HISTORICAL

BACKGROUND OF
LAND
TRANSPORTATION
WIND POWER
 Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air
and learned to utilized such powers to lift rather than to
drag.

1. Ancient Chinese Kite- kites have been flown as a

popular past time in the Far East since the beginning of
the history. Based on a Korean tradition, the kite was
first used for transport when a Korean General employed
one in bridge building. By means of a kite, a cord was
conveyed across the river where heaver ropes were
fastened and finally the bridge cable. In the 10th century,
several European armies experimented with kites in
transporting men.
2. DA VINCI’S ORNITHOPTER
 the great renaissance artist, scientist and engineer, Leonardo da
Vinci, made study of the flight of the birds and his notebooks
sketched a number of ornithopter (a.k.a orthopter) which derives its
principal support and propelling from flapping wings like those of a
bird. It was not until the 19th century that rigid wings were envisaged.

 3. Montgolfier Balloon- the Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph

Michel and Jacques Entienne have successfully released several
balloons when the proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the
first ascent with passengers, Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian
protested this and claimed the honor for himself. In 1783, he and
Marquis d’ Arlanoes became the first men to make a free balloon
ascent. The balloon constructed of linen and inflated with hot air
traveled 9,000 yards and remained in the air for 20 minutes.
4. SIEMENS’ ROCKET PLANE
 Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later achieved fame as an
electric industrialist, in 1847 designed rocket plane which
was to be propelled by the explosive force of gunpowder.
Similarly, Siemens’ rocket plane was never carried beyond
the design stage.

 5. Lilienthal Glider- Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor

who also made a study of the flight of birds and
experimented with ornithopters, going so far as to build a
model ornithopter. His chief works was with gliders.
However, in 1891, he made the first of a number of a
glider flights which where to exert a profound influence on
the development of aviation.
6. SANTOS DUMONT’S AIRSHIP
 One of the pioneers of lighter-than-air craft was Alberto
Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who experimented with the
steam-power balloons in Paris. He made his first balloon
ascent in 1897 and in 1898 completed the construction of
his first airship. He, then built several other airships and
in 1901, made a 30-minutes round trip flight between
Sto. Louis and the Eiffel Tower.
7. WRIGHT BROTHERS’ FLYING
MACHINE
 Inspired by the Lilienthal’s glider experiments, Orville
and Wilbur Wright began studying the problems of
heavier-than-air-flight. They build biplane kite then over
200 different wing types which the tested in a wind
tunnel of their own invention, before they conducted
their “first man-carrying powered machine. This flew
successfully at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December
17, 1903. By 1909, airplanes became sufficiently
accepted to justify beginning commercial manufacture of
the machine.
8. LINDBERGH’S SPIRIT OF STO. LOUIS
 following the initial flight of Wright brothers’ airplane,
the development of aviation was rapid. The first airmail
was delivered in 1911 and World War 1 gave an impetus
to plane design and the training of pilots. During 1920’s,
many new record were set. A feat which was particularly
captured popular imagination was the first solo flight
from New York to Paris, made by Capt. Charles A.
Lindbergh in May 1927 in a plane especially built for the
flight, the spirit of St. Louis.
EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
 Motorized Transportation – is one of the greatest
inventions that appeared for the last three hundred years.
The inventions in transportation came along with the
numerous inventions during the period of “Industrial
Revolution”.

A. Steam Engine- was perfected in the 1760’s by James

Watt. The invention provided power for many industries
and factories in England. (Grolier)
B. By the end of 18th century, French, Scottish, and American inventors attempted to
apply the steam engine in water navigation. (Grolier)

1. Frenchman Jacques Perier- built an steamboat in 1775.

2. Robert Fulton- launched the steamboat Clermont on the Hudson River in 1807.
3. The Steamer Savannah crossed the Atlantic in 1819 and by the 19th century, steam
navigation replaced the sailing vessels.

C. Railroads- Horse-drawn wagons with the wooden wheels and rails has been used
in English and European mines during the 17th century. (Grolier)

1. Richard Trevithick and some other inventors adaptive the primitive steam
Locomotives to the mine railway between 1797 and 1813.

2. George Stephenson- built and equipped the 32-km Stockton and Darlington
railway, the first public railway in the world powered by steam locomotive which
eventually began railroad building in England.
3. United States- although railroad began in England, it was in the US where
tremendous growth in rail transport system occurred that by 1840 more than
4,800 km (3,000mi) railroads where already operating in the eastern states.

D. Significant Improvement of Road Vehicle

- began with the adaptation of Coach Spring about 1650.

E. In the mid-18th century, English Roads

-were so bad that the coaches could average only about 4 mph
(6.4 km/h) and the mail was usually carried by boys on horses.

F. John Palmer
-introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1785 and by 1800,
the English coach system was in full swing.

G. The Invention of Bicycle

-in the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders,
One of the modern ancestors of the modern bicycle was the Hobby Horse,
or dan horse. The wheels were made of wood, with tires of iron, and the
riders pushed themselves along with their feet on the ground.
1. The German Baron Karl Von Drais in 1817 introduced a steerable wheel,
creating the “draisienne”, or “dandy horse.”

2. In 1838, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish Blacksmith, made the first machine with
pedals, which were attached to and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.
H. MOTOR VEHICLE

•FERDINAND VERBIEST
-a jesuit missionary in China,
built the first steam-powered
vehicle around 1672 as a toy for
the Chinese Emperor.

•NICOLAS JOSEPH CUGNOT

-demonstrated his fardier a vapeur
(“steam dray”), an experimental
steam driven artillery tractor. 
•WILLIAM MURDOCH
-steam carriage in Redruth

•RICHARD TREVITHICK
-ran a full sized vehicle on the
road in camborne
•OLIVER EVANS
-first automobile patent in U.S

•FRANCOIS ISAA RIVAZ

-a swiss engineer who built an engine power by hydrogen and
oxygen mixture

•JOSEPH BOZEK
-oil-fire steam car

•SAMUEL BROWN
-tested his hydrogen fuelled combustion engine
•WALTER HANCOCK
-Steam buses in London

•CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH SCHONTEIN

-discover “diesel”

•CHARLES GOODYEAR and ROBERT WILLIAM

THOMPSON
-vulcanized rubber for tires

•JEAN JOSEPH ETIENNE LENOIR/JEAN J LENOIR

-Internal Combustion Engine in Belgium
•GASTON PLANTE and ANYOS JEDIK
-electric motor

•LENOIR’S HIPPOMOBILE
-hydrogen-gas-fuelled one-cylindered internal combustion engine
in Paris

•Henry Seth Taylor

- “steam buggy”
•Siegfried Marcus
-first vehicle propelled by means of
gasoline known as “the First
Marcus car”

•Dr. J.W. Carthart

-first steam powered carriage-sized
automobiles in the United States
•Amedee Bollee
-the first “real” automobile

•Charles and Frank Duryea

-founder of the Duryea Motor
Wagon Company which is the first
American automobile
manufacturing company
•Henry Ford
-Model “T”

•Philip Strauss
-first successfully automobile
tire with an air-filled inner-
tube (INTERIOR)
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
 TRAFFIC- movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either
powered by combustion system or animal drawn, from
 one place to another for the purpose of travel.

 TRAFFIC WAY/HIGHWAY- the entire width between boundary

lines of every way or place of which any part
 is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a
matter of right or custom

 ROADWAY- part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle pass.

 SHOULDER- either side of the roadway, especially along

highways.
SIDEWALK- refers to the paved way along the
side of the street.

MANAGMENT- refers to the skillful use of

means to accomplish a purpose.

OPERATION- pertains to a course or series of

acts to effect a certain purpose manner of action
or a vital or natural
process of activity.
ROADWAY CLASSIFIED AS:
 National
Roads- roads/streets interconnecting
Provinces or Cities.

 Provincial Roads- roads/streets interconnecting

Municipalities and/or Cities
 within a Province

 City
Roads- roads/streets interconnecting
Barangays with a City
•Municipal Roads- roads/streets interconnecting
Barangays with a
Municipality

•Barangay Roads- roads/streets located within a

barangay
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTION ACCORDING
TO NUMBER OF INTERSECTION ROADS;
 Intersection- refers to area embraced within the
prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines, or, if
none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadway of
two highways which join one another at, or
approximately at, right angles, or the area within which
vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any
other may come in conflict. Synonymous to crossroads,
junctions or crossings
3-way intersection- T or Y crossroads
4-way intersection-  most common type of intersection
5-way intersection- least common intersection
6-way intersection- two perpendicular roads and one
diagonal. Rare type
Staggered Intersection- two successive T roads
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTION ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC CONTROL;

 Controlled Intersection- controlled by traffic devices

 Yield-controlled Intersection- controlled by yield sign or
give way sign
 Stop Controlled Intersection- Most common on two way
stops
 Traffic Circle- directed by circle, rotary island, or a
runabout rule. 
 Uncontrolled Intersection- No traffic signals or traffic signs.

 Box Junction- this type prohibits entry unless the exit is clear

 Clover leaf- a highway interchange at which two highways

one crossing over the other, have a series of entrance and exit
ramps.
THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
-It is the science of measuring traffic and travel the
study of basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation
 Deals with the planning and geometrical designs of

streets, highways, and a butting lands and with

operation there on.
 It is basically concerned with the efficiency of road

design.

  
FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:

Fact finding, surveys and

recommendations of traffic rules and
regulations;
Supervisions and maintenance to the

application of traffic control devices

Planning of traffic regulations
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

 Any signs, signal marking placed exerted for the

purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.

 TRAFFIC SIGN- this is the oldest traffic control device

used to guide the safe and orderly movement of traffic.
 -This contains instructions, information about
routes, directions designations and point of
interest must be recognizable as such the means
to convey the intended message consists of either
a legend or symbol or a combination of both.
 
 Traffic Control Device are installed to control traffic and
contribute indirectly to assurance of traffic safety. They
are means by which the road user is advised as to
detailed requirements or conditions affecting road use.
 Traffic Signs should be installed only with the approval
of a public authority. Authorized Construction
Contractors and Public Utility Companies may install
temporary warning signs at work sites to protect
workmen, equipment, and the public provided that such
conform to the standard.
TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

 TRAFFIC SIGNALS
 Signal Operated manually, electrically, or
mechanically by which traffic is alternately
commanded to stop and permitted to proceed.

 TRAFFIC SIGNS- a device mounted on at fixed or

portable support where by official notice is given in the
form of symbol for purpose of regulating traffic, warning
and guiding.
Traffic signals
RED-stop-no entry into intersection

Yellow/Amber-permit the driver to proceed but

requires intersection to be cleared
Green- Go-proceed; green and arrow directs
Movement.

Traffic signs
SYMBOL SIGNS- upon which words are completely
omitted, they have marked ability to compel attention
and to rapidly communicate the planned message.
There are few signs which do not conform to this rule. It
is important to note that contrast in color is necessary in
order to achieve these two(2) basic requirements:
• The sign stands out from its background
• The legend stands out from the signboard.
Symbol signs
TRAFFIC SIGNS MAYBE CLASSIFIED IN THE
FOLLOWING GROUP ACCORDING TO THEIR USE;
 NUMBERING SYSTEM- the numbering system for
signs is as follows: A letter prefix, as shown below,
denoting class of sign;
R-Regulatory signs
G-Guide signs

W-Warning signs

GE-Free way and Express way signs

S-Special Traffic Instruction Signs

HM-Hazard Markers
 oREGULATORY SIGNS(TYPER)-regulate the movement
of traffic and traffic to comply with their directions constitute
and offense.
A. PRIORITY SIGNS-these are signs intended to
regulate priority over a particular road section or
roadway.

B. PROHIBITORY SIGNS OR RESTRICTIVE

SIGNS- shall be used in specified section of the
road which will be easily seen by motorist to
indicate regulation which is prohibitive or restrictive
and nature.
C. MANDATORY SIGNS- These shall be used to notify the
road users of special rules in which they must comply for the
safety, convenience and smooth flow of traffic.
 SPECIAL MANDATORY SIGNS(TYPES)-
-instruct users to meet certain traffic rule
requirements or road conditions that ordinary
guide or regulatory signs do not achieved the
desired result.

LANE DIRECTION SIGN MOVEMENT INSTRUCTION SIGN

WARNING SIGNS (TYPE W)- warn road users of condition on or
adjacent to the road which may be unexpected or hazards to traffic
operation.

Intersections
Advance Warning of Control
Device

Converging traffic
Lane

Narrow Roads
GUIDE SIGNS OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS(TYPEG)
-Inform and advise road users of directions, distances, and destination routes,
location of services for road users and point of interest. They are subdivided
into:

ADVANCEDSIGNS-these inform the motorists or road users of the names and

distances of the principal destinations served by intersecting roads.

DIRECTION SIGNS-these shall be placed at the right of the intersection to

show he direction and destination of route. Direction signs are different from
special mandatory signs since this signs give only information as to direction
and destination of a place while special mandatory signs require compliance.
PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN-these maybe use to
show frontier between two(2) countries or for the purpose
of showing the beginning and or end of built-up area.
CONFIRMATORY SIGNS- these are used to confirm
direction of the
road.Theyshallbearthenameofoneormoreplaces.Whendistancesa
reshown,thefigures expressingthemshallbeplacedafterthe
nameoflocality.
•Other signs providing useful •Other signs indicating
information for drivers of vehicles. facilities which maybe useful
to road users.
STANDARD APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS;
•It should fulfill a need.
•It should command attention.
•It should clearly relay a simple message.
•It should be so located that a motorist would have time to
respond to its message.
•It should command respect.

UNIFORMITY OF DESIGN
Uniformity can simply be defined as treating similar situations in the
same way.
The following are the standard shapes adopted by the
International Standards:

OCTAGON-reserved exclusively for STOPSIGN

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE WITH ONE POINT

VERTICALLY DOWN- reserved for GIVE WAY SIGN.
CIRCLE-Regulatory sign

CIRCLE SYMBOL-may sometimes be mounted on a regular

base either for easy recognition or for additional information.
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE with one point vertically
upward- used for warning signs

RECTANGLE-with long axis horizontal is used for directional

signs, signs for road works and special purposes and
supplementary plates to warning signs; for facility information
signs and destination of point of interest.
THE STANDARD COLOR FOR SIGNS AREAS FOLLOWS:

RED-background for stop signs and as border color for give

way signs, warning signs and prohibitive signs in regulatory
series.

BLACK- used as background color signs having a white, yellow,

yellow-orange background, and as background color for hazard
markers.
 
•YELLOW-is used as background color for warning signs,
advisory speed signs and for most road work signs whose
legends relate to personnel working.

•GREEN-is used as background color for most direction signs and

legends for parking signs.
BLUE-for facility information signs and to indicate point of
interest.

WHEN and WHERE THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC AREA

PPLIED?
• Habitually Congested commercial areas
• Heavily Traffic thorough fares
• Congested local areas and intersections
• During special occasions and events
• During disasters and emergencies
• At school crossings
METHODS IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING;
•Planning and Geometric Design-factor employed inplanning
oComposition of traffic streams
oTraffic volumes for capacity
oOrigin and destination

•Factors Influencing Design

oComposition of Traffic
oVolume of traffic
oSpeed of vehicles
oThe starting, turning and stopping abilities of traffic units.
oPerformance values of road users
•Regulation and Control-Traffic Regulation
oBased and Confined within the boundaries of safety,
public welfare and convenience.
oLimitations imposed on road users and their load
oBasic general rule of road use and conduct
oProhibition and Restrictions.
2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION- It is the process of giving
training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge. The following are the agencies and offices
responsible for traffic education:
SCHOOLS(Public and Private)
Public Information Programs
Citizen Support Groups

3. TRAFFICENFORCEMENT- this field deals mostly on the

implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and
regulations. The following are the various agencies/offices
involved in enforcement of traffic laws:
Land Transportation Office (LTO)- this office is
responsible for the following:
• Vehicle registration
• Vehicle Inspections
• Driver’s Licensing
• Public to police on stole nor wanted vehicles
Legislative Bodies-included are the senate,
congress, provincial boards, and city and municipal
councils. They are responsible for the passing and
or amending of laws and ordinances.

 Police Traffic Enforcement- This pillar is not limited

to PNP-TMG but includes all government personnel
who are duly authorized for the direct enforcement
of traffic rules and regulations such as:
oMetropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA) for NCR
oPolice Auxiliaries
oLTO Flying Squad
4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
This pillar is very recent which includes the study of
potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in
urban environment due to the scale and density of new
urban concentration and new activities carried out, air
pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which result therein.
The following are the environmental effects:
• Noise
• Vibration
• Air Pollution
• Dirt
• Visual Intrusion
• Loss of Privacy
• Changes in amount of light
 •Neighborhood Severance
•Relocation
•Distraction during planning and construction
•Accident Experiences
•Pedestrian Journey
•Congestion and Other benefits to vehicles
Laws and Statutes concerning Traffic Ecology
•PD1181-Providing for Prevention,control,abatement
of Air Pollution from motor vehicles
•LOI551- Directing Law Enforcement Agencies to
implement the pollution control programs
•RA8749-Clean Air Act
5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
•This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which
deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to
our economy. Primarily, Traffic Operation is designed
to expedite the movement of traffic. However with the
prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in a
given locality, traffic adversely affects the economic
status of the commuting public.
•One aspect affecting our economy is the unending
increase of oil prices in the world market. Somehow,
programs must be instituted in order to minimize the ill
effect of rising prices of basic commodities.
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

 Concept:
 Traffic Safety Education–It is the process of training
road users in avoidance and prevention of traffic-related
accidents.
 Road Safety- It refers to the reduced risk of accident or
injury on the roads, achieved through multi disciplinary
approaches involving road engineering and traffic
management, education and training of road users, and
vehicle designs.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO
ACCIDENTS

 HUMAN ERRORS:
 Going too fast or excessive speed
 Failing to give at junctions
 Over taking improperly
 Following too closely
 Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead
 Lack of skill
ROAD DEFICIENCIES THAT ARE MAIN
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS
 Poor design of lay-out and control at junctions
 In adequate signing, road marking, lighting,
 Slippery roads
 Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle,
ongoing road construction, etc.,
MAIN VEHICLE FACTORS

 Defectsand tires, brakes, and lights

 Absence or non-using of seatbelts
 Poorly maintained motor vehicles.

The three principles that have been emphasized as

effective in the prevention of traffic accidents are
known as the three (3) E’s or pillars of traffic.
Recently however Traffic Environment and Traffic
Economy were added to complete the 5 Pillars of
Traffic.
ENGINEERING (TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING)
-Effective construction and maintenance of traffic facilities
which does not only expedite the movement of traffic but
also prevents the occurrence of traffic accidents.
Successful treatments have included:
 Changes in layout at junctions to define priorities
more clearly(use of round abouts, or traffic circles);
 More wide use of road markings to delineate traffic
lanes and waiting areas for turning vehicles
 Improvements in skidding resistance of wet roads
 More uniform street lighting
 More highly visible and legible direction, Information
and warning signs
EDUCATION (IN TRAFFIC SAFETY)
- When road users are informed of the traffic laws, rules
and regulations, accidents are likely prevented. This is
also an integral part of curriculum. Included are:
 New approach on training and educating young
drivers;
 Training in hazard perception
 Changing of attitudes
ENFORCEMENT (OF TRAFFIC RULES)
- The following are highly recommended in areas of traffic
enforcement:
 Strengthening and simplifying the application of law
 New technology to aid traffic
 Enhanced publicity
 Education of teenagers in schools
 The development of rehabilitation course like
seminars for apprehended traffic violators
ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT
 -People should be educated regarding the adverse effect
of traffic to our environment that directly or indirectly
affects the population’s health.
ECONOMY
 -People should also learn to develop schemes that do not
only less en expenses but also accident-free.
LEVELS OF TRAFFIC SAFETY
EDUCATION

 Imparting Knowledge concerning traffic safety

 Training and practice in the actual application of traffic
safety knowledge
 Developing traffic safety morality
TRAFFIC SAFETY FOR CHILDREN
 -This is highly unsystematic and is usually
carried out in the home through parental
education and in kindergarten and nurseries.
This is now necessary to make it systematic to
lessen the number of children fatalities and
injuries.
•Elementary- Pupils are usually educated by
stressing on traffic safety and guides, classroom
discussions of accidents, incidents and other
traffic safety rules.

•Secondary- This level initiates driver education

program because students have reached the age
to drive, hence, proper driving should be stressed.
It also includes school safety organizations.

•Higher Education- Some universities and

colleges offer and conduct courses to private and
public agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR
ADULTS
 - This is easier compared to the education designed for younger
children since the adults are in a better position to understand
what is being taught to them.
 It is a general belief that by being a better driver, it follows that
one becomes a better pedestrian. By knowing the limitations of
the driver and the vehicle as a driving student, one learns to
watch out for dangerous cues such as pedestrians.
Driver education is carried out in secondary schools and in private
and government sponsored driving school. The basic purposes of
this education are:
 To develop good traffic citizens who are equipped to live in
motorized society and achieving traffic safety.
 To develop drivers who are eligible to have their driver’s license.
DRIVER’S EDUCATION
 In general, Driver instruction aims primarily to teach the
rudiments of driving. Secondary aims are as follows:
 To install awareness of one’s legal and moral
responsibilities in traffic
 To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a
driver’s license.
FOUR BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS
USED IN DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAMS
 Comprehensive-This method places the student into real
life of driving situations from beginning.
 Traditional Instruction-This depends on instructor-
student communication.
 Commentary Driving Method- The student-driver
accompanied by an instructor. As the student-driver drives,
the instructor has to give a commentary on his driving-
what he sees, what he does, why he does, what he proposes
to do, etc.,
 Simulated Conditions(On and Off Training)-The
premise of simulated conditions training is that the
behavior of the driver-subject placed in condition will be
relatively analogous to normal behavior.
 oSIMULATOR-is a static machine with all the important
features of a caroused in driving method or driver training.
There are two methods of simulation presently adopted:
 Partial Simulation Method-this method has thes pecific
aim of training for the “subtasks” of the driving task
Global Simulation- It may be classified into two (2)
specific groups which are: training, simulated in traffic
conditions and
situations.Simulatorsaremostcommonlyuseforthefollowin
gtypesoftraining:
Training in basic car-control skills
Perceptual Training
Emergency Training
Classification of Films as shown by the simulators:
Analytical Film-Which provides an objective
analysis of the driving situation presented to the
subject.
Didactic Film-aims to show good driving behavior
Simulation Film-offers “visual realism” to driving
situations and there fore aid in actual practice.
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF DRIVING
TASKS-DRIVER EDUCATION INCLUDES:

 Collection of Information which includes:

 Perceptual Scanning and
 Identification
 Process of Information which includes:

 Predicting and Decision-making

 Action which is focused on:

 Motor Skills and control of vehicles and

 Knowledge and subjective Interpretation.
BIORHYTHM
-It is a theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant
variation of the
energyandmoodstates.Men’stheorizedcyclesandinterpreta
tionsrhythmispeculiarcharacteristicsofmostnatural
phenomenonlike:
 The diurnal exchange of light and darkness

 Four seasons

 Wet and dry seasons

 Waxing and waning of moon

The observation of the rhythm mentioned and their
possible correlation with the habits of man has led to a
host of different theories that tried to explain this
correlation in terms of physical, psychological, etc. The
following are the most controversial theory of biorhythm:
23day cycle a.k.a our cycle of strength, endurance
and courage (male component of a person)
28day emotional cycle (equivalent to female’s 28day
menstrual cycle)is a.k.a
Our cycle of sensitivity, love and intuition (female
component)
33Day Intellectual cycle
•All of these are present at the time we are born.
When the curve is above the centerline,
The biorhythm value is said to be “high” or a person
has more energy to spare:
Physical High
Emotional High
Intellectual High
•When the curve is below the centerline, the
biorhythm is said to be “Low” orina
Recharged period.:
Physical Low
Emotional Low
Intellectual Low
IMPORTANCE OF BIORHYTHM IN THE
FIELD OF STUDY
 It should be borne in mind that biorhythm does not
predict what actually happen. All it does is to give us a
hint on how we tend to feel in a certain day.
 The theory asserts that people are accident prone if
their biorhythm crosses the center line on a certain
day or is totally below the line.
 Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain
day, we can psychologically cope up with any
situation.
 The idea has been put into use in different countries in
the world, and the result helps reduce accident rates until
it is totally refuted.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN
 This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users
behave more safely. These basically focus on public
information attitudes, and particular or specific
behaviors, or combination of these.
 Safety Campaign-is also known as road propaganda
which may be intended simply to inform or it may be
felt that the public is already aware of the recommended
behavior by need to be persuaded into adopting it.
 
SAFETY CAMPAIGN CLASSIFICATIONS:

 According to purpose-may be categorized

as informational, attitudinal and
behavioral
 According to kind of appeal- used to
reason by simply feeding the public with
authenticated factual data
SAFETY CAMPAIGN DESIGN:

Initialcampaign planning
Final campaign design
Campaign evaluation
PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENTEN TITIES
FOR SAFETY CAMPAIGN:

 Newspapers
 Radio Broadcasting Networks
 Television Broadcasting Networks
 Public Information Agencies

Prelim Coverage
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