Traffic Management and Accident

Investigation

SPO3 ALON A. ASI PNP-HPG

 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND
TRANSPORTATION
OVERVIEW
This module presents the historical development of land transportation used by man.
It is imperative for future traffic officers and traffic managers to familiarize themselves to the
various inventions and innovations related to land transportation to enable them to under-
stand the present day traffic problems. For better understanding, it is divided into:
Lesson 1. Manpower, Animal Power and Wind Power
Lesson 2. Roads and Vehicles History

Lesson 1. Manpower, Animal Power and Wind Power

Concept:
Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location
to another.
Man’s need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human beings. Biblical passages
Alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the forbidden tree, they were sent out by god
Paradise of Eden.
“Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from
Whence he was taken”.
Since then, the human race expanded and our ancestors constantly move from one place
to another to enable them to survive and others for various reasons. Other biblical passages
mentioned that Moses was chosen by God to speak to the Pharaoh, king of Egypt to let his
children out of Egypt. So the children of Israel were gloriously brought out from Egypt to serve
God. Soon, others became nomadic. They constantly migrate from one place to another
according to their own detailed knowledge of exploitable resources.
The term nomad, from the Greek, “to pasture” was originally used to refer to pastoralist-
Groups that migrate in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their domestics livestock.
However, the term has since been generalized to include all non-settled populations, of which
There are three types.
The first type comprises foraging populations who wander in search of their food.
It is estimated that 99 percent of all humanity once lived in this way.
The second type, the most significant numerically and historically, comprises the pastoral
nomads who move with their families, belongings, and herds of cattle, camel. Sheep or goats
through an annual cycle of pastures whose availability is determined by the alternation of
hot and cold or wet and dry seasons.
The third type comprises gypsies, tinkers and similar itinerants in urban and complex
societies.
What worth noting is how man traveled during the ancient period. It is believed that early
Human beings traveled to places by foot, carrying their loads on their backs or on their heads,
While others pulled crude sleds. They used every means to make their transportation with the
Least time and effort.
 Various Ancient Modes of Transportation

A. MANPOWER – Early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried, his own burden.
more so today, manpower is important in transportation in many parts of the world.
1. CARRYING POLE – In china and other parts of the Far East, the carrying pole, balanced on
one shoulder is a popular carrying device. On islands of the Pacific, the ends of the pole are
supported by two men, with goods suspended from the pole in between.
2. BACK LOAD AND TUMPLINE – In may parts of the world, goods are carried on the back.
in Subtemala, pots are carried on a wooden framework supported by a tumpline across the
forehead. In the Andes, the load is held on the back by strap passing over the chest.
3. SLEDGE ON ROLLERS – the moving of heavy burdens was to place them on sledge which
rested on a series of rollers.
4. SLEDGE ON RUNNERS – A simple sledge, probably man-drawn, was in use at the end of
the Old Stone Age in Northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden runner
which survived.
5. TRAVOIS – this travois, as the pole arrangement called, serves as a platform on which
the burdens are placed.

B. ANIMAL POWER – The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power
available for transportation. Pack animals were introduced as conveyances mainly to save
labor. A man can tend several pack animals moving together, each of which (except dogs) can
carry more than he usually can. Little advantage in speed is gained unless part of the animals
carrying capacity is sacrificed.
1. OX – cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to
draw war chariots. Oxen are still used as draft animals in many regions of the world. In some
parts of Africa, they are used as pack animals and for riding.
 2. REINDEER – These were the first domesticated in Siberia in the beginning of the
Christian Era. In the Altai Mountains, they were ridden with saddles. Elsewhere, they draw
sledges somewhat like the dog sledges of the Far North.

3. DOG – the dog, the first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy loads. The
plain Indians sometimes packed light loads on dogs back and piled goods on a travois which
the dog dragged. In the Far North, the dogs team drawing sledges are the chief means of
transportation and in parts of Europe, the dogs are used to draw small carts.
4. DONKEY – the donkey or ass, first domesticated in the Middle East. Early dogs came to
use as a back animal before the domestication of camel. Donkey caravans carry goods between
The cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt and the donkey is still the chief beast of burden
among the farmers of the Near East, the Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where it was
introduce from Spain.
5. LLAMA – in pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the only new world animal other
than the dog capable of domestication for use in transport. In the high Andes, the Llama
was used as a pack animal by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors, as its by modern
Andean people.
6. ELEPHANT – The Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against Rome but
in recent centuries, these animals have not been tamed. In India, elephants were formerly
used in war and are still employed to some extent for ceremonial processions and big
game hunting. In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are widely used in the lumber
Industry.
7. HORSE – around 2000 B.C. horse drawn chariots appeared in southwest Asia and
1,000 years later, the Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility and power to
the German tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central Asian conqueror Genghis khan.
In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for riding for sometime until the
introduction of mechanized vehicles.
8. CAMEL – there are two kinds of camel, the two bumped bactrian camel of Central
Asia and the and the one-bumped dromedary Arabia have long been used for transport. The
bactrian camel has plodded along the caravan routes between China and Iran for at least
2,000 years. It is also used to draw carts. The dromedary, which has less endurance but it is
fleeter and special face-paced riding camel, is bred by the Arab nomads.
9. YAK – a long haired type cattle that lives at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and
in the neighboring Mountain Regions in ridden and used as a pack animal at heights were
horses and ordinary animal could not survive.
C. WIND POWER – Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and learned to
utilized such powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved the way to invention of air lifted
transportation vessels.
 1. ANCIENT CHINESE KITE – kites have been flown as a popular past time in the Far East
since the beginning of the history. Based on a Korean tradition, the kite was first used for
transport when a korean general employed one in bridge building. By means of kite, a cord
was conveyed across the river where heavier ropes were fastened and finally the bridge
cable. In the late 10th century, several European armies experimented with kites in trans-
porting men.
2. DA VINCI’S ORNITHOPTER – the great renaissance artist, scientist and engineer,
Leonardo da Vinci, make study on the flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched a
number of ornithopter (a.k.a. orthopter) which derives its principal support and propelling
flapping wings like those of a bird. It was not until the 19 th century that rigid wings were
envisaged.
3. MONTGOLFIER BALLOON – the Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph Michel and
Jacques Entienne have successfully released several balloons when they proposed to use
two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers.
 4. SIEMENS ROCKET PLANE – Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later achieved fame as
an electric industrialist, in 1847 designed rocket plane which was to be propelled by the
explosive force of gunpowder. Similarly, Siemens rocket plane was never carried beyond
the design stage.
5. LILIENTHAL GLIDER – Otto Lilinthal, a german inventor who also made a study of the
flight of birds and experimented with ornithopers, going so far as to build a model ornithoper.
His chief work was with glider flights. However, in 1891, he made the first of a number of
a glider flights which were to exert a profound influence on the development of aviation.
6. SANTOS DUMONT’S AIRSHIP – one of the pioneers of lighter-than air craft was
Alberto Santos Dumont, a brazilian who experimented with the steam-powered balloons
in Paris. He made his first balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898 completed the construction
of his first airship. He, then built several other airships and in 1901, made a 30 minute
round trip flight between St Louis and the Eiffel Tower.
 7. WRIGHT BROTHERS FLYING MACHINE – inspired by Lilienthal’s glider experiments,
Orville and Wilbur Wright began studying the problems of heavier-than-air flight. They built
biplane kite then over 200 different wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of
their own invention, before they conducted their first man-carrying powered machine.
This flew successfully at kitty hawk, North Carolina on Dec 17, 1903. By 1909, airplanes
became sufficiently accepted to justify beginning commercial manufacture of the machine.
8. LINDBERGH’S SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS – following the initial flight of the Wright brothers
airplane, the development of aviation was rapid. The first airmail was delivered in 1911
and World War I gave an impetus to plane design and the training of pilots. During the 1920’s
many new records were set. A feat which particularly captured popular imagination was the
first solo flight from New York to Paris made by Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in May 1927 in a
plane especially built for the Flight, the Spirit of St. Louis.
 ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

CONCEPT
As man, from ancient times to the 20th century, sought to make their transport facilities
more efficient, they have always endeavored to move people and property with the last
expenditure of time, effort and money.
It was stated in the preceding lesson that man first traveled by foot. Then, primitive man
supplemented their own carrying of goods and possessions by starting to domesticate animals
training them to bear small loads and pull crude sleds.

A. WHEEL was invented probably in Western Asia – such invention was a milestone and
a great step forward in transportation. As wheel was perfected, crude carts and wagons began
to appear in TIGRIS-EUPHRATES VALLEY about 3500 B.C. and later in CRETE, EGYPT and CHINA.
The wheel was one of man’s great inventions. It enabled him to transport burdens beyond
the power of man or animals to carry or drag and permitted much greater facility of move-
ments than the simple sledge on rollers which had to be continually picked up and moved
by hands as the sledge is advanced. The following were some of the earliest types of wheeled
carts.
 1. SOLID WHEELS ON FIXED AXLE – this ancient cart represent an early steps in the
evolution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a single piece of wood
rotated on single axle.
2. SUMERIAN CHARIOT WITH FLANK WHEELS – this chariot, of about 2400 B.C. had
solid wheels built up of three pieces and so was more durable than the one-piece wheel.
3. GREEK QUADRICA WITH SPOKED WHEELS – drawn by four horses, was a light and
elegant vehicle for gentleman about 250 B.C. It had spoked wheels and axles of irons of
bronze, handles for aid in mounting and seat formed by a board placed across the handles.
4. ROMAN CARPENTUM – a closed, two-wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle when
Roman journeyed outside the city.
5. ITALIAN COCCHIO – 1288 – a traveling wagon in which the passengers were protected
by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.
 B. WHEELED VEHICLES could not use the narrow paths and trails used by pack animals
and early roads were soon built.
C. THE ROMANS were the major road builders in the Ancient world. The Romans road
network reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 kms.) with FEEDER roads branching
out from the main highways. It was costly because its deep foundation, formed by layer after
heavy stones, was necessary to make roads that would carry heavy traffic for many years.
D. JOHN L. MACADAM did not abandon the theory of feeder road building and perfected
the macadamized road in England about 1815.
E. AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMANS in the 5th century, land haulage generally declined
because highways suffered from inadequate maintenance. Such improvements however, as
the horse collars (10th Century), the addition of springs to coaches, new methods of road
construction and the introduction of toll roads (18 th century) all continued to ease and
speed land travel.
 F. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began with the adaptation
of COACH SPRING about 1650.
G. IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS were so bad that the coaches could
average only about 4 mph (6.4 km/h) and the mail was usually carried by boys on horses.
H. JOHN PALMER introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1785 and by 1800,
the English coach system was in full swing.
I. THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE in the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile
builders. One of the modern ancestors of the modern bicycle was the HOBBY HORSE, or
dan horse. The wheels were made of wood. With tires of iron and the riders pushed them-
selves along with their feet on the ground.
1. The German Baron KARL VON DRAIS in 1817 introduced a steerable wheel, creating
the “draisienne”, or “Dandy horse”.
2. In 1838, KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN, a Scottish blacksmith, made the first machine
with the pedals, which were attached to and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.
J. PNEUMATIC TIRES (inflated by air) by a Scot, JOHN BOYD DUNLOP appeared in late
19th century (about 1888).
K. MOTOR VEHICLE – the first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.
1. Frenchman ETIENNNE LENOIR made possible the introduction of motorized carriages
by his invention in the 1860’s and 70’s, of the INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
2. NICOLAS OTTO AND GOTTLIEB DAIMLER pioneered the manufacture of gas engines,
and later Daimler became a successful automobile manufacturer.
3. RUDOLF DIESEL, a German engineer, developed an internal combustion engine
which is similar with the gasoline engine but requires no electrical ignition system or
carburetor and uses other form of liquid fuel, the diesel fuel.
4. THE AUTOMOBILE found its greatest popularity in the U.S., where the first HORSELESS
CARRIAGE appeared in the 1890’s.
5. In 1908, HENRY FORD introduced the MODEL T, which was proved so popular that
by 1914, Ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the demand.
6. In 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German mathematician, developed an advance-type of
engine, named after him, that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is
started by a moving crankshaft.

From Ford Era, the demand of vehicles became great for the transportation of goods,
products, communications and people. Hence, man started manufacturing large cargo
trucks and buses for mass transportation.
Presently, the introduction of the Light Trail Transit (LRT), the Metro Rail Transit (MRT),
flyovers, pedestrian and vehicle culverts, rock sheds and other modern traffic ways
contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic users.
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

OVERVIEW
This module presents the various endeavors of the govern-
ment for a systematic traffic management. Further, it discusses
the different areas of traffic management as well as the roles of
government and non-government agencies responsible for
traffic management. To understand better this module, it is
divided into:
Lesson 1. Fundamentals of Traffic Management
Lesson 2. The Pillars of Traffic
Lesson 3. Traffic Safety Education
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

CONCEPT:
MANAGEMENT - it refers to the skillful use of means to
accomplish a purpose.
OPERATION – pertains to a course or series of acts to effect
A certain purpose, manner of action or a vital or natural process
Of activity.
ROADWAY – refers to that part of the traffic way over
which
Motor vehicle pass.
SHOULDER – it refers to either side of the roadway,
especially along highways.
 TRAFFIC - it refers to the movement of person, goods or
vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn
from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
TRAFFIC WAY – refers to the entire width between boun-
dary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to the
use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of
right or custom.
Why Traffic Management is necessary?
With the advent of science and technology, new and moder-
nized traffic facilities are introduced. However, despite of these
modernization, traffic congestions persist to exist. The only to at
least cope up with the prevailing traffic related problems is a
coordinated traffic management. Traffic management is there-
fore designed to make the traffic way safer for travelers, expe-
dite the movement of traffic and to provide convenience to the
traffic facilities user’s.
A. Major Causes of Traffic Congestion – based on studies
con-
ducted by authorities.
1. PHYSICAL INADEQUANCY – this is characterized by lack of
roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities.
 2. POOR CONTROL MEASURES – this is characterized by
ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic officers
and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
3.HUMAN ERRORS – many traffic congestion are caused by
slow drivers or driving habits, pedestrian mistakes, officer’s
errors, poor planning, poor legislation and traffic accidents which
are mostly attributed to human errors.
4. POOR MAINTENANCE – oftentimes motor vehicles are
stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on
road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting.
This can be attributed to inappropriate budget for the main-
tenance of the traffic facilities. On the other hand, police should
also report lights out, damage portion of the traffic way to
expedite the action from the concerned government offices.
B. SCOPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. In connection with
the above stated causes of congestion, authorities conceived
that a systematic and effective traffic management is needed
which includes but not limited to the following:
1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all
Types of conveyances for the movement of persons and things.
 2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic
flow requirements, planning, approving, funding, construction
and/or maintaining these public facilities for such movements.
3. All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting
stopping, prohibiting or controlling the use of these facilities.
C. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. For a
successful and effective traffic management, specific roles and
responsibilities are vested on the following.
1. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)
The DOTC through the Land Transportation Office (LTO) is
Responsible for the implementation of the Land Transpor-
Tation Code of the Philippines (RA 4136) particularly on the
issuance of drivers licenses, registration of motor vehicles,
approval of franchises for public conveyances (through the Land
Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) and
conducting traffic safety seminars.
2 . City or Municipal Engineers Office. In the local level, these
offices are responsible for the planning, construction and main-
tenance of traffic facilities within their respective locally.
3. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) This is
The main executive department which is responsible for the
planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities par-
ticularly those categorized as National Highways and other
major road.
4. Legislative (Congress/City or Municipal Boards) The legis-
lative bodies are only responsible for the passing or amendment
of laws concerning traffic but also they are involved in the plan-
ning and approval of government projects.
5. Philippine National Police (PNP). The PNP through its
Highway Patrol Group (PNP-HPG) is responsible primarily for the
direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations. They
also perform other function such as conducting of information
dissemination campaign, submitting traffic scheme proposals
and other functions as the needed arises.
6. Academic Institution. Schools, both public and private are
responsible for the basic traffic education by integrating in their
respective programs and curriculum subject or topics on traffic
safety.
7. Courts the courts are responsible for the adjudication of
traffic –related cases filed before them.
 8. Public Information Offices. The government through the
Philippine Information Agency (PIA)provides the necessary up-
Dated information to the public by creating traffic safety
campaign and other activities relating to traffic.
9. Citizen Support Groups- the private institution
Or organizations also help in the prevention of
Traffic congestion by assisting the government offices in
Various activities particularly during special occasions and
holidays where traffic problem is likely to happen.
 10. Media – government and privately-owned pub-
lications and radio and television broadcasting com-
panies provide necessary and updated traffic-related
information to the public through their respective prog-
rams.
11. Other agencies - which are in one way or
another help in the easing of traffic-related
problems.
 With the preceding accounts, a successful traffic
management is not the sole responsibility of the govern
ment but rather a concerted effort between the govern
ment and private organizations.
 THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

CONCEPT:
A. Pillars of Traffic – for a clearer understanding of
the various areas of traffic management, the following
pillars are conceived.
1. Traffic Engineering. It is the science of measuring
traffic and travel the study of the basic laws relative to
the traffic law and generation; the application of this
knowledge to the professional practice of planning,
deciding and operating traffic system to achieve
Safe and efficient transportation of persons and
goods.
AREAS WORK OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
1. Safety 6. Highways
2. Convenience 7. Planning
3. Economy 8. Design
4. People 9. Operations
5. Vehicle
a. Functions of Traffic Engineering:
1. Fact finding, survey and recommendations
of traffic rules and regulations.
2. supervisions and maintenance to the
application of traffic control devices and
3. planning of traffic regulations
 b. Agencies and/or offices under Traffic Engineering
a. DPWH. Its scope is national which includes the
responsibility for determining traffic law, pattern , draw
origin, and destinations, studies of persons and things,
planning, approving, funding and construction of:
1. National Roads which interconnect cities and
municipalities, network of national roads through cities
and municipalities, and
 2. yearly maintenance and repair programs which
includes widening and re-designing of current road
systems.
a. Provincial Governments. These local government
Units have similar responsibilities with the DPWH but
Limited to traffic facilities in the municipalities within
the province.
 b. Municipal Governments. Their responsibilities
are similar to the provincial government but limited to
the network of streets and roads within the barangays.
c. Chartered Cities. Their responsibilities are similar
to that of the municipal government but limited to the
network of streets and roads within the cities.
 c. Objectives of Traffic Engineering
1. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic
2. To prevent traffic accident and casualties.
3. To simplify police enforcement action and perfor-
mance.
4. To show that good police actions and perfor-
mance makes engineering plans effective.
5. To present the close relationship of the pilllars of
traffic in the improvement of traffic problems.
6. To build and design new roads and improve
older ones.
7. To build safety features of the roads and in-
troduce new design.
d. When and where the Objectives of
Traffic Engineering are applied?
1. Habitually congested commercial areas
2. Heavily traveled thoroughfares
3. Congested local areas and intersections.
4. During special occasions and events.
5. During disasters or emergencies
 6. at school crossings
e. Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic
Engineering
1. Planning and Geometric Design-Factor Employed
in Planning.
a. Composition of traffic streams
b. Traffic volumes for capacity
c. Origin and destination
 2. Factor Influencing Design
a. Composition of Traffic
b. Volume of traffic
c. Speed of vehicles
d. The starting, turning and stopping abilities of traf-
fic units
e. Performance values of road users,
 3. Regulation and Control-Traffic Regulation
1. Based and confined within the boundaries of
safety, public welfare and convenience.
2. Limitations imposed on road users and their load.
3. Basic general rule of road use and conduct.
4. Prohibition and Restrictions.
 2. Traffic Education. It is the process of giving
training and practice in the actual application of traffic
safety knowledge. The following are the agencies and
offices responsible for traffic education:
a. Schools (Public and Private). Traffic Education can
Be carried out by imparting knowledge concerning
traffic safety, training and practice in the actual applica-
Tion of traffic safety and developing traffic safety
mortality.
1. Elementary – In this level , traffic education is
focused on safety and guides stressing traffic safety,
classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and safety
rules organizing safety patrols.
2. Secondary – Traffic education for high schools stu-
dents is geared towards school safety organizations.
3. Higher Education – some colleges and universities
offer and conduct courses regarding traffic safety sub-
jects.
b. Public Information Programs – The public should
be informed on all activities affecting the citizens and
the community relating to traffic (dissemination of in-
formation). This can be done through the public in-
formation agency, newspapers, radio and television
broadcasting networks and other forms of media.
 c. Citizen Support Groups. These are mostly com-
posed by voluntary non-government organizations
(NGOs), radio communication groups, rotary organiza-
tions and other voluntary clubs. These organizations
usually develop citizens responsibilities, conduct orga-
nized educational campaign, instill awareness of the
traffic problems and provide information regarding ma-
jor traffic requirements and needs.
 3. Traffic Enforcement and Its History. On February
6, 1912 Legislative Act No. 2159 was enacted to regu-
late motor vehicles in the Philippine Island and to pro-
vide for the regulation and licensing of operators. This
was the first formal law on land transportation. This
law created an Automobile Section under the Adminis-
trative Division of the Bureau of Public Works. The sec-
tion was tasked to take charge of motor vehicles and
Drivers services. Later on, Legislative Act 2159 was
amended by 2256, 2389, 2587, 2639 and 2925. On
June 20, 1964, R.A. 4136, otherwise known as the
“Land Transportation and Traffic Code “ was enacted
abolishing the Motor Vehicle Office and creating the
Land Transportation Commission. This law likewise par-
tially repealed Act No. 3992. The Code provided that
the Land transportation Commission shall “control as
far as they apply, the registration and operation of
motor vehicles and the licensing of owners, dealers,
conductors, drivers and similar matters”. To effectively
carry out its mandate, the Land Transportation Commi-
ssioned established regional offices in various parts of
the country.
On January 30, 1987, the Land Transportation Com-
mission was abolished and two offices were created,
namely Land Transportation Office (LTO) and the Land
Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Boards
(LTFRB). The LTO took over the functions of the BOT.
The MOTC was likewise renamed as the Department of
Transportation and Communications (DOTC). All these
Changes took effect with the promulgation of Executive
Order No. 125-A dated April 13, 1987 and 226 dated
July 25, 1987.
 This field deals mostly on the implementation
and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and
regulations. The following are the various agen-
cies/offices that are involved in enforcement of
traffic laws:
a. Land Transportation Office (LTO). This of-
fice is responsible for the following:
1. Vehicle registration
 2. Vehicle Inspections
3. Driver licensing (examinations, suspensions
and revocations)
4. Public to police on stolen or wanted
vehicles.
b. Legislative Bodies. Included are the Senate,
Congress, Provincial Boards and City and Munici-
pal Councils.
They are responsible for the passing and/or am-
ending of laws and/or ordinances.
c. Police Traffic Enforcement. This pillar is not
limited to the PNP-HPG but it includes all gover-
ment personnel who are duly authorized for the
Direct enforcement of traffic laws such as:
1. The Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (MMDA) for the National Capital Region
(NCR) .
 2. Police Auxiliaries
3. LTO Flying Squad
4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment. This pil-
lar is very recent which includes the study of
potentially disastrous population explosion, cha-
nges in urban environment due to the scale and
density of new urban concentration and new ac-
tivities carried out, air pollution, water pollution
and crowding, especially transport congestion
which result therein.
a. What are the environmental effects of the
urbanization of transportation? Any decision in
modernizing the transportation system shall con
sider the follwing environmental effects:
a. Noise. The ill effect of noise is one of the
major considerations in the evaluation of the con-
consideration in the evaluation of the conse-
quences of traffic urbanization to the environ-
ment. The level of noise inside and outside a
dwelling is an important indicator of the quality
Of life. The exact influence of traffic noise on
Human behavior is not well understood. It is known
that continued exposure to noise level beyond 80
(dBA-decibel annually) causes loss of hearing.
average background noise:
 a. typical home – 40-50 dB;
b. heavy trucks – 90dB at 15m/ft;
c. Freight trains – 75dB at 15m/ft;
d. air conditioning – 60 dB at 6m/ft;
2. Vibration. Effect can be severe, particularly
when there are heavy trucks and when the buil-
ding is old. While there are subjective costs from
experiencing vibration, a minimum cost of damage
or prevention can be established from experi-
ence and experiments.
3. Air Pollution. It is one of the more difficult
problems because of the complexity of the is-
sues involved. The effects of pollution are also
strongly affected by meteorological and even by
micro-climate.
 4. Dirt. These are foul and filthy substances
related to motor vehicle use such as empty can
of oils, grease materials, etc.
5. Visual Intrusion. This can have positive as
well as negative effects. If a motor way blots out
an unsightly prison or railway yard, it may have
positive benefits. On the other hand, the appear
ance of an elevated expressway or railway above
a neighborhood is one of the aspects most fre-
quently complained of. In general, visual intru-
sion can be avoided by putting a highway or rail-
way at grade or in a cutting. In many cases,
there may be cheaper solution.
6. Loss of Privacy. Loss of privacy from drivers
and other being able to look at one’s house and
garden frequently disliked environment effect.
walls and earthworks would prevent this, while
at the same time reducing noise.
7. Changes in Amount of light. It is easier up
to a point because part of the disadvantages can
be values in term of additional lighting costs of
those affected. But, there is probably a psycho-
logical element also which it would not be easy
or perhaps necessary, to disentangle where
relevant from the last two items.
8. Neighborhood Severance, both physical
and sociological. This can partly be quantified in
terms of changed travel time and costs and ac-
cident experience to pedestrian and traffic.
9. Relocation. There must be programs that
are designed to cover compensation for those
who relocate as a consequence of transport in-
vestment, whether property owner or tenants.
The people relocated will tend to be decentra-
lized as will as those sufficiently affected by the
environment consequences to refer to move.
10. Distraction during planning and construc-
tion. In some cases, benefits offset the distrac-
tion cost, which are experienced by people du-
ring construction of new facilities, loss of busi-
ness, excess noise, dirt, vibration during
Constructing and excess journey costs through
Diversions because of building.
11. Accident Experiences. These are evalua-
ted by well established procedures of which
perhaps the only major controversial aspect is the
valuation given to human life. A certain amount
is known about differences in accident experience
on different roads and in different circumstances.
 12. Pedestrian Journey. The opportunity to
make the roads safe and enjoyable for pedes-
trians and efficient for vehicles and set or roads
provided access to dwelling and is designed pri-
marily for the safety of pedestrians.
13.Congestion and Other Benefits to Vehicle.
It is for a livable and safe residential environ-
ment by reducing “through” vehicle travel.
travel must be made convenient. Highway diver-
sion curves indicate that 80 percent of the traf-
fic will take a route that is 20 percent faster. Ve-
hicle time is made up of three components, free
flowing travel, stop time and acceleration or de-
celeration.
b. External Factors that influence the existing
and Future Behavior of Population:
1. Rapidly increasing population growth
2. Rapidly increasing urbanization
3. Rapidly increasing motorization
4. Industrialization and technical moderniza-
tion.
5. Improvement of the transportation net-
work that is the street network and the
public transportation facilities.
 c. Alternatives. A more pleasant environment
can be achieved without negative implication
for economy and trade, so that any reasonable
step in this direction by decision-makers deser-
ves support. The following are some of the pro-
posed activities that may reduce the adverse ef-
fects of traffic development to our ecology:
 1. Towns are better with less traffic, so long
As adequate provision is made for the mobility
Of workers and residents and the distribution of
Goods. It is of urgent necessity that National and
Local Government develop efforts to reduce the
Adverse effects of motor traffic in urban areas.
2. Where and when traffic congestion and its
Cost are serve and frequent, assures to reduce
the use of private cars and goods, vehicles and
to improve alternative forms of transport should
be introduce.
3. To limit traffic and to improve the effici-
ency and quality of service of buses and trans-
port.
4. Pedestrian scheme should be introduced
Whenever possible to improve the environment
and safety for pedestrian.
5. The use of non-carbon emitting vehicles
should be encouraged like bicycle whenever
practical.
6. Motor Vehicle reduction scheme should
also be introduced.
d. Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic Eco-
logy
 1. P.D. 1181. Providing for the prevention, con
trol and abatement of Air Pollution from motor
vehicles and for other purposes.
“Sec. 1 – The purpose is to prevent, control
and abate the emission of air pollutants from
motor vehicles in order to protect or minimize
damage to property and hazard to land transporta-
tion.”
 2. Letter of Instruction No. 551. Directing the
law enforcement agencies to implement the
pollution control program.
3. R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the Clean
Air Act. An Act providing for the regulation of
motor vehicles emitting toxic gases like the use
of diesel and leaded gasoline.
 5. Traffic Economy. This is the most recent pil-
lar of traffic which deals with the benefits and
adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Prima-
rily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the
movement of traffic. However, with the prevai-
ling traffic congestion during rush hours in any
given locality, traffic adversely affects the econo
mic status of the community public.
 One aspect affecting our community is the un
ending increase of oil prices in the world market.
Somehow, programs must be instituted in order
to minimize the ill effect of rising prices of basic
commodities.
Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects
not only the time of travel but the productivity
of an individual as well.
 TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

Concept
Traffic Safety Education. It is the process of
training roads users in the avoidance and preven
tion of traffic-related accidents.
Road Safety. It refers to reduced risk of acci-
dent or injury on the roads, achieved through
multidisciplinary approaches involving road en-
gineering and traffic management, education
and training of road users and vehicle design.
A. Factors Contributing to Accidents. Research
studies in the United Kingdom have shown that
human factors contribute to 95 percent of acci-
dents, road factors to about one quarter of a
percent and vehicle factors to fewer than five
percent.
1. Human errors include:
a. going to fast or excessive speed;
b. failing to give at junctions;
c. following to closely;
d. overtaking improperly,
e. misperceiving or misjudging the road
situation ahead;
f. intoxication of alcohol or drug; and
g. lack of skill
 2. Road deficiencies that are main contribu-
tory factors are:
a. poor design of layout and control at junc-
tion.
b. inadequate signing, road marking and
lighting;
c. slippery roads; and
d. obstructions on the road such as parked
vehicle, on going road construction, etc.
 3. Main vehicle factors are:
a. defects in tires, brakes and lights;
b. absence or non-using of seat belts; and
c. poorly maintained motor vehicles.
B. The Three (3) principles that have been em-
phasized as effective in the prevention of traffic
accidents are known as the three (3) “E”s or
Pillars of traffic.
 1. Engineering (traffic engineering). Effective
construction and maintenance of traffic facilities
which does not only expedite the movement of
traffic but also prevents the occurrence of traffic
accidents. Sucessful treatments have included:
a. changes in the layout at junctions to define
priorities more clearly (use of roundabouts, or
traffic circles);
 b. more wide use of road markings to deline-
ate traffic lanes and waiting areas for turning
vehicles;
c. improvements in skidding resistance of wet
roads;
d. more uniform street lighting; and
e. more highly visible and legible direction, in
formation and warning signs.
 2. Education (in traffic safety). When road
users are informed of the traffic laws, rules and
regulations, accidents are likely prevented. Fur-
ther, there are strong suggestions of benefits
from pre-school schemes involving parents, and
from road safety education in schools where it
is an integral part of the school curriculum. In-
cluded are:
 a. new approach to training and educating
young drivers;
b. training in hazard perception; and
c. changing of attitudes.
3. Enforcement (of traffic rules). One of the
causes of accidents is the blatant non-compli-
ance of motorist and pedestrians to traffic laws,
rules and regulations.
To minimize the occurrence of accidents due to
non-compliance of road users, enforcement
must be conducted. The following are highly re-
commended in areas of traffic enforcement:
a. strengthening and simplifying the applica-
tion of the law
b. new technology to aid enforcement
c. enhanced publicity;
 d. education of teenagers in schools; and
e. the development of rehabilitation course
like seminars for apprehended traffic
violators.
4. Ecology/Environment. People should be
educated regarding the adverse effect of traffic
to our environment that directly or indirectly af-
fects the population’s health.
5. Economy. People should learn also to deve-
lop schemes that do not only lessen expen-
ses but also accident-free.
• THE 5’Es OF TRAFFIC
•
• 1. ENFORCEMENT
• - the action taken by the police, such as arresting,
issuing traffic citation ticket and providing warning to
the erring driver for the purpose of deterring and
discouraging and or preventing such violation
• 2. EDUCATION
• - the process of giving training and practice in the
actual application of traffic safety knowledge
• 3. ENGINEERING
• - the science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of basic
laws relative to the traffic law and generation; the application of
these knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding,
and operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient
transportation of persons and goods
•
• 4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ ENVIRONMENT
• - the study of potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new
urban concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution,
water pollution and crowding, transport congestion which result
therein
• 5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
• - deals with the benefits and adverse effects of
traffic to our economy

C. Levels of Traffic Safety Education:

1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic sa-
fety;
2. Training and practice in the actual applica-
tion of traffic safety knowledge; and
 3. Developing traffic safety morality.
D. Traffic Safety for Children. This is highly unsys
tematic and usually carried out in the home
through parental education and kindergarten
and nurseries. This is now necessary to make it
systematic to lessen the number of children fata
lities and injuries.
 1. Elementary. Pupils are usually educated by
stressing on traffic safety and guides and classroom
discussions of accidents, incidents and other traffic
safety rules.
2. Secondary. This level indicates driver educati-
on program because students have reached the age
to drive, hence, proper driving habits should be
stressed. It also includes the establishment of
school safety organizations.
 3. Higher Education. Some universities and
colleges offer and conduct courses to private
and public agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.
E. Traffic Safety Education for Adults. Safety edu-
cation for elder pedestrians and drivers is relatively
easier compared to the education designed for
younger children since the former group is in a bet-
ter position to understand what is being taught to
them.
 1. It is the general belief that by being a bet-
ter driver, it follows that one becomes a better
pedestrian. By knowing the limitations of the
driver and the vehicle as a driving student, one
learns to watch out for dangerous cues such as
pedestrians. This is the basic reason why traffic
safety education for adults usually deals only
with the foundations or basics of driving.
 2. Driver education is carried out in seconda-
ry schools and in private and government spon-
sored driving school in a number of countries
where people are expected to know how to
drive when they reach legal ages. The basic pur-
pose of this education are:
a. To develop good traffic citizens who are
equipped to live in a motorized society and
achieving traffic safety.
b. To develop citizens who are legally eligible
to get a driver’s license.
F. Driver’s Education. In general driver instructi-
on aims primarily to teach the rudiments of dri-
ving. Secondary aims are as follows:
1. to instill awareness of one’s legal and moral
responsibilities in traffic, and
 2. to teach the for one to be eligible for a driver’s
license.
G. Four (4) Basic Types of Instruction Methods.
Used in driver Education Programs:
1. Comprehensive. This method places the
student into real life of driving situations from
the beginning.
2.Traditional Instruction. This type of instruction
depends on instructor- student communication.
 3. Commentary Driving Method. The student-
driver accompanied by an instructor. As the stu-
dent-driver drives, the instructor has to give a
commentary on his driving – what he sees, what
he does, why he does, what the process to do,
what others are likely to do, etc.
4. Simulated Conditions. On and Off the Road
Training. The premise of simulated conditions
training is that the behavior of the driver-sub-
ject placed in condition will be relatively analo-
gous to normal behavior. Simulator is a static
machine with all the important features of a car
used in driving method or driving training. There
are two methods of simulation presently adop-
ted:
 a. Partial Simulation Method. This method
has the specific aim of training for the “subtasks
of the driving task.
b. Global Simulation. It may be classified into
two (2) specific groups which are: training, simu
lated in traffic situations and conditions, with
the use of simulations. Simulators are most com-
monly used for the following types of training:
 1. Training in basic car-control skills.
2. Perceptual training
3. Emergency training
c. Classification of films as shown by the simu
lators:
1. The ananlytical film which provides an “ob-
jective” analysis of the driving situation present-
ed to the student.
 2. The didactic film which aims to show good
driving behavior.
3. The simulation film which offers “visual
realism” to driving situations and therefore a
good aid in actual practice.
H. Essential Component of Driving Tasks. Drivers
Education includes:
1. Collection of Information which includes:
a. Perceptual scanning and
b. Identification
2. Processing of information which includes:
a. Predicting and
b. Decision making
3. Action which is focused on:
a. Motor skills and control of vehicles and
b. knowledge and subjective interpretation.
I. Biorhythm. It is the theory which asserts that
man exhibits a constant variation of life energy
and mood states. Man’s theorized cycles and in-
terpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics
of most natural phenomena like:
1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness
2. The four seasons
3. Our wet and dry seasons
 4. The waxing and waning of the moon.
The observation of the rhythm mentioned
and their possible correlation with the habits of
man has led to a host of different theories that
tried to explain this correlation in term of phy-
sical. Psychological, etc.
The following are the most controversial
Theory of biorhythm:
1. 23 day cycle a.k.a our cycle of strength, en-
durance and courage (the male component of
a person).
2. 28 day emotional cycle equivalent to a fe-
male’s 28 day menstrual cycle) is a.k.a. our cycle
of sensitivity, love, and intuition (the female
component of a person).
 3. 33 day intellectual cycle. All these cycles
are present at the time we are born. When the
curve is above the center line, the biorythm
value is said to be “HIGH” or a person has more
energy to spare, i.e.
1. Physical high – we tend to be energetic,
strong, full of vitality.
2. Emotional high – we tend to be creative, artistic.
 cheerful and happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think
quickly and logically.
When the curve is below the center line, the
biorhythm is said to be “LOW” or in recharged
period,i.e:
1. Physical low – we tend to tire quickly and
to succumb to illness easily.
2. Emotionally low – we fell moody, irritable,
or depressed.
3. Intellectual low – concentrating or remem-
bering is difficult or we are likely to use poor
judgment when any of the curves crossed the
center line. This is called a critical day, people
tend to get sick easily, seem to lack coordina-
tion and tend to be accident prone.
J. Importance of biorhythm in the field of study.
It should be borne in mind that biorhythm does
not predict what actually will happen. All it does
is to give us a hint on how we will tend to feel in
a certain day.
1. The theory asserts that people are accident
prone if their biorhythm crosses the centerline
on a certain day or is totally below the line.
 2. Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm
for a certain day, we can psychologically cope
up with any situation. If we usually overcome
any ill effect by awareness and will power.
This idea has been put into use in different
countries in the world, and the result helps re-
duce accidents rates until it is totally refuted.
K. Safety Campaign. This is a mass publicity aim-
ed to make road users behave more safely.
These basically focus on public information atti-
tudes and particular or specific behaviors or com
binations of these.
Safety campaign is also known as road propa-
ganda which may be intended simply to inform
or it may be felt that the public is already aware
of the recommended behavior by need to be
persuaded into adopting it.
1. Safety Campaign Classifications:
a. According to purpose – may be categori-
zed as informational, attitudinal and behavioral;
b. according to kind of appeal – used to rea-
son by simply feeding the public with authenti-
cated factual data.
 2. Safety Campaign Design:
a. Initial campaign planning
b. Final campaign design
c. Campaign evaluation
3. Private and Government entities respon-
sible for Safety Campaign:
a. Newspapers
b. Radio Broadcasting Networks
c. Television Broadcasting Networks
d. Public Information Agencies
TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS AND
OTHER RELATED STATUTES
Overview
This module presents the various traffic laws,
rules and regulations and other statutes gover-
ning traffic. It is imperative for the learners to
know the pertinent laws relative to the work of
a traffic law enforcer. Further, this module com-
prehensively discusses the general rule of road
use and conduct and the general traffic prohibitions
and restrictions. The lesson in this module are
divided into:
Lesson 1. Traffic Laws, Rules and Regulations.
Lesson 2. Important Provisions of R.A. 4136.
Lesson 3. Registration of Motor Vehicles.
Lesson 4. Provisions on Driver’s Licenses.
Lesson 5. Basic General Rule of Road Use and
Conduct
 TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS

Concept
The standard of regulating movements on
roads, streets and highways are found in traffic
laws, rules and regulations.
In the Philippines, the mass of traffic laws,
rules and regulations have their source in laws,
Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees (P.D.s), Exe-
cutive Orders (E.O.s) Letter of Instructions
(L.O.I.s) Administrative Orders and Implemen-
ting Memoranda and other Special Laws relative
to traffic operation and traffic law enforcement.
As a traffic law enforcer, it is essential that you
should be familiar with these rules and regulati-
ons.
In addition, traffic signs, pavement markings,
and other control devices are traffic law themselves
Violations of such constitute misdemeanor or
Infraction of law.
Elements in the Traffic Enforcement System
A. Enforcement System consists of:
1. Legislation – defines the correct road user
behavior.
2. Police, Court and Penalties – responsible
ensuring the laws are adhered to.
Road User System includes:
a. Pedestrian
 b. Pedal Cyclists
c. Drivers
d. Passengers
Categories of Road Users:
a. Knowledge
b. Skill
c. Attitude
 d. Characteristics such as:
1. Age 3. Health
2. Sex 4. Road Experience
B. Traffic System – is the combination of the en-
Tire road network and total number of vehicles.
The road user exhibits certain behavioral pattern
Which lead to inefficiencies in the traffic system.
These inefficiencies can be measured in terms of
Congested flow and accidents.
A. Sources. The following are the basis for the
traffic regulations and prohibitions in the coun-
try:
Republic Acts (R.A.s)
• a. R.A. 4136. - This is the basic law regula-
ting land transportation in the Philippines.
 has repealed Act No. 3992 (The Revised Motor
Vehicle Act), Further, as amended by R.A. Nos.
5715, 6374, PD Nos. 382, 843, 896, 1057, 1934,
1950, 1958, BP Blg 43, 74 and 398.
• b. R.A. 6539 - The Act which is known as the Anti-
Carnapping Act of 1972 , the act

preventing and penalizing carnapping .

 PENALTIES FOR CARNAPPING:
1. Any person who violates section 3,5 and 12
of RA 6539 shall be punished with imprison-
ment for not less than 2 years to not more than
6 years and a fine equal in the amount to the
acquisition cost of motor vehicle engine or any
part involved in the violation section 13, RA
6539.
2. Any person who is found guilty of carnapping,
as defined in section 2, RA 6539, shall irrespec-
tive of the value of motor vehicle taken, be
punished by imprisonment for not less than 14
years and 8 months and not more than 17
years
and 4 months, when the carnapping is commit-
ted without violence or intimidation of person,
or force upon things section 14, RA 6539.
3. When the carnapping is committed by means
of violence against or intimidation of any per-
sons the penalty is by imprisonment for not less
than 17 years and 4 months and not more than
30years, section 14, RA 6539.
4. When the owner, driver or occupant of the
carnapped vehicle is killed in the commission of
carnapping, the penalty of life imprisonment to
death shall be imposed.
CARNAPPER’S HAVEN
1. Public parking place
2. Eateries parking space
3. Valet parking arena
4. While parked along the roadside
5. At pay-parking zone
6. Open car garage
7. When minutes left unattended: by rover
CARNAPPER’S MODUS OPERANDI:
1. By use of false key: to open the door
2. By diamond cutter: on glass window
3. By U-magnet: to unlock the door
4. By battery operated penetrator: to blast key
hole.
5. By outstripping rubber around the glass
windshield.
6. by high-tech method: can pry open even
magic key hole.
7. Under guise of using tow truck.
8. Forcep
• c. R.A. 8750 - It provides for the
attachment of seat belt for all types of motor
vehicles and imposes penalty for the non
compliance thereof.
• d. R.A. 10913- Anti- Driving Destructive
Act and Cellphone law. An Act defining and
penalizing distracted
driving.
Section 8. Penalties – Any person who shall
violate any provision of this Act shall be
penalized with:
(a) 1st Offense - Php 5,000.00
(b) 2nd Offense - Php 10,000.00
(c) 3rd Offense - Php 15,000.00 and
suspension of driver’s license for three (3)
months.
 (d) A fine of twenty thousand pesos (P20,000.00)
and revocation of driver’s license: Provided, that
the implementing agency may increase the
amount of fine herein imposed once every five
(5) years in the amount not exceeding
e. R.A. 8749. Also known as the “Clean Air Act”
Which regulates emission of toxic gases both gaso-
line and diesel engines bans the use of leaded gas
for gasoline engines.
 f. R.A. 5448. Act imposing a tax on privately
owned passengers, motorcycles and scooters,
and a science stamp tax, to constitute a special
science fund defining the programs, projects
and activities of science agencies to be financed
there from and for other purposes. (BOC MC
Nr 52, untaxed mv/mc)
 g. Republic Act 10666 – An Act providing for
The safety of children aboard motorcycles.
“Children Safety on motorcycles Act of 2015”
Section 3. Definitions
– For purposes of this Act, the following terms
shall mean:
(a) Motorcycle refers to any two (2) wheeled
motor vehicle having one (1) or two (2) riding
saddles;
(b) Public roads refer to roads designed by the
national government or local government unit
as roads for public use such as, but not limited
to national highway, provincial roads, city
roads,motorcycles Act of 2015”. municipal and
barangay streets;
(c) Foot peg refers to a flat form attached to the
motorcycles on which to stand or brace the
feet; and
(d) Rider refers to the driver of a motorcycle.
Section 4. Prohibition – it shall be unlawful for
any person to drive a two (2) wheeled motor-
cycle where there is heavy volume of vehicles,
there is a high density of fast moving vehicles
or where a speed limit of more than 60/kph is
imposed, unless:
(a) The child passenger can comfortably reach
his/her feet on the standard foot peg of the
motorcycle;
(b) The child’s arms can reach around a grasp
the waist of the motorcycle rider

(c) The child is wearing a standard protective

helmet referred to under Republic Act No.
10054, rider; and
otherwise known the “Motorcycle Helmet Act of
2009”.
Section 6. Penalties – Any person who operate a
motorcycle in violation of Section 4 of this Act
shall be fined with:
First offense - (Php 3,000.00)
Second offense - (Php 5,000.00)
Third offense – (Php 10,000.00) and succeeding
offenses.
Moreover, for the third offense, the Driver’s
License of the offender shall be suspended for
a period of one (1) month.
Violation of these provisions beyond the third
time shall result to automatic revocation of
the offender’s driver’s license.
h. Republic Act No. 10054 – An Act mandating
All motorcycle riders to wear standard
protective motorcycle helmets while driving
and providing penalties, therefor.

Section 3. Mandatory Use of Motorcycle

Helmets – All motorcycle riders, including
drivers and back riders, shall at all times wear
standard protective motorcycle helmets while
while driving, whether long or short drives, in
any type of road and highway. Standard protec-
tive motorcycle helmets are appropriate types
of helmets for motorcycle riders that comply
with the specifications issued by the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI).
Section 4. Exemption – Drivers of tricycles shall
be exempted from complying with the
mandatory wearing of motorcycle helmets as
provided in this Act.
Section 5. Provision of Motorcycle Helmets – A
new motorcycle helmet which bears the
Philippine Standard (PS) mark or Import
Commodity Clearance (ICC) of the BPS.
Section 7. Penalties – (a) Any person caught
not wearing the standard protective motor-
cycle helmet in violation of this Act shall be
punished with a fine of (Php 1,500) for 1st
offense, (Php 3,000) for 2nd offense,
(Php5,000) for 3rd offense and (Php 10,000)
plus confiscation of the Drivers License for
the 4th and succeeding offenses.
R.A. 10586
The Anti-Drunk and
Drugged Driving Act of
2013
What is R.A. 10586?
“An Act Penalizing Persons Driving under the
Influence of Alcohol, Dangerous Drugs and
other Similar Substances”
What law did we have before R.A. 10586?
• The Philippines has an existing policy under
the Land Transportation and Traffic Code (RA
4136) which prohibits driving while under the
influence of liquor or narcotics.
The 1991 Local Government Code also gave local
government units the power to implement their own
traffic management systems.
Who are authorized enforcers of the provisions of
this Act?
• The LTO may deputize traffic enforcement officers of
the Philippine National Police
• Traffic Enforcer Deputized Agents
• Cities and municipalities to enforce the provisions of
this Act.
Are random tests allowed under the law?
 NO.
 The law states that there must be probable cause
before a deputized law enforcer can apprehend a
motorist on suspicion of DUI.
However
Sec. 15 of R.A. 10586
authorizes the Land Transportation Office (LTO) to
conduct random terminal inspections and quick
random drug tests of public utility drivers
Being flagged down
• A deputized law enforcement officer cannot
simply flag down any motorized vehicle and
subject the driver to a sobriety test.

• An officer can only proceed with screening a

driver when there is reasonable ground
Indications of DUI:
swerving overspeeding
lane straddling weaving
sudden stop poor coordination
evident smell of alcohol on a person’s breath.
 How the driver is tested?

1. Field Sobriety Test

• Eye test
You must follow with your eyes an object that the officer moves
horizontally, a foot away from the your face.
• Walk-and-turn test
You must walk nine steps forward in a straight line, turn, and
then walk back the same distance.
• One-leg stand
You must be able to stand on one leg and raise the other at least
6 inches from the ground an
 2.Alcohol Breath Analyzer (ABA) Test:
- a.k.a. breathlyzer test, to analyze your blood
alcohol level.
- To pass this test, the driver has to have a
blood alcohol concentration level below 0.05%.
- Drivers of public utility vehicles, trucks,
buses, and motorcycles, however, must have a
blood alcohol level of 0.0%
 3. Drug Test
-If reasonable ground is established, the law
enforcement officer will bring the driver to the
nearest police station for drug test.
- other similar tests as determined jointly by
the Department of Health (DOH), the National
Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) and the
Department of Transportation and Communications
(DOTC)
 Conditions

> If you pass the field sobriety test or the breathalyzer test you
will only be sanctioned or penalized for the traffic offense for
which you were pulled over
 If you fail any of the field sobriety test, only then will you be
subjected to a breathalyzer test.
 If you fail the breathalyzer test, you will you be arrested and
the vehicle will be impounded.
 Those who have passed either the field sobriety test or the
ABA test are not obligated to take a drug screening test after
the fact..
What happens if you fail the field sobriety test
and ABA?
If the law enforcement officer has probable
cause to believe that you were driving under
the influence of dangerous drugs, it shall be
his duty to bring you to the nearest police
station to be subjected to a drug screening
test and, if necessary, a drug confirmatory
test as mandated under R.A. 9165.
 WHAT IF YOU REFUSE TO
TAKE THE TEST?

 the LEO shall confiscate and revoke your driver’s

license, in addition to the other traffic penalties.

 Confiscated licenses shall only be released after

the final disposition or lawful order of the courts
Is the alcohol and chemical testing of drivers
involved in motor vehicle accidents mandatory?
YES.
- especially vehicular accident resulting in the loss of
human life or physical injuries, including a drug
screening test or a drug confirmatory test as mandated
under R.A. No. 9165 to determine the presence and/or
concentration of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or similar
substances in the bloodstream or body
What are the penalties for violating R.A.
10586?
• WITHOUT PHYSICAL INJURIES OR HOMICIDE
the penalty of three months imprisonment and a fine
ranging from P20,000 to P80,000 shall be imposed.
• WITH PHYSICAL INJURIES
the penalty provided in Article 263 of the Revised Penal
Code or the penalty in the next succeeding slide, whichever is
higher, and a fine ranging from Php100,000 to Php200,000 shall be
imposed.
• WITH HOMICIDE
penalty provided in Article 249 of the Revised Penal Code
reclusion temporal in its maximum period
17 years, 4 months and 1 day to 20 years

reclusion temporal in its medium period

14 years, 8 months and one day to 17 years and 4 months

reclusion temporal in its minimum period

12 years and one day to 14 years and 8 months and a fine
ranging from P300,000 to P500,000 shall be imposed.
> With Nonprofessional driver’s license
confiscation and suspension for 12 months for
the first conviction and perpetually revoked for the
second violation.
With Professional driver’s license
confiscation and perpetual revocation for the
first conviction.
Will the operator and/or owner of the
offending vehicle be held directly liable?
YES. The owner and/or operator of the vehicle driven by the
offender shall be directly and principally held liable together
with the offender for the fine and award against the offender
for civil damages, unless he or she is able to convincingly prove
that he or she has exercised extraordinary diligence in the
selection and supervision of his or her drivers in general and
the offending driver in particular. This applies principally to the
owners and/or operators of public utility vehicles and
commercial vehicles such as delivery vans, cargo trucks,
container trucks, school and company buses, hotel transports,
cars or vans for rent, taxicabs and the like.
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE – is a rule of law
usually issued by a head of state, according to a
certain procedures. It has the force of law. The
particular term used for this concept may vary
from country to country. The executive orders
made by the President of the Philippines.
 PRESIDENTIAL DECRESS (P.D.s)

a. P.D. No. 96 - Regulating the use of sirens, bells,

horns, etc, by prohibiting the attachment Of any
sirens, horn bell, etc., on motor vehicles which produce
unusual or startling sounds as well as blinkers and other
similar devices unless the vehicle belongs to the AFP,
NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP, Hospital Ambulance and Fire
Departments and are specifically intended for use in
emergencies.
b. P.D.No 207 - Declaring as part of the laws of the
Philippines the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic,
Signs and Signals.
• c. P.D. No. 612 – Requiring compulsory insurance
for all types of motor vehicles against third party
liability as an additional pre-requisite for
registration by LTO.
• d. P.D. No. 98 - Regulating the issuance of
license plates of all motor vehicles.
• e. P.D. No. 1729- Authorizing the Bureau of
Land Transportation to dispose of impounded
motor vehicles unclaimed by owners for a certain
period of time.
 f. P.D. No. 101. Expediting the methods of
prescribing, redefining or modifying the lines
and modes of operations of public utility motor
vehicles in the Philippines.
g. P.D. No. 1181. Providing for the abatement
of air pollution from motor vehicles and for
Other purposes.
 h. P.D. No. 1730. Declaring the syndicated
printing, manufacture, distribution, possession
or use of fake official Bureau of Land Transpor-
tation forms, documents, plates and stickers as
offenses involving economic sabotage.
 LETTERS OF INSTRUCTION (L.O.I.s)

a. L.O.I. No. 43 - Providing for the removal of all

impediments on roads, streets and Highways such
as construction, stalled or parked vehicles and other
movable property that obstruct free passage. This LOI
abrogated city or municipal ordinances governing the
disposition of traffic on city and municipal streets
throughout the country.
• b. L.O.I. No. 112 - Prohibiting freight and cargo
trucks from using roads, highways and bridges
whose load capacities are in excess of specific
allowable limits.
• c. L.O.I. No. 229 - Requiring all motor vehicle owners, users,
or drivers to have in the possession at all times while driving at
least one (1) pair of Early Warning Device (EWD) for use when the
vehicle is disabled on roads, streets and highways or other
emergencies compelling the vehicle to be on stop position.

• d. L.O.I. No. 716 - Every motor vehicle to equip at least a

pair of Early Warning Device.

e. L.O.I. No. 1009 - All owners of private motor vehicles who

desire to stop operating or using their number plates and registration
certificates to surrender to the bureau of Land Transportation.
 f. L.O.I. 551. Directing the law enforcement
agencies to implement the Pollution Control
Program.
g. L.O.I. 853. Calling for the National Tripartite
Conference to consider the establishment of via-
ble labor management relations based upon the
“Boundary” system in land transportation.
 h. L.O.I. 1071. Owners and/or operators of
motor vehicles are authorized to pay the annual
premiums for the insurance of their motor an-
nual premiums for the insurance of their motor
vehicles on quarterly basis.
 DEPARTMENT ORDERS (D.O.s)

• DOTC D.O. 88-305 - Rules of pleadings,

practice and procedure for appeals on
Franchising, fare rates charges and other
related matters pertinent to Land
Transportation Public Utilities.
• D.O. 93-693 - Revised schedule of
Administrative Fees and charges of Land
• Transportation Office.
 ADMINISTRATIVE AND SPECIAL LAWS
a. Administrative Order No. VIII, S-1968, LTC - Requiring the
towing and impounding of stalled motor vehicles on public
highways and the imposition of corresponding fees thereof.
• b. Administrative Order No. 1, S-1973, LTC - prescribing
guidelines and procedures in the Implementation of P.D. 96.
c. Administrative Order No. 1, S-1975, LTC - Laying down
specific rules of action in the imposition of uniform fines and
penalties for violation of the provisions of R.A. 4136.

• d. Special Order No. 101-IRM, LTC - Enumerating and

Identifying various City streets where parking is prohibited.
 MEMORANDUM CIRCULARS
• A. LTC Memorandum to all Patrol Officers, Deputies and
Agents dtd 09 August 1975. Directing that motor vehicles
whose loads are rice, cereals, fertilizers and other
• Prime commodities are not to be apprehended and stopped
on roads and highways except only in case of serious
violations.
• B. LTC Memorandum Circular No. 33, dated 12 September
1972 providing guidelines inThe apprehension of illegally
parked motor vehicles.
• C. LTC Circular No. 15 , dated 19 January 1972. Requiring
and laying instructions in the Use of Special Commemorative
Motor Vehicle Plates.
• D. M.C. 94-199 - Aide-memoir regarding retention and
authority by LTO to register motorized tricycles under
• E. R.A. 4136 and guidelines to implement
• devolution of LTFRB Franchising Authority over TCs per
R.A. 7160 issued by DOTC.
• F. M.C. 94-188 - Issuance of drivers license to
disabled persons.
• G. M.C. 92-146 - Re-implementation of L.O.I. 229, as
amended by L.O.I. 479 directingThe installation of early
warning devices of motor vehicles.
• H. M.C. 94-192 - Diesel smoke emission
test for motor vehicles.
• I. M.C. 90-020 - Directing all public land
transportation service operators and Drivers
to display in any conspicuous place of their
vehicles the authorized fare matrix for the
specific route granted them to avoid conflict.
• J. M.C. 93- 011 - Enjoining all public utility
operators to use garage instead of Public places
or side of streets in parking their vehicles.

• K. M.C. 94-002 - Sanctions on operators

arising from the violations of their drivers.
L. M.C. 94-209 - clarificatory guidelines for the
registration/ opration of new private Vehicles
particularly in the use of conduction sticker.
 EXECUTIVE ORDERS (E.O.s)

• A. E.O. 125 - Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its powers and

functions and for other Purposes.
• B. E.O. 266 - Providing for two service units in the Office of the
Asst. Sec. for Land Transportation in the DOTC (Law Enforcement
Service-LES and Traffic Adjudication Service-TAS), defining the
powers and functions thereof and for other purposes.
• C. E.O. 202 - Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and
Regulatory Board( LTFRB).
• D. E.O. 248 - Empowering the Land Transportation Commission
to control and super-Vise the operations of motor vehicle schools.
•
 OTHER SPECIAL LAWS, STATUTES, etc.

• A. BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 344 (B.P. 344) - Act to

enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring
certain building, institutions, establishment and public
utilities to install facilities and other devices.
• B. Sec. 1, Par 2 - In the case of the parking place of
any of the above institutions, buildings, or
establishments, or public utilities, the owner or
operator shall reserve sufficient and suitable space for
the use of disabled persons.
• C. Sec. 2 -In case of public conveyance, devices, such as
the prominent display of Poster awareness of the rights of
the disabled and posters understanding of their special
needs.Discriminating against disabled person in the
carriage or transportation of passengers is hereby declared
unlawful.
• D. Memorandum Unnumbered dated July 13, 1992. Early
Warning Device (EWD) not a requirement for registration.
• E. Supreme Court bars Lawmen from Removing Car Plates
(187 SCRA-432).
•
 IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF R.A. 4136

Concept
A. Words and Phrases Used in R.A. 4136. As
used in this Act, the following words and
phrases are defined for better and common un-
derstanding:
1. Motor Vehicle. Shall mean any vehicle pro-
pelled by any power other than muscular power
using the public highways, but excepting road
rollers, trolley cars, and street sweepers,
sprinkles, Lawn mowers, bulldozer, graders, fork-
lifts, amphibian trucks and cranes. If not used in
public highways, vehicles which run only on rails
or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction en-
gines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural
purposes.
Trailers having any number of wheels, when
propelled or intended to be propelled by attach-
ment to a motor vehicle shall be classified as se-
parate motor vehicle with no power rating.
2. Passenger Automobiles. Shall mean all
pneumatic tire vehicles of types similar to those
usually known under the following terms:
touring car, command car, speedster, sports car,
roadster, jeep, cycle car (except motor wheel
and similar outfit which are classified with mo-
torcycles), coupe, landaulet, closed car, limou-
sine, cabriolet and sedan.
The distinction between “Passenger truck”
And “passenger automobile” shall be that of com-
Mon usage. Provided that a motor vehicle registe-
Red for more than nine passengers shall be classified as
“trucks”. Provided further, that a truck with sea-
ting compartment at the back not used for hire
shall be registered under special “S” classifica-
tion. In case of dispute, the commissioner of
LTO shall determine the classification to which
any special type of motor vehicle belongs.
3. Articulated Vehicle Shall mean any motor
Vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so
attached that part of the trailer rests upon the
motor vehicle and a substantial part of the
weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by
the motor vehicle. Such trailer shall be called as
“semi-trailer.”
4. Driver. Shall mean every and any licensed
Operator of a motor vehicle.
 5. Professional Driver. Every and any driver
hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle.
whether for private use or for hire to the public.
Any driver driving his own motor vehicle for hire
is a professional driver.
6. Owner. The actual legal owner of a motor
vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly regis
tered with the LTO.
 The owner of a government-owned motor
vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of
the bureau to which the said motor vehicle be-
longs.
7. Dealer. Every person, association, partner-
ship or corporation making, manufacturing,
constructing, assembling, remodeling, or setting
up motor vehicles: and every such entity acting
as agent for the sale of one or more makes, style
or kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor mo-
tor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or selling
same or handling with a view to trading same.
8. Garage. Any building in which two or more
motor vehicles, either with or without drivers,
are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall
not include street stands, public service stations,
or other public places designated by proper
authority as parking space for motor vehicles for
hire while awaiting or soliciting business.
9. Gross Weight. The measured weight of a
Motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable
carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or
Passengers, as determined by the Commissioner
Of the LTO.
 10. Highways. Every public thoroughfare,
public boulevard, driveway, avenue, park, alley
And callejon, but shall not include roadway upon
grounds owned by private persons, college
Universities, or other similar institutions.
11. Parking or Parked shall mean that a motor
Vehicle is parked or parking if it has been brought
to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a
highway and remains inactive in that
in that place or close thereto for an appreciable
period of time.
A motor vehicle which properly stops merely
to discharge a passenger or to take in a waiting
passengers, or to load or unload a small quan-
tity of freight with reasonable dispatch shall not
be considered as parked, if the motor vehicle
again moves away without delay.
 12. Tourist a foreigner who travels from place
for pleasure or culture.
B. SELECTED PROVISION OF R.A. 4136
1. EXCEEDING REGISTERED CAPACITY –
(Overloading) passenger freight cargo load of a
Motor vehicle should not be more than its
registered carrying capacity. Conductors of
public utility trucks or buses are held liable for
the overloading of vehicles under their charge.
All passenger automobiles for hire are
required to have the registered carrying capa-
city marked plainly and conspicuously or the
sides thereof in letters and numerals not less
than 5 cms. In height. Motor trucks for passen-
ger or freight, private or for hire, shall have the
registered passenger or freight gross and net
weight capacities marked plainly and conspi-
cuously on the side thereof in letters and nume-
rals not less than 5 cms. in height.
2. Cargo Carrying Devices. The construction of
devices for carrying cargo at the rear or sides of
trucks may be allowed. Subject to the approval
of the Commissioner, but the total net weight of the
device, including cargo, must not exceed 100
Kilos (Sec. 32,a).
 3. Riding on Running Board. It is strictly pro-
hibited, except for conductors collecting pas-
senger fare (Sec. 32,c).
4. Riding on Top of the Motor Vehicle. Passen-
ger shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor
vehicles, but baggage or freight maybe carried on
top of the truck, provided that the weight thereof
is not more than 20 kilos per square
meter distributed in such a way as not to en-
danger passengers or the vehicles stability (Sec.
32,b)
5. Required Motor Vehicle Accessories. Every
motor vehicles when operated on a traffic way
should have the following specified accessories:
a. Tires. Motor vehicles having metallic tires are
prohibited from operating on any public highway.
if the tires are solid, it should be thick enough
to present the metal rims from touching the
road (Sec. 34).
b. Brake. Every motor vehicle with four or
more wheels shall be provided with dual hydrau-
lic brake system so that in case of hydraulic line
failure affecting the braking efficiency of any of
the four wheels at least either the front or rear
wheels shall retain normal braking capabilities.
c. Horns. Every motor vehicle shall be pro-
vided with a horn or signaling device in good
order. Provided, however, that no horn or
signaling device emitting exceptionally loud,
startling, or disagreeable sound shall be instal-
led or used on any motor vehicle.
 d. Headlight. The vehicle should have 2 head-
lights, one on each side, which must be dimmed
when meeting another vehicle.
e. Tail Light. Installed at the rear portion of
the vehicle, this should be visible at least 100
meters away.
f. Stop Light. Installed also at the vehicle rear.
Red lights are prohibited at the forward portion
Of the vehicle. Motorcycles must have one head
Lamp and one tail light. Lights should be put on
When a vehicle is parked or disabled. Appro-
priate parking lights or flares are required for
vehicles when parked or disabled in such a way
as not to endanger passing traffic (Sec.34)
g. Windshield Wiper. Every motor vehicle shall be
equipped with a mechanically or electri-
Cally operated device for wiping off raindrops or
other moisture from its windshield (Sec 34,h).
h. Use of Red Flag. Whenever the load of any
vehicles extend more than 1 meter beyond the bed
or body thereof, there shall be displayed at
every projecting end of such load, a red flag not
less than 30 cms. Both in length and width, ex-
cept that during hours fixed under subsection
(c), there shall be displayed, in lieu of the red flags
Red lights visible at least 50 meters away.
i. Mufflers. Every motor vehicle propelled by
an internal combustion engine shall be equip-
ped with a muffler, and whenever said motor
vehicle passes through a street of any city, muni-
cipality or thickly populated district or barrio,
the muffler shall not be cut out or disconnected.
No motor vehicle shall be operated in such a
manner as to cause it to emit or make any
unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke or noise.
6. Hitching on to a vehicle. The following
practices are prohibited:
a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or
Rear end of any vehicle.
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether
On foot or otherwise.
 c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to
or ride outside of or at the rear end of the
vehicle (Sec 51).
7. Driving while under the influence of liquor
Or other Prohibited Drugs. It is absolutely prohi-
Bited to operate any motor vehicle under the
Influences of liquor or other prohibited drugs
(Sec 53).
 8. Obstruction of Traffic. Obstruction of traf-
fic by operating a motor vehicle in such a man-
ner as to obstruct, block or impede the passage
of another vehicle is prohibited. This prohibition
applies even when discharging or loading pas-
sengers (Sec 54).
9. Duties of Driver in case of Accident. In the
Event that any accident should occur as a result
Of the operation of motor vehicle upon a high-
Way, the driver shall observe the following:
a. Stop immediately.
b. Show his driver’s license to inspecting
traffic law enforcer.
c. Give his true name and address, including
That of the owner of the vehicle.
 d. Assist injured persons.
e. Take measures to protect belongings of
passengers.
f. Report the accident (Sec.55).
10. When could a driver leave the area of
Accident without being held liable for HIT-AND-
RUN?
a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed
by other person/s by reason of the accident;
b. He surrenders to proper authority; and
c. He summons the assistance of a physician
or nurse to aid the victim.
 REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

• R.A.4136 mandates that all motor vehicles

shall be registered by its owner before the
• Designated District Offices of the Land
Transportation Office. Law enforcement
officers should keep themselves abreast with
the proper procedures of registering motor
vehicles for them to easily identify
unregistered motor vehicles or motor vehicles
having expired registration.
On the other hand, motor vehicle owners as
well as drivers should be aware of the provision
on motor vehicle registration to avoid
unnecessary delays and penalties whenever
registration related apprehensions occur.
CLASSIFICATION OF REGISTERED MOTOR
VEHICLES
1. PRIVATE (not for hire) - these are motor
vehicles used for the personal use of their
owners.
2. PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES (PUV a.k.a. for
Hire) - these are registered primarily for the
conveyance of passengers and other
commercial goods, i.e. Passenger jeepneys, taxi
cabs, etc. Vehicle types: cars, utility vehicle,
suv, trucks, motorcycles/tricycles and trailers.
3. GOVERNMENT - these are motor vehicles
owned by government offices and are used for
official purposes only.

4. DIPLOMAT - these are issued to foreign

diplomatics and consul assigned in the
Philippines for their official discharge of
function.
B. PLATE NUMBERS- upon registration, motor
vehicles are assigned with plate numbers.
The letter and numeral prefixes as well as the
assigned colors are based on the date and
place of registrations and purpose of the
registered motor vehicle.
TYPES OF LICENSED PLATES ISSUED BY LAND
TRANSPORTATION OFFICE
1. PRIVATE LICENSED PLATE - Green with white
background - issued to private or not for
hire motor vehicles (MVs). Ex: PNT – 123
2. PUV LICENSED PLATE (FOR HIRE) - Black
with yellow background - issued to PUVs,
PUB, TAXIS, RENT A CAR, HOTEL LIMOUSINE.
3. GOVERNMENT LICENSED PLATE - Red
(maroon) with white background - issued to
government owned MVs. Ex: SAA-123
4. DIPLOMATIC LICENSED PLATE - Blue with white
background - assigned for foreign diplomats,
consuls and other Foreign dignitaries registered
under different name of embassy/ countries. Ex:
123456/ WHO, UNICEF, JICA
5. COMMEMORATIVE LICENSED PLATE - these
special plate numbers are issued for specific
purposes . Such as fund-raising for government
projects and programs. Ex: PNPA, TMG, BSP,
JOLLIBEE, AFP, PMA
6. SPECIAL LICENSED PLATE – number code for
government officials/VIP Plates.
1 - Code 1 (President of the Philippines)
2 - Code 2 (Vice-President of Philippines)
3 - Code 3 (Senate President)
8 - Congressman/Congresswoman
7. JUDICIARY LICENSED PLATE - plate numbers
issued to Supreme Court Judges/RTC/MCTC
Judges. Ex: 16M B02
8. OPTIONAL MV SPECIAL LICENSED PLATE
(OMVSP) - plate numbers issued to
Different individual who want to put his own
initials. Ex: AAA-888, AAA 01
GMA-100, MCM 707 (15k
9. SECURITY LICENSED PLATE - plate numbers
used by intelligence community/operatives
(Private Plate) ISAFP, ISU, NICA, MIG16, R2,
RIU, IG
10. VANITY LICENSED PLATE - issued to private
individual.
Ex: 777GMA 555 MCM (premium ed 15k)
JUST 4 U, GANDA, MACHO (selected ed 10k)
888888 AAAAA (limited ed 50k)
11. TEMPORARY LICENSED PLATE - issued by
LTO District Office using motor vehicle file
numbers of LTO Agency. Ex: 1101-123456
C. SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION -registration of
motor vehicles should be done annually which
Follows the numerical suffixes of their plate
numbers
• Last Digits of Plate Number Middle Digit of Plate Number Weekly
Deadline
(working days of the mo

1 - Jan 6 - June 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 - Feb 7- July 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 - Mar 8 - Aug 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
4 - Apr 9 - Sep 9 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
5 - May 0 - Oct/Nov/Dec 29 30 31

• Note :Vehicles may be registered one month in advance of weekly deadline.

• For motorcycles, use the 4rd digit.
• Example: Plate Number - KK 5026
D. LETTER PREFIXES ON PLATE NUMBERS - the letter prefixes indicate:
A. Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle.
B. Year of initial registration and possible year model of the
registered motor vehicle could be determined from the order of the
letter prefixes, i.e. the higher the letters the later the year of
registration
and year model of the motor vehicle.

• Example: Vehicle 1 - PLT - 255 vehicle 2 - TNU - 636

• Between the above motor vehicles, vehicle 1 was registered earlier than
• vehicle 2 and possibly, Vehicles 2 s model is later than vehicle 1.
RATIONALE/IMPORTANCE OF A DRIVER’S LICENSE

To drive legally in the Philippines, the law

requires a person to procure a driver’s license
before he/she can operate a motor vehicle.
Obtaining a license to drive a motor vehicle is
not a right. It is only a privilege granted by the
Land Transportation Office to those who may
qualify under Republic Act 4136 known as the
“Land Transportation and Traffic Code”
and “Batas Pambansa Blg. 398”, the law, which
amended certain section of the said Act.
Driver’s License. A document issued to a
qualified driver who possesses the statutory
Qualification as provided thereof. It is also a
public document which has the legal presump-
Tion of genuineness. (CCC Insurance Corp vs
Court of Appeals, 31 SCRA 264).
 Chapter III, Article I, Section 19, Except as
otherwise specifically provided in this Act, no
person shall operate any motor vehicle without
first procuring a license to drive a motor vehicle
for the current year, nor while such license is
delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoked.
When a driver’s license is confiscated for any
reason, the traffic enforcer must, however,
Issue a receipt Temporary Operator’s Permit
(TOP) which is good for 72 hours within which
The driver may continue to operate his vehicle.
Failure to settle the case within 15 days will
cause suspension or revocation of the license.
The license shall be carried by the driver at all
times when Operating a motor vehicle and shall
be shown and/or surrendered for cause and
upon demand to any person with authority
under this Act to confiscate the same.
Borrowing of Driver’s License is strictly
prohibited. Under no circumstances should a
driver lend his driver’s license to another person
C. Types of Licenses, Procedures and Require-
ments. A driver is licensed by the LTO as proof
of his proficiency in driving his knowledge of
road rules and regulations while operating a
Motor vehicle. Upon proving his proficiency and
Knowledge, he will be issued a document in the
Form of the following licenses:
 1. International Driver’s License. Bonafide
Tourist and transients who are duly licensed to
Operate motor vehicles in their respective
countries may be allowed to operate motor
vehicles during their stay but not beyond 90
days of their sojourn in the Philippines (Sec. 21,
R.A. 4136). The applicant must submit the follo-
Wing requirements:
 a. The original foreign license plus a photo
copy of the same license.
b. In the event that the foreign license is
written in the language of the license holder
other than ENGLISH, a translation of the context
of the license into ENGLISH from the Embassy
from which the license was issued.
 c. In the event that the applicant applies for
a license or if his foreign license is expired at the
time that the application is field, the applicant
will have to undergo both a WRITTEN EXAMINA-
TION AND AN ACTUAL ROAD TEST.
d. An application form filled by the applicant.
Foreign license applicants can only be issued
a NON-PROFESSIONAL LICENSE.
 2. Military Driver’s License. Enlisted personnel
of the AFP operating motor vehicles owned by
the government shall be licensed in accordance
with R.A. 4136 but no license or delinquency fees
shall be collected thereof.
All licenses so issued shall bear the words “FOR
GOVERNMENT VEHICLES ONLY” plainly
marked or stamped in red inks across the face
thereof. A Military Driver’s License does not
authorize the holder to operate a privately-
owned motor vehicle (Sec.20, R.A. 4136)
Any license holder found guilty of violating the
provisions of this Act is subject to apprehension
and his driver’s license confiscated, suspended
or revoked.
 KINDS OF LICENSES
• There are two (2) general types of driver’s
licenses, Non-Professional and Professional
driver’s license.
• Professional driver’s license affords its holder the
privilege to make driving as a means of livelihood.
• Non-Professional driver’s license affords its
holder the privilege to drive motor vehicles
without compensation, usually for private and/or
personal use.
• Before a Professional or Non-Professional
driver’s license can be issued to an individual,
a person desiring to learn to operate motor
vehicles must first obtain a Student Driver’s
Permit. A Student Permit holder must be
under the supervision of a license holder (with
valid/unexpired license) while learning how to
drive.
Another license being issued by the Land
Transportation Office is the Conductor’s License.
This is being issued to individuals who want to
apply as conductor of buses and make this as a
means of their livelihood.