:
Wheel was invented probably in Western
Asia – such invention was a milestone and
a great step forward in transportation.
Crude carts and wagons began to appear
in TIGRIS-EUPHRATES VALLEY about 3500
BC and later in CRETE, EGYPT and CHINA.
EARLIEST TYPES OF WHEELED CARTS
a. Solid wheels on fixed axle – solid
wheels, which is made of a single
piece of wood rotated on single
axle
b. Sumerian chariot with flank
wheels – solid wheels built up of
three pieces
c. Greek quadria with spoked
wheels – drawn by four horses,
had spoked wheels and axles of
irons or bronze,
d. Roman carpentum – closed two
wheeled cart (used by Roman
womaen journeyed outside the
city
e. Italian cocchio – 1288 traveling
wagon in which the passengers
were protected by a covering of
leather or cloth fixed over a
wooden framework
The Romans brought road building to its
highest point of perfection in ancient
times. The Romans road network reached
a total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 kms.)
with “Feeder” roads branching out from
the main highways. The roads were costly
because Roman road engineers assumed
that deep foundations, formed by layer
after a heavy stones, were necessary to
make the roads that would carry heavy
traffic for many years.
This theory was not completely abandoned
until JOHN L. MCADAM perfected the
macadamized road in England about 1815.
Realizing that a dry native soil would
support any weight. McAdam made the
surface of his road completely meter tight
and curbed so that rain would not run off
them as off a roof. He did this by rounding
and rolling a layer of small stones into a
hard surface. His road remained the best
that could be devised until the rubber tires
of automobiles began to tear them to
pieces about the end of the last century.
BICYCLE – served as the nursery of
automobile builders (early 19th century)
HOBBY HORSE or DAN HORSE – modern
ancestors of the modern bicycle. The
wheels were made of wood, with tires of
iron, and the riders pushed themselves
along with their feet on the ground.
KARL VON DRAIS – 1817 introduced a
steerable wheel creating the “draisienne”
or “dandy horse”
KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN – 1838 (Scott)
made the first machine with pedals, which
were attached to and drove the rear wheel
JOHN BOYD DUNLOP – 1888 (Scott) made
the pneumatic tires (inflated by air)
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING

ETIENNE LENOIR – introduction of

motorized carriages – INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE about 1860’s – 70’s
NICOLAUS OTTO and GOTTLIEB DAIMLER
– pioneered the manufacture of gas
engines
RUDOLF DIESEL – (German) developed an
internal combustion engine which uses
liquid fuel known as “DIESEL FUEL”
HENRY FORD – 1908 introduced the
“MODEL T” which proved so popular in
1914
Presently, introduction of LRT and MRT,
flyovers, rock shed, and other modern
traffic ways