Module in Traffic

UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
New Site Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
NAME OF STUDENT: _________________ DATE: _________________

INSTRUCTOR: _________________ YEAR/BLOCK: __________
MODULE NO. 1 PRELIM COVERAGE

TITLE HISTORY OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVETIGATION
OVERVIEW Traffic management and accident investigation deals with the different laws
applicable to motorist prompted by different law enforcement specially Land
transportation office. It is designed to make the traffic way safer for travelers,
expedite the movement of traffic, and to provide convenience to the traffic
facilities’ users.
INTRODUCTION Traffic management is one of the fundamental training of a Police officer under
Field Training Program (FTP) of the Philippine National Police, where they learned
and implement some of the different violation under R.A 4136.
R.A 4136 is an act to compile the laws relative to Land Transportation and traffic,
Rules, To create a land Transportation commission and for other purpose. This
office also shall control, as far as they apply, the registration and operation of
motor vehicles and the licensing of owners, dealers, conductors, drivers, and
similar matters.
LEARNING At the end of this module , the students will be able to:
OUTCOMES 1. Understand the difference between traffic and transportation.
2. Discuss the early types of transportation
3. Identify the different personalities contributed in traffic management.
DISCUSSION Traffic management is important to everyone not only to those who implement
the law, because it helps us to recognize the different possible violation that can
infringe by a motorist or even the pedestrian.
TRAFFIC- It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered

by combustion system or animal drawn from one place to another for the purpose
of travel
TRANSPORTATION. It refers to the movement of persons or conveying of persons,
goods, animals from one location to another.
(In general perspective if we are going to transfer goods, persons using motor
vehicle in a traffic way from one place to another and if we are going to use
animals also to transfer goods and person using our roads, we call it traffic. But if
we are moving goods and persons to one location in exchange of money or
anything is transportation)
It is very simple if it is merely transferring of goods. We call it TRAFFIC, but if we
pay to transfer goods, it is TRANSPORTATION.
Example: students they use their motorcycle to enter in the school. We call it
traffic but if the students ride in a tricycle and pay amount money to enter in the
school we call it transportation.
ALTERNATIVE DEFINITIONS OF TRAFFIC:

1. the movement of vehicles, ships, persons, etc., in an area, along a street,
through an air lane, over a water route, etc.: the heavy traffic on Main Street.
2. the vehicles, persons, etc., moving in an area, along a street, etc
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
1. MANPOWER.
A. CARRYING POLE-
Early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own
burdens. More so today, manpower is important in transportation in
many parts of the world.

B. Back Load and Tumpline
In many parts of the world, goods are carried on the back. In Subtemala,
pots are carried on a wooden framework supported by a tumpline across
the forehead. In the Andes, the load is held on the back by a strap
passing over the chest.
C. sledge on runners
A simple sledge, probably man-drawn, was in use at the end of the old
Stone age in northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden
runners which survived.
D. SLEDGE ON ROLLERS
The moving of heavy burdens was to place them on sledge which rested
on a series of rollers.
2. ANIMAL POWER. The domestication of animals greatly increased the
potential power available for transportation. Pack animals were
introduced as conveyances mainly to served labor:
A. Ox – Cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used
as draft animals to draw war chariots.
B. Dog – The first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy loads
on dog’s backs, and piled goods on a travois which the dogs dragged.
In the Far North, the dogs team drawing sledges are the chief means of
transportation
C. DONKEY- The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the Middle East. The
donkey is still the chief beast of burden among the farmers of the Near
East, the Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where it was introduced
from Spain.
D. Llama – In pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the only new world
animal other than the dog capable of domestication for use in
transportation.
E. Elephant – The Carthaginians used African elephant in their war
against Rome. In India, elephants were formerly used in war and are
still employed to some extent for ceremonial processions and big
game hunting. In Burma and Thailand, these huge animals are widely
used in the lumber industry.
F. Horse – Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots appeared in

southwest Asia and 1,000 years later, German tribes who invaded
Europe and to the Central Asian conqueror Genghis Khan used Horse.
G. CAMEL - There are two kinds of Camel, the two-humped bactrian

camel of Central Asia and the one-humped dromedaries of Arabia
have long been used for transport.
H. Yak – A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the

Tibetan plateau and Mount Everest.
I. REINDEER - The first animal domesticated in Siberia in the beginning of
Christian era.
3. WIND POWER – man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and
learned to utilize such powers to lift rather than to drag.
A. Da Vinci’s Ornithopther - The great renaissance artist, scientist and
engineer, one who made study of the flight of the birds.
B. Montgolfier Balloon- the Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph

Michel and Jacques Entienne have successfully released several
balloons. Balloons were constructed and made out of linen and
inflated with hot air traveled 9,000 yards and remained in the air for
20 minutes.
C. Santos Dumont’s Airship- Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian inventor

who designed a lighter than air-craft balloon called airship.
D. Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis- Capt. Charles Lindergh made the solo
flight in an airplane from Paris to London in May 1927. The plane was
called “Spirit of St. Louis”.
Note; in ancient times the early modes of transportation utilized by man is by foot
and the oldest engine utilized in the Philippines is the d2lak engine.
Note: the first domesticated animal is dog.
PERSONALITIES IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

1. JOHN L. MACADAM – Known as the road builder of England, he perfected
the macadamized road England about 1815.
2. Baron KARL VON DRAIS – a German who in 1817 introduced a steerable
wheel, creating the “draisienne,” or “dandy horse.”
3. KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN - a Scottish blacksmith who introduce the first
machine with pedals in 1838, which were attached to and drove the rear
wheel by means of cranks.
4. FELIX WANKEL - a German mathematician, developed an advanced-type of
engine in 1956, named after him that operates very differently from gas
and diesel engines.
5. JOHN BOYD DUNLOP – one who introduce the PNEUMATIC TIRES (inflated
by air) that appeared in late 19th century (about 1888).
6. FRENCHMAN ETIENNE LENOIR – on who made possible the introduction
of motorized carriages by his invention in the 1860’s and 70’s, of the
internal combustion engine.
7. NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTLIEB DAIMLER – One who pioneered the
manufacture of gas engines, and later Daimler became a successful
automobile manufacturer
8. RUDOLF DIESEL - a German Engineer developed an Internal Combustion
Engine (ICE) which is similar with the gasoline engines but requires no
electrical ignition system or carburetor and uses other form of liquid fuel,
the diesel fuel.
9. HENRY FORD – one who introduced the Model T vehicles in 1908 and in
1914, ford had adopted mass production methods to meet the demand.
NOTE: Frenchman Engineer who designed the first internal-combustion engine

(ICE) is Rudolf Diesel. OLD INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
NOTE: One who built in 1885 the first vehicle propelled by a high speed internal
combustion engine is German Daimler.
The man who introduced the mass production of motor vehicle is Mr. Henry Ford.
MODEL T
EXERCISES Instructions: Answer the question briefly and objectively.
1. Give at least 5 examples in your daily activities as a student’s applying Traffic and
transportation.
1. Traffic Movements:
A. _______________________________________________________________________
B. _______________________________________________________________________
C. _______________________________________________________________________
D. ______________________________________________________________________
E. _______________________________________________________________________
2. Transportation movements:
A. ________________________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________________________
C. ________________________________________________________________________
D. ________________________________________________________________________
E. ________________________________________________________________________
2. Enumerate the diff types of animals used in the Philippines both in traffic and used in law
enforcement. Justify your answers.
3. Identify the different transportation in the Philippines and their impact in our society.
4. Search at least 5 personalities that contributed in the field of traffic management and
accident investigation aside from the personalities that we already enumerated.
A. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
E. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Among all the personalities above, Who do you think the person has the biggest
contribution in Traffic Management?
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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MODULE NO.2 PRELIM COVERAGE

TITLE TERMINOLOGIES,AGENCY INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC AND PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
OVERVIEW This module covers the scenario of traffic, some terminologies like accident,
traffic management, factors that contribute to the vast majority of collisions.
The pillars of traffic management and agency governing traffic.
INTRODUCTION Traffic management is the organization, arrangement, guidance and control
of both stationary and moving traffic, including pedestrian and all types og
motor vehicle. It is essential that the law enforcer study the different
terminologies, agency and pillars of traffic so that they can understand and
apply in the future responsibilities. Including traffic jam, traffic congestion,
bottleneck and traffic volume.
OUTCOMES 1. Identify the different agencies involved in traffic management.
2. Familiarize some terminologies used in traffic management and
accident investigation.
3. Enumerate and differentiate the pillars of traffic.
DISCUSSION Topic
ACCIDENT
Any unexpected occurrence which results to unintended death, injury or
damage to property.
Explanation: “accident is one of the factors under exempting circumstances

under our law that you are not criminally liable but civilly liable means you
are not be imprisoned but you are going to pay the damages.” Take note
that you should not violated any law during the accident otherwise if there is
a violation then therefore it is not consider as accident.”
Example; go to your google and link to https://www.moneymax.ph.com
Some photographs of traffic accident:
Gridlock – clogged traffic situation which prevents vehicles from moving in

any direction
Congestion – overcrowded situation
• Traffic jam –blocked up traffic due to congestion
Bottleneck –a narrow or congested way
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

1. DPWH
2. Legislative
3. PNP
4. Academic or Learning Institution
5. LTO
Explanation
Department of Public Works and Highways
“Is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of

national highways. Like construction and maintenance of national highways,
widening of roads building bridges and many more”
Legislative
“Is responsible in making laws, amending laws which implemented by the

different law enforcement agency. In barangay level we have our barangay
council, municipalities and cities we have councilors, in the province we have
the Board Members, in national level we have the senate and congress.”
Note: the person can apply the responsibility of the three branches of our
government is only the Barangay Chairman.
Philippine National Police
“Police are agent of authority. They enforce some laws and ordinances
governing traffic management like car napping, Oplan Visa, Conduct
checkpoint and many more” they also assist motorist in their travel and
escort some important individuals.
Note; they can also enforce R.A 4136 if they are deputize by the Land
transportation Office
Academic/ Learning Institution
“Responsible in Information disseminations, seminar, teaching and even

included to curriculum to prepare the future law enforcers.”
Land transportation Office
“Responsible in Enforcing R.A. 4136.From licensing, issuance of driver’s

license, violation of the said law and even traffic citation. They can also
impound motor vehicle depending in your violations.”
PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
1. Traffic Engineering
2. Traffic Education
3. Traffic Enforcement
4. Traffic Ecology or Environment
5. Traffic Economy
Traffic Engineering
Refers to the effort of the government to study the basic laws of the
country relative to traffic laws and regulations.
“It is applied during Habitually congested commercial areas, Heavily traveled

thoroughfares, Congested local areas and intersections, During special
occasions and events, During disasters or emergencies. Responsible in
measuring traffic and travel, they study of the basic laws relative to the
traffic law and generation. They also work in planning, deciding, and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of
persons and goods.”
“the purpose of this pillar is to prevent traffic accident, to achieve efficient,

free and rapid flow of traffic and to simplify police enforcement actions and
performance”
Note; There are three function of Traffic Engineering They survey and
recommend of traffic rules and regulations, they Supervise and maintain the
application of traffic control devices, and planning of traffic regulations.
Traffic Education
The traffic pillar that has the role of information dissemination to the public
the knowledge on traffic safety.
“ Schools, Media, Citizen Support Groups are one way to work in information
dissemination”
TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
This is one of the recent pillars which include the study of potentially
disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the
scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out,
air pollution, water pollution and crowding.
TRAFFIC ECONOMY
This is the most recent pillars of traffic which deals with the benefit and
adverse effect of traffic to our economy
“Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic.

However, with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any
given locality, traffic adversely affects the economic status of the
community.”
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic

laws and rules and regulations.
EXERCISES
1. Identify the most common factors that contribute in traffic accident. Justify your answers.
A. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
B. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
C. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
D. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
E. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. In What situation happens Traffic Jam, Traffic Congestion and Gridlock in Tuguegarao City? Show
some Evidence.
A. Traffic Jam-
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
B. Traffic Congestion-
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
C. Gridluck-
______________________________________________________________________________
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3. Identify at least 5 visible contributions of the different Agency in Tuguegarao governing traffic
management.
A. DPWH-
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
B. LTO-
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
C. PNP-
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
D. LEGISLATIVE-
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
E. ACADEMIC/LEARNING INSTITUTION-
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Give at least 2 purpose and contribution of the different pillars of traffic that you are enjoying or
following today.
Contributions/Purpose
Traffic Education
Traffic Environment
Traffic Economy
Traffic Engineering
Traffic Enforcement
5. Despite of various innovations, inventions, and modernizations, traffic problems persistently
exist. What are problems encountered and Why?
A. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
B. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
C. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
D. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
E. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Module 3 Prelim Coverage

TITLE SPECIAL LAWS CONNECTED TO TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
OVERVIEW It include the different laws like RA 4136, RA 6539, RA 5448, RA 8749, RA 8750
RA 7924, PD 96, PD 1181, PD 98, PD 1729 which is being followed and serve as
guidelines of every motorist in order to prevent some violation during their way
of travel
INTRODUCTION The importance of the law serve as the limitation, guidelines, protection of
every individual in dealing with traffic management. A society with no traffic law
would have no way to solve traffic issues which arrive in their collective
arrangement.
OUTCOME 1. Aware of the different violation in every special laws
2. Awareness on the dos and don’ts of riding motor vehicle
DISCUSSION
RA. 8750
It provides for the attachment of seatbelts for all types of motor vehicles and
impose penalty for the non-compliance thereof.
“it is very much important to the drivers, it serve as their protection in case of
collision” and also one of the possible violation implemented by the LTO”
RA.8794
Overloading Act of the Philippines
“In our Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) there is a maximum number of passengers
allowed. Beyond the maximum capacity of passengers is a violation of this law.”
“All passengers’ automobiles for hire are required to have the registered
passenger capacity marked plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in
letters and numerals not less than 5 cm in height.”
“Motor trucks for passengers or freight, private or for hire, shall have the
registered passenger or freight gross and net weight capacities marked plainly
and conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5
cm in height.”
RA 4136
This is the basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines
RA 6539
“The Anti-Car napping Act of 1972” which preventing and penalizing car napping
in the Philippines.
RA 5448
The law imposing tax on privately owned passenger automobiles, motorcycles
and scooters.
EXERCISES
1. Complete the following information of the different special law

Special Laws Date implemented Title Purpose
R.A. 4136
R.A.8750
R.A.5448
R.A. 6539
R.A.8749
R.A.7924
P.D.1181
P.D. 96
P.D.1729
2. What are the violations under R.A. 4136 and its new penalty and old penalty
Violations Old penalty New Penalty
3. Give your opinion on the photograph below.
A. Is it a Violation of R.A. 8794 or Overloading act of the Philippines? Justify your answer-
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MODULE 4 MIDTERM COVERAGE

TITLE MOTOR CYCLE ACCESSORIES/DRIVERS LICENSE
OVERVIEW It include several topics like “REQUIRED MOTOR VEHICLE ACCESSORIES,
Words defined in RA 4136, Legal system for Traffic safety, Driver’s license,
Traffic drivers Education, Ten Commandments, Registration of Motor
Vehicle, General rules, and Road conduct and Traffic rules in enforcement
system.
INTRODUCTION This module covers the Fundamentals of traffic Safety education,

enforcement and driver’s license. It involved the study on processing of
driver’s license, safety and enforcement of traffic laws. It also deals with the
different accessories needed of a motor vehicle. Furthermore it covers the
method and procedure of driver’s license.
LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this module , the students will be able to:
1. Explain the rationale of Traffic safety.
2. Familiarize themselves on the different accessories needed of the
motor vehicle.
3. Acquaint themselves in the different procedure in getting driver’s
license.
4. And to have a full grasp on the Ten Commandments of traffic.
DISCUSSIONS Motor Vehicle Accessories
1. Tires
Explanations
“Motor vehicles having metallic tires are prohibited from operating on any
public highway. If the tires are solid, it should be thick enough to prevent
the metal rims from touching the road pavement.”
This is ok
This is not allowed
2. Brakes
Note
“That every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with
dual hydraulic brake system so that in case of hydraulic line failure affecting
the braking efficiency of any of the four wheels at least either the front or
rear wheels shall retain normal breaking capabilities. This is one of the
reasons that causes traffic accident especially in mountainous area.”
3. Horn
Note
“That Every motor vehicle shall provide a horn or signaling device in good
order. Provided, however that no horn or signaling device emitting
exceptionally loud, startling or disagreeable sound shall be installed or used
on any motor vehicle”
Not emitting exceptionally loud, startling, or disagreeable sound
4. Headlight
Explanations
“The vehicle should have two headlights, one on each side, which must be
dimmed when meeting another motor vehicle. In a Motor cycle is we have
the high and low, And observe the headlight protocols.”
On: half-hour after sunset to half-hour before sunrise
Dimmed: when meeting other MV & on well-lighted areas
5. Tail Light
Note:
Installed at the rear portion of the motor vehicle, this should be visible at
least 100 meters away.
6. Stop Light
Note:
Installed also at the rear portion of the vehicle which is visible if the driver
will apply pressure on the breaks.
7. Windshield Wipers
Note:
Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a mechanically or electrically
operated device for wiping off raindrops or other moisture from its
windshield.
8. Mufflers
Explanations:
“It shall be installed to every motor vehicle propelled by an internal
combustion engine, and it should not be cut out or disconnected if the said
motor vehicle whenever it passes through a street of any city, municipality,
or thickly populated district or barrio.
No motor vehicle shall be operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit
or make unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke, noise.
Note:
Mufflers used to lessen the sounds coming to the motor vehicle not to
produce a louder noise
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION
Passengers, freight or cargo load of motor vehicle should not be

more than its registered carrying capacity.
Conductors of public utility trucks or busses are held liable for the
overloading of vehicles under their cargo.
All passengers automobiles for hire are required to have the

registered passenger capacity marked plainly and conspicuously on
the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5 cm. in
height.
Motor trucks for passengers or freight, private or for hire, shall
have the registered passenger or freight gross and net weight
capacities marked plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in
numerals not less the 5 cm in height.
CARGO CARRYING DEVICE
“The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the rear or side of the
truck may be allowed subject to the approval of the Commissioner, but the
total net weight of the device, including cargo must not exceed 100 kilos.”
RIDING ON THE RUNNING BOARD
“It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors collecting passenger

fare.”
RIDING ON TOP OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE
“Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor vehicles,

but baggage or freight may be carried on top of the truck provided
that the weight thereof is not more than 20 kilos per square meter
distributed in such a way as not to endanger passengers or the
vehicles stability.”
HITCHING ON TO A MOTOR VEHICLE
“Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of any vehicle.

Holding on to any motor vehicle whether on foot or otherwise. And
driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride outside of or at the
rear end of the vehicle.
OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC
“Obstruction of traffic by operating a motor vehicle in such a

manner as to obstruct, block, or impede the passage of another
vehicle is prohibited. This prohibition applies even discharging or
loading passengers.”
DRIVING ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY
“All motor vehicles, whether motorized, animal drawn or muscle

powered, shall use the right side of the road when meeting persons
or other vehicles coming from the same direction. (Sec. 37, RA
4136).”
OVERTAKING A VEHICLE
“In overtaking a motor vehicle, a driver should pass at the safe
distance to the left of the vehicle being overtaken and shall resume
driving on the right side of the road only after passing clear of the
overtaken vehicles.”
EXCEPTION:
“On the highway with two or more lanes where traffic goes in one
direction, another vehicle may be overtaken on the right.”
GIVING WAY TO OVERTAKING MOTOR VEHICLE
“The driver of a Motor Vehicle about to be overtaken must give

way to the overtaking vehicle and shall not increase his speed until
the overtaking vehicles has fully passed by.”
EXERCISES

1. Give the following uses and importance of the different accessories of a Motor Vehicle
Accessories Uses Importance
Brakes
Headlight
Windshield
Wipers
Tires
Horns
Tail lights
Stop Lights
Muffler
1. Among the following accessories mentioned, what do you think is the most important in a
motor vehicle?
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Answer the following questions.
1. Under the Exception on RIDING ON THE RUNNING BOARD “It is strictly prohibited, except for
conductors collecting passenger fare.” In your own idea, the conductor in the above photo is
exempted?
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2. If there is a violation, what is the liability of the driver? Justify your answer
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Module 5 Midterm Coverage

Title Divers License
Overview It include the different types of driver’s license, drivers examination,
Drivers Restriction Code, Driver’s Condition, Color of driver’s license,
Procedures in securing driver’s license, and Motor vehicle Registration.
Introduction Driving in the Philippines is a matter of privilege granted by the Philippine

Government through the Land Transportation Office based from R.A. 4136
and B.P. Blg. 398.Further it is a matter of privilege which may be
suspended or revoked. The important of driver’s license is to notify the
Law enforcement that you are allowed to drive motor vehicle.
Learning Outcome At the end of this module , the students will be able to:
1. Describe the different types of driver’s license.
2. Acknowledge the different procedures in securing driver’s license.
3. Awareness of the different documents needed in the application
of driver’s license.
Discussion Types of Driver’s license
Driver’s license
 Any document issued to a qualified driver who possesses
the statutory qualification as provided therefore.
Note:
“It is also a public document which has the legal presumption of

genuineness.”
1. International Driver’s license

Explanation
“It can be issued to bonafide tourists and transients who are duly licensed
to operate motor vehicle in their respective countries and it has a validity
of 90 days.”
Requirements:
a. The original of foreign license + photocopy of the same
license.
b. In the event that the foreign license is written in the
language of the license holder other than ENGLISH, a
translation of the content of the license into ENGLISH by
the Embassy from which the license was issued.
c. In the event that the applicant applies for a license or if his
foreign license is expired at the time that the application is
filed, the applicant will have to undergo both a WRITTEN
Examination and Actual Road Test.
d. An application form filed by the applicant.
e. Foreign license applicants can only be issued NON-
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE.
2. Military Driver’s license
Note:
“It can be issued to enlisted military personnel of the AFP operating motor
vehicles owned by the government shall be license in accordance with R.A.
4136 but no license or delinquency fees shall be collected thereof. It
should bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT MOTOR VEHICLES ONLY”
plainly marked or stamped in RED inks across the face thereof. Does not
authorize the holder to operate privately owned motor vehicle.”
3. Professional Driver’s license
Explanation
“Renewable every 3 years and the Identifying color is red.
It can be issued to to a driver for hire or paid for or operating a motor
vehicle whether private use or for hire to the public.”
“Any person driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a professional
driver.”
“Student permit, which has been issued in the possession of the applicant
for at least 5 months.”
“A Non-Professional Driver’s License that has been in the possession of the

applicant for not less than four months.”
Qualifications:
1. Must be at least eighteen (18) years old.

2. Must be physically and mentally fit.
3. Must not be a drug user or alcoholic.
4. Must be able to read and write in Filipino or English.
5. Must be clean, neat and presentable.
Requirements:
1. Duly accomplished ADL Form.

2. Valid SP (at least five (5) months old / NP - 4 mos. old).
3. Medical Certificate
4. Negative Drug Test result
5. TIN
6. Clearances -- NBI, Police or Court Clearance or Certificate from
Commanding Officer, if a military personnel.
7. Must have passed the written and practical exams.
Note
“The validity of driver’s license as of now is 5 years.”
4. Non –Professional driver’s license
It can be issued to owners of privately owned motor vehicles or those not

for hire or paid for driving.
”
“The holder shall be restricted to operate motor vehicles up to 4500 kgs.
Gross vehicle weight.”
“Renewable every 3 years and the identifying color of logo is green.”
Qualifications:
1. Must be at least seventeen (17) years old.

2. Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle
3. Must not be a drug user or alcoholic
4. Must be able to read and write in Filipino or English
5. Must be clean, neat and presentable
Requirements:
1. Duly accomplished Application for Driver's License.

2. Valid Student Permit (at least one (1) month old)
3. Medical Certificate
4. Negative Drug Test result
5. Taxpayer's Identification Number (TIN).
6. Must have passed the written and practical examination.
5. Student Drivers Permit
“The validity is up to 12 months from the date of issue. It is issued to

persons who desire to learn how to drive. A student driver holder cannot
operate a vehicle unless accompanied by an instructor who may either be
a licensed professional or non-professional holder.”
Requirements:
 Must be at least 16 years of age.
 Must be physically sound and in good health with no
contagious ailments.
 Must be mentally capable.
 Must know how to read and write in his native dialect, in
tagalong or in English.
 Must apply personally at LTO and have with him the
following documents.
Document of birth that he is 16 years old, either of the following:
 Joint affidavit by 2 not related individuals attesting to the

age of the applicant, or SSS identification card, passport,
and or Voters ID.
 Applicants whose age is between 16 to 18 years old, an
affidavit of consent signed by the parents or by the
applicant’s legal guardian allowing the applicant to learn
how to drive.
Note:
“A driver having this permit is not allowed to drive motor vehicle without
the supervision of a professional driver’s license holder”
PROCEDURES IN THE APPLICATION OF DRIVERS LICENSE
Application for student permit
1. Customer Service Counter: checking of documents and secure a

Driver's License Application Form.
2. Evaluator: submission of required documents.
3. Photo taking/Signature Area:
4. Cashier: pay the necessary fees and obtain an Official Receipt.
5. Releasing Counter: claim the temporary student permit/license.
Application on Non- Professional Driver’s license
1. Evaluator: checking of documents
2. Photo taking/Signature Area
3. Cashier: pay the application fee
4. Examination Room: lecture and written exam.
5. Practical Examination
6. Cashier: pay necessary fees.
7. AMPI Counter: signature and picture taken.
8. Claim the temporary driver's license (TDL) and the Official Receipt
OR) of payment.
Application on Professional Driver’s License
1. Evaluator: checking of documents and securing of a Driver's License

Application Form.
2. Phototaking/Signature Area
3.Cashier: pay the application fee
4. Examination Room for the lecture and written exam.
5. Practical examination
6.Cashier: pay the necessary fees
7. AMPI Counter: taking of signature and picture
8. Claim the temporary driver's license (TDL) and the Official Receipt (OR)
of payment.
DRIVERS EXAMINATION
The written examination
 Contain questions concerning proper driving procedures, road

rules and regulations, emergency procedures, etc. Number of
questions are as follows:
 Non-Professional License – 40 questions -Passing Marks is at least

30
 Professional License – 60 questions – Passing Mark is at least 50

questions
 Before each examination A DRIVING SKILL RATER will provide a 30

minute lecture about traffic rules and other driver information as a
“review” for the applicants.
The Road Test
 It is undertaken under the auspices of a “DRIVING SKILL RATER”.

This actual road test will have to schedule in advance and the
applicant will have to provide the vehicle in which the road test
will be conducted. The applicant should make sure that the vehicle
to be used is in proper working condition and is currently
registered.
 That the applicant is aware of and is capable of performing

a check on the primary components of the vehicle such as
the engine, the tires, the battery, lights, windshield wipers,
brakes, transmission, clutch, etc..
 Proper use and positioning of the hands on the steering

wheel.
 Proper engine control and use of the gear shift lever and
the foot pedals.
 Proper speed control and observance and practice of road

discipline.
 Proper knowledge and interpretation of road signs and

markings.
 Proper turning procedures.
 Proper backing procedures.
 Proper parking procedures.
 The applicant will be credited with a score of 100 points at the

start of the road test. Each infraction or unsatisfactory
performance will be listed down on a ROAD TEST SCORE SHEET
and the corresponding deductions made at the end of the test.
 Passing Grade will be 70 Points or a total of possible deduction of

30 points
Mandatory Drug Test
 All drivers’ license applicants except for student’s drivers permit to

pass a drug test conducted by duly LTO accredited drug testing
centers.
Drivers Restriction Code
 Can be found at the back of Non-Professional and Professional

Driver’s License.
 It indicates the type of MV that is allowed to be drive by the
License holder.
 Driver restriction codes are as follows:

 1 – Motorcycles and Motorized Tricycles
 2 – Vehicle up to 4500 kgs GVW
 3 – Vehicle above 4500 kgs. GVW
 4 – Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs. GVW
 5 – Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs. GVW
 6 – Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW and below
 7 – Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs GVW
 8 – Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs GVW and above
Note:
“In the drivers restriction it does mean that if you have a driver’s license
with the restriction 1-8 is you can drive all types of motor vehicle, it must
be all the restriction is written in your driver’s license for you to drive all
types of motor vehicle.”
At the Back of the License:

- Condition
- Restriction
Examinations:
- Non - Professional
- Professional
Road Test:
- Actual Driving
Drivers Conditions
The condition of the driver’s license holder while operating a motor

vehicle is indicated as follows:
A – Wear eyeglass
B – Drive only with special equipment for upper limbs (SEUL)
C – Drive only with special equipment for lower limbs (SELL)
D – Daylight driving only
E – Accompanied by a person with normal hearing
REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
CLASSIFICATION OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES
1.Private (not for hire)
Explanation:
“These are motor vehicles used for personal use by the owners.Having a
plate number Green with white background.”
“vehicles which are registered for private use only”
2. Public Utility Vehicles (PUV-for hire)

Explanations:
“These are registered primarily for the conveyance of passengers and

other commercial goods. ( eg. Taxi cabs, passenger jeepneys, passenger
tricycles)”
“Plate no: black with yellow background.”
“Vehicles authorized to operate as public utilities by virtue of certificates

of public conveyance.”
3.Government
Explanations:
“These are motor vehicles owned by government offices and are used for
official purposes only”
“Plate no: red/maroon with white background.”
“Vehicles owned by the government of the Philippines, including

government owned and controlled corporations.”
4.Diplomat
Explanation:
“These are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the

Philippines.”
“Plate no: Blue with white background.”

“vehicles owned by foreign government”
Note:
COMMEMORATIVE PLATES – plates issued to groups, organizations or

associations subject to the approval of the Office of the President.
Note:
Basic Information on Motor Vehicle Registration and

Motor Vehicle License Plates
 Administrative Order No. 84AO-003 – provides the System of

Operation in the monthly staggered registration of motor vehicle.
 The last digit of the license plate determines the monthly schedule
of registration of the MV and the middle digit determines the
working days within the week when the MV Registration shall be
renewed.
Exercises

Instruction: Complete The Following Information.
TYPES OF DRIVERS MINIMUM EXPIRATION/ DOCUMENTS NEEDED

LICENSE AGE VALIDITY
REQUIRMENT
S
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rationale:
What are the importance of driver’s license?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
What are the problem encountered in the application of driver’s license?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Instruction: complete the information needed in the table.
TYPES OF DRIVERS REQUIREMENTS QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES

LICENSE
PROFESSIONAL
DRIVERS LICENSE
NON-
PROFESSIONAL
DRIVERS LICENSE
STUDENT DRIVERS
PERMIT
INTERNATIONAL
DRIVERS LICENSE
Rationale
What are the disqualification in the application of driver’s license?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
What is the difference between Professional and Non –Professional Driver’s License?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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MODULE 6 MIDTERM COVERAGE

TITLE TRAFFIC DRIVERS EDUCATION
OVERVIEW It include the Ten (10) Commandments of Traffic, the general rules in road
conduct, and Function of traffic law enforcement
INTRODUCTION Road safety education would help students understand the importance of
safety on the road when walking as a pedestrian, or as one driving motor
vehicle. It also important to take immediate action such as calling the
authorities for medical and transport aid or both.
Rules and driving etiquette are the general practices and procedures that road
users are required to follow. These rules usually apply to all road users,
though they are of special importance as motorist, cyclist or pedestrian. These
rules govern interaction between vehicles and pedestrians.
LEARNINGOUTCOMES At the end of this module , the students will be able to:
2. Acknowledge the different Ten Commandments, rules and regulation
in traffic education.
3. Awareness of the different road safety and traffic law enforcement
DISCUSSIONS  RIGHT OF WAY RULES
“In case of two vehicles approaching or entering at intersection at the

same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of
way, however, the driver of any vehicle travel at an unlawful speed
forfeits this right. (Section 42 a).”
“In case of a vehicle approaching but has not yet entered the
intersection, its driver shall yield the right of way to the vehicle
already within such intersection or turning therein to the left across
the line of travel of the first mentioned vehicle. (Section 42 b).”
“In case of vehicle on a highway within a business or residential

district, its driver shall yield the right of way to pedestrian crossing the
highway within crosswalk, except at intersection where traffic is
regulated by peace officer or a traffic signal. If there is no cross walks,
pedestrian shall yield the right of way to vehicles on the highways.
(Section 42 c).”
“In cases of vehicle traversing a through-highway, its driver should

bring it to a full stop before crossing. However, if it is clear and no
hazards exist, the vehicle may slow down to 5 miles per hour instead
of a full stop. (Section 42 d).”
RESTRICTION AS TO SPEED
“Any person driving a motor vehicle on highway shall drive the same
at a careful and prudent speed, not greater nor less than reasonable
and proper, having due regard for the traffic, the width of the
highway, and of any other condition and their existing;”
“No person shall drive any motor vehicle upon a highway at such
speed as to endanger the life, limb and property of any person, nor as
at speed greater than will permit him to bring the vehicle to stop
within the assured distance ahead.”
Note:
Exception to the limit:
 A physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency

calls.
 The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place
of accident or other emergency.
 Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency
treatment to a hospital, clinic, or any other similar place.
 Any driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed forces while in
use for official purposes in times of riot, insurrection or invasion.
 The driver of a vehicle when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a
criminal.
 A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of
traffic laws.
 The driver officially operating a MV of any fire department provided
that exemption shall not construed to allow useless or unnecessary
fast drivers aforementioned.
RECKLESS DRIVING
“No person shall operate a motor vehicle on any highway recklessly or

without reasonable caution considering the width, traffic, grades,
crossing, curvatures, visibility and other conditions of the highway and
the conditions of the atmosphere and weather, or so as to endanger
the property or the safety or rights of any person or so as to cause
excessive or unreasonable damage to the highway.”
RIGHT OF WAY FOR POLICE AND OTHER EMERGENCY VEHICLES
“Upon the approach of any police or fire department vehicle, or of an

ambulance giving audible signal, the driver of every other vehicle shall
immediately drive the same to a position as near as possible and
parallel to the right-hand edge or curb of the highway, clear of any
intersection of highways, and shall stop and remain in such position,
unless otherwise directed by a peace officer, until such vehicle shall
have passed.”
TAMPERING WITH VEHICLES

“No unauthorized person shall sound the horn, handle the levers or
set in motion or in any way tampers with a damage or deface any
motor vehicle”
HITCHING TO A VEHICLE
“No person shall hang on to, or ride on, the outside or the rear end of
any vehicle, and no person on a bicycle, roller skate or other similar
device, shall hold fast to or hitch on to any moving vehicle, and no
driver shall knowingly permit any person to hang on to or ride, the
outside or rear end of his vehicle or allow any person on a bicycle,
roller skate or other similar device to hold fast or hitch to his vehicle”
DRIVING OR PARKING ON SIDEWALK
“No person shall drive or park a motor vehicle upon or along any
sidewalk, path or alley not intended for vehicular traffic or parking.”
DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR OR NARCOTIC DRUG
“No person shall drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of
liquor or narcotic drug.”
OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC
“No person shall drive his motor vehicle in such a manner as to

obstruct or impede the passage of any vehicle, nor, while discharging
or taking on passengers or loading or unloading freight, obstruct the
free passage of other vehicles on the highway.”
DUTY OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT
“In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the
operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver present, shall
show his driver’s license, give his true name and address and also the
true name and address of the owner of the motor vehicle.”
“No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicular accident shall

leave the scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except
under any of the following circumstances:”
“If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or

persons by reason of the accident;”
“If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or If he has to
summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.”
THE TEN (10) COMMANDMENTS OF A TRAFFIC:
KEEP RIGHT
OBSERVED ROAD COURTESY.
“One must yield to emergency vehicles, pedestrians, trains, vehicles

with right of way, vehicles ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic, traffic
momentum, straight traffic and traffic signs.”
VEHICLES SHOULD NOT BE PARKED NEAR INTERSECTION, CROSS WALK,

PEDESTRIANS LANES, FIRE STATION, FIRE HYDRANT, AND PRIVATE DRIVE
WAYS.
IF IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVER TAKE
“In general, the overtaking lane is the lane to the left of the over taken
vehicles going in the same direction. The overtaking vehicles is burden
vehicles.”
THE BUS-STOP RULE.
“Buses queue up on single file in their order of arrival. The lead bus moves
forward to the center of the column of buses lining-up on the bus stop zone,
and remain until the zone is filled-up with buses, but no longer that three
minutes. Any bus has the option to move out of the area anytime or bypass a
bus stop. There shall be no doubling up at any point in the bus stop zone.”
RULES TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC CONGESTION OR TRAFFIC JAM.
“Keep opposing lanes and intersection open. In heavy, slow or stopped traffic,
there shall be no overtaking. In a construction, the vehicles should merge
alternately.
OBSERVE THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURE.
“Like the bus yellow lane rule, bus stop segregation scheme, truck ban,
counter flow reversible lane, one-way, car fool (at least three passenger in
EDSA), odd and even scheme and restraints on turning.”
THE PHILOSOPHY OF A PINOY DRIVER.
“Motorist should observe equity of the lead vehicle, doctrine of the last
chance, and first-come-first- served or Rotunda rule.”
ON PEDESTRIANS
“Keep off roadway except to cross on crosswalk or pedestrian lane, wait,

embark, and alight at bus or jeepney stop.”
REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL DRIVING SAFETY REMINDER.
“Safety first. “
EXCERCISES
Explain the Importance of the different rules and regulation on the above mentioned.
1. RIGHT OF WAY RULES

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2. RECKLESS DRIVING
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3. OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC
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MODULE 7 FINAL COVERAGE

TITLE TRAFFIC VIOLATION,TRAFFIC SIGNS AND TRAFFIC LIGHT
OVERVIEW It include the different violations under Republic Act 4136, the different Traffic signs
and as well as traffic light(red, Yellow or amber and Green)
INTRODUCTIO Traffic violation means when drivers violate laws that regulate vehicle operation on
N streets and highways.
Traffic signs provide valuable information to drivers and other road users. They
represent rules that are in place to keep you safe, and help communicate message
to drivers and pedestrian, that can maintain order and reduce accidents. Neglecting
them can be dangerous. Most sigs make use of pictures, rather than words, so they
are easy to understand and can be easily interpreted by people who speak in a
variety of language. For this reason, it’s important that you know what each picture
represents, and that you use them to inform your driving. Failing to do could result
in a serious accident or a fine.
OUTCOME 1. Enumerate and distinguished the different types of traffic signs.
2. Acknowledge the different violation under Republic Act 4136.
3. Awareness of the different colors and its meaning of the traffic light.
DISCUSSION Violation under Republic Act 4136
Violation in connection with Licensing:
1. Driving without license

2. Driving with delinquent, invalid, suspended, ineffectual or revoked license
a. Failure to show or surrender license

b. Failure to carry driver’s license
c. Failure to sign driver’s license
3. Driving while under the influence of liquor or prohibited drugs.
4. Allowing an unlicensed/improperly license person to drive.
5. Fake or counterfeit license
6. Allowing another person to use his/her license
8. Using a motor vehicle in the commission of a crime
9. A student driver operating a motor without being accompanied by a

license driver
10. Unlicensed conductor
Violation in connection with registration of a motor vehicle.
11: Unregistered/improperly registered/delinquent or invalid registration.
12: Unregistered substitute or replacement engine.
13: Unauthorized change of color or configuration.
14: Certificate of registration and Official Receipt or photo copies not carried.
15: Operating/allowing the operation of a motor vehicle with a

suspended/revoked Certificate of Registration.
16: Tourist operating a non-Philippine registered vehicles beyond 90 days

period.
17.Violation in connection with number plates and stickers.
a: Plates not firmly attached or visible.

b: Dirty or uncaring of plates.
c: Inconspicuously displayed plates.
d: No sticker.
18: License plated different from the body number on for hire
vehicles.
19: Improperly displayed plates (Removing permanent plates to

accommodate commemorative plates).
20: Expired commemorative plates and stickers.
21: Tampered/marked plates or sticker
22: Illegal transfer of plates/stickers
23. Violation relative to equipment, parts, accessories, devices and markings on

motor vehicles
a: Motor vehicle with metallic wheels.

b: Defective brakes.
c: Improper horn or signalling device.Using a device with exceptionally loud,
starting, or disagreeable sound
d: Defective horn and signalling device.
e: Carrying red light visible in front of vehicle.
f: Absence of or defective highlight.
g: Absence of defective taillights. Of defective taillights.
h: Absence of red rear lights.
i: Absence of license plate lights.
j: Absence of brake (stop) lights.
k: Absence of or defective wind shield wiper.
l: Absence of disconnected muffler.
24: Dirty and unsightly dilapidated motor vehicle.
“ Number of plates will be confiscated until vehicle is its defects are

Corrected and its appearance improved.”
25: Failure to paint or improper painting of authorized route.
26: None painting of business name or trade on vehicles use for business or trade.
27: Unauthorized improvise number of plates.
28: Applies to “FOR HIRE” vehicles.

a: Dirty and or unsanitary equipments.
b: Defective equipment not road worthy.
c: No hand brakes
d: Defective hand brakes
e: Absence of or defective speedometer
f: Defective or broken windshield.
g: Absence of or defective windshield wiper
h: Absence of rear mirror
i: Absence of interior lights
29: No name or business name and address on “FOR HIRE” vehicles
30: No Spare tire
31: unauthorized bell, siren or exhaust whistles
32: No red flag or red light on projecting load
33: No body number on “FOR HIRE” vehicle
34: No EWD or failure to use Early Warning Device
35: Violation of STEREO REGULATION on “FOR HIRE” vehicles
36: NO capacity markings
37: Installation of jalousies, curtains, dim colored light, strobe light, dancing
light, or similar light, tinted, colored or painted windshield or window glass on “FOR
HIRE” vehicles.
38: Failure to put “NOT FOR HIRE” sign on jeepney, jitney not operated for hire
Violation relative to dimension, specification, weight and load limits:
39: Load extended beyond projective width below permit.
40: Overloading.
A: Operating vehicles in excess

B: Total weight cargo carrying device or passenger track in excess of 100 kilos.
C: Allowing load in excess of its carrying capacity.
D: Baggage or freight carried on top of track exceed 20 kg./sq.m.
and not distribute properly.
Illegal operation of motor vehicle
41: Out of line –operating outside its authorized route.
42: Colorum operation including private passengers to proper destinations/trip

cutting.
50: Over charging and under charging.
51: Breach of franchise conditions.
52: No franchise/ certificate of public conveyance or evidence of

franchise in motor vehicles.
Hierarchy of Traffic Control
 Traffic Officer/Enforcer
 Traffic Signal Light
 Traffic Sign
 Pavement Markings & Markers
 Right of Way
Traffic Signs
Danger warning Signs (Caution Signs) –
“Red colored border that warn motorist of approaching hazardous road

conditions.”
“Intended to warn road user of a danger on the road and to inform them of its
nature.”
“These signs have an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal.”
“used to warn or alarm traffic, to warn traffic of approach in hazardous condition

either on or adjacent to the road/danger and to call the reduction of speed”
Regulatory signs (Instruction Signs)
“It requires the driver to actually perform or not to perform a specific act.”
“Intended to inform road user of obligations, instruction, or prohibitions which they

must comply.”
“The round shape is used for these signs.”
“To impose legal restriction applicable at particular locations usually enforceable in

the absence of such signs.”
“To inform road users of certain laws, ordinances and rules and regulations the
violation of which constitute a traffic offense or misdemeanor.”
3. Information signs
“It provide the driver with information that he may or may not use but will
assist him.”
“Intended to guide road user while they are traveling or to provide them
with other useful information.”
“The rectangular shape is used for informative signs.”
“used to guide/lead/direct motorist(s), to guide motorist(s) along

established routes, to inform motorist(s) of the correct proper routes, to
help motorist(s) along hi/her/their way in the most simple and direct
method/ access road/direction”
Traffic Lights
TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM (“STOP”, “GO”,”WARNING”)
Fixed time signals
“A traffic control signal, by which traffic flow is alternatively commended to stop

and permitted to proceed in accordance with a predetermined time as schedule.
TYPE OF OPERATION
 isolated or independent
 coordinated or interrelated (synchronized)

NOTE:
The installation of this type of traffic light system is determined by the survey
conducted at the very strategic area(s) wherein traffic law enforcers and traffic
consultants and advisers are duly consulted.
STEADY RED
 Stop at a designated line.

 Vehicles will be crossing from the other side.
 Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian lane
 Unless specified you can turn right after a full stop to clear traffic coming
from the left.
STEADY GREEN
 Go
 It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to stop.
 Pedestrian are not allowed to cross the pedestrian lane in front of you.
 Unless specified, you can move up to the middle on the intersection and
make a left turn when clear.
 Vehicles going straight have the right way.
 Do not anticipate a green light.
STEADY YELLOW/AMBER
 Prepare to stop.
 It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be given the go signal
shortly.
 Do not beat the yellow light.
FLASHING RED
 This is the same as a stop sign.

 Stop at a designated line
 Vehicles will be crossing from the other side.
 Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian lane.
 Proceed when clear.
FLASHING YELLOW/AMBER
 This is the same as the yield sign.

 Proceed through the intersection with caution.
 You have the right of way over a flashing red light.
 Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a full stop.
EXERCISES

Instructions:
Enumerate at least 15 Violation under Republic act 4136 and give the old and new penalty.
Violations Old Penalty New Penalty

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Reflection:
What do you think, Why they increase the penalty of all the Violation under R.A. 4136?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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What do you think in the above Violation is the most important? Justify your answer.
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Instructions:
Identify the following traffic signs,

Traffic Signs Types of traffic Signs Uses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Rationale
What are the importance of traffic Signs in the road?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Module 8 Final Coverage

Title Pavement Markings and Traffic accident investigation
Overview It include the different pavement marking in our traffic way, Right of way, Specific
Meaning of Pavement Markings, CLASSIFICATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY EVENTS, The chain of event in vehicular accident.
Introduction Traffic accident investigation used to illustrate the procedures to proper reporting and
documenting traffic accidents. It is also a good deal of science, interpretation, and
reconstruction.
Pavement Markings is one of the most important aspects of safety and efficient
roadway. It also communicate information to road users like no other control devices.
They provide continuous information to road users related to roadway alignment,
vehicle positioning and other important driving relative task.
Learning At the end of this module , the students will be able to:
Outcomes 1. Enumerate and distinguished the different types of Pavement Markings.
2. To demonstrate how to conduct Traffic Accident investigation.
3. Awareness of the different Chain of event in traffic accident.
Discussion Pavement Markings

Includes all lines, patterns, words, colors or other gadgets except signs set into the
surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing, or to objects within
or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or
guiding traffic.
It pertains to all lines, patterns, words, symbols, or other gadgets except signs set into
the surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing or to objects
within or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the purpose or regulating,
warning or guiding traffic.
“Pavement markings combine with road signs and traffic lights to give you important
information about the direction of traffic and where you may and may not travel.
Pavement markings divide traffic lanes, show turning lanes, mark pedestrian crossings,
indicate obstacles and tell you when it is not safe to pass.”
Types of Pavement Markings and Markers

Yellow lines
“Separate traffic travelling in opposite directions. White lines separate traffic travelling
in the same direction.”
“Yellow lane lines separate lanes of traffic moving in opposite directions. Single yellow
lines may also mark the left edge of the pavement on divided highways and one-way
streets.”
A solid line at the left of your lane means it is
unsafe to pass. ('A' should not pass.)
“A broken line at the left of your lane means you may pass if the way is clear. ('A' may
pass if there are enough broken lines ahead to complete the pass safely.)”
“Broken lines that are wider and closer together than regular broken lines are called
continuity lines. When you see continuity lines on your left side, it generally means the
lane you are in is ending or exiting and that you must change lanes if you want to
continue in your current direction. Continuity lines on your right mean your lane will
continue unaffected.”
Double Yellow Lines: One Solid, One Broken
A solid yellow line to the right of a broken yellow center line means passing or
crossing is prohibited in that lane, except when turning left. If the broken line is closer
to you, you can cross the broken line only to pass another vehicle and only when it is
safe to do so.
Double Yellow Lines
Double solid yellow lines prohibit vehicles moving in either direction from crossing the
lines. You may not cross these lines unless turning left when it is safe to do so.
White Lane Lines

White lane lines separate lanes of traffic moving in the same direction. Single white
lines may also mark the right edge of the pavement.

Broken White Line
A broken white line separates two lanes traveling in the same direction. Once you
have signaled, and if it is safe to do so, you may cross this line when changing lanes.
Solid White Line
A solid white line marks the right edge of the roadway or separates lanes of traffic
moving in the same direction. You may travel in the same direction on both sides of
this line, but you should not cross the line unless you must do so to avoid a hazard.
Double Solid White Line

A double solid white line separates two lanes of traffic going in the same direction.
Crossing a double solid line is prohibited.
Note:
“Lines and symbols on roadways are used to warn and direct drivers and to control
the flow of traffic.”
WHITE LANE LINES

“White lane lines are white lines separating lanes of traffic moving in the same
direction. Crossing of solid white line requires special care and is
discouraged.”
“A solid broken white line means passing to the left or right is allowed provided the
way is clear.”
YELLOW LANE LINES

“Yellow lane lines are dividing lines separating traffic traveling opposite
directions.”
“A solid yellow line at the left lane means, it is not safe to pass.”
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
 Refers to any accident involving travel or transportation on a traffic way.
Explanation:
“Generally, to know what question to ask and what to look for, you must have
fundamental bearing on accidents and their causes, When you speak traffic
accident, everybody knows what you mean- SOMETHING WENT WRONG on the
highway, either wrecked car, somebody is injured OR POSSIBLY KILLED.”
“. As a traffic officer, you should have knowledge about traffic accidents and
relevant investigation procedures.”
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DETERMINES THE FOLLOWING:
a. What happened
b. Who and what was involved
c. Where and when it happen
d. Why it happened
e. How the accident occurred
COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES TO PONDER IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

INVESTIGATION:
 Accident
 Any unexpected occurrence which results to unintended death, injury,
or damage to property.
 Traffic Accident
 Refers to any accident involving travel or transportation on a traffic
way.
 Motor Vehicle Accident

 Any motor vehicle accident occurring on traffic way – the ordinary
collision between automobiles on a street, toad or highway.
 Key Event
 An event on the road characterizes the manner of occurrence of a
motor vehicle traffic accident.
 Debris
 The scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other
materials left at the scene of a traffic accident caused by a collision.
 Skid Marks
Note:
“These are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to
rotate, usually because breaks are applied strong and the wheels
locked.”
 Traffic Unit
 Any person using traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a
pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is
using.
 Hazards
“Generated when a critical space-motion relationships between a traffic unit

and other objects develops due to the movement of either both.”
 Safe Speed
“The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road

and traffic situation ahead. Safe speed on the road is determined by
the road rather than the particular driver of a vehicle.”
 Strategy
 It is the adjusting of speed, position of the road, and the direction of
motion, giving signals of intent to turn or slow down, or any other
action in situations involving potential hazards.
 Tactic
 Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like
steering, braking, or accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.
 Impact
“The striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor
vehicle with another motor vehicle.”
 Contact Damage
“Damage to a motor vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some

foreign object in a collision or roll over. It is usually indicated by
striations, rub-off of material or puncture.”
 Factor
 Any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result
could not have occurred or it is an element necessary to produce the
result, but not by itself is sufficient.
 Primary Cause
 A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained
factor in the cause of accident or the most easily modified condition
factor.
 Cause
 The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any
one of which result could not have occurred.
 Attribute
 Any inherent characteristics of road, a vehicle, or a person that affects
the probability of a traffic accident.
 Modifier
“A circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily.”
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY.
1. Property Damage Accident

 There is not fatal or injury to any person but only damage to the
motor vehicle or to other property including animals.
2. Slight
 Only slight damages to properties.
3. Non-Fatal Injury Accident

 This results in injuries other than fatal to one or more person.
4. Less Serious
Only less serious injuries to persons.
5. Serious
Causes serious injuries to persons.
6. Fatal
This results to death of one or more person.
CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
 Simultaneous Factors
Road conditions
Driver’s attitude or behavior
Weather condition

 Sequential Factors
Speed is greater or less than safe.
Defective vehicle.

 Operational Factors
Road hazards
Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules and regulations.

 Perception Factors
Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation.

Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.
CHAIN OF EVENT IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
 Perception of Hazards
“It is seeing, feeling, hearing and understanding unusual or unexpected

movement or condition that could be taken as a sign of the accident about to
happen.”
 Start of Evasive Action
“It is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or
otherwise avoid hazard.”
 Initial Contact
“The first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise avoids

a hazard.”
 Maximum Engagement
“It is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision. The force between the
traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum
engagement.”
 Disengagement
“It is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has
collided. The force between the object ceases at this time.”
 Stopping
“This is when the traffic units involved come to rest. It usually stabilizes the
accident situation.”
 Injury
“It is the receiving bodily harm. These event does not necessary occur after
the accident but within any of the chain of events. It may also happen right
after the evasive action taken by the drivers involved or during the initial
contact.”
Five Levels of Activities in Accident Investigation
1. Reporting – it involves basic data collection to identify and classify a motor

vehicle, traffic and persons, property and planned movements involved.
2. Scene Investigation – involves all action taken by the investigator at the scene
of the crime or accident.
3. Technical Preparation – involves delayed traffic accident data collection and

organization for study and interpretation.
4. Professional Reconstruction – involves effort to determine from whatever

information is available, how the accident happened.
5. Cause Analysis – involves the final analysis on the cause of accident.
Exercises

Instruction. Illustrate the different pavement markings and explain.
Pavement Markings Explanation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the purpose of the pavement markings to the Motorist?
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What are the benefits of Pavement Markings to the Drivers?
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Instruction.
Search an example of traffic accident in the Philippines. Get the important details or facts of the case
and answer the following question. Write the details on the space provided.
Facts of the Case.
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Questions
1. Determined the following information by answering the 5w and 1H
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2. What type of Traffic accident according to severity? Justify you answer
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Resources 1
Traffic management
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
1. GENERAL:
To know what question to ask and what to look for, you must have some fundamental
bearing on accidents and their causes. When you speak of traffic accident, everybody knows
what you mean – SOMETHING WENT WRONG on the highway, either a wrecked car, somebody
injured or possibly killed.
In this relation, as traffic law enforcers, you should have knowledge of traffic accidents
and their investigations.
2. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DETERMINES THE FOLLOWING:
a. WHAT happened?
b. WHO were involved?
c. WHERE did it happen?
d. WHY did it happen?
e. HOW did the accident occur?
f. WHEN did the accident happen?
3. PURPOSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION:
Accidents are generally investigated for four (4) main reasons, depending on who does
the investigation:
a. Everyone involved is curious about the causes and circumstances of the accident.
b. Police are also interested in finding out whether there is enough evidence of law violation
in the accident to take enforcement action.
c. Claims attorneys and adjusters want to determine negligence on the part of the drivers
involved in the accident so that damage claims can be properly adjusted.
d. Officials and other want specific information about accidents to know how to prevent
future accidents.
4. DEFINITIONS:
a. TRAFFIC – refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by

combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
b. ACCIDENT – is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces
unintended injury, death, or property damage.
c. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT – an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.
d. MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT – is any event that results in unintended injury or property
damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads.
Included are:
1. Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas;

2. Fires;
3. Explosion;
4. Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion;
5. Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train or street car on stationary rails
or tracks;
6. Failure of any part of the motor vehicle while the vehicle is in motion.
Excluded are:
1. Collision of a motor vehicle with an aircraft or water-craft in motion;
2. Injury or damage due to cataclysms (flood or sudden physical change of the earth
surface);
3. Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is not under its power is being loaded on or
unloaded from another conveyance.
e. MOTOR VEHICLE – is every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is
propelled by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon
rails.
f. TRAFFIC WAY – is the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of
which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter
of right or custom.
g. ROADWAY – the portion of a traffic way which is improved, designed or ordinarily used
for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder.
h. KEY EVENT – an event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a
motor vehicle traffic accident.
i. DEBRIS – is the accumulation of broken parts of vehicles rubbish, dust and other
materials left at the scene of the accident by a collision.
j. SKID MARKS – are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate,
usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.
k. SCUFF MARKS – are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the
wheel is still turning.
5. KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS:
1. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.
e.g. ordinarily collision between automobiles on a highway.
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident – is any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in
any place other than a traffic way.
e.g. accident on a private driveway.
3. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident – is any accident occurring on a traffic way involving
persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in
motion.
e.g. pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way.
6. CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY EVENT:
Running off road 1

Non-collision on road: Overturning 2
Other non-collision 3
Collision on road with: Pedestrian 4
Other motor vehicle in traffic 5
Parked motor 6
Railroad train 7
Bicycle 8
Animal 9
Fixed object 10
Other objects 11
7. CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY:
a. Property Damage Accident – is any motor vehicle accident where three is no fatal or
injury to any person but only damage to the motor vehicle or to other property including
injury to animals.
b. Slight – accident causing slight damages to properties.
c. Non-Fata Injury Accident – any motor vehicle accident that results in injuries other than
fatal to one or more persons.
c.1 Less Serious – accidents causing less serious injuries to persons.
c.2 Serious – causing serious injuries to persons.
d. Fatal – any motor vehicle accidents that results in death to one or more persons.
8. TRAFFIC UNIT – is any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a
pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or animal, which he is using. It applies not only to
motor vehicle but also to:
a. Pedestrians;
b. Cyclists;
c. Street cars;
d. Horse-drawn (animal-drawn) vehicles;
e. Farm tractors; and
f. Other road users in almost any combination.
Example: A traffic accident could involve a cyclist and a pedestrian.

9. CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS:
a. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS:
1. Road conditions.
2. Drivers’ attitude or behavior
3. Weather condition.
b. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS:
1. Speed is greater or less than safe.
2. Defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction)
c. OPERATING FACTORS:
1. Road hazards
2. Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules and regulations.
d. PERCEPTION FACTORS:
1. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation.
2. Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.
HAZARDS – A hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationships between a traffic

unit and another object develops due to the movement of either or both. Example: A
curve in the path is a hazard. Another traffic unit in the path is also a hazard.
SAFE SPEED – The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road and traffic
situation ahead. Safe speed on the road is determined by the road rather than the
particular driver of a vehicle. Example: A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe speed for it
is a speed at which it can be taken comfortably.
PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – Seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the unusual or

unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as a sight of an accident about to
happen.
10. CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT:
For the purpose of reporting, traffic accident may usually be described well enough as a
single occurrence but when accident is investigated, attention is directed to particular stages of
the occurrence.
In fact, an accident may be usually defined as a series of an expected events leading to

damage or injury. One event usually leads to another so that the series can be spoken of as a
“chain of events”. Some of these events are described below:
a. Perception of hazard – is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or

unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as sign of the accident about to
happen.
b. Start of evasive action – is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision
course or otherwise avoid a hazard.
c. Initial Contact – is a first accidental touching of an object collision course of otherwise
avoid a hazard.
d. Maximum Engagement – is greatest collapse or overlap in a collision the force between
the traffic unit and the object collided with - are greatest at maximum engagement.
e. Disengagement – is separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has
collided. Force between the object ceases at this time.
f. Stopping – is coming to rest. It usually stabilizes the accident situation.
g. Injury – is receiving bodily harm.
POINT OF NO ESCAPE – is that place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot be
prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
FINAL POSITION – is the place and time when objects involved in an accident finally come to
rest without application of power.
OVER ALL PICTURE OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

* CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
Perception of hazard
Start of evasive action
Initial Contact
Maximum Engagement Point of no escape
Disengagement
Stopping
Final
Position
Injury
FIVE (5) LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
a. Reporting
b. At-scene investigation
c. Technical, preparation
d. Professional reconstruction\
e. Cause analysis
11. STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY THE POLICE AS A TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER DURING TRAFFIC
ACCIDENTS:
STEP ONE
UPON LEARNING OF ACCIDENT:
A. ASKED FIRST:
1. When did the accident happen?
2. Exactly where was it?
3. How bad was it?
4. Did you see the accident happened?
5. Where can you be reached?
B. DECIDE WHETHER TO GO TO THE SCENE:

1. Will scene have been cleared by the time of arrival?
2. Is it in investigator’s area?
3. Should headquarters’ be informed or consulted?
C. THEN FIND OUT, IF NECESSARY:

1. Is traffic blocked?
2. Has ambulance been called?
3. Has wrencher been called?
4. Was fire apparatus called?
STEP TWO
A. UPON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE OF ACCIDENT:

1. Select parking place carefully.
2. Is it safe?
3. Will it block traffic?
4. Can headlight illuminate scene?
5. Look over bystanders and others.
6. Look for drivers.
7. Look for possible witnesses.
8. For volunteers who will help you.
9. Get them under control
10. Have spilled gasoline guarded.
11. Look for fire and electrical hazards.
12. Look for traffic hazards.
13. Put out flares.
14. Ask helper to direct traffic
15. Keep bystanders off roadway.
16. Request help from headquarter if needed.
B. ARRANGE FOR ANY HELP:

START FOR THE SCENE: With two way radio, you can do two things while on the
way.
Step 1
a. CHOOSE BEST APPROACH: Consider:

1. Time
2. Possible traffic jams
3. Possible route of driver involved and
4. Probable situation at scene.
b. DRIVE SAFELY:
Get there safely, if you get involved in accident yourself then other units
must be used.
c. BE ALERT FOR CARS LEAVING SCENE:

1. As possible witnesses or hit and run drivers.
2. Records registration numbers of any likely looking vehicles.
d. GET EQUIPMENT READY FOR USE:

So far as practical on the way.
e. LOOK FOR CONDITIONS CONFRONTING A DRIVER APPROACHING

SCENE:
1. Low visibility view obstructions, and
2. Traffic control devices.
f. NOTE HAZARDS TO APPROACHING TRAFFIC:

1. Drop helper to direct traffic if necessary
2. Look for physical evidence. Have it guarded until it can be
examined, collected or located.
Step 2
1. Look for congestion or potential congestions.

2. Direct traffic or have it directed.
3. CARE FOR INJURED:
a. Stop arterial bleeding
b. Call for help if necessary
c. Help injured from cars safely
d. Ask for emergency assistance from bystanders from any where.
4. LOCATE DRIVERS:
1. Consider possibility of hit and run accident and need to alert
headquarters.
2. Look for witnesses at scene, arrange to question and get names

and addresses.
5. Measure location or short lived evidences.

6. Arrange for clearing roadway.
7. Delay removal of vehicles except to aid injured.
Step 3
WHEN EMERGENCY IS UNDER CONTROL
a. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONING OF DRIVERS:

1. Who was driving each vehicle?
2. Note unpremeditated statement.
3. Look for signs of nervousness, confusion and intoxication.
b. Gather clues for identifying hit and run cars.

1. Question other witnesses especially bystanders in hurry to go.
2. It needed, get signed statement at once from why who may be hard to find later.
c. Examine drivers conditions

1. Get specimen for chemical test.
2. Question about trip plan for possible fatigue.
d. Question drivers carefully

1. Check license and record data from it.
2. Verify and identify address.
3. Check registration and record data.
4. Verify ownership and correct address.
5. Get step by step account of what driver saw and did.
e. Position and condition of vehicles.

1. Note lights and light switches
2. Note gear position and tires.
3. Mark position of vehicles if it must be removed.
4. Look for unusual thing inside the vehicles.
f. From preliminary opinion as to how accident occur:
g. Photography:
1. Photograph skidmark and location of vehicles.
2. Mark skidmark location for later measurement.
h. Record place to which injured persons or damage vehicles were or will be taken.
Step 4
AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCES:
1. Make test skids.

2. Decide whether proof of violation is sufficient for arrest.
3. If so, make arrest or issue citation.
4. Get additional formal statements, from witnesses remaining at the scene.
5. Have road clear if traffic is obstructed.
a. Suggestion to drivers:
1. How much accidents can be avoided in the future.
2. Tell drivers what reports they must make and dismiss them.
3. Approach the scene by path of each traffic unit involved.
b. Look for:
1. View obstructions.
2. Traffic control devices, etc.
3. Probable points of perception.
4. Road surface conditions.
c. Complete examinations of vehicles.
d. Locate key event of accident.
e. Make additional photographs of vehicle damage.
1. Vehicle damage
2. View obstruction
3. Pavement’s conditions
4. Control devices, and general view, etc.
f. Establish exact location of accident and record it.

g. Measure for scale diagram if location is hard to reach.
h. Review notes of evidence or testimony.
1. Get additional facts at scene.
2. Identify all notes with places and time.
i. Clean up location or arrange to have it done.

j. Report to headquarters by radio or telephone.
Step 5
AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE
a. Get medical report on injured persons from doctor or hospital.

b. Question drivers or witnesses:
1. At hospital or home if not adequately questioned.
2. Take need additional statements.
c. Notify:
1. Relatives of dead or injured;
2. Owner of vehicles.
d. Have specimens analyzed if were taken for chemical / laboratory test.
e. Have photograph developed, get prints if needed for report.
f. Complete the report of the accident.

1. Have copies made if necessary
2. File report and copies
g. Complete factual data on investigation report if not completed at scene.
h. Decide whether analysis of accident is warranted by the time available for making it.
i. Reconstruction of the accident.
1. Estimate speeds of vehicles involved.
2. Draw scale diagram
3. Analyze angle of collision
4. Get technical help if necessary, and
5. Summarize opinions
j. Present case summary to a lawyer.

k. Complete report or investigation (file reports and notes).
l. Submit to superior for approval.
m. Inform other Agencies or departments of any condition at the scene which needs attention for
safety.
Step 6
IF CASE GOES TO COURT
a. Find out what the prosecutor wants further to develop evidence.

b. Return to the scene if necessary for the following:
1. Additional photographs of general scene and

2. Long-lived evidence
3. Measure for scale diagram for use in court.
4. Locate additional witnesses and review tier testimony.
4.1 Relatives and friends who confirm activities before the accident.
4.2 Technicians who developed pictures, made chemical tests, etc.
1.1 And experts who can help.
c. Have enlargement made of any photo needed in court
d. Have large scale diagram made for use in court.
e. Pre-trial conference with prosecution witnesses to review testimony.
f. Insure that subpoenas are issued
g. Testify in court.
h. Organize papers and file permanently, if necessary, for future reference.
i. Insure that the disposition of case is recorded in drivers record and other reports.
12. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT REPORT
a. Uniform traffic Accident Reporting System.
b. Preparation of Traffic Accident report

1. By a competent bonafide traffic accident investigator.
2. Requirements for an investigator in the submission of report such as evidence
gathered, diagrams, sketches as well as sworn statements of witnesses.
3. Traffic Accident Investigation Report will be accomplished in five (5) copies:
3.1. For the Court or Prosecutor’s Office;
3.2. For TRAFCOM;
3.3. For the Investigator
3.4. For the Insurance company of Party-involved #1; and
3.5. For the Insurance company of Party-involved #2.
13. PARTIAL CHECK LIST FOR INVESTIGATING ACCIDENTS:
The following check list will assist the accident investigation to evaluate the quality of his
investigations. It may be used as an administrative tool to determine the quality of accident
investigation that will be used as a standard.
(Check One)
STEPS IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT : : Yes : : No :
INVESTIGATION : Good : Fair : Poor : :
I. Get to Scene Quickly and Safely
1. Respond Immediate to Call : : : : :

2. Drove carefully on way : : : : :
3. Parked properly at scene : : : : :
II. Care for Injured
1. Made immediate inquiry for

injuries : : : : :
2. Provide first aid, or for
medical attention : : : : :
3. Handled injured properly : : : : :
4. Safeguard properly injured : : : : :
III. Safeguard Scene
1. Took precautions to prevent further

accident : : : : :
2. Prove for orderly handling of traffic : : : : :
3. Obtained required help in handling
the accident : : : : :
4. Prevented destruction of evidence : : : : :
5. Parked car properly : : : : :
Determine if Hit-and-run
1. Quickly located drivers : : : : :

2. Observed condition of drivers : : : : :
3. “Listened” to drivers’ story : : : : :
4. Took notes on drivers’ story : : : : :
5.”Questioned” drivers about the
accident : : : : :
IV. Seek and Interview Witnesses
1. Made proper search for witnesses : : : : :

2. Techniques used in search for
witnesses : : : : :
3. Approached witnesses : : : : :
4. “Listened” to witness’ story : : : : :
5. “Questioned” witnesses on pertinent
information : : : : :
6. Asked witnesses to write out his
statement : : : : :
7. Asked for witnesses’ signatures to
statements taken : : : : :
8. “Handled” witnesses interview
properly. : : : : :
V. Examine Physical Evidence
1. Checked position of vehicles on

roadway : : : : :
2. Checked traffic control devices : : : : :
3. Checked damage of vehicles : : : : :
4. Checked brakes of vehicles : : : : :
5. Checked obstruction to view : : : : :
6. Checked condition of roadway : : : : :
7. Checked marks and materials on
roadway surface. : : : : :
VI. Compare Statements of Drivers and Witnesses
1. Checked statement against each

other : : : : :
2. Checked with drivers and / or
witnesses on statements inconsistent
with each other or physical condition : : : : :
3. Decision at this point, tentatively at
least on any violation of law involved : : : : :
VII. Witnesses Repeat Statement In Presence of Drivers and Investigator
1. Brought drivers and witnesses together : : : : :

2. Stories repeated in presence of each
drivers and investigator : : : : :
3. Drivers permitted to reply to statement
made : : : : :
4. Procedure handled tactfully by investigator : : : : :
VIII. Secure Written Statement of Drivers
1. Drivers asked to write out their story : : : : :

2. Drivers asked to sign statement they made : : : : :
3. Signed statement obtained : : : : :
4. Procedure handled efficiently by
investigators : : : : :
IX. Take Photograph and Measurements
1. Proper photograph taken : : : : :

2. Tire and skid marks tied in with vehicles : : : : :
3. Marked properly measurement : : : : :
4. Diagram of accident made, both drivers
signed it : : : : :
X. Take Appropriate Enforcement Action
1. Investigator identified violations involved : : : : :

2. Proper charges placed against the violator : : : : :
3. Evidence obtained to satisfy all elements
of charge made : : : : :
4. Investigator detected all pertinent evidence : : : : :
XI. Obtain Complete Factual Data
1. All pertinent data on accident obtained. : : : : :

2. All obtained data factual : : : : :
3. “On the Scene” notes taken by investigators : : : : :
4. Complete investigation made by investigators: : : : :
XII. Pre-Report Follow-up

1. Mechanical inspection of vehicles was made : : : : :
2. Participants not at scene, interviewed : : : : :

3. Witnesses not at scene, interviewed : : : : :
4. All other follow-up requirements made : : : : :
XIII. Write up Report
1. Investigator obtained sufficient data : : : : :

2. Investigator obtained accurate data : : : : :
3. Proper diagram included in report : : : : :
4. Sound opinions also included in the report : : : : :
5. Finished report meets of department records : : : : :
SKIDMARKS: AS A TOOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
SKIDMARKS - The sudden application of brakes which results in the locked wheel condition
places such a great pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum that the frictional force at this
point becomes greater than the frictional force between the tire and the road surface. When this condition
exists, the wheels skid.
One of the main reasons for studying and measuring skid marks at the scene of a traffic accident
is to get some idea how fast the car which left these marks was going prior to the accident.
Estimates of speed based on skid marks sometimes lead to convictions in connection with an
accident. On the other hand, knowing how to estimate speed correctly may help to keep an innocent
person from being convicted.
For example, skid marks 80 feet long were measured at an accident scene. A test skid made 20
miles per hour showed 20 feet long skid marks.
It was argued in court that with skid marks 20 feet long from a speed of 20 miles per hour, the car
must be going 80 miles per hour to leave 80 feet skid marks. The driver was unjustly convicted. His
actual speed was more nearly half of that, or 40 miles per hour.
SKIDMARKS AS EVIDENCE IN ACCIDENT CASES
Skid marks are useful in several ways:
1. Aid in determining the speed of the car prior to the accident or collision.
2. It will show if the vehicle was travelling in the wrong distance or on the wrong side of the road.
3. It will indicate if the driver failed to observe the right of way.
4. It will also show if the driver did not obey a traffic signal.
SKIDMARKS DO NOT SHOW ALL THE SPEED
Skid marks never show all of the speed of a car before the accident happened. They show only
how far the car would have had to slide to stop in the distance shown by skid marks.
Evidence of additional speed. A car is somewhat going faster and often faster is calculated from
skid marks because in addition to losing speed is sliding the distance shown by the skid marks, the car
also losses some of its speed on one or more of the following ways:
1. SLIDING WITH ONE OR MORE WHEELS BEFORE ANY SKIDMARKS BEGIN TO APPEAR.
Dark clear skid marks do not appear until the tires have slid far enough to got hot
enough to smear rubber or scar on the pavement. This is less true on such materials as
gravel and dirt.
2. BRAKING WITHOUT SKIDDING
Before sliding begins

During gaps
After marks and before the car comes to rest
Usually, braking just the wheels start to slide actually shows the car more than after
the wheels starts to slide.
3. DRAGGING THE CAR AS IT HITS SOME OBJECT
The crumpling ands mashing some of parts of the car slows the car down rapidly.
4. DAMAGING OTHER CARS OR OBJECTS
5. SLIDING OTHER CARS OR OBJECTS ALONG THE ROADWAY.
6. VAULTING OR BOUNCING UP INTO THE AIR.
In many accident of course, other is evidence of terrific speed is the WRECKAGE (EXTENT OF
DAMAGE), but there are no skid marks at all because brakes were not put on hard enough to lock the
wheels.
In an accident in which brakes are put on just before contact of vehicles, the skid marks maybe
only two or three feet long and therefore, show a speed of only five or six miles per hour. Whereas, the
wreckage tells us that the total speed may have been ten times as great.
In accident in which most of the speed is lost in skidding, the speed calculated from skid marks
may come close to showing how fast he car was actually going. Accidents involving pedestrians are the
most common ones of this kind.
In any accident in which great damage was done will skid marks show more than small part of the
speed, often a very minor part of it; but if the skid marks have been rightly identified and measured, it can
be said that the car was going faster than the speed calculated from the skid marks, much faster if there
was considerable damage.
THINGS THAT DETERMINE SKIDDING DISTANCE
How far a car will take to skid or slide to stop when all four wheels are locked depends on many
things. Three of these factors are important, and you must consider them in every estimate of speeds
based on skid marks.
1. SPEED ITSELF IS BY FAR THE MOST IMPORTANT

2. SLIPPERINESS OF THE PAVEMENT
3. GRADE OR SLOPE OF THE ROAD UP OR DOWN.
Every driver knows, of course, that it takes much longer to stop on pavements that are slippery,
and that he can stop more quickly on an upgrade than downgrade road.
Of many other factors on which distance depends, none has had a very great effect. Most of
them will affect a calculated speed by only a few miles per hour. They therefore have a little effect on the
speed calculated form the skid marks usually not more than a couple of miles per hour.
Among those other factors are the following:
1. BRAKE PEDAL PRESSURE
When wheels are actually sliding, additional brake pedal pressure will not make the
stop any quicker. Once the wheels have been locked and the car is sliding, the brakes have
done all they can in slowing the car and the grab of the pavement on the tires is what
determines how fast the car will slow down.
2. WEIGHT OF THE CAR
Makes a great difference in stopping distance before the wheels lock, but once they
have locked, it makes a very little difference. It is true that it takes much greater pressure to
lock the wheels on a vehicle when it is heavily loaded than it is empty. However, when the
wheels are once locked, a greater weight of the vehicle, which gives it greater momentum,
also causes it to press harder on the road surface and therefore, give it a corresponding
greater drag from the pavement.
3. TIRE TREAD
On the most ordinary surfaces, a smooth tire and one with a deep tread pattern will
stop the car in about the same distance. On some other surfaces, particularly on ice, a
smooth tread is better because it distributes the weight over greater area.
4. AIR PRESSURE
Makes a very slight difference in stopping distance. On ice, for example, soft tire will
distribute the weight a little more and give somewhat better traction.
5. TIRE MATERIAL
There is a slight difference between tires made of synthetic and those made of
natural rubber.
6. ROAD SURFACE
Of surfaces such as mud, snow, and on ice, tires equipped with chains have a better
road-gripping capacity. On some hard pavements, however, chains may decrease road
gripping capacity.
7. DIRECTION OF SLIDES
Makes a slight but unimportant difference. A tire will lengthwise except in materials
so soft that it ploughs or sinks.
8. TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR AND ROAD SURFACE
Make some difference. In general, on ordinary pavements, hot weather produces

longer stopping distance. This is not necessary on ice and snow.
9. AGAINST A HEAD WIND
A car will slide a little farther from given speed with a tall wind than against a head
wind, but this is not a matter of great importance.
For most ordinary purposes, you do not have to consider those minor factors in
establishing speeds from skid marks.
SPEED ESTIMATES
Because the minor factors are neglected, we can not calculate speeds precisely. We only
estimate them. Some of the minor factors would tend to give a higher speed and others a lower speed,
and they would partly balance or cancel out.
Sometimes all of the factors tend to give a high estimated speed. Remember, in this connection,
that skid marks do not show all of the speed and therefore, the probable actual speed is still greater than
your estimate.
FACTS NEEDED
To make a reasonably good estimate of speed, certain facts are needed. There must come from
observations and measurements at the scene of the accidents. The accuracy of ht estimate or calculation
depends upon the accuracy of these observations and measurements.
LENGTH OF SKIDMARKS
Consider the following:
1. Be sure they are skid marks – not just tire marks.
2. Did all wheels slide or just some of them? It makes little difference if tire is sliding forward or
sidewise.
3. Are there any gaps in the skid marks? Be sure there are gaps caused by a release of brake
pedal pressured and not skids caused by bounced.
4. What is the length of each skid marks around any curves; it may not make straight from beginning
to the end in the shortest line. You may want to consider two separate lengths for each skid
marks. One of these is based on the part of the skid mark you can positively identify. It gives you
speed which will be minimum beyond reasonable doubt. The others is a possible skid mark
which will give you a more likely speed. The first is all you can use in court, the second is often
much useful in figuring out just what did happen in the accident.
5. Use the length that the wheel skid, not the tire slid. Dual tires which leave two marks are
considered as one wheel, and the skid mark length is counted if either tire on the wheel leaves
this mark.
There are two ways of figuring the length of a slide if all on the same kind of pavement. These are:
1. STRAIGHT LINE
A slide is considered straight if both rear-wheel skid marks do not go off to one side of the
front wheel skid marks.
Use the length of the longest skid mark left by any wheel minus gaps in it. This method is
possible because all wheels slide about the same distance. We know that the brakes definitely
have been applied throughout the entire distance of the longest skid mark.
If one wheel does not slide as far as the others, still it was about to slide when the others
began. The drag on the pavement by this wheel is about the same just before it begins to slide
as when it is actually sliding. It may even be greater.
Therefore, we are usually safe in saying that all wheels are dragging as mush as if there
were sliding wheel skid applies to motorcycles, trucks, truck and trailer combinations, and buses
as well as ordinary motor vehicles.
2. SPIN
A slide is considering a spin if both rear wheel skid marks do get off to one side of the
front wheel skid marks. Take the length of each skid marks minus gaps. Add the skid mark
length for all wheels and divide the numbers of wheels.
This method is necessary in the case of the spins, because some of ht wheels slid much
farther than other; that is, one end of the car may practically stand still while the other sweeps
around it.
Use this method only when there is about the same weight on front and rear wheels; that
is usually for ordinary cars, motorcycles, and light trucks with trailers or heavily loaded trucks
having duel tires on the rear wheels. Uneven weight with a spin is a situation, which requires
special calculations.
This method gives you a figure for the sliding distance of the vehicle. It is not necessary
to compute it more accurately than to the nearest foot. For this length you may have two figures,
one a positive distance and one a possible distance.
Unfortunately, many investigations are carelessly made. For example, investigators may:
1. Fail to show whether all wheel slid.
2. Fail to include in the sliding distance a skid shown by a shadow as well as that more
clearly shown by the smear of the hot fire.
3. Neglect to note whether they are gaps in any of the skid marks.
4. Show only an overall length without separate measurements for each wheel. This
usually includes the wheel base of the car with the result that the sliding distance appears
to be length longer than it really is.
5. Fail to note whether the skid marks are straight or a spin.
6. Measure straight across from beginning to the end of a curve skid marks rather than
around its length.
If the facts are not all there, assumptions should have to be made about the distance the car slid.
For legal purposes, you may assume only what may be true beyond responsible doubt. Hence, poor
observations and measurements often leave you little value to go on.
Nevertheless, reasonable assumptions regarding conditions which more definitely observed in

investigations may be very helpful in coming to a conclusion about what probably happened.
1. COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION – DRAG FACTOR
It is the measurement of the maximum frictional resistance of pavements. It is equal to

the force exerted when the wheels are skidding divided by the weight of the car.
Slipperiness of surface must also be known in order to calculate speeds from skid marks.
We tell what this slipperiness by a number, usually decimal less than 1.00. When any object is
sliding, the surface it slid on puts a friction drag on sliding tire that slows the car.
A slippery movement creates a small friction drag and an abrasive pavement a big drag.
If we divide the amount of friction drag in pounds by the weight of the car in the pounds, we get
the number that describes the slipperiness.
EXAMPLE:
The drag of the pavement on the sliding tires of an automobile is 3, 000 lbs.. The
automobile weights 4, 000 lbs.. The number representing the slipperiness of the
pavement, or its friction drag, is then 3, 000 divided by 4, 000 or 0.75.
This friction drag factor or slipperiness number is called technically the “COEFFICIENT
OF FRICTION”. You can measure the drag factor of a pavement by making a test skid which
tells how far a car slides on that pavement while stopping from a known speed.
The drag factor or coefficient of friction can be determined by use of a formula. If we let
“S” stand for the speed in miles per hour from which the test skid is made and “D” the distance in
feet that car slides in coming to stop, then the drag factor, which we call “F” will be:
F = S2 / 30 (D)
The “30” is the formula because speed is given in miles per hour and the distance in feet
(transformation of feet per second to miles per hour). It is called a constant because it stayed the
same in all problems for which the formula is used.
Thus, to find slipperiness number, F, we multiply this speed by itself and then divided by
30 times the stopping distance. You do not need to carry the division out more than two places to
the right of the decimal point.
EXAMPLE::
On a test to measure pavement slipperiness, a car was stopped in 40 ft. from 30

miles per hour. Substituting these numbers for the letters representing them in the
formula, and doing the arithmetic involved, we have:
F = S2 / 30 (D) = 302 = 900 / 30 (40) = 0.75 / 1, 200
Using a chart, which was especially designed to represent this formula, is much easier
than doing the arithmetic for it. To use it:
1. Locate the test stopping distance on the D scale at the left.
2. Locate the test speed on the S scale in the middle.
3. Draw a straight line through these two points and extend to the right until it crossed the F
scale at the right.
4. Read the friction drag on the F scale.
It is very important that the test skids to measure pavement slipperiness be correctly
made. You are unlikely to do it right without special instruction or experience.
At least two skids are desirable. Compute the slipperiness separately for each. Unless
there are within 0.05 each other friction calculated from any of several test skids made on the
same paving. This is necessary if you want to be sure beyond reasonable doubt of calculated
speeds.
Test skids made the same car that was in the accident are the best. They thus take care
of some o the minor factors such as the weight of the car, the tire material, the tread pattern, tire
pressure and therefore , make the estimate more reliable.
2. GRADE FOR SLOPE (GRADIENT)
So far, we have been talking only about level roads. You can stop more quickly if you are
going uphill than on a level road. But it will take to longer to stop when going downhill. Hence, the
slope or grad of the road should also be considered.
Grade is measured by a number that is also usually less than 1.00. The measure of the
grade is the number of the feet that the road rises or falls for each feet of the horizontal distance.
To find it, divide the vertical rise or fall by the horizontal distance. It is not necessary to
carry this divisions more than two places to the right of the decimal.
USE THIS FORMULA:
f = horizontal distance / vertical rise or fall
Possible ranges of pavement Drag Factors for rubber tires. The drag factor or coefficient
of friction of a pavement of a given description may vary considerably because quite a variety of
road surfaces maybe described in the same way.
Some of these variations are due to the weight of the vehicles, air pressure in the tire,
treated design, air temperature, speed and some other factors.
REACTION TIME
This is the distance traveled before applying the brakes:
a. Divide seconds in an hour (3, 600) into feet in a mile (5, 280) = 1, 467.
b. To determine distance you will travel in one second, multiply 1.467 (1.47 or 1.50)
times the speed which you are traveling.
c. Time to get foot off the accelerator and slam it on the brake is ¾ of a second on the
average. The age of the driver should be considered.
d. 1.5 x speed = length in feet covered before brake works for you.
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED BY THE PNP

a. The officer submits as evidence in a case the measurements of the skid marks and the Court
interprets the facts in the light of other evidence.
1. Some courts require the assistance of an expert.
2. Measurements should be accomplished by two men.
3. Sketches and photographs with measurements indicated should be made soon after
the accident.
b. Some police departments have their officers skid a vehicle to a stop from the legal speed
limit, if this can be done safely, and compare the skid marks with those in the accident.
c. Some would draw conclusions from tests on physical calculation.
MEASUREMENT OF SKIDMARKS
a. Should meet legal standards. Officers measuring the skid marks and the distances to
embankment of other fixed constructions should verify each other’s measurements so that
they can corroborate each other’s testimony in court.
b. Evidence should be presented to show that the skid marks were made by the suspect car.
c. Witnesses should testify in court.
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN CALCULATING SPEEDS FROM SKIMARKS:
Energy and vehicle speed. An automobile moving at any speed possesses energy. As the
speed of the vehicle increases, the resulting energy developed is said to increase as the square of the
ration of the increase in speed.
EXAMPLES:
20 kph = 40
30 kph = 90
40 kph = 160
STOPPING A MOTOR VEHICLE
Whenever a moving vehicle is stopped, the energy that it possesses at that time must be
expended or spent. It is only when most or all of the vehicle’s energy is expended through skidding of
tires that a fairly accurate calculation may be made of the vehicle’s speed before the accident.
TEST RUNS
In making calculations for speeds from skid marks, it is often necessary to conduct one or more
test runs, using the vehicle involved in the accident or, if it cannot be driven, another vehicle of similar
characteristics may be used.
a. Conditions should be the same as those existing when the accident occurred. The character of
the road, whether wet or dry, should be the same.
b. Conduct tests on the same road surface and in the same direction.
c. The vehicle’s speedometer should be checked, and any difference from accurate calibrations
should be noted.
d. A speed consistent with safety, such as 20 or 30 miles per hour, should be selected for the test
run.
e. Brakes should be applied suddenly and as hard as possible when the car is moving at the
selected test speed.
f. The length of each skid mark should be measured.
g. If a brake detonator is available, the total braking distance should be accurately determined using
such equipment, either mechanically or electrically operated.
h. Generally, it is advisable to conduct two or three tests at the selected speed. The test producing
the longest braking distance, that which favors the defendant most, is generally used in the
calculation.
i. To avoid possible differences in the application of brakes by the driver, it may be advisable to
have the driver of the accidents vehicle drive the car in the test runs.
SPEED CALCULATION
a. When a vehicle is stopped solely by skidding, it is possible to calculate the speed of the vehicle at
the beginning of the skid by using the formula based on the principle that the skidding or braking
distance vary as the square of the speed.
FORMULAS USED IN FINDING SPEED ESTIMATES:
The following are some of the formulas being used in conducting reconstruction,
particularly the speed estimates (mph) to wit:
01. S = 5.5 . / DF = (speed on a level road)

02. S = 5.5. / DF = uphill or downhill
03. D = S2 / 30 F = Skid marks
04. F = S2 / 30 D = Drag Factor
WHERE:
S = speed (mph)
F = coefficient of friction (drag factor)
f = grade (1, 2, 4) or super elevation
D = distance (feet)
b. When accident vehicle cannot be driven.
When the vehicle is damaged so badly that if cannot be driven, part of the vehicle’s energy
is expended in damaging the car and the object struck.
A calculation of speed form skid marks left under these circumstances gives a speed based
only on the amount of energy expended in the skidding.
Consequently, the resulting speed value may be considerably less than the actual pre-
accident speed, since it is not possible to determine how much farther the vehicle would have skidded
had there been no collision.
HIT AND RUN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
The objectives of the investigation of motor vehicle accident involving the flight of one of the
participants in are two fold. First, responsibility for the collision must be determined and secondly, the
identity of the driver of the vehicle who fled the scene must be established.
What is Hit and Run Case?
Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied to a traffic accident in which a driver fails to
comply with any of the duties required (Sec. 55 of RA 4136). Further, it states that no driver of a motor
vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall leave the scene of the accident without aiding the victim,
except under any of the following circumstances:
a) If the driver is imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of
the accident;
b) If the driver reports the accident to the nearest officers of the law; or
c) If the driver has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
TWO IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
In any investigation of this kind of accident, two basic considerations must be kept in mind.
These are:
a) The driver who flees the scene of an accident is not necessarily the driver responsible for
the accident. His reason for flight are often more important than the simple evasion of
responsibility. He may be wanted for another crime, or intoxicated, or without a valid
license, etc.
b) The hit-and-run driver often will report the damage to his own vehicle as having been the
result of another hit-and-run accident in which some “other mysterious driver” fled without
identifying himself. Similarly, it is not unusual for the hit-and-run driver to abandon his
vehicle and then report it stolen as a means of covering up his involvement in the
accident.
As stated earlier, the basic objectives of these investigations are the identification of the driver
who fled the scene. The discovery and arrest of the driver, once identified generally comes after the
location and of the vehicle.
However, the mere recovery of the vehicle does not always immediately establish the identity of
the driver.
ELEMENTS OF HIT-AND-RUN CASES
a. You must prove suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident. Even if you have
witnesses to prove this, get evidence to disprove his alibi.
b. Suspect was involved in an accident resulting in death, personal injury or damage to property.
c. Suspect failed to stop, give aid or information as to his identify to other person (s) involved, to
police or to anyone at the accident scene; or failed to take reasonable steps to notify the owner of
damaged property other than a vehicle. Do not overlook the possibility of a simulated second
accident to explain damaged caused by the first accident.
d. Suspect had knowledge of the accident.
1. Physical evidence may prove the vehicle figured in the accident.

2. Extent of damage to vehicle. Extensive damage to vehicle would preclude allegation of lack
of knowledge. If suspect refrained from using his vehicle for several days since the accident,
this would also indicate the guilt.
3. Guard against claims that the vehicle was stolen to evade responsibility.
CLASSES OF HIT-AND-RUN DRIVERS
a. Drunk drivers
b. Criminals fleeing from the scene of the crime.
c. Improperly licensed drivers, or drivers with no license or with revoked or expired license.
d. Drivers who fear publicity and prosecution.
e. Ignorance of the accident.
f. Driver who flees in panic
g. Drug addicts.
h. Insurance or financial reasons.
i. Juveniles.
PRELIMINARY STEPS
a. Refer to checklist on Accident Investigation.
b. Obtain the best possible description of the car and driver.

1. A good description may be obtained from partial descriptions given by witnesses.
2. Get the license plate and any unusual features of the vehicle.
3. Concentrate on the car’s description first
4. Dispatch initial description and all subsequent information to the Headquarters
and to police agencies that may assist in spotting and stopping the suspect
vehicle.
5. Broadcast descriptions of the suspected car and river to all police units and
offices.
6. Try to determine the damage to the feeling car.
c. Appeal for information through local newspapers, radio, T.V., etc.
d. Carefully search the hit-and-run scene for physical evidence.

1. These may include broken glasses and fragments, hubcaps, paint scrapping
from hit-and-run car, other evidence such as dirt from subject car, radiator
ornament, etc.
2. Carefully preserve and label all evidence found at the scene.
3. Request laboratory study of evidence.
4. Watch out for the possible return of the hit-and-run driver to the scene of the
accident. This has been known to happen.
e. The Victim
1. Check his clothing; other parts of his body, tire marks, grease, paint chips,
fragments, and such things that might have been left on him by the suspect car.
2. If the victim is killed, get samples of uncontaminated blood from him at the
morgue and samples of hair, skin, etc.
3. Collect and preserve for laboratory examination, the clothes, shoes, and other
items he was wearing at the time of the accident.
Resources 2 by Victor Apil M.S. Crim
TRAFFIC operations and ACCIDENT investigation
1. Traffic- refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicle, either powered by combustion system
of animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
2. Accident- is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury,
death, or property damage.
3. Traffic Accident- an accident involving transportation on a traffic way.
4. Motor Vehicle Accident- is any event that results in unintended injury or property damage
attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its load.
5. Motor Vehicle- is any device which is self propelled and every vehicle which is propelled by electric
power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails.
6. Traffic way- is the entire width between boundary lines of very way or place of which any part is
open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right .
7. Key event- an event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle
accident.
8. Debris- is the accumulation of broken parts of vehicles rubbish, dust and other materials left at the
scene of the accident by a collision.
9. Skid marks- are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because
brakes are applied strongly and the wheels locked.
10. Scuff marks- are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the wheel is still
turning.
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

1. Motor vehicle traffic accident- is any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.
2. Motor vehicle non-traffic accident- is any motor vehicle accident which accurse entirely in any
place other than a traffic way, e.g, accident on a private driveway.
3. Non-motor vehicle traffic accident- is any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons
using the traffic way for travel or transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion, e.g,
pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way.
CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

Property Damage ……………………………………………. 1
: Slight ………………………………………2
Non- fatal : Less Serous ………………………………3
: Serious ……………………………………4
Fatal ……………………………………………………….……. 5
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
1. Perception of hazard- is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected
movement or condition that could be taken as a sign of the accident about to happen.
2. Start or evasive action- is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from collision course or
otherwise avoid a hazard.
3. Initial contact- is a first accidental touching of a object collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard.
4. Maximum engagement- is greatest collapse or over lap in a collision. The force between the traffic
unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement.
5. Disengagement- is separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has
collided. Force between the object ceases at this time.
6. Stopping- is coming to rest. It usually stabilizer the accident situation.
Points of possible perception- is the place and the time at which the unusual or unexpected
movement or condition could have been perceived by a normal person.
Point of no escape- is that place and time after are beyond which the accident cannot be
prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
Fatal position- is the place and time when objects involved in an accident finally come to rest
without application of power.
Fatal accident- is any motor vehicle accident that results in fatal injuries other that fatal to one or
more persons.
Property damage accident- is any motor vehicle accident in which there is no injury to any
person but only damage to the motor vehicle, to their motor vehicles, or to other property including
injury to animals.
THREE “E’s of TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
1. ENFORCEMENT
2. EDUCATION
3. ENGINEERING
ENFORCEMENT- action taken by the police and the court to compel obedience to traffic laws and
ordinances regulating the movement and use of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating a
deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential violators.
Reasons for violation of traffic laws

1. Physical disabilities or infirmities
2. Ignorance of traffic laws
3. Lack of training and experience
4. Wrong attitude towards driving
5. Drives of public utility vehicles for increased compensation.
6. Driver’s apathy towards sign, signals and markings
7. Influential persons violate because they feel they are exempt from punishment.
Considerations that act as deterrents to motorists and pedestrians
1. Fear of line or punishment

2. Loss of driving privilege
3. Possibility of being involved in accident
4. Positive area of good citizenship doing what is right and setting an example.
FIVE (5) ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE ENFORCEMENT PROCESS
1. Detection (of violation)- wholly a police responsibility and entails looking for defects in the behavior
of motorists, pedestrians, vehicle, equipment and roadway condition. Requires knowledge of law on
the part of the police.
2. Apprehension- a police responsibility where the police is required to take action at once to prevent
continued and future violation.
3. Prosecution- while this is a court function the police also provides corresponding influence through
preparation and introduction of evidence or close contact with the prosecuting officer.
4. Adjudication- while this is obviously a court function, the police provides influence on this step by
acting as witness to the prosecution or supplying additional evidence. This step determines the guilt
or innocence of the accused.
5. Penalization- the court imposes the penalty upon the accused. The penalty is greatly influenced by
previous records of conviction as provided by police.
THREE (3) IMPORTANT GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

1. To increase safety level – enforcement effort should be directed towards the reduction of accident
or minimizing their effects.
2. To increase traffic efficiency.
3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment.
THREE (3) MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

1. Enforcement system- consists of legislation, police and the courts. Legislation defines and specifies
correct or incorrect road user behavior. Police and the courts is charged with the responsibility of
insuring that these laws are adhered to.
2. Road-user system- includes pedestrians, pedal cyclists, drivers, passengers and others.
3. The traffic system- consists of the entire road and vehicle complex.
KINDS OF THE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTION

1. arrest
2. traffic citation
3. traffic warning
Traffic arrest- is a enforcement action which consist of taking a person into custody for the
purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge to law violation before a court. Arrest is made
when the:
1) offense committed is serious

2) detention is necessary to a void continued violation
3) there is reasonable doubt that the violator will appear in court
Traffic citation- a means of having violators appear in court without physical arrest. Kinds of
which are Traffic Citation Ticket and Temporary Operations Permit (TOP)
Traffic warning- an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of
penalty by the court or otherwise as a result or warning alone. It is of three types: visual, verbal, and
written.
Traffic Supervisor- is defined as keeping informed on streets, highways within existing

regulations to make their use safe and expeditious.
Traffic Control- the control of vehicles or pedestrians at a certain point or area by mechanical
means, fixed objects, or manpower.
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - is the science of :

1) measuring traffic and travel.
2) The study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation;
3) The application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.
Functions of Traffic Engineering

1. fact- finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations;
2. supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices;
3. planning of traffic regulations
Road Check Objectives
The objective of road check is to detect and inspect the following:

1. faulty vehicle equipment
2. registration and licensing violations
3. intoxicated drivers
4. the load or cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for load weight.
Considerations to be taken when conduction road check

1. minimum delay to motorist
2. thorough checking procedure
3. protection/ safety of both motorist and officers
4. timing, location and frequency
FIVE (5) Levels of Activity in Accident Investigation

1. reporting
2. at-scene investigation
3. technical preparation
4. professional reconstruction
5. cause analysis
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
A. Traffic Accident Investigation
Determine WHAT happened, WHO and WHAT was involved. HOW and WHY the accident
occurred, and WHERE it happened.
1. What is a Traffic Accident?

It is an occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death, or
properly damage.
2. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident.

Any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way the ordinary collision between automobiles
on a street road or highway.
3. Motor Vehicle Non- Traffic Accident

Any motor vehicle which occurs entirely at any place other than a traffic way –an automobile
accident on a from or along a private driveway or thoroughfare.
4. Non- Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident

Any accident occurring on a traffic way, involving a person using the traffic way for travel or
transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion collision
Between a pedestrian and bicyclist on a sidewalk, for example.
5. Motor Vehicle Accident.

Any event that results in unintended injury or property damage attributable directly or indirectly
to the motion of a motor or vehicle or its load. Included are accidental injury from inhalation of
exhaust gas-fire, explosion, discharge of firearms within the motor vehicle when due to motion of
the vehicle, any collision between a motor vehicle and railroad train. Excluded are collision of motor
vehicle with an aircraft or watercraft in motion, injury or damage due to cataclysm, and injury or
damage while a motor vehicle not under its own power is being loaded on or unloaded from another
conveyance.
6. Direct Causes of Vehicle Traffic Accidents :
a. speed
b. driver (attitude or behavior)
c. vehicle malfunctions
d. road conditions
e. road hazards
f. perception factors
7. Preliminary Actions
a. when the offender receives the call:

I. When and Where the accident occurred.
II. How serious were the injuries.
III. Need for ambulance and other equipment.
IV. Name and address of the person reporting. He may be an important witness.
V. Who witnessed the accident?
VI. Is there a traffic block?
VII. Arrange for help, it needed- e.g., fire trucks, etc.
b. Drive safely in going to the accident scene. Be alert for cars leaving the scene. It might turn out
to be a hit-and-run case.
8. Duty of Police Officer in Time of Traffic Accident.
a. Protect life and property

1. Render whatever aid is necessary to the injured persons.
2. Take steps to prevent further destructions (like fire and other hazards)
3. Place warning devices in both directions
4. Park the police car safely.
5. Get all the names of persons present. In case of loss of property belonging to the injured or
dead, you may need these persons to protect the good name of the PNP.
b. Protect the accident scene
1. Prevent physical evidence from being lost or destroyed
2. Photographs should be taken before the physical evidence is removed
3. First things first. Location and position can be marked off first and measurements taken
later.
c. Protect other properties

d. Determine the cause of the accident
1. Determine why it had occurred
2. Determine the time and date of the accident
3. Examine the physical evidence
4. Reconcile conflicting situations
5. Determine the conclusion derived from physical evidence
6. Identify evidence regarding the behavior of individual drivers
7. Determine the responsibility of BOTH drivers.
e. Locate drivers and witnesses
1. Get driver’s licenses
2. Get the names and other details concerning persons who might have witnessed the
accident. Start with the ones who appear to know something of the accident.
3. If the drivers are at the scene of the accident make it a point to separate them.
f. Interview drivers and witnesses
1. Conduct each interview separately
2. Do not make conclusions as to responsibility in the presence of drives and witnesses
3. Be alert, for switches between and sketches.
g. Take measurements, and make diagram and sketches
h. Identify the precise location where the accident occurred.
i. Obtain equipment to remove damaged vehicle.
j. Evaluate physical evidence.
k. Check the road and vehicle conditions
1. Carefully examine road sign, signals markings and other traffic control devices.
2. Examine all moving parts of the vehicle
l. Make conclusions on the validity of statements
m. After leaving the accident scene:
1. Interview the injured at the hospital.
2. Get the medical report of the injured persons.
3. Steps should be started to notify relatives of all injured persons.
n. Action against violators.
1. Re-examine and assess the evidence.
2. Is your course of action supported by evidence?
3. Consider the advisability of consulting your superior officers in assessing evidence and
deciding on the most appropriate course of action.
o. Initiate action on the evidence and file the charges.
p. Prepare the report.
B. CALCULATING SPEEDS FROM SKIDMARKS
1. Skid marks as Evidence in Accident Cases.
This is useful in several ways other than as indication of the vehicles speed.
a. It will show if the vehicle was traveling in the wring directions of on the wrong side of the road.
b. It will indicate if the driver failed to observe the right of way.
c. It will also show if the driver did not obey a traffic signal.
2. Procedure Followed by the PNP.
a. The officer submits as evidence in a case the measurements of the skid marks and the court
interprets the facts of other evidence.
1. Some courts require the assistance of an expert.

2. Measurements should be accomplished by two men.
3. Sketches and photographs with measurements indicated should be made soon after the
accident.
b. Some police department have their officers skid a vehicle to a stop speeds limit, if that can be done
safely, and compare the skid marks, with those in the accident.
c. Some would draw conclusions from tests based on physical calculation.
3. Measurement of Skid marks.
a. Should meet legal standards. Officers measuring the skid marks and the distances to embankment
or other fixed constructions should verify each other’s measurements so that they can corroborate
each other’s testimony in court.
b. Evidence should testify in court
c. Witnesses should testify in court
4. Basic Principles in Calculating Speeds from Skid marks.
Energy and vehicles speeds. An automobile moving at any speed possesses energy. As the
speed of the vehicle increases, the resulting energy developed is said to increase as the square of the
ration of the increase in speed.
Examples :
20 kph = 40
30 kph = 90
40 kph = 160
5. Stopping a Motor Vehicle

whenever a moving vehicle is stopped, the energy which it possesses at the time must be
expanded or spent. It is only when most or all of the vehicle’s energy is expended through skidding of
tires that a fairly accurate calculation may be made of the vehicle’s speed before the accident.
6. Skid marks.
The sudden application of brakes which results in the locked wheel condition places such a
great pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum that the frictional force between the tire and
the road surface. When this condition exists, the wheel skid.
7. Coefficient of Friction- Drag Factor

It is the measurement of the maximum frictional resistance of pavements. It is equal to the force
exerted when the wheels are skidding divided by the weight of the car.
FS = Test speed squared

30 x breaking distance
where 30 is the gravitational constant in miles per hours. (Transformation of feet per second to
miles per hours.)
8. Reaction Time.
This is the distance traveled before applying the brakes.
a. Divide seconds in an hour (3.600) into feet in a mile (5,280) = 1,467.

b. To determine distance you will travel in one second, multiply 1.467 or 1.5 times the speed at
which you are traveling.
c. Time to get foot the calculator an clam it on driver should be considered.
d. 1.5 x speed = length in feet covered before brake works for you.
9. Test Runs.
In making calculations for speeds from skid marks. It is often necessary to conduct one or more
test runs, using the vehicle involved in the accident or, if it cannot be driven another vehicle of similar
characteristics may be used.
a. Conditions should be the same as those existing when the accident occurred.
b. Conduct tests on the same road surface and in the same direction.
c. The vehicle’s speedometer should be checked, and any difference from accurate calibrations
should be noted.
d. A speed consistent with safety, such as 20 to 30 miles per hour, should be selected for the test run.
e. Brakes should be applied suddenly and as hard as possible when the car is moving at the selected
test speed.
f. The length of each skim arks should be measured.
g. If a brake detonator is available, the total braking distance should be accurately determined using
such equipment, either mechanically or electrically operated.
h. Generally, it is advisable to conduct two three tests at the selected speed. The test producing the
longest braking distance, that which favors the defendant most, is generally used in the calculation.
i. To avoid possible differences in the application of brakes by the driver, it may be advisable to have
the driver of the accident vehicle drive the car in the test runs.
9. Speed Calculations
a. When a vehicle is stopped solely by skidding, it is possible to calculate the speed of the vehicle at
the beginning of the skid by using the formula on the principle that the skidding or braking distance
vary as the square of the speed.
s2 m (unknown accident speed =D (Average length of accident skids
s2 d (test braking distance )
Illustrations :
s2 = 825
2 32
30
s2 = 900 x 825
32
s = 900 x 825 = 482

32
Minimum accident speed is equal to the speed of the car in the test run times the square root of
the number obtained by dividing the average length of the accident skid marks by the total braking
distance in the test run. For probable speed, use test skid marks of test braking distance, employing the
same formula above.
b. When accident vehicle cannot be driven.
When the vehicle is damaged so badly that it cannot be driven, part of the vehicle energy is
expended in damaging the car and the object struck. A calculation of speed from skid marks left under
these circumstances given a speed based only on the amount of energy expended in the skidding.
Consequently, the resulting speed value may be considerably less than the actual pre-accident speed,
since it is not possible to determine how much further the vehicle would have skidded had there been
no collision.
HIT AND RUN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
1. Elements of Hit-and- Run
a. You most prove suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident. Even if have
witnesses to prove this, get evidence to disprove his alibi.
b. Suspect was involved in an accident resulting in death, personal injury or damage to
property.
c. Suspect failed to stop, give aid or information as to his identity to other persons involved, to
police or to anyone at the accident, scene, or failed to take reasonable
d. suspect had knowledge of the accident.
1. Physical evidence may prove the vehicle figured in the accident.

2. Extent of damage to vehicle. Extensive damage to vehicle would preclude allegation of lack
of knowledge. If suspect refrained from using his vehicle for several days since the accident,
this would also indicate his guilt.
3. Guard against claims that the vehicle was stolen to evade responsibility.
2. Classes of Hit-and- Run Drivers :
a. Drunk drivers
b. Improperly licensed drivers, or driver with no license or with revoked or expired license.
c. Criminals fleeing from the scene of the crime.
d. Drives who fear publicity and prosecution.
e. Ignorance of the accident.
f. Insurance or financial reason.
g. Driver who flees in panic.
h. Drug addicts
i. Juveniles
3. Preliminary Steps
a. Refer to checklist on Accident Investigation

b. Obtain the best possible descriptions of the car and driver.
1. A good description may be obtained from partial description given by witnesses.

2. Get the license place and any unusual features of the vehicle.
3. Concentrate on the car’s description first.
4. Dispatch initial description and all subsequent information to the Headquarters and to police
agencies that may assist in spotting and stopping the suspect vehicle.
5. Broadcast description of the suspect car and driver to all police units and offices.
6. Try to determine the damage to the fleeing car.
c. Appeal for information through local newspaper, radio, TV, etc.
d. Generally search the hit-and-run scene for physical evidence.

1. These may include broken glasses and fragments, hubcaps, a paint scrapings from hit- and-
run car, other evidence such as dirt from subject car, radiator ornament, etc.
2. Carefully preserve and label all evidence found at the scene.
3. Request laboratory study of evidence. (Refer to Scientific Aids in Criminal Investigation)
4. Watch out for the possible return of the hit-and-run driver to the scene of the accident. This
has been known to happen.
e. The victim
1. Check his clothing, other parts of his body, tire marks, grease, paint chips, fragment, and
such things that might have been left in him by the suspect car.
2. If the victim is killed, get samples of hair, skin, etc.
3. Collect and preserve for laboratory examination the clothes, shoes, and other items he was
wearing at the time of the accident.
4. The Follow-up Investigation
a. Interview persons living along the route taken by the hit-and –run driver, also
operators of filling stations and garages.
b. Canvass parking lots and other filling stations, garages.
c. Return to the accident scene at the same time on to obtain additional witnesses such
as delivery men operating on scheduled routes.
d. Follow up phone calls to garages and dealers of auto parts.
e. Continue appealing for information through the press, radio, TV.
5. Search for Suspect Car.
a. Look for physical evidence, such as latent fingerprints, pieces of clothing marks,
damaged parts, dirt, hair, blood, etc. which will identify the car as that involved in the
hit-and –run accident.
b. Search the undercarriage of the suspect car.
Determine also if there is indication of disturbance in the grease or dirt adhering to it.
c. Make a careful investigation for replaced parts.
6. Interview of Suspects :
a. Obtain a signed statement if you can.

b. Get a full account of suspect’s whereabouts and write it down just in case he refutes
it later.
c. Approach and apprehend the driver of the suspect car as soon as his identify and
whereabouts are ascertained.
d. Place the driver in a defensive position by properly directed questions upon
approach.
I. SELECTIVE EXAMINATION TEST

Direction: This examination consists of 20 statement. Each statement consists of a general part
the four secondary parts (marked ABCD). Examine each statement with the view of eliminating
the least desirable of the secondary parts. When you have made your selection indicate this by
writing it in your notebook.

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Module in Traffic

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UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

New Site Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

NAME OF STUDENT: _________________ DATE: _________________

MODULE NO. 1 PRELIM COVERAGE

TRAFFIC- It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered

ALTERNATIVE DEFINITIONS OF TRAFFIC:

many parts of the world.

F. Horse – Around 2,000 B.C., horse drawn chariots appeared in

G. CAMEL - There are two kinds of Camel, the two-humped bactrian

H. Yak – A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the

B. Montgolfier Balloon- the Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph

C. Santos Dumont’s Airship- Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian inventor

Note: the first domesticated animal is dog.

PERSONALITIES IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

NOTE: Frenchman Engineer who designed the first internal-combustion engine

EXERCISES Instructions: Answer the question briefly and objectively.

MODULE NO.2 PRELIM COVERAGE

Explanation: “accident is one of the factors under exempting circumstances

Example; go to your google and link to https://www.moneymax.ph.com

Some photographs of traffic accident:

Gridlock – clogged traffic situation which prevents vehicles from moving in

• Traffic jam –blocked up traffic due to congestion

Bottleneck –a narrow or congested way

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Department of Public Works and Highways

“Is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of

“Is responsible in making laws, amending laws which implemented by the

Academic/ Learning Institution

“Responsible in Information disseminations, seminar, teaching and even

Land transportation Office

“Responsible in Enforcing R.A. 4136.From licensing, issuance of driver’s

“It is applied during Habitually congested commercial areas, Heavily traveled

“the purpose of this pillar is to prevent traffic accident, to achieve efficient,

TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

“Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic.

This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic

Module 3 Prelim Coverage

1. Complete the following information of the different special law

NAME OF STUDENT: _________________ DATE: _________________

MODULE 4 MIDTERM COVERAGE

INTRODUCTION This module covers the Fundamentals of traffic Safety education,

DISCUSSIONS Motor Vehicle Accessories

Not emitting exceptionally loud, startling, or disagreeable sound

TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

Passengers, freight or cargo load of motor vehicle should not be

All passengers automobiles for hire are required to have the

CARGO CARRYING DEVICE

RIDING ON THE RUNNING BOARD

“It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors collecting passenger

RIDING ON TOP OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE

“Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor vehicles,

HITCHING ON TO A MOTOR VEHICLE

“Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of any vehicle.

“Obstruction of traffic by operating a motor vehicle in such a

DRIVING ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY

“All motor vehicles, whether motorized, animal drawn or muscle

“The driver of a Motor Vehicle about to be overtaken must give

NAME OF STUDENT: _________________ DATE: _________________

Answer the following questions.

NAME OF STUDENT: _________________ DATE: _________________

Module 5 Midterm Coverage

Introduction Driving in the Philippines is a matter of privilege granted by the Philippine

Discussion Types of Driver’s license

NAME OF STUDENT: _ DATE: _

NAME OF STUDENT: _ DATE: _

NAME OF STUDENT: _ DATE: _

NAME OF STUDENT: _ DATE: _