Module1: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF

LAND TRANSPORTATION

OVERVIEW

Welcome Students! This course covers the study of traffic safety

education, enforcement, engineering techniques in vehicular and pedestrian
direction and control, techniques in point and inter-recreational vehicle-
volume determination for emergency and priority control. Study of the different
traffic decrees, codes, national and local levels, techniques in selective
enforcement, preparation of plans and policies for special and emergency
traffic situations, methods and procedures in the use of the hand signals and
electrical signal lights, techniques in accident investigation, determination of
reaction time and brake-in-time application of scientific aids in hit-and run
cases.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the students:

1. Explain briefly the development of transportation;
2. Distinguish the various areas of traffic operation and management; and of
traffic direction and control;
3. Identify the different traffic control devices and aids;
4. Apply the concept of traffic law enforcement;
5. Integrate the concept of traffic management with traffic accident
investigation;
6. Discuss the chronological steps of traffic accident investigation.

LET US EXPLORE

Activity 1.1
Test I.
Read and analyze the question properly.
Choose the best answer.

1. The earliest human beings were believed to have constantly moved from one
place to another because--

a. they were nomadic.

b. of their involvement with barter trading.
c. they have to see the rest of the world.
d. they have to conquer places for them to survive.

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2. The earliest form of traveling used by man was---

A. by foot travel.
B. through domestication of animals.
C. by using sledge pulled by animals.
D. by wheeled carts.

3. To ease the traveling by foot, the earliest human beings--

A. invented the wheel.

B. used wind power to move their vehicles.
C. domesticated animals which helped them loads
D. domesticated animals to pull their wheeled carts.

4. Wheel is believed to have originated in—

A Europe
B. Western Asia
C. America
D. Africa

5. When wheeled carts were invented, the next problem by man in traveling was—

A. an engine which will power the wheeled carriages.

B. how to power the vehicles.
C. how to get rid of the domesticated animals.
D. a wider pathway which could accommodate the much wider
wheeled carts.

6. Which of the following were considered as the pioneers of road building in ancient
history?

A. Americans
B. Australians
C. Europeans
D. Romans

7. The Frenchman who is attributed for the invention of the internal combustion
engine is –

A. John MacAdam
C. Etienne Lenoir
B. John Boyd Dunlop
D. Henry Ford

8. Who among the following pioneered the mass production of motor vehicles?

A. Henry Ford
C. Gottlieb Daimler
B. Etienne Lenoir
D. Nicholaus Otto

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9. Who is attributed for the introduction of pneumatic tire?

A. John MacAdam
B. John Boyd Dunlop
C. Etienne Lenoir
D. Henry Ford

10. What kind of animal was domesticated in Siberia during the beginning of the
Christian era for transportation purposes?

A. Ox B. Reindeer C. Cattle D. llama

Test II
Match Column A with Column B by writing the
corresponding letter of your answer.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. a carrying device which used balance a. tumpline
on one shoulder.

2. first domesticated in Mesopotamia used b. horse

as draft animals.
3. a long-haired type of cattle that lives in c. yak
high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau.
4. used by Carthaginians in their wars d. elephant
against Rome

5. It gave mobility and power to the e. reindeer

German tribes who invaded Europe
6. the only new world animal in Pre- f. Spirit od St. Louis
Columbian America
7. it was first domesticated in the Middle g. ox
East

8. it derived the first domesticated in the h. donkey

Middle East
9. employed by a Korean general in i. llama
building a bridge
10. utilized to carry loads on the back with j. kite
a strap passing over the chest

k. carrying pole
l. balance pole

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DEFINITON OF TERMS

Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one

location to another. Tracing the historical development of human's methods of
transporting goods and people would take a voluminous book to record all the
innovations made by man from the ancient time to the present-day age, this book
cited only those commonly used by human beings of all generations and most of all
nations on earth.

MANPOWER- Early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own
burdens. More so today, manpower is important in transportation in many parts of
the world.

Walking (traveling by foot) It is commonly cited by reference books and literatures

that man first used the power of his own feet in traveling while a load is either carried
or dragged. Coincidentally, the English word "pedestrian" was coined from the Latin
word "pedester" which means to travel by foot.

Carrying Pole In China and other parts of the Far East, the carrying pole, balanced
on one shoulder is a popular carrying device. On islands of the Pacific, the ends of
the pole are supported by two men, with goods suspended from the pole in
between.

Back Load and Tumpline - In many parts of the world, goods are carried on the
back. In Subtemala, pots are carried on a wooden framework supported by a
tumpline across the forehead. In the Andes, the load is held on the back by a strap
passing over the chest.

Sledge on rollers - The moving of heavy burdens was to place them on sledge which
rested on a series of rollers.

Sledge on runners - A simple sledge, probably man drawn, was in use at the end of
the Old Stone Age in northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden
runners which survived.

Travois - This travois, as the pole arrangement called, serves as a platform on which
the burdens are placed. The platform or crossed-beam poles are then dragged by
humans or animals.

ANIMAL POWER - The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential

power available for transportation. Pack animals were introduced as conveyances
mainly to save labor. A man can tend several pack animals moving together, each
of which (except dogs) can carry more than he usually can. Little advantage in
speed is gained unless part of the animals' carrying capacity is sacrificed.
Mentioned below were some of the common animals used by human beings since
the ancient times. Some people groups are still using these animals in their
transportation.

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Ox - Cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft
animals to draw war chariots. Oxen are still used as draft animals many regions of
the world. In some parts of Africa, they are used as pack animals and for riding.

Reindeer - These were first domesticated in Siberia in beginning of the Christian era.
In the Altai Mountains, the were ridden with saddles. Elsewhere, they draw sledges
somewhat like the dog sledges of the Far North.

Dog - The dog, the first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy loads. The
plain Indians sometimes packed light loads on dogs' backs, and piled goods on a
travois which the dogs dragged. In the Far North, the dogs team drawing sledges
are the chief means of transportation; and in parts of Europe, the dogs are used to
draw small carts.

Donkey - The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the Middle East. Early dogs came
to use as a back animal before the domestication of the camel. Donkey caravans
carry goods between the cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt and the donkey is still
the chief beast of burden among the farmers of the Near East, the Mediterranean
Area and Mexico, where it was introduced from Spain.

Llama - In pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the only new world animal other
than the dog capable of domestication for use in transport. In the high Andes, the
Llama was used as a pack animal by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors, as it's
by modern Andean people.

Elephant - The Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against Rome but in
recent centuries, these animals have not been tamed. In India, elephants were
formerly used in war and are still employed to some extent for ceremonial
processions and big game hunting. In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are
widely used in the lumber industry,

Horse Around - 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots appeared in southwest Asia and
1,000 years later, the Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility and power to
the German tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central Asian conqueror Genghis
Khan. In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for riding for some
time until the introduction of mechanized vehicles.

Camel - There are two kinds of camel, the two-humped Bactrian camel of Central
Asia and the one-humped dromedary of Arabia have long been used for transport.
The Bactrian camel has plodded along the caravan routes between China and Iran
for at least 2,000 years. It is also used to draw carts. The dromedary, which has less
endurance but it, is fleeter and special fast-paced riding camel, is bred by the Arab
nomads.

Yak - A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau
and in the neighboring Mountain Regions is ridden and used as a pack animal at
heights were horses and ordinary animal could not survive.

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WIND POWER - Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and learned to
utilize such powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved way to invention of air lifted
transportation vessels.

Ancient Chinese Kite - Kites have been flown as a popular past time in the Far East
since the beginning of the history. Based on a Korean tradition, the kite was first used
for transport when a Korean general employed one in bridge building. By means of
a kite, a cord was conveyed across the river where heavier ropes were fastened
and finally the bridge cable. In the late 10th century, several European armies
experimented with kites in transporting men.

Da Vinci's Ornithopter The great renaissance artist, scientist and engineer, Leonardo
da Vinci, made study of the flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched a number
of ornithopter (a.k.a. orthopter) which derives its principal support and propelling
from flapping wings like those of a bird. It was not until the 19th century that rigid
wings were envisaged.

Montgolfier Balloon - The Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph Michel and Jacques
Entienne have successfully released several balloons when they proposed to use two
condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers.

Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian protested this and claimed the honor for himself.
In 1783, he and the Marquis d Arlanoes became the first men to make a free balloon
ascent. The balloon constructed of linen and inflated with hot air traveled 9,000
yards and remained in the air for 20 minutes.

Siemens' Rocket Plane - Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later achieved fame as an
electric industrialist, in 1847 designed rocket plane which was to be propelled by the
explosive force of gunpowder.. Similarly, Siemens' rocket plane was never carried
beyond the design stage.

Lilienthal Glider - Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor who also made a study of the
flight of birds and experimented with ornithopters, going so far as to build a model
ornithopter. His chief work was with gliders. However, in 1891, he made the first of a
number of a glider flights which were to exert a profound influence on the
development of aviation.

Santos Dumont's Airship - One of the pioneers of lighter-than-air craft was Alberto
Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who experimented with the steam-powered balloons in
Paris. He made his first balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898 completed the
construction of his first airship. He, then built several other airships and in 1901, made
a 30-minute round trip flight between St. Louis and the Eiffel Tower.

Wright Brothers' Flying Machine - Inspired by Lilienthal's glider experiments, Orville

and Wilbur Wright began studying the problems of heavier-than-air flight. They built
biplane kite then over 200 different wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of
their own invention, before they conducted their first man-carrying powered
machine. This flew successfully at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on Dec. 17, 1903. By
1909, airplanes became sufficiently accepted to justify beginning commercial
manufacture of the machine.

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Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis - Following the initial flight of the Wright brothers'
airplane, the development of aviation was rapid. The first airmail was delivered in
1911 and World War I gave an impetus to plane design and the training of pilots.
During the 1920's, many new records were set. A feat which particularly captured
popular imagination was the first solo flight from New York to Paris, made by Capt.
Charles A. Lindbergh in May 1927 in a plane especially built for the flight, the Spirit of
St. Louis.

ACTIVITY 1.2

Fill in the blanks. Read and analyze then complete the following statements carefully
and write your answers on the space provided.

Test 1.

The word (1)_________originates from a (2)__________ word (3)_________ with

reference to the movement of people that dates back from the dawns of history,
from the domesticated horse drawn wheels to horseless carriage.

Early (4)___________ via obsolete French (5)_________ from Old Italian (6)________ from
Tafficare (7)__________ of uncertain origin.

Test 2.

Give 5 agencies involved in Traffic Management and give a brief description in

each agency that you’ve chosen. (2 points each.)

1.
2
3.
4.
5.

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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Traffic Management is best understood by understanding the following

commonly used words and terminologies. Some of these are defined according to
their "operational definitions" and some are defined based on their general
definitions. However, most of these terminologies are defined based on Chapter 1,
Article 1 of in 1968. The definitions of the UN are also adopted by the Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH) on their "Highway Safety Design Standards"
published in 2012.

ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS/ROADS - These are high-capacity urban roads that direct traffic
from collector roads to expressways or freeways. It also refers to a highway that is
used primarily by through traffic

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ARTICULATED VEHICLE - It means a combination of vehicles comprising a motor
vehicle and a semi-trailer coupled to the motor vehicle (UN-VCRT, 1968). See and
compare also the definition based on R.A. 4136 as stated in Lesson 3.2 of this book

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BUILT-UP AREA - It refers to an area with entries and exits especially sign posted as
such or otherwise defined in domestic legislation (UN-VCRT, 1968).

CARRIAGEWAY - It means the part of the road normally used by vehicular traffic (UN-
VCRT, 1968). It is also known as ROADWAY.

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COLLECTOR HIGHWAY - It is also known as collector road or distributor road which

connects low-to-moderate highways or roads to arterial highways such as those
entering residential properties. It also refers to a highway that serves primarily to
funnel traffic from one local highway to another or between arterials and local
highways.

COMBINATION OF VEHICLES - It means coupled vehicles which travel on the road as

a unit (UN-VCRT, 1968).

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CYCLE - It means any vehicle which has at least two wheels and is propelled solely
by the muscular energy of the persons on that vehicle, in particular by means of
pedals or hand-cranks (UN VCRT, 1968).

DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC AND APPROPRIATE TO THE DIRECTION OF TRAFFIC - These

mean the right-hand side if, under domestic legislation, the driver of a vehicle must
allow an oncoming vehicle to pass on his left; otherwise, these expressions mean the
left-hand side (UN-VCRT, 1968)

DOMESTIC LEGISLATION - It is the entire body of national or local laws and regulations
in force in the territory (country)

DRIVER - It means any person who drives a motor vehicle or other vehicle (including
a cycle), or who guides cattle, singly or in herds, or flocks, or draught, pack or saddle
animals on a road (UN-VCRT, 1968). See and compare also the definition based on
R.A. 4136 as stated in Lesson 3.2 of this book.

GIVE WAY - It means that a driver must not continue or resume his advance or
maneuver if by so doing he might compel the drivers of other vehicles to change
the direction or speed of their vehicles abruptly (UN-VCRT, 1968).

HIGHWAY - It means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way
dedicated to a public authority when any part of the way is open to the use of the
public for purposes of vehicular traffic, whether or not the public authority is
maintaining the way. Or, highway refers to any roads, streets, boulevards, or
avenues used as public thoroughfare. See and compare also the definition based
on R.A. 4136 as stated in Lesson 3.2 of this book.

LADEN WEIGHT - It means the actual weight of the vehicle as loaded, with the crew
and passengers on board (UN-VCRT, 1968).

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INTERSECTION - It means any level crossroad, junction or fork, including the open
areas formed by such crossroads, junctions or forks (UN-VCRT, 1968).

LANE - It means one of the longitudinal strips from which the carriageway can be
divided, whether or not defined by longitudinal road markings (UN-VCRT, 1968).

LEVEL-CROSSING - It means any level intersection between a road and a railway or

tramway track with its own track formation (UN-VCRT, 1968)

Level-crossing WITH GATE Level-crossing WITHOUT GATE

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LIGHT TRAILER - This means any trailer of a permissible maximum weight not
exceeding 750 kg (Is650 lb.) (UN-VCRT, 1969).

MANAGEMENT - It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose. MOPED.

It means any two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicle which is fitted with an internal
combustion engine having a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50 cc (3-05 cu o in °)
and a maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km (30 miles) per hour (UN-VERT,
1968).

MOTOR VEHICLE - It means any power-driven vehicle which is normally used for
carrying persons or goods by road or for vehicle, with or drawing, on the road,
vehicles used for the carriage of persons or goods. This term embraces trolley-buses,
that is to say, vehicles connected to an electric conductor and not rail-borne. It
does not cover vehicles, such as agricultural tractors, which are only incidentally
used for carrying persons or goods by road or for drawing, on the road, vehicles
used for the carriage of persons or goods (UN-VCRT, 1968). See and compare also
the definition based on R.A. 4136 as stated in Lesson 3.2 of this book.

MOTORWAY - It means a road specially designed and built for motor traffic, which
does not serve properties bordering on it, and which (UN-VCRT, 1968).:

(i) is provided, except at special points or temporarily, with separate

carriageways for the two directions of traffic, separated from each other
either by a dividing strip not intended for traffic or, exceptionally, by other
means;
(ii) does not cross at level with any road, railway or tramway track, or
footpath; and
(iii) is specially sign-posted as a motorway

OPERATION - Pertains to a course or series of acts to affect a certain purpose;

manner of action; or a vital or natural process of activity.

PARKED - A vehicle is said to be parked if it is stationary for the period during which
the vehicle is not limited to the time needed to pick up or set down persons or goods
(UN-VCRT, 1968). See and compare also the definition based on R.A. 4136 as stated
in Lesson 3.2 of this book.

PERMISSIBLE MAXIMUM WEIGHT - It means the maximum weight of the laden vehicle
declared permissible by the competent authority of the State in which the vehicle is
registered (UN-VCRT, 1968).

POWER-DRIVEN VEHICLE - It means any self-propelled road vehicle, other than a

moped in the territories of Contracting Parties which do not treat mopeds as motor
cycles, and other than a rail-borne vehicle (UN-VCRT, 1968).

ROAD - It refers to the entire surface of any street open to public traffic (UN-VCRT,
1968). It also includes shoulder and sidewalk (DPWH, 2012). Hence, to DPWH, the
term "road" is synonymous to trafficway. For purposes of construction, repair, and/or
maintenance, roads are classified as:

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1. National Roads These are roads/streets interconnecting provinces
and/or cities.

2. Provincial Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting

municipalities and/or cities within a province.

3. City Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting barangays with

a city.

4. Municipal Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting

barangays within a municipality.

5. Barangay Roads - These are roads/streets located within a barangay

which connect sitios or places within a barangay.

ROAD USERS - It shall mean any persons using the road including drivers, pedestrians,
cyclists, and commuters (UN-VERT, 1968). refers to that part of the trafficway over
which vehicles pass (Cambridge Online Dictionary, n.d.).

RURAL ROADS - These are roads where speed limit is over 60kph. Although there are
high-speed roads in the urban area, for the purpose of the line marking, they are
defined as rural roads ROADWAY. It (road) (UN-VCRT, 1968).

SEMI-TRAILER - It means any trailer designed to be coupled to a motor vehicle in

such a way that part of it rests on the motor vehicle and that a substantial part of its
weight and of the weight of its load is borne by the motor vehicle (UN-VCRT, 1968).
See and compare also the definition based on R.A. 4136 as stated in Lesson 3.2 of
this book.

SHOULDER - It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.

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SIDEWALK - It refers to the paved walkway along the side of a street. It also means
the area determined as follows:

(1) On the side of a highway which has a shoulder, a sidewalk is that

portion of the highway between the outside lateral line of the shoulder and
the adjacent property line capable of being used by a pedestrian.
(2) On the side of a highway which has no shoulder, a sidewalk is that
portion of the highway between the lateral line of the roadway and the
adjacent property line capable of being used by a pedestrian.

STANDING - A vehicle is said to be standing if it is stationary for the time needed to

pick up or set down persons or to load or unload goods (UN-VCRT, 1968).

THROUGH HIGHWAY - It means every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular

traffic is given the right-of-way, and at the entrances to which vehicular traffic from
intersecting highways is required by law to yield right-of-way to vehicles on such
through highway in obedience to either an authorized stop sign or a yield sign, or
other official traffic-control device.

THRUWAY - It is a highway that has limited entrances and exits such as the
expressways, freeways, or motorways. countries It is known as autobahn in German-
speaking and autostrada (thefreedictionary.com) in Italian-speaking countries.

TRAFFIC - It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by

combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of
travel. [Early 16th century. Via obsolete French trafique from Old Italian traffico, from
trafficare to carry on trade', of uncertain origin.]

TRAFFIC WAY - Refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or
place of which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular
traffic as a matter of right or custom. It is also synonymous to public way and road.
(Moriyama, 1943)

TRAILER - It means any vehicle designed to be drawn by a power-driven vehicle and

includes semi-trailers (UN-VCRT, 1968). See and compare also the definition based
on R.A. 4136 as stated in Lesson 3.2 of this book.

UNLADEN WEIGHT - It means the weight of the vehicle without crew, passengers or
load, but with a full supply of fuel and with the tools which the vehicle normally
carries (UN-VCRT, 1968).

URBAN ROADS - These are roads where speed limit is 60kph or less (UN-VCRT, 1968).

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The Intersection

In most American State laws, intersection is defined as the area embraced

within the prolongation or connection of the later curb lines, or, if none, then the
lateral boundary lines of th roadways of two highways which join one another at,
approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicle traveling upon
different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict (leg state. mv.us)
It is synonymous to crossroads, junctions or crossings.

In a simpler language, intersection refers to the area of a roadway created

when two or more roadways join together at any angle, as described in one of the
following (oregonlaws.org):

(1) If the roadways have curbs, the intersection is the area embraced
within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines.

(2) If the roadways do not have curbs, the intersection is the area
embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral boundary lines
of the roadways.

Classifications of Intersections According to Number of Intersecting roads:

1. 3-way Intersection - It is commonly known as the T or Y crossroad which links

three roads.

2. 4-way Intersection - It is the most common type which involved the

crossings of two roadways. It is either a regular intersection when the two
roads cross perpendicularly and it is called skewed intersection when the two
roads cross at different angles.

3. 5-way Intersection - It involves the crossing of five roads. This type is the least
common.

4. 6-way Intersection - It involves the crossing of three streets most often two
perpendicular roads and one diagonal road. This type is very rare.

5. Staggered Intersection - It involves two successive T crossroads.

Classifications of Intersections According to Traffic Control:

1. Controlled Intersection - It is controlled by any traffic control devices. a.

Yield-controlled Intersection - It is usually controlled by a Yield sign or Give Way sign.

b. Stop-controlled Intersection - A Stop sign is usually installed. Most

common are the two-way stops an most countries use the four-way
stops or the first-to stop first-to-go rule.

c. Traffic Circle - Traffic flow here is directed by a circle, rotary island, or

a runabout sign.

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2. Uncontrolled Intersection - This intersection has no traffic signals or traffic signs.

Crossing is by observing the right of-way rule.

3. Box Junction - This type generally prohibits entry unless the exit is clear.

4. Cloverleaf - A highway interchange at which two highways, one crossing over the
other, have a series of entrance and exit ramps resembling the outline of a four-leaf
clover and enabling vehicles to proceed in either direction on either highway.

It is the inherent characteristic of the intersection as the point where two or

more streets, roads, or highways met which attributed to most traffic problems or
conflicts. It goes with it that when motor vehicles cross each other's path,
interlocking of traffic flows or sometimes collisions occur because of occupying the
space (intersection) at one given time.

What is Traffic Management?

Traffic management is the application of the processes and skills in planning,

organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and budgeting to traffic affairs
(Bragado, 1998). Traffic Management also refers to the activities undertaken by a
highway transportation agency to improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and
effectiveness for both providers and consumers of transportation services (Sigua,
2008). It also refers to the organization, arrangement, guidance and control of both
stationary and moving traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists and all types of
vehicles (Underwood, 1990).

Types of traffic management

The two distinct types of traffic management are the used or utilization of:

1) traditional traffic engineering tools or devices, to regulate or control traffic,

such as traffic lights, traffic signs, or pavement markings, traffic islands, and other
devices that could control or direct the flow of traffic (these will be discussed in latter
chapters/modules); and

2) advanced technology like the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).

Examples of the ITS are the installation of road sensors for emergency cars, global
positioning devices on motor vehicles, and road sensors attached to traffic signal
lights.

Why Traffic Management is necessary?

In every traffic management, three elements are necessary to be considered.
These are the road (trafficway) system, road users, and the enforcement (and/or
control) procedures. Failure to coordinate these elements in a particular highway
and/or intersection may cause traffic-related problems.

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With the advent of science and technology, new and modernized traffic
facilities are introduced. However, despite of these modernizations, traffic
congestions persist to exist. The only way to at least cope up with the prevailing
traffic related problems is a coordinated traffic management. Traffic management
is therefore designed to make the trafficway safer for travelers, expedite the
movement of traffic, and to provide convenience to the traffic facilities' users. In
short, traffic management aims to attain efficiency in the utilization of the trafficway.

A. Major Causes of Traffic Congestion - Based on studies conducted by authorities.

1. Physical Inadequacy - This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow

bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc.

2. Poor Control Measures - This is characterized by ineffective mechanical

control devices, inefficient traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws,
rules and regulations.

3. Human Errors - Many traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or poor
driving habits, pedestrian mistakes, officers' errors, poor planning, poor legislation;
and traffic accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors.

4. Poor Maintenance - Oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways

because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road
pavement concreting. This can be attributed to inappropriate budget for the
maintenance of the traffic facilities. On the other hand, police should also report
lights out, damage portion of the traffic way to expedite the action from the
concerned government offices.

B. Specific Traffic Problems - Traffic managers and traffic control officers commonly
encounter the following traffic-related problems:

1. Traffic Build-up It is characterized by the gradual increasing of traffic users in

a given portion of the highway or trafficway.

2. Traffic Congestions These are conditions on road networks that occurs as

use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and
increased vehicular queueing.

3. Traffic Jams (snarl-up) - These are situations in highways in which the

movement of traffic users (motor vehicles or pedestrians) is very slow or stationary.

Activity 1.3
Please type a developmental activity ( reflective question, activity, or exercise related
to check understanding of the lesson) here.

BS CRIMINOLOGY | CDI 5 | Palawan State University 19

 Module1: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
LAND TRANSPORTATION
Please type the continuation of the discussion of the lesson here.

LET US WRAP UP
Activity 1.4
Please type the activity for generalization and reflection here.

LET US ASSESS

Please type the evaluation/ assessment of the lesson here.

ANSWER KEY

BS CRIMINOLOGY | CDI 5 | Palawan State University 20

 Module1: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
LAND TRANSPORTATION
Please type the answer key here.

REFERENCES

Please type the references here. Please use APA format.

BS CRIMINOLOGY | CDI 5 | Palawan State University 21