History of Transportation

Presented by: Justin Cardell

 Transportation is the act or process of moving people or
things from one place to another.' The movement of goods
and persons from one place to another, and the various
means by which such movement is accomplished, is an
integral part of human civilization. Since ancient times,
human's quest for food, riches, and knowledge makes them
traverse many billions of miles. Transportation played a
key role in the development of human society.

HISTORY OF
TRANSPORTATIO Ancient humans covered miles on foot chasing
animals on foot for dinner, but their imaginations and

N creativity led us with transportation breakthroughs that

helped them travel further, and these transportation
marvels kept on developing and improving as human
civilization advanced. The evolution of transportation
has brought us from simple canoes to space travel".
From walking on foot to wooden carts and animals
like horses, donkeys, and bulls, then to numerous
inventions of cars, buses, trucks, spacecraft,
helicopters, ships, airplanes.
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
AND EVOLUTION OF
TRANSPORTATION
Ancient Transportation
Thousands of years ago, during the Stone age, most
humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers. They use
simple tools like stone axes and flints, and their mode
of transportation is their bare foot. Humans used to
walk large distances to reach places to hunt and gather
their foods. The first improvement made to this kind of
transportation was adapting to different surfaces. For
instance, people living in snowy regions wore spike-
like attachments so that they didn't slip on the ground.
Humans learned to train animals such as yacks, and oxen to
carry packs. They also learned how to use animals such as
donkeys, horses and camels for transportation. In addition to
these they discovered that trees and logs float on water and so
they dug out the middle portion of logs to form a kind of
seating, and this helped people use water bodies as a means of
transport. The earliest known boats were simple rafts, and log
boats, also referred to as dugouts, which were made by
hollowing out a tree trunk (Nguyen, 2020). The first means of
transportation on land were rudimentary slides or sleds pulled
by a human, or drawn by domesticated animals like horses,
mules, or oxens; they are made from the trunks of trees, to
carry heavy loads.
 In modern Iraq, Mesopotamia is the area between
the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, north or
northwest of the bottleneck at Baghdad.10 The

Mesopotamia two main rivers of ancient Mesopotamia, the

Tigris, and the Euphrates, serve as the major
highways for trade and other commodities in the
region, with its sub-rivers, canals, lakes, bays,
and lagoons, significant places in the area are
reachable.

* There were very large ships made from timber in

private shipyards and these were used for long sea
journeys. Lastly, they have a water transport vessel
made of sewn leather called a Quffa, it has a round
form and an internal skeleton like a wooden ribs, and
the external parts of these vessels were formed by
coverings of sewn, stretched leather. These are
basically in the form of a big basket and only used for
voyages down the river.
Time Frame
 The wheel was invented in the 4th
century BC in Lower Mesopotamia or
modern-day Iran. They are initially used
in pottery and ceramics as a pottery
wheel, then the Sumerian people inserted
rotating axles into solid discs of wood
and used them to move objects. It was
only in 2000 BC that the discs began to
be hollowed out to make a lighter wheel.
This innovation led to major advances in
transport; the wheel began to be used on
carts and battle chariots. At first, carts'
wheels formed a single piece with the
axles, which were insured under the
wagon bodies by leather straps, only later
did the switch to the fixed axles on which
the wheels rotated separately.
 Ancient Egypt
The Nile River plays a very important role in the
Ancient Egyptian Civilization, apart from making
its land arable and suited for farming, it serves as
the highway that joined the country together.44
The Ancient Egyptians built canals and irrigation
systems, they didn’t make so many roads. Since
roads were not so important because they relied on
the Nile for transportation. Ships and boats were
the main means of transportation for both goods
and the people around the country. Egyptian
watercraft had a high stern and bow, and by the
New Kingdom, they were equipped with cabins at
both ends.16 The prevailing winds blew south,
propelling boats traveling in that direction, while
boats heading north relied on the current and oars.
horse-drawn
chariots.

Climax
 Ancient China emerged in the valley
of the yellow river in Northern
China between 3000 to 5000 BCE."
The river provided water, food, and
transportation for its people in the
region. China has many waterways
Ancient and tributaries but they were not
connected to one another naturally,
China so the ancient Chinese created a
watery transportation network in
the form of canals (Wood, M., and
Woods, M.E., 2011, p. 45). Some of
the main types of ancient Chinese
transport were boats, rickshaws,
carts, chariots, and wagons pulled
by horses, oxen, camels, yak, mules,
donkeys, and people.
 Eastern China is home to the largest canal in
the world, it is known as the Grand Canal.18
The Grand Canal covers nearly 1120 miles
north to south. It provides passage between the
modern cities of Beijing and Hangzhou. Its
construction started around 486 BCE and it
took more than 100 years to be completed. It
joins the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.
The ancient Chinese sailed down their canals in
a ship known as Junk. Junk is a boxy, flat
bottom, high stern (rear), and low bow (front);
it does not have a keel nor a stern post. The
ancient Chinese also traveled on water using
canoes, wooden boats, and rafts.
Land Transport in ancient China is constituted
of Horse Carriages, Wheelbarrows, and Ox
Carts. Ox Carts were the means of transport for
common people and used for freight, and horse
carriages were mainly used for military
purposes. A wheelbarrow is a single-wheeled,
wooden framed, and two-handled tool for
moving heavy objects. Furthermore, the Silk
Road opened around 139 BCE once China was
unified under the Han dynasty, and it was the
most enduring trade route in the history of
man. It consists of a succession of trails
followed by caravans through Central Asia,
about 6400 lm in length.
Roman Empire
 The Roman Empire at its apex stretched from
Britain to the Black Sea, from Spain to Syria,
and from Northern Africa to Northern Europe,
In order to maintain this empire that
encompasses the vast span of territories,
Romans developed aqueducts", bridges and
roads." It is important to note that many Roman
technological advances were due to her mighty
Roman Army. Engineers of the Roman army
built transportation structures to support the
logistical capacity of the empire.
 Rome was known for her development of an
extensive transport network of roads across its
empire from the fourth century BC."3 The
Romans built over 53,000 miles of paved roads,
stretching from Scotland to East Europe to
Mesopotamia in present-day Iraq to North
Africa. It was the greatest system of highways
that the world has ever seen until recent times.
Roman roads were built primarily to facilitate the
movement of troops and supplies.24 The Roman
roads were notable for their straightness, solid
foundations, cambered surfaces facilitating
drainage, and use of concrete made from
pozzolana (volcanic ash) and lime.25 Some of
the notable Roman-built roads are the Via Appia
or Appian Way, which runs from Rome to
Brindisi in southwestern Italy; and the Fosse
Way in Britain, a road linking Somerset with
Lincoln.
e
Thank you for
listening!
MIDDLE AGES
 TRANSPORTATION IN
MIDDLE AGES
Middle ages, the period in European history from the collapse of
roman civilization, in the 5th century CE to the period of the
renaissance. This was a period in which traveling by foot was the
most common way of moving across the land for the majority of the
people.
Roads networks in Europe were established by the Romans and fell
into disrepair after the empire fell. The well-maintained overland
routes quickly turned to muddy tracks during winter and at best,
uneven dirt paths throughout the rest of the year. Traveling on land
was still slow and leisurely; most people did not travel far from
home. Those who did walked or took a stagecoach
Why did they travel?
The most common reasons for travelling for ordinary people was to visit a shrine
or to fight. Most were satisfied with visiting a fairly local shrine, and some can
join the pilgrimage.

Nobles usually had estates spread out of around the country which they might
visit from time to time. They have a lot of provisions when they travel.

Animals such as horses, donkeys, mules and oxen pulled carts were for royalty
and the wealthier classes who could afford such luxuries, as well as more well-off
traders dealing in such transports goods as wool and some medieval folks such
as knights, diplomats and mounted soldiers.
 donkey
horses

oxen
mules
What were the creations from this period?
It is important to note that although development of transportation by both
means and infrastructure is not that great compared to the previous ages, there
were still innovations that helped in the evolution of transportation.
One of these was the large- scale introduction of horse- drawn carriages, that
were used to move goods and people. There was also the creation of padded
horse collar and iron horse shoes.
Horse-drawn carriages

Horse-drawn carriages

Padded horse
collar

Iron horseshoes
What were the other modes of transportation?

Major rivers were used as waterways and most goods were transported by boat.
It was far cheaper to send goods by water than by road.
 Transportation in 16th
century

the 16th Century was a period of vigorous economic expansion. This played a
major role in social, political, and cultural transformation of the early modern
age.
By 1500, the population in Europe was increasing after two centuries of decline
or stagnation of the dark ages. The bonds of commerce within Europe tightened,
and the “wheels of commerce” spun ever faster.
 Transportation in 16th
century

This century marked the age of western colonialism, following the discoveries of a sea route
around Africa’s southern coast in 1488 and of America in 1942.

Europe’s exploration of the world began in the 15th century, spearheaded by Portugal. The
Portuguese successes relied on improvements in the design and construction of ships.

The caravel is much smaller than the junk, but it is much better at sailing in violent oceans. With
the caravel, travel becomes possible at any coast in the world other than the frozen arctic and
antarctic.

Stagecoaches were used in England, carrying passengers and cargo. Some women and
clergymen traveled using palanquins. Common people used horse-drawn carts and carriages
while the nobility used horse-pulled carouses and coaches.
 Transportation in 16th
century

CARAVEL palanquins Stage Coaches

Horse-drawn carts coaches Horse-pulled

carouses
 Transportation in the
17th century
During the 17th century, Europe faced a series of changes in thought, knowledge, and beliefs
that affected society, influenced politics, and produced a cultural transformation.

The 17th century witnessed transformations in various vehicles as well as the introduction of
mass transportation. It was the age of the animal mobile, where the majority of vehicles were
drawn by animals.
Transportation on land was starting to get a bit more organized. Stagecoaches were running
between major English towns regularly. In 1663, the first turnpike roads were opened, which
people paid to use.

Common means of transportation by land are horse and mule-drawn carriages and for goods,
animal-drawn wagons and pack horses.

The first public bus was introduced.

 Transportation in the
17th century
The first recorded use of rail transport in Great Britain is sir Francis Willoughby’s Wollaton
wagonway in Nottinghamshire, built between 1603 and 604 to carry coal.

Traveling in bodies of water has seen some improvements during this century. In America, from
canoes, they are able to introduce the first ferry service in Massachusetts. The dutch used
schooners on their trading routes. While the English used sloops in protecting their empire.
 Transportation in the
17th century

Stage coaches Pack horses

Turnpike roads

,
First public bus First rail transport

First ferry service

schooners sloops
 Transportation in the 18th
century
The 18th century was a period marked by a significant process in science, commerce, and trade.
It was also a political upheaval with the new political ideas of the enlightenment culminating in
the American and French revolutions.
In the second half of the 18th century, we see the first signs of the industrial revolution, with the
emergence of steam power and increased mechanism of farming and manufacturing.

The mode of transportation in the land was still horse-drawn carriage.

The development in mechanization through the industrial revolution allowed each transportation
mode to experience an evolution in motive methods and vehicles. One of these innovations was
the steam engine which improved the performance of the maritime and railway modes at the end
of the 18th century.

Longer lines became possible and from wooden rails it evolved into cast-iron rails, that could
support heavier loads and friction between wheel and rail was lower, allowing longer trains to be
moved by horses.
 Transportation in the 18th
century
The main ship of the day was the sailing vessel.
There were two types of ships, the overseas vessel and the smaller coasting vessel.

Overseas vessels transported cargo and passengers to destinations like America, nova scotia, and
china.

Coastal vessels transporting goods and people along the coasts, such as the American east coast.
 Transportation in the 18th
century

Horse-drawn carriage Steam engine Cast-iron rails

 Transportation in the 19th
century
At the beginning of the 19th century, the main mode of transportation was still the horse and
carriage. It was not until the latter part of the century that railways changed people’s lives
and habits.
Remote areas still relied on the horse for local transport. Carts, trays, vans, and wagons
were generally used for carrying goods.
There was an improvement in coaches, seen in Britain where the introduction of mail
coaches in 1784.
In the 1820s, New York City introduced a system of omnibuses and horse carts which
became the model for many similar systems in other American cities.
Road construction has improved. John Loudon Mcadam, the father of modern roads, was a
pioneering Scottish engineer who almost singlehandedly changed the way roads were built
around the world.
 Transportation in the 19th
century
In 1884, Edward butler of Great Britain invented the first commercially designed three-
wheeled motorcycle.
In addition to this, the modern automobile was also developed in the late 1800s and is based
on the internal combustion engine, intended for passenger transportation on land.

Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler made the first cars in 1885 and 1886.

The motorbike was patented in 1885.

also in the the1880s, the safety bicycle was invented and cycling soon became a popular
hobby.
 Transportation in the 19th
century
The late 1800s is considered to be the beginning of modern shipping, with the development
of the steamship.

The first propeller-driven iron ship SS Great Britain was launched in 1843.

Steam ship SS Great Britain

 Transportation in the 19th
century

Mail coach

omnibus Mcadam road

Three-wheeled motorcycle

Modern automobile First car

Safety bicycle
 transportation in the 20th
century
Transportation in the 20th century greatly improved during the 2oth century.
Even though the first cars appeared at the end of the 19 th century after the first world war, they
became cheaper and more common.

Compared to the 19th century, where horse-drawn trams ran in many towns in Britain, during the
20th century, they were electrified.
However, in most towns, trams were phased out in the 1930s. They gave way to buses or
trolleybuses which ran on overhead wires.
The trolleybuses, in turn, were phased out in the 1950s. At the end of the 20 th century, some cities
reintroduced light railways.

In 1903, orville and Wilbur wright pulled off the first official powered flight. Therefore, they
invented the world’s first airplane.
And from there, transport via aircraft took off and airplanes being put into service after a few short
years during world war I.

World war ii brought a shift to air transport; direct transportation via flights were initiated after the
war.
 transportation in the 20th
century

First airplane
trams Motor buses
 UNDER PHILIPPINES

REPORTER : IVY ROSE P RAMONES

SPANISH PERIOD

Before and during the 333-year Spanish colonial period,

most of the land transformation at the time had to be
done by foot. The colonization activities of the Spaniards
in the Philippines required the building of ships, ports and
wharves, and inland roads, bridge across rivers and
horse trails across mountains, this brought about
development in transportation in the archipelago, many
Spanish-period take and travel routes were merely
expanded and interconnected version of pre Spanish
routes.
SPANISH PERIOD

GARETAS OR KARETON – These were pulled by

carabao

CARAUJE, OR THE CARRIAGE – These are four-

wheeled coacher,
CARROMATA – These were the smaller, box like, pony
driven, and are operated similarity as with kalesa.
AMERICAN ERA
The US colonial period saw three important development in the transportation in the
Philippines ( Verzola Jr.2017)

1. The further nationwide expansion of the railway, and shipping system during 1899
to 1920.

2. The gradual decline of the as well as the indigenous or Spanish period ship and
boat building industries in 1930 to 1946, and

3 The tremendous expansion of the road system and US manufactured motor

vehicles.
AMERICAN ERA
The American introduced automation in the transportation
facilities introduction by the Spaniards. They replaced old
horse-driven tranvia with an electric one and they brought
with them airplanes.

The first law that was passed in September 1900 by the Taft
Commission after the issuance of the ‘Magna Carta of the
Philippines’ was an act appropriating P2,000,000 for the
construction and repair
POST-WORLD WAR 2
After World War 2, many tranvias were destroy and killed the
huge pre-war horse population (Verzola Jr.0217). This led to the
conversion of military Jeeps into public transport (Frernandez,
and Ledda,2019, p.6). Jeeps are locally produced after that
American military .
The aerial mode of transportation was developed by the
introduction of the first commercial flight (Frenandez, and
Ledda,2019). Airlines were then used to travel domestically and
internationally in February 1941.
CURRENT DAY TRANSPORMATION
Transport is a key sector in the Philippine economy . Linking
population and economic centers across the islands. Currently,
the Philippines enjoy a wide array of mediums for transportation
in land air.
The country’s road system comprised about 215,000 km, of
which about 15% were classified of national roads.
Aside from modern fashionable cars that are running thr road in
EDSA the general public can enjoy the light railway transit ad
Metro Rail Transit ( Fernandez and Ledda 2019.
Thank you for listening!