Historical background of land transportation

Transportation
 is the movement or conveying a persons and goods from one location to
another. Tracing the historical development of human’s methods of transporting
goods and people would take a voluminous book to record all the innovations
made by man from the ancient time to the present day age. This book cited only
those commonly used by human beings of all generations and most of all
nations on earth.
Man’s need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human beings. Biblical
passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the forbidden tree, they were
sent out by God from Paradise of Eden.
“Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from
whence he was taken.” 
Since then, the human race expanded and our ancestors constantly move from one place to
another to enable them to survive and others for various reasons. Other biblical passages mentioned
that Moses was chosen by God to speak to the Pharaoh, King of Egypt to let His children out of Egypt.
So, the children of Israel were gloriously brought out from Egypt to serve God. Soon, others became
nomadic. They constantly migrate from one place to another according to their own detailed
knowledge of exploitable resources.
The term nomad, from the Greek, “to pasture,” was originally used to refer to
pastoralists –groups that migrate in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their
domestic livestock. However, the term has since been generalized to include all non-
settled populations, of which there are three types. The first type comprises foraging
populations who wander in search of their food. It is estimated that 99 percent of all
humanity once lived in this way.
The second type, the most significant numerically and historically, comprises the
pastoral nomads who move with their families, belongings, and herds of cattle, camel,
sheep, or goats through an annual cycle of pastures whose availability is determined by
the alteration of hot and cold or wet and dry seasons. The third type comprises gypsies,
tinkers, and similar itinerants in urban and complex societies.
What worth noting is; how man traveled during the ancient period. It believed that
early human beings traveled to place by foot, carrying their loads on their backs or on
their heads, while others pulled crude sleds. They used every means to make their
transportation with the least time and effort.

 
Various Ancient Modes of Transportation:
A. MANPOWER.
Early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own burdens. More so today,
manpower is important in transportation in many parts of the world.

 1. Walking (traveling by foot) 

 – It is commonly cited by reference books and literatures that man first used the power
of his own feet in traveling while a load is either carried or dragged. Coincidentally, the
English word “pedestrian” was coined from the Latin word “pedester” – which means to
travel on foot.

 
2. Carrying Pole 
 – In China and other parts of the Far East, the carrying pole, balance on one shoulder
is a popular carrying device. On islands of the Pacific, the ends of the pole are
supported by two men, with goods suspended from the pole in between.
3. Back Load and Tumpline
 – In many parts of the world goods are carried on the back. In Subtemala, pots are
carried on a wooden framework supported by a tumpline across the forehead. In the
Andes the load is held on the back by a strap passing over the chest.

4. Sledge on rollers 
 – The moving of heavy burdens was to place them on sledge which rested on a series
on rollers.
5. Sledge on runners 
 – A simple sledge, probably man drawn, was in use at the end of the Old Stone Age in
northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden runners which survived.
6. Travois 
 – This travois, as the pole arrangement called serves as a platform on which the
burdens are placed. The plat former crossed-beam are then dragged by humans or
animals.

 
B. ANIMAL POWER.
The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power available for
transportation. Pack animals were introduced as conveyances mainly to save labor.
Pack man can tend several pack animals moving together, each of which (except dogs)
can carry more than he usually can. Little advantage in speed is gained unless part of
the animals’ carrying capacity is sacrificed. Mentioned below were some of the common
animals used by human beings since the ancient times. Some people groups are still
using these animals in their transportation.

1. Ox
 – Cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used as draft animals to
draw war chariots. Oxens are still used as draft animals in many regions of the world. In
some parts of Africa, they are used as pack animals and for riding.

2. Reindeer 
  – These were first domesticated in Siberia in beginning of the Christian era. In the Altai
Mountains, they were ridden with saddles. Elsewhere, they draw sledges somewhat like
the dog sledges of the Far North.

 3. Dog 
 – The dog, the first animal domesticated, is to slight to carry heavy loads. The plain
Indians sometimes packed light loads on dogs’ backs, and piled goods on a travois
which the dogs dragged. In the Far North, the dogs team drawing sledges are the chief
means of transportation; and in parts of Europe, the dogs are used to draw small carts.

4. Donkey 
The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the Middle East. Early dogs came to use as a
back animals before the domestication of the camel. Donkey caravans carry goods
between with cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt and the donkey is still the chief beast
of burden among the farmers or the Near East, the Mediterranean Area and Mexico,
where it was introduced from Spain.

 
5. Llama
 – In pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the only new world animal other than the
dog capable of domestication for use in transport. In the high Andes, the Llama was
used as a pack animal by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors, as its by modern
Andean people.

 
6. Elephant 
 – The Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against Rome but in recent
centuries, these animals have not been tamed. In India, elephants were formerly used
in war and are still employed to some extent for ceremonial processions and big game
hunting. In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are widely used in the lumber
industry.

 
7. Horse 
 – Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots appeared in southwest Asia and 1,000years
later, the Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility and power to the German
tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central Asian conqueror Genghis Khan. In
Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for riding for sometime until
the introduction of mechanized vehicles.

 
8. Camel 
 – There are two kinds of camel, the two-humped Bactrian camel of Central Asia and
the one-humped dromedary of Arabia have long been used for transport. The Bactrian
camel has plodded along the caravan routes between China and Iran for at least 2,000
years. It is also used to draw carts. The dromedary, which has less endurance but it, us
fleeter and special fast-paced riding camel, is bred by the Arab nomads.

 
9. Yak
 – A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and in
the neighboring Mountain Regions is ridden and used as a pack animal at heights were
horses and ordinary animal could no survive.
C. WIND POWER
 – Man realized the energy from the mass moving air and learned to utilized such
powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved way to invention of air lifted transportation
vessels.

1. Ancient Chinese Kite 

 – Kites have been flown as a popular past time in the Far East since the beginning of
the history. Based on a Korean tradition, the kite was first used for transport when a
Korean general employed on in bridge building. By means of a kite, a cord was
conveyed across the river where heavier ropes were fastened and finally the bridge
cable. In the late 10th century, several European armies experimented with kites in
transporting men.

 
2. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter
 – The great renaissance artist, scientist and engineer, Leonardo da Vinci, made study
of the flight of the birds and his notebooks sketched a number of ornithopter (a. k. a
orthopter) which derives it principal support and propelling from flapping wings like
those of a bird. It was not until the 19th century that rigid wings were envisaged.

 
3. Montgolfier Balloon 
 – The Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne have
successfully released several balloons when they proposed to use two condemned
prisoners for the first ascent with passengers. Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian
protested this and claimed the honor for himself. In 1783, he and the Marquis d’
Arlanoesbeme the first men to make a free balloon ascent. The balloon constructed of
linen and inflated with hot air traveled9,000 yards and remained in the air for 20
minutes.

 
4. Siemens’ Rocket Plane 
 – Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later achieved fame as an electric industrialist, in
1847 designed rocket plane which was to be propelled by the explosive force of
gunpowder. Similarly, Siemens’ rocket plane was never carried beyond the design
stage.

5. Lilienthal Glider  
 – Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor who also made a study of the flight of birds and
experimented with ornithopter, going so far as to build a model on it hopter. His chief
work was with gliders. However, in 1891, he made the first of a number of a glider flights
which were to exert a profound influence on the development of aviation.
 
6. Santos Dumonts’ Airship
 – One of the pioneers of lighter-than-air craft was Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian
who experimented with the steam-powered balloons in Paris. He made his first balloon
ascent in1897 and in 1898 completed the construction of his first airship. He, then built
several other airships and in 1901, made a 30-minute around trip flight between St.
Louis and the Eiffel Tower.

7. Wright Brother’s Flying Machine

 – Inspired by Lilienthal’s glider experiments, Orville and Wilbur Wright began studying
the problems of heavier-than-airflight. They built biplane kite then over 200 different
wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of their own invention, before they
conducted their first man-carrying powered machine. This flew successfully at Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina on Dec. 17, 1903. By 1909, airplane became sufficiently accepted
to justify beginning commercial manufacture of the machine.
 
8. Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis
 – Following the initial flight of the Wright brothers’ airplane, the development of aviation
was rapid. The first airmail was delivered in1911 and World War I gave an impetus to
plane design and the training of pilots. During the 1920’s, many new records were set. A
feat which particularly captured popular imagination was the first solo flight from New
York to Paris, made by Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in May1927 in a plane especially
built for the flight, the Spirit of St. Louis.
 Air transportation offers traveling in lesser time but the cost is beyond reach of
most common people. Notwithstanding the inaccessibility of most places if traveling is
done through the air even by water transportation. With no choice left, man is left
conceiving and inventing land transportation facilities.

 
WHEELED VEHICLES AND ROADHISTORY

A. WHEEL WAS INVENTED PROBABLY INWESTERN ASIA - such invention was a

milestone and a great step forward in transportation. However a pieces of evidence
were found by archeologists that wheel could have been simultaneously invented in
Southwest Asia and Mesopotamia.

 
LJUBLJANA MARSHES WOODEN WHEEL- this is the oldest wheel ever found in
Europe or anywhere in the world. This was discovered by two Slovene archeologists in
April 2002 in the Ljubljana marshes in Slovenia.
 1. SOLID WHEELS ON FIXED AXLE- this ancient cart represent an early step in
the evolution of wheeled vehicles.

 
2.SUMERIAN CHARIOT WITH FLANK WHEELS -this chariot, of about 2400 B.C., had
solid wheels built up of three pieces, and so was more durable than the one-piece
wheel.

 
3.GREEK QUADRICA WITH SPOKED WHEELS – Deawn by four horses, was a light and
elegant vehicle for gentlemen about 250 B.C.
 .

 
4.ITALIAN COCCHIO, 1288 - A travelling wagon in which the passengers were
protected by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.
- A TRAVELLING WAGON IN WHICH THE PASSENGERS WERE PROTECTED BY
ACOVERING OF LEATHER OR CLOTH FIXED OVER AWOODEN FRAMEWORK. 
1.ARCERA - it had four wheels a cover and was generally drawn by two or more
horses.

 
2.ARCIMA - it was a small conveyance that is large enough for only one person.

3.BASTERNA - it was commonly used by women when travelling and was borne by two
mules, one before and one behind each hitched to a separate pair of parts.

 
4.BENNA - this four wheeled conveyance is made of wicker work and was of gallic
origin.
 
5.CARPENTUM - used by early romans in as early as 500 B.C and as late as 5 th
century of Christian era.

6.CARRUCA - this vehicle had four wheels, with the front ones smaller than two behind.

 
7.CARRUS - a cart with two wheels and boarded sides.
 
8.CISIUM- a light open vehicle of Galilicorigin, had two wheels and room for two
persons.

 
9.PILENTUM - used chiefly by women of the upper classes.

 
10.FOUR-WHEELED PLAUSTRUM- usually employed for heavy burdens but were also
used for travelling.

 
11.RAEDA - was common among the romans during the last century of the republic.
 
12.SARRACUM- used by ancient roman farmers as a travelling vehicle for themselves
and their family.

 
13.TENSA- a sacred vehicle elaborately ornamented with ivory and silver
C.WHEELED VEHICLES AND CARRIAGES - COULDNOT USE THE NARROW
PATHS AND TRAILS USEDBY PACK ANIMALS

EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

 
MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION-
 Is of the greatest inventions that appeared for the last three hundred years. The
inventions in transportation came along with the numerous inventions during the
period of INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

A. STEAM ENGINE was perfected in the 1760’s by JAMESWATT.

B. By the end of 18th century, French, Scottish, and American inventors attempted to
apply the steam engine in water navigation.
 

 
FRENCHMAN JACQUES PERIER- built an steamboat in 1775

 
ROBERT FULTON- launched the steamboat Clermont on the Hudson River in 1807.

SAVANNAH-crossed the Atlantic in 1819 and by the 19 th century, steam navigation

replaced the sailing vessels.
 
B. RAILROADS-horse-drawn wagons with wooden wheels and rails had been used in
English and European mines during the 17 th century

RICHARD TREVITHICK – some other inventors adapted the primitive steam

locomotives to the mine railway between 1797 and 1813.

 
GEORGE STEPHENSON –  built and equipped the 32km stock on and darlington
railway, the first public railway in the world powered by steam locomotive which
eventually began railroad building in England.

 
UNITED STATES –although railroad began in England, it was in the US where
tremendous growth in rail transport system occurred that by 1840 more than 4,800kms
railroad were already operating in the eastern states.
SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began with the adaption of
COACH SPRING about 1650 B.E. IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS
were so bad that the coaches could average only about 4mph and the mail was usually
carried by boys on horses

F. JOHN PALMER – introduced his first fast mail coach in march of 1785 and by 1800,
the English coach system was in full swing.

 
G.THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE
In the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders. One of the modern
ancestors of the modern bicycle was the HOBBY HORSE, or dandy horse. The wheels
were made of wood, with tires of iron, and the riders pushed themselves along with their
feet on the ground.

 KARL VON DRAIS –The German baron in 1817introduced a steerable wheel, creating
the draisienne, or dandy horse.
KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN –in 1838 A Scottish blacksmith, made the first machine
with pedals, which were attached to and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.

 
H. MOTOR VEHICLE –first mode of transportation to Challenge the railroads. The
following are some of the notable events leading to the invention of motorized vehicles
for road traffic.

FERDINAND VERBIEST – a je suit missionary in China, built the first steam-powered

vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese emperor.

NICOLAS JOSEPH CUGNOT – in 1870-71 he demonstrated his far dier vapeur (steam
dray), an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor.
WILLIAM MURDOCH –by 1784, had built a working model of a steam carriage in red
ruth.

RICHARD TREVITHICK –in 1801, ran a full size vehicle on the road in cambrone.
OLIVER EVANS –in 1789, was granted the first automobile patent in the United States.

FRANCOIZ ISAA DE RIVAZ – in 1806 a Swiss engineer was built and engine powered
by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture.
JOSEF BOZEK – in 1815 professor at Prague polytechnic, built an oil-fired steam car.

SAMUEL BROWN –in 1826 a English man tested his hydrogen fuelled internal
combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up to shooters hill in southeast
London.
 
WALTER HANCOCK – In 1838 built and operated steam buses in London.

CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH SCHONTEIN –in 1838 discovered in principle the hydrogen

fuel cell (Diesel) , one of the technologies hailed as are placement for gasoline as an
energy source for cars.
CHARLES GOODYEAR – 1844 invented the vulcanized rubber for tires.

 
ROBERT WILLIAM THOMSON – in 1845-46 invented the first vulcanized rubber tire.
His invention worked well but was costly to produce.
JEAN JOSEPH ETIENNE LENOIR (1858)-also known as JEAN J. LENOIR, a
Belgian engineer developed the internal combustion engine.

 
GASTON PLANTE (1859)-invented the lead acid battery.
 
ANYOS JEDLIK (1828)- invented the electric motor.

 
LENOIR’S HIPPOMOBILE (1860)-with a hydrogen gas fuelled one cylindered internal
combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville lepont, covering 9km in
about 3 hours.

 
HENRY SETH TAYLOR(1867)- demonstrated his 4wheeled steam buggy at the
stanstead fair instanstead, Quebec.
 
SIEGFRIED MARCUS (1870)- the Australian inventor put a liquid-fuelled internal
combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a
vehicle by means of gasoline – known as the first Marcus car.

 
DR. J.W. CARHATRT (1871)- invented the first team powered carriage – sized
automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States.

 
AMEDEE BOLLE (1873)-produced the first real automobile self-propelled steam road
vehicles to transport groups of passengers.
 
GEORGE B. SELDEN (MAY 8, 1879)- filed for a patent which included not only the
engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. He was finally granted on November 5,1895.

ENRICO BERNARDI (1882)-patented a 0.024 horsepower 122cc one cylinder petrol

motor, fitting it into his son’s tricycle, making atleast a candidate for the first automobile.
MARCUS (1883)- secured a German patent for allow voltage ignition system of the
magneto type.

EDOUARD DELAMARE-DEBOUTTEVILLE (1884)- vehicle was patented and trialled.

KARL BENZ (1885)-built his first automobile in Mannheim and he was granted a patent
for his automobile.

 
DAIMLER (1885)- built the first high speed internal combustion engine.
FIRST PRODUCTION OF AUTOMOBILE(1888)- marked in German by Karl Benz, and
in France by Emile roger.

 
GOTTLIEB DAIMLER and WILHELMMAYBACH (1889)- design a vehicle from scratch
to an automobile.

 
PANHARD ET LAVASSOR OF FRANCE (1889)- was the first company formed exclusively
to build automobiles, which also introduced the first four cylinder engine.
 
CHARLES AND FRANK DURYEA (1893)- the brothers founded the Duryea motor wagon
company, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company.

DIESEL(1893)- German inventor developed the diesel engine also known as also

known as a compression-ignition engine.

 
ANDREA MICHELIN (1895)- was the first person touse pneumatic tires on automobile
tires but not successful.
NESSELSDORFER WAGENBAU LATER NAMEDTATRA (1897)- produced the first motor car in
central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in world.

HENRY FORD (1908)-introduced the model T.

 
PHILIP STRAUSS (1911)- invented the first successful automobile tire with an air filled
inner tube.

WANKEL FELIX (1956)-a German mathematician developed an advance type of engine

named after him that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines.
 
To date, man continuously manus facture large cargo trucks and buses for mass
transportation. Presently, the introduction of the light trail transit or LRT, the metro rail
transit or MRT, flyover, pedestrian and vehicle culverts, rock shed and other modern
traffic ways contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic users.

 
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 This module presents the various endeavors of the government for a systematic
traffic management. Further, it discusses the different areas of traffic
management as well as the role of government and non-government agencies
responsible for traffic management. To understand better this module, it is
divided into:

Lesson 1. Fundamentals of Traffic Management

Lesson 2. The Pillars of Traffic
Lesson 3. Traffic Safety Education
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT:
Traffic management is the bestunderstood by understanding the followingcommonly use
d words and terminologies.

Arterial highways/roads: these are high-capacity urban roads that direct traffic from
collect or roads to expressways or free ways. It also refers to a highways that is used
primarily by through traffic.

 
COLLECTOR HIGHWAY
 It is also known as collector road or distributor road which connects low-to-
moderate highways or roads to arterial highways such as those entering
residential properties. It also refers to a highway that serves primarily to funnel
traffic from one local highway to another or between arterials and local
highways.

 
HIGHWAY
 it means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way dedicated to
a public authority when any part of the way is open to the use of the public for
purposes of vehicular traffic, whether or not the public authority is maintaining
the way. Or, highway refers to any roads, streets, boulevards, or avenues used
as public thoroughfare.

Management
 it refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.

Operation
 pertains to course or series of act to effect a certain purpose; manner of action;
or avital or natural process of activity.

Roadway
 refers to that part of the Traffic way over which motor vehicles pass, for
purposes of construction, repair, and /or maintenance, roads are classified.

1. National Roads – these are roads/streets interconnecting provinces and/ or cities.

2. Provincial Roads – these are roads/streets
interconnecting municipalities and/or cities within a province.
 3. City Roads –these are roads/streets interconnecting barangays with a city.
4. Municipal Roads –these are roads/streets interconnecting barangay within a
municipality.
 
5. Barangay roads –these are roads/streets located within a barangay which connect
sitios or places within a barangay.
Shoulder- it refers to either side of the roadways especially along highways.
Sidewalk –it refers to the paved walkway along the side of a street. It also means the
area determined as follows:

 
(1) On the side of a highway which has a shoulder, a sidewalk is that portion of the highway
between the outside lateral line of the shoulder and the adjacent property line capable
of being used by a pedestrian.
(2) on the side a highway which has no shoulder, a sidewalk is that portion of the
highway between the lateral line of

The roadway and the adjacent property line capable of being used by a
pedestrian. Through highway. It means every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic
given the right of way, and at the entrance to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways
is required by law to yield

 
Right of way to vehicles on such through highway in obedience to either an authorized
stop sign or yield sign, or other official traffic control device. Thruway or throughway: it is
a highway that has limited entrances and exits such as the expressways, freeways, or
motorways, it is known as outobahn in German-speaking countries and Autostrada in
Italian-speaking countries.

Traffic- it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn from one place to another for the purpose of travel. Early 16th century. Via
obsolete French trafique from old Italian traffico.

 
From traffic are to carry on trade, of uncertain origin.
Traffic way- refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of
which any part is open to the used of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a
matter of right or custom. It is also synonymous to public way.
 
The intersection - in most American state laws, intersection is defined as the area
embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines ,or, if none, then
the lateral boundary lines of the roadway of two highways which join one another at, or
approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles.

 
Traveling upon different highways joining at any other angles may come in conflict. It is
synonymous to crossroads junctions, or crossings, in a simpler language,
intersection refers to the area of a roadway created when two or more roadways join
together at any angle, as described in one of the following.
(1) If the roadways have curbs, the intersection is the area embraced within the
prolongation or connection of the lateral curbs lines.
(2) if the roadways do not have curbs, the intersection is the area EMBRACED WITHIN
THE PROLONGATION OR CONNECTION OF THELATERAL BOUNDARY LINES OF
THE ROADWAYS.

 
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTIONSACCORDING TO
NUMBER OF INTERSECTINGROAD:

1.3WAYS INTERSECTION- it is commonly known as the t or y crossroad which links

three roads. 
2. 4-WAYS INTERSECTION – it is the most common type which involved the crossing
of two roadways.it is either a perpendicular and it is called skewed intersection when the
two roads cross at different angles.
3.5-WAYS INTERSECTION- it involves the crossing of five roads this type is the least
common.
.4. 6-WAYS INTERSECTION – it involves the crossing of three streets most often two
perpendicular roads and one diagonal road. this type is very rare.
5. STAGGED INTERSECTION –it involves two successive t crossing.

 
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTION ACCORDINGTO
TRAFFIC CONTROL:

1.CONTROLLED INTERSECTION –it is controlled by any traffic control devices.

A. YIELD-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION – it is usually controlled by a yield sign or
give way sign.
B. STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION-a stop sign is usually installed. Most
common are the two ways stops an most countries use the four-ways stops or the first-
to stop first to go rule.
C. TRAFFIC CIRCLE- traffic flow here directed by a circle, rotary island, or a run about
sign.

2.UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION-this intersection has no traffic signals or traffic

signs. Crossings is by observing the right of way rule.

3.BOX JUNCTION-this type generally prohibits entry unless the exit is clear.
 
4. CLOVERLEAF- a highway inter change at which two highways, one crossing over the
other, have a series of entrance and exit ramps resemblings the outline of a four-leaf
clover and enabling vehicles to proceed in either direction on either
highways. It is the inherent characteristics of the intersection as the point where two or
more streets roads, or highway.
 
Met which attributed to most traffic problems or conflicts.it goes with it that when
motor vehicles cross each others path, interlocking of traffic T flows or sometimes
collisions occur because of occupying the space at one given time. What is traffic
management? Traffic management is the application of the processes and skills in
planning.

 
Organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and budgeting to traffic affairs. Traffic management
also refers to the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency to improve roadways
system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both providers and consumers of
transportation services. Considering these two definitions, it can be concluded that traffic
management is for the attainment of traffic efficiency.

TYPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: THE TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ARETHE USED OR UTILIZATION OF:

 1) Traditional Traffic Engineering tools or devices, to regulate or control traffic, such as
traffic lights, traffic signs. Or pavement markings, traffic islands, and other devices that
could control or direct the flow of traffic.

 2) Advance technology like the intelligent transportation system (its). Examples of its
are the installation of road sensors for emergency cars global positioning devices on
motor vehicles, and road sensors attached to traffic signal lights. 
Why traffic management is necessary? In very traffic management, three elements are
necessary to be considered.

 These are the road system, road users, and the enforcement procedures. Failure to
coordinate these elements in a particular highway and/or intersection may cause traffic
related problems.

A. Major causes of traffic congestion-based on studies conducted by authorities.

 
1. Physical Inadequacy-this is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad
crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc.
2.Poor Control Measure –this characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices in
efficient traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulation.
 
3. Human Errors- many traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or poor driving
habits, pedestrian mistakes, officers error, poor planning ,poor legislation and traffic
accidents which are mostly attributes to human errors
4. Poor Maintenance- often times motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of
unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting.

 
Specific traffic problems
- traffic managers and traffic control officers commonly encounter the following traffic
related problems.
1.Traffic Build-up – it is characterized by the gradual increasing of traffic users in a
given portion of the highway.
2.Traffic Congestion –these are condition on road networks that occurs
as use increase and is characterized by slower speeds.
3.Traffic Jams –these are situations in highways in which the movement of traffic users
is very slow or stationary.
4.Bottleneck –these are narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestion or
traffic jam usually occur.
5. Gridlock –a state or condition of severe road congestion arising when contenous
queues of vehicles block entire network of intersecting streets.
6.Accidents –these are events or incidents which may cause unintentional damage to
property, loss of limbs, and/or death.
7.Collisions –these are incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person
striking violently against another.

Scopes of traffic management.

- In connection with the above stated causes of congestion, authorities conceived that a
systematic and effective traffic management is needed which includes but not limited to
the following.
1. All public surface facilities traversing and all types of conveyances for the movement
of persons and things.
2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flows requirements,
planning, approving, funding, construction and/or maintaining these public facilities for
such movements.
3.all agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping, prohibiting or
controlling the use of land transportation office (LTO) and other traffic enforcement
agencies.
 
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT.
1.DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ANDCOMMUNICATION(DOTC). Land
Transportation Office (LTO) is responsible for the Land Transportation Code For The
Philippines (R.A.4136) Land Transportation Franchising And Regulatory Board.
(LTFRB) And conducting traffic safety seminars.
2.CITY MUNIPAL ENGEENERS OFFICE –in the local level, these are responsible for
the planning construction and maintenance of traffic facilities within their respective
locality.
 
3.DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS(DPWH)- this is the main
executive department which is responsible for the planning, construction maintenance
of traffic facilities.
4. LEGESLATIVE- the legislative bodies are not only responsible for the passing or
amendments of law concerning traffic but also they are involved in the planning
approval of governments projects.

 5.PHILIPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) THE PNPTHROUGH ITS HIGHWAY

PATROL GROUP(HPG)(TMC) is responsible primarily for direct enforcement traffic
laws.
6.TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BUREAUS(TMBS) -these are officer created mostly under
the offices of city municipal mayors with the primary task of assisting the local PNP
traffic divisions units in the enforcement of the traffic ordinance/laws.
7.ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS –school both public and private are responsible for the
basic traffic education by integrating in their respective programs and curriculum
subjects or topics in traffic safety.
8.COURTS – the courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-related cases filed
before them.
9.Public Information Offices- the governments through the Philippine Information
Agency (PIA)provides the necessary updates information to the public.
10.BARANGAY PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM(BPAT) MEMBERS.
- in particular the barangay tanods or barangay security forces are the usually traffic
controlling their respective locality area. Particularly during time of emergency.
11.Citizen support groups
-The private institution or organization also help in the prevention of traffic congestion by
assisting government offices in various activity. Particularly during special occasion and
holidays where traffic problem is happen.
 
12.TRI-MEDIA (INCLUDING THE INTERNET)
- Government and private owned publications and radio and television broadcasting
companies provide necessary and updates traffic related information to the public
through their respective programs. With the proceeding a successful traffic
management is not the sole responsibility of the governments but rather a concerted
effort between the government and private organizations.
The Pillars of Traffic
Pillar of Traffic
 These are the main areas of traffic managements which are also known as the “Es” of Traffic.
For a clearer understanding of the various areas of traffic management,
following pillars are conceived.1. Traffic Engineering – It is the science
of measuring traffic and travel of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation; the application of this knowledge to the professional practice planning,
deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation pf persons
and goods 

 
A. Functions of Traffic Engineering
 Agencies involved in traffic engineering usually perform the following task:

1) Fact-finding, surveys and regulations of traffic rules and regulations;

2) Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic controls devices; and
3)Planning of traffic regulations.
b) Agencies and/or offices under Traffic Engineering –Like the other pillars of traffic
management, traffic engineering is done by various government and non-
government agencies.
1) DPWH
 Its scope is national which includes the responsibility for determining traffic law,
pattern, draw origin, and destinations, studies of persons and things, planning,
approving funding and constructions of;

A. National Roads which interconnect cities and municipalities; network of

national roads through cities and municipalities; and
B. Yearly maintenance and programs which includes widening and re- designing of
current road systems
2) Provincial Governments
 these local government units have similar responsibilities with the DPWH but
limited to traffic facilities in the municipalities within the province
3) Municipal Governments
 Their responsibilities are similar to the provincial government but limited to the
network of streets and roads within the barangays
4) Chartered Cities
 Their responsibilities are similar to that of the municipal government but limited to
the network of streets and roads within the cities.

B. Objectives of traffic Engineering.

 In summary, agencies and individuals in traffic engineering and all the conducted programs,
projects, and activities are all geared to:
1)To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
2)To prevent traffic accident.
3)To simplify police enforcement actions and performance.
4)To show that good police actions and performance makes engineering plans effective.
5)To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the improvement of traffic problems.

 
D. When and where the Objectives of traffic Engineering applied?
 Traffic engineers normally focused their task on places where traffic congestions,
traffic accidents, traffic build-up, or traffic obstructions are likely to occur.
1.Habitually congested commercial areas.
2.Heavily travelled thoroughfares.
3.Congested local areas and intersections.
4.During specials occasions and events.
5.During disasters or emergencies.
6.At school crossing.

 
E. Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic engineering, traffic engineers’ primary
consideration is the construction of traffic ways, However, before a plan or design framed-up, various
factors are given into account.

(1.) Planning and Geometric Design-Factor Employed in Planning.

(a). Compositions of traffic streams.
(b.) Traffic volumes for capacity.
(c) Origin destination.

(2) Regulation and Control-Traffic Regulations

(a.) Based and confined within the boundaries of safety, public welfare and
convenience.
(b.) limitations imposed on road use and conduct.
(c) Basic general rules use and conduct.
(d) Prohibition and Restrictions.

2.Traffic Education.
 It refers to any act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge on
traffic or any matters relating to the use of the traffic way or road ways. Traffic
safety is the primary concern of traffic education in the are of accident reduction
and prevention. The following are agencies and offices responsible for traffic
education:

a. Schools (Public and Private) Traffic education can be carried outby imparting
knowledge concerning traffic safety, and developing traffic safety morality.
(1) Elementary. In this level, traffic education is focused on safety and guides stressing
traffic safety, classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and safety rules, organizing
safety patrols.
(2) Secondary. Traffic education for high schools students isgeared towards school
safety organizations
(3) Higher Education. Some colleges and universities offer andconduct courses
regarding traffic safety subjects.

 
b. Public information Programs
 The public should be informed on all activities affecting the citizens and the
community relating to traffic(dissemination of information). This can be done
through the public information agency, newspapers radio and television broad
casting networks, and other forms of media.
c. Citizen Support Groups.
 These are mostly composed by voluntary non-government organizations
(NGOs), radio communication groups, rotary organizations and other voluntary
clubs. These organizations usually develop citizen’s responsibilities, conduct
organized educational campaign, instill awareness of the traffic problems; and
provide information regarding major traffic requirements and needs.

 
3. Traffic Enforcement
 This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and
rules and regulations, The following are the various agencies/offices that are
involved in enforcement of traffic law:

a. Land Transportation Office (LTO). This office is responsible for the following:
(1.) Vehicle registration
(2) Vehicle Inspections
(3) Drivers Licensing (examinations, suspensions, and revocations)
(4) Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles.

b. Legislative Bodies
 Included are the Senate Congress, provincial Boards, and City and Municipal
Councils. They are responsible for the passing and/or amending of laws and/or
ordinances.

 
c. Police Traffic Enforcement.
 This pillar is not limited to the PNP-HPG (formerly TMG) but it includes all government
personnel who are duly authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic laws such as:

(1) The Metropolitan manila Development Authority (MMDA) for the National Capital Region
(NCR).
 (2) Police/Traffic Auxiliaries
(3) LTO Law Enforcement Services/Flying Squad

4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment

 This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to the scale of density of new urban concentration and
new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport
congestion which result therein.

 
A. What are the environmental effects of the urbanization of transportation?
 Any decision in modernizing the transportation system shall consider the
following environmental effects:
(1.) Noise. The ill effect of noise is one of the major considerations in the
evaluation of the consequences of traffic urbanization to the environment. The
level of Noise inside and outside a dwelling is an important indicator of the
quality of life. The exact influence of traffic noise on human behavior is not well
understood. It is known that continued exposure to noise level beyond 80 dBA
(decibel annually) causes loss of hearing.

Average background noise:

(a)Typical home- 40 to 50 dBA;
(b)Heavy trucks- 90 dBA at 15m/ft;
(c)Freight trains- 75 dBA at 15m/ft;
(d)Air conditioning-60 dBA at 6m/ft.

(2) Vibration
 Effect can be severe, particularly when there are heavy trucks and when the
building is old. While there are subjective coats from experiencing vibration, a
minimum cost of damage or prevention can be established from experience and
experiment.
(3) Air Pollution
 It is one of the more difficult problems because of the complexity of the issues
involved. The effects of pollution are also strongly affected by meteorological and
even by micro-climate
(4) Dirt. These are foul filthy substances related to motor vehicle use such as empty can
of oil, grease materials, etc.

 
(5) Visual Intrusion.
 This can have positive as well as negative effects. If a motor way blots out an
unsightly prison or railway yard, it may have positive benefits. On the other hand,
the appearance of an elevated expressway or railway above a neighborhood is
one of the aspects most frequently complained of, in general visual intrusion can
 be avoided by putting a highway or railway at grade of in cutting. In many cases,
there may be cheaper solution
(6) Loss of Privacy.
 Loss of privacy from drivers and others being able to look at one’s house and
garden frequently disliked environment effect. Walls and earthworks would
prevent this, while at the same time reducing noise. 
(7) Changes in Amount of Light.
 It is easier up to a point because part of disadvantages can be valued in term of
the additional lighting costs of those affected. But, there is probably a
psychological element also which it would not be easy or perhaps necessary, to
disentangle where relevant from the last two items.
(8) Neighborhood Severance, both physical and sociological.
 This can partly be quantified in terms of changed travel time and costs, and
accident experience to pedestrians and traffic.
(9) Relocation.
 There must be programs that are designed to cover compensation for those who
relocate as a consequence of transport investment, whether property owner or
tenants. The people relocated will tend to bed centralized as will as those
sufficiently affected by the environment consequences to refer to move.
(10) Distraction during planning and construction.
 In some cases, benefits offset the distraction cost, which are experienced by
people during construction of new facilities, loss of business, excess noise, dirt,
vibration during constructing and excess journey costs through diversions
because of building.
(11) Accident Experiences.
 These are evaluated by well established procedures of which perhaps the only
major controversial aspect is the valuation given to human life. A certain amount
is known about differences in accident experience on different roads and in
different circumstances. 
(12) Pedestrian journey.
 The opportunity to make the roads safe and enjoyable for pedestrians and
efficient for vehicles; and set of roads provided access to dwelling and designed
primarily for the safety of pedestrians.
(13) Congestion and Other benefits to vehicle.
 It is for livable and safe residential environment by reducing “through’ vehicle
travel, Travel must be made convenient. Highway diversion curves indicate that
80 percent of the traffic will take a route that is 20 percent faster. Vehicle travel
time is made up of three components; free flowing travel, stop time and
acceleration or deceleration.

 b. External Factors that influence the existing and future behavior of population. The
behaviors and attitudes of the people are also attributed to the easing or reduction of
traffic problems. Below are incidents that may affect the behavior of the trafficway users
or road users.

(1) Rapidly increasing population growth.

(2) Rapidly increasing urbanization.
(3) Rapidly increasing motorization.
(4) Industrialization and technical modernization.
(5) Improvement of the transportation network that is the street network and the public
transportation facilities.

 c. Alternatives.
 A more pleasant environment can be achieved without negative implication for
economy and trade, so that any reasonable step in this direction by decision-
makers deserves support. The following are some of the proposed activities that
may reduce the adverse effects of traffic development to our ecology:

 
(1) Towns are better with less traffic, so long as adequate provision is made for the
mobility of workers and residents and the distribution of goods. It is of urgent necessity
that National and Local Government develop efforts to reduce the adverse effects of
motor traffic in urban areas.
(2) Where and when traffic congestion and its cost are serves and frequent, assures to
reduce the use of private cars and goods. Vehicles and to improve alternative forms of
transport should be introduced.
 
(3) To limit traffic and to improve the efficiency and quality of service of buses and
transport.
(4) Pedestrian scheme should be introduced whenever possible to improve the
environment and safety for pedestrians.
(5) The use of non-carbon emitting vehicles should be encouraged like bicycle
whenever practical.
(6) Motor Vehicle reduction scheme should also be Introduced

d. Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic Ecology

(1) P.D. 1181 Providing for the prevention. Control and abatement of air pollution from
motor vehicles and for other purposes.

 
“Sec.1 –The purpose is to prevent, control, and abate the emission of air pollutants from
motor vehicles in order to protect the health and welfare of the people and to prevent or
minimize damage to property and hazards to land transportation”
(2) Letter of instruction No. 551. Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement
the pollution control program.
(3) R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the Clean Air Act. An act providing for the regulation
of motor vehicles emitting toxic gases like the use of the diesel and leaded gasoline. 
 
5. Traffic Economy.
 This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits and
adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Primarily, traffic operation is designed
 to expedite the movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic
congestion during rust hours in any given locality, traffic adversely affects the
economic status of the commuting public. One aspect affecting our economy is
the unending increase of oil prices in the world market. Somehow, programs
must be instituted in order to minimize the ill effect of rising prices of basic
commodities. Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of
travel but the productivity of an individual as well.

What is Traffic Safety Education?

 process of training roads users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic-related
accidents.

 
Road Safety-refers to reduced risk of accident or injury of the roads
 
A. Factors Contributing to Accidents
1.Human errors include:
 a. going too fast or excessive speed;
 b. failing to give at junctions
;c. following too closely; 
d. overtaking improperly
 e. misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead; 
f. intoxication pf alcohol or drug; and
g. lack of skill.

 
2. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors are:
 
a. poor design of layout and control at junctions;
b. inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting;
c. slippery roads; and
d. obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, ongoing road construction, etc.

 3. Main Vehicle Factors are:

a. defects in tires, brakes, and lights;
b. absence or non-using of seat belts; and
c. poorly maintained motor vehicles.
 

B. 5 Pillars of Traffic
1. Engineering (traffic engineering) 
 construction and maintenance of traffic facilities.
2. Education (in traffic safety)
 Road users are informed of the traffic laws, rules and regulations, accidents are
likely prevented.
3. Enforcement (of traffic rules)
 To minimize the occurrence of accidents due to non-compliance of road users,
enforcement must be conducted.
4. Ecology/Environment
 People should be educated regarding the adverse effect of traffic to our
environment.
5.Economy
 People should learn also develop schemes and or devices and programs that do
not only lessen expenses but also accident –free.

C. Levels of Traffic Safety Education:

1.Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;
2.Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and
3.Developing traffic safety morality.

 
D. Traffic Safety for Children
 Unsystematic and usually carried out in the home through parental education.

1. Elementary – pupils are discussing regarding traffic safety.

2. Secondary – this level initiates driver education program because students have
reached the age to drive.
3. Higher Education – some universities and colleges offer and conduct courses to
private and public agencies regarding traffic safety subject.
 
E. Traffic Safety Education for Adults
 Safety education for elder pedestrians and drivers is relatively easier compared
to the education designed for young children.

F. Driver’s Education
 In general, driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of driving.

 
G. (4) Basic Types of Instruction Methods
1. Comprehensive – this method places the student into real life of driving situations
from the beginning.
2. Traditional Instruction – depends on instructor-student communication.
3. Commentary Conditions – the student-driver accompanied by an instructor.
4. Simulated Conditions – On and Off the road training 
a. Partial Simulation Method - aim is to train for the “subtasks” 
b. Global Simulation - Training in basic car-control skills 
c. Classifications of films – provides an “objective” analysis of the driving situation.

 
H. Essential Component of Driving Tasks
1. Collections of information which includes: 
a. Perceptual Scanning and 
b. Identification

2. Processing of Information which includes: 

a. Predictingb. Decision making

3. Action which is focused on:

 a. Motor skills and control of vehicles and
b. Knowledge and subjective interpretation.

 
I. Biorhythm
1.The diurnal exchange of light and darkness
2.The four seasons
3.Our wet and dry season
4.The waxing and waning of the moon

The following are the most controversial theory of biorhythm;

1. 23day cycle - a.k.a. our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (male component
of a person).
2. 28day – a.k.a. our cycle sensitivity, love and intuition (female component of a person)
3. 33day intellectual cycle

When the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm is said to be “HIGH”
1. Physical high – we tend to be energetic, strong, full of vitality.
2. Emotional high - we tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful and happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think quickly and logically.

When the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm is said to be “LOW”
1. Physical low – we tend to tire quickly and to succumb to illness easily.
2. Emotional low – we feel moody, irritable, or depressed.
3. Intellectual low – this is called a critical day.

 
J. Importance of Biorhythm
Give us a hint on how we will tend to feel on a certain day.