Subject Title: CDI 4: Traffic Management and Accident

Investigation with Driving

Compiled by: Jufel D. Fernandez, MS Crim.

Module 1: Historical Background of Land Transportation

History

TRANSPORTATION - Is the movement or conveying of persons and

goods from one location to another.

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

WALKING - Man use the power of his own feet in travelling while a
load is either carried or dragged.

The English word “PEDESTRIAN” was coined from a Latin word

“pedester” which means to travel by foot.

MAN POWER

CARRYING POLE - Balanced on one shoulder is a popular carrying

device.

The ends of the pole are supported by two men, with goods
suspended from the pole in between.

BACK LOAD & TUMPLINE - Goods are carried on the back.

Pots are carried on a wooden framework supported by a tumpline

across the forehead.

SLEDGE ON ROLLERS - Moving of heavy burdens was to place them on

sledge which rested on a series of rollers.

ON SLEDGE RUNNERS - A simple sledge, probably man drawn, was use

at the end of the old stage age in northern Europe, as evidenced
by fragments of wooden runners which survived.

TRAVOIS - First use in 1847

Origin: American French “travail”

A simple vehicle used by plains Indian consisting of two trailing
poles serving as shafts and bearing a platform or net for the
load.

ANIMAL POWER

OXEN - Cattle- Are used as draft animals to draw war chariots.

First domesticated in Mesopotamia, In some parts of Africa, they

are used as pack animals for riding.

REINDEER - First domesticated in Siberia in the beginning of

Christian era,

They draw sledges somewhat like the dog sledges of the far north.

DOG - The dog, the first animal domesticated, they can carry a
light things or loads at their back.

Also dog used to draw small carts.

DONKEY - Other name of donkey is ASS

First domesticated in the Middle East (usually dessert)

Donkey caravans carry goods between the cities of Southeast Asia

and Egypt and the donkey is still the chief burden among the
farmers of the near east.

LLAMA - During the Pre Columbian in America, the llama was the
only new world animal other than dog capable of domestication for
use in transport.

Also used as a pack animal by the Incas and their Spanish

conquerors.

ELEPHANT - They use in war against Rome, Also used in Ceremonial

processions and big game hunting.

In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are widely used in the
lumber industry.

HORSE - In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and

for riding for some time until the introduction of mechanized
vehicles.
2000 B.C horse drawn chariots appeared in southwest Asia,the
Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility and power to
the German tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central Asian
conqueror Genghis Khan.

CAMEL

Two humped Bactrian – has plodded along the caravan routes

between China and Iran for at least 2000 yrs.

Also used to draw carts

And one humped dromedary of Arabia-which has less endurance but

it is fleeter and special fast-paced riding camel, is bred by the
Arab nomads.

YAK - A long haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes

on the Tibetan plateau and in the neighboring mountain regions is
ridden and used as a pack animal at height were horses and
ordinary animal could not survive.

WIND POWER

CHINESE KITE - Based on Korean traditions, the kite was first

used for transport when a Korean general employed one in bridge
building.

DA VINCI’S ORNITHOPHER - A.K.A-orthopter which derives its

principal support and propelling from flapping wings like those
of a bird.

MONTGOLFIER BALLOON - The Montgolfier brothers of France JOSEPH

MICHEL and JACQUES ENTIENNE have successfully released several
balloons when they proposed to use two condemned prisoners for
the first ascent with passengers.

SIEMENS ROCKET PLANE - In 1847 ERNST WERNER VON SIEMENS designed

rocket plane which was to be propelled by the explosive force of
gunpowder. Also, an Electric Industrialist.

GLIDER - OTTO LILIENTHAL- a German inventor who also made a study

of the flight of birds and experimented with ORNITHOPHERS.

In 1891 he made the first of a glider flights which were to exert

influence on the development of aviation.
DUMONT’S AIRSHIP - ALBERTO SANTOS DUMONT’S pioneered this steam
powered balloons in Paris.

Also made the first balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898 completed
the construction of his first airship.

POWER-FLYING MACHINE - The WRIGHTS Brothers (ORVILLE and WILBUR

WRIGHT) began studying the problems of heavier than air flight.

They build BIPLANE KITE then over 200 different wing types which
they tested in a wind tunnel of their invention.

By 1909- airplane sufficiently accepted to justify beginning

commercial manufacture of the machine.

ST. LOUIS - In 1911 the first airmail was delivered using this
Spirit of St. Louis airship.

He also follows the initial flight of the Wrights brother

airplane.

Lesson II: Roads and Vehicle History

ROAD AND VEHICLE

• Solid wheels on fixed axle – this ancient cart represent an

early step in the evolution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid
wheels, which were made of a single piece of wood, rotated
on single axle.
• Sumerian Chariot with flank wheels – this chariot had solid
wheels built up of three pieces, and so was more durable
than the one-piece wheel (2400B.C.).
• Greek Quadrica with spoked wheels – drawn by four horses,
was a light and elegant vehicle for gentlemen about 250BC.
• Roman Carpentum – a closed, two wheeled cart, was the
favored vehicle when roman women journeyed outside the city.
• Italian Cocchio – a travelling wagon in which the passengers
were protected by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over
a wooden framework.
• THE ROMANS – were the major road builders in the ancient
world.
• JOHN L MACADAM perfected the macadamized road in England
about 1815.
• SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE – began with the
adaptation of COACH SPRING about 1650.
• JOHN PALMER – introduced his first fast mail coach in March
of 1785 and by 1800, the English coach system was in full
swing.
• THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE – in the early 19th century served
as a nursery of automobile builders. One of the modern
ancestors of the modern bicycle was the HOBBY HORSE OR DAN
HORSE.
• PNEUMATIC TIRES (inflated by air) by a scot, john BOYD
DUNLOP appear in late 19th century (about 1888)
• MOTOR VEHICLE – the first mode of transportation to
challenge the railroads.
• ETIENNE Lenoir – invented the internal combustion engine
• NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTTLIEB DAIMLER – pioneered the
manufacture of gas engines, and later Daimler became a
successful automobile manufacturer.
• RUDOLF DIESEL – introduces the diesel fuel.
• HENRY FORD – introduced the model T, which was proved so
popular that by 1914, Ford adopted Mass production methods
to meet the demand.
• FELIX WANKEL – a German mathematician, developed an advance-
type of engine, named after him, that operates very
differently from gas and diesel engines. It is started by a
moving crankshaft.