Petro Physics

PETROPHYSICS ,
LOGGING
&FORMATION
EVALUATION
Farouk ALOUI
Petrophysicist
OCTOBER 2017
OMV Upstream
ROLE OF PETROPHYSICS and INTERACTIONS
Petrophysicists offer services in the areas of well logging

supervision, log analysis and interpretation, integration of
log data with lab data, computer analysis of logs, seismic
modeling, synthetic seismograms, and reconciliations of
log data with geological, geophysical and exploration
prospects, field studies and simulations, reserves
estimates, and submissions to regulatory agencies.
These services are essential functions in modern oil and
gas companies and cannot be accomplished without input
from trained petrophysicists. The financial health and long-
term success of a company depends on the central role of
the petrophysicist in all aspects of the company’s
exploration and development activities.
Log analysis often requires some numerical exercise,

especially with the use of computers and calculators so
common, but interpretation and judgment calls are
required from the analyst as well. The job is not just to do
the algebra, but, to decide what the numbers really mean.
Will the well produce oil, or gas, or water, how much, and
for how long?
2 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
litho logical
sandstone grades
to clay sediment
GAS
OIL
sandstone
WATER pinch out

PETOPHYSICS & FORMATION EVALUATION

RESERVOIR ROCKS & THEIR CLASSIFICATION

RESERVOIR ROCKS & THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Clastic rocks: are formed by erosion, reworking, transportation, deposition/ sedimentation, compaction, diagenesis.
Typical members are sandstone, siltstone,claystone& shale.
Clay has a strong influence on all reservoir properties:
 It decreases the pore space.
 It reduces permeability.
Carbonate rocks: carbonate and evaporite rocks are formed by chemical or biochemical precipitation.
Pore space is complicated ! We distinguish tow main reservoir rock types:
 Limestone is composed of more than 50% carbonates of which half is calcite CaCO3.
 Dolomite is composed of more than 50% carbonates, of which more than half is dolomite CaMg(CO3)2

RESERVOIR PROPERTIES
How much space is
POROSITY
in the rock?
FLUID TYPE Oil? Gas? Water?
S w = S w irr + S w "fr ee"
How much is occupied water S o = S oresidual + S o"fr ee"

SATURATION by oil,gas, water? oil
Matrix
@ what rate can I

PERMEABILITY produce ?

Porosity
A rock can be made up of small grains or large grains but have

the same porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing, not the grain size!

Porosity
Primary (Original) Porosity

 Developed at deposition
 Typified by
 Intergranular sandstones
 Intercrystalline, oolitic carbonates
 Usually more uniform than induced porosity
Secondary (Induced) Porosity

 Developed by geologic process occurring after deposition
 Typified by
 Fracture development in some shales and carbonates.
 Vugs and solution cavities in limestones and dolomites

Saturation
The saturation of a formation represents the amount of a given fluid present in the pore space.
The porosity logs react to the pore space.
The resistivity logs react to the fluids in the pore space.
The combination of the two measurements gives the saturation.

Saturation

Permeability
 The rate of flow of a liquid through a formation depends on:
 The pressure drop
 The viscosity of the fluid
 The permeability
 The pressure drop is a reservoir property
 The viscosity is a fluid property
 The permeability is a measure of the ease at which a fluid can flow through a formation
 Relationships exist between permeability and porosity for a given formations, although they
are not universal
 A rock must have porosity to have any permeability

 The unit of measurement is the Darcy
 Reservoir permeability is usually quoted in millidarcies (md)

How to measure those properties?!!


• Lithology (reservoir rock?)

• Resistivity (HC,water,both?)
• Porosity (how much HC?)
• What type of HC
• Formation mech. properties

• Permeability / cap pressure
• Shape of the structure
• Geological information
• Geothermal
• Unconventional applications

Early life of a well
Open hole Cased hole Perforation &
logging logging Production
logging

What does logging mean?
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
18 | OMV Tunesien, PE, M.A. Jaziri, 4. June 2015
7000
Tool string is moving at a certain 7001
logging speed, and data are 7002
recorded at certain intervals 7003
called sampling rate. 7004

7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
19 | OMV Tunesien, PE, M.A. Jaziri, 4. June 2015 7016

7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015

7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015

7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015

7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
And we get a group of 7006
wiggly lines called a “log” 7007

7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015

Wireline Data Acquisition

Logging Truck

Acquisition system
Wireline Engineer Acquisition Equipment
Client (“Witness”)
Unit Engine
Winch man
Wireline cable to
Cable drum downhole tools

Open Hole
Open Hole Measurements :
• The Traditional Wire line Logging.
• LWD (Logging While Drilling)
• Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC)

LOGS & OBJECTIVES

Main Logging Suites

CALIPER LOGS
CALIPER LOGS
- Applications:
• Measure borehole diameter
(borehole geometry if multi-arm
caliper tools with 2 or 3 hole
diameters measurements 90° or 60°
relative to each other).
• Important measurement for drillers:
hole geometry, hole/cement volume.
• Hole diameters are an import input
parameter for the environmental
correction of petrophysical logs.
• Oriented multi-arm caliper logs are
used to identify principle stress
directions - “breakout log”
- Basic Quality Control:
Perform casing check - should read
CALI, C1, C2 Washout: Shale zone? nominal casing ID.
Mudcake: Permeable zone?
CALIPER LOGS

SP LOG

SP LOG

Gamma Ray Log

Gamma Ray Log
 Bed definition:
 The tool reacts if the shale is radioactive
(usually the case), hence show the sands and
Shale
shales, the permeable zones and non-
permeable zones
 Computation of the amount of shale:
 The minimum value gives the clean (100%)
shale free zone, the maximum 100% shale
zone. All other points can then be calibrated in
the amount of shale
Reservoir
Vsh=(GRlog-GRsand)/(GRshale-GRsand)

Gamma Ray Log
 Correlation
This is the most widely used application of the GR
log. It permits logs made on one trip into the
borehole (openhole, cased hole or both) to be tied
in (depth matched) with those made on another
trip.
Correlation is done for three primary reasons:
 Depth matching between separate
trips in the well.
 Positioning of open hole sampling
tools.
 Providing the depth control needed
for cased hole perforation.
 General lithology indicator
In areas where certain lithology aspects are
already known, the GR log can be used as a
lithology indicator.
 Quantitative shaliness evaluation
The GR log reflects the proportion of shale and, in
many regions, can be used quantitatively as a
shale indicator.

Porosity Logs
The major porosity logs are:
 Sonic Logs, t The tool response is
 Density Logs, b affected by the formation
porosity, fluid and matrix.
 Neutron Logs, n
If the fluid and matrix effects are known or can be determined, the
tool response can be related to porosity, therefore these devices
are referred to as porosity logs.

SONIC LOG

SONIC LOG

DENSITY LOGS
 The density logging tool
measures the formation
density and formation
lithology.
 The density tool is
extremely useful as it has
high accuracy and exhibits
small borehole effects

DENSITY LOGS
For a clean formation of known matrix density and fluid

density, the porosity density is:
den = (Rhoma – Rhob)/(Rhoma-Rhof)
 There are two inputs into the porosity

equation: the matrix density and the
fluid density
 The fluid density is that of the mud

filtrate

DENSITY LOGS
 ma  b
D 
 ma   f
ρ
For ma:
Sandstone: 2.65 g/cc
Limestone : 2.71 g/cc
Dolomite : 2.87 g/cc

NEUTRON LOGS
 Neutron logs are used principally for
delineation of porous formations
and determination of their porosity.
 Neutron logs respond primarily to
the amount of hydrogen in the
formation. Thus, in clean formations
whose pores are filled with water or
oil, neutron log reflects the amount
of liquid-filled porosity.
 Gas zones can often be identified by
comparing the neutron log with
another porosity log or a core
analysis.

NEUTRON LOGS
 The response of neutron tools primarily
reflects the amount of hydrogen in the
formation. Since oil and water contain
practically the same quantity of hydrogen
per unit volume (HI), the responses reflect
the liquid-filled porosity in clean formations.
 Liquid hydrocarbons have HI close to that of
water. Gas, however, has lower hydrogen
concentration, hence neutron log reads too
low a porosity. This characteristic allows the
neutron log to be used with other porosity
logs to detect gas zones and identify
gas/liquid contacts.
 A neutron and density log combination
provides a more accurate porosity

RESISTIVITY LOGS

RESISTIVITY LOGS

Other advanced tools …
NMR logging: it is a subcategory of electromagnetic logging, measures the induced magnet moment of
hydrogen nuclei (protons) contained within the fluid-filled pore space of porous media (reservoir rocks). Unlike
conventional logging measurements (e.g., acoustic, density, neutron, and resistivity), which respond to both
the rock matrix and fluid properties and are strongly dependent on mineralogy, NMR-logging measurements
respond to the presence of hydrogen protons. Because these protons primarily occur in pore fluids, NMR
effectively responds to the volume, composition, viscosity, and distribution of these fluids.
Imaging logs: The term "borehole imaging" refers to those logging and data-processing methods that are
used to produce centimeter-scale images of the borehole wall and the rocks that make it up. The context is,
therefore, that of open hole, but some of the tools are closely related to their cased-hole equivalents.
Borehole imaging has been one of the most rapidly advancing technologies in wireline well logging. The
applications range from detailed reservoir description through reservoir performance to enhanced
hydrocarbon recovery. It can be classified into four parts:
 Optical imaging
 Acoustic imaging
 Electrical imaging
 Methods that draw on both acoustic and electrical imaging techniques using the same logging tool

Other advanced tools …
MDT Modular Formation Dynamics Tester:Meet the exact needs and goals of your data acquisition
program with the readily customized MDT modular formation dynamics tester system. In one trip, you get the
representative data you need for timely decisions:
 Accurate real-time pressure measurements and permeability measurements from high-resolution
gauges and precise flowline control to ensure monophasic flow.
 High-purity and -quality reservoir fluid samples for downhole fluid analysis (DFA) or further PVT laboratory
analysis.

Example of cased-hole logs
cased-hole logging involves retrieving logging measurements
through the well casing, or the metal piping that is inserted into the
well during completion operations. Cased-hole logging is performed
more rarely but still provides valuable information about the well.
Gamma Ray Correlation

Multi-sensor caliper Casing inspection
Production Logging (PLT) Production survey

Cement Bond Tool (CBL), USIT Cement evaluation
Temperature Tool Channeling,leaks…

What to do with those measurments?

What to do with those measurments?
Petrophysics is the study of the physical and chemical properties of rocks
and their contained fluids.
The role of petrophysics is to take the physical properties we can measure
downhole,then turn them into something useful.
Measurement science ( open hole / cased

hole)
(rock proprieties , well completion ,
production…)
Two faces of Petrophysics
Interpretation science
(using software)
OMV(Tunesien)
51 | OMV Tunesien,Exploration
Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert
Production
Order of interpretation

Quick Look Evaluation
–Lithology
–GR, DEN/NEU, Resistivity, Sonic
–Volume of Shale
–GR
–Porosity
–DEN
–Saturation
–Resistivity, Porosity, etc
–Net / Gross
–Cutoffs porosity and VSH

Lithology

Volume of shale
Cutoff has to be set

Porosity
Cutoff has to be set

Saturation

Net/Gross

THICKNESS

Quicklook Evaluation

Petrophysical Analysis Results
Well Zones Flag Name Top BottomReference unitGross Net N/G Vsh Phie Sw
Well A5-2 ROCK 3315.58 3323.71 m 8.13 1.52 0.19 0.26 0.09 0.64
Well A5-2 RES 3315.58 3323.71 m 8.13 0.61 0.08 0.20 0.11 0.57
Well A5-2 PAY 3315.58 3323.71 m 8.13 0.46 0.06 0.20 0.12 0.53
Well A7a ROCK 3329.21 3345.99 m 16.78 4.27 0.25 0.26 0.12 0.70
Well A7a RES 3329.21 3345.99 m 16.78 2.59 0.15 0.23 0.14 0.64
Well A7a PAY 3329.21 3345.99 m 16.78 0.91 0.05 0.18 0.16 0.53
Well A8a-1 ROCK 3351.2 3353.48 m 2.28 0.61 0.27 0.32 0.13 0.65
Well A8a-1 RES 3351.2 3353.48 m 2.28 0.31 0.13 0.27 0.17 0.56
Well A8a-1 PAY 3351.2 3353.48 m 2.28 0.31 0.13 0.27 0.17 0.56
Well A8a-2 ROCK 3355.07 3359.43 m 4.36 2.59 0.59 0.28 0.20 0.71
Well A8a-2 RES 3355.07 3359.43 m 4.36 2.59 0.59 0.28 0.20 0.71
Well A8a-2 PAY 3355.07 3359.43 m 4.36 0.76 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.54
Well A8a-3 ROCK 3360.05 3363.47 m 3.42 2.06 0.60 0.22 0.25 0.78
Well A8a-3 RES 3360.05 3363.47 m 3.42 2.06 0.60 0.22 0.25 0.78
Well A8a-3 PAY 3360.05 3363.47 m 3.42 0.00 0.00
Well A8b-1 ROCK 3366.21 3367.77 m 1.56 1.22 0.78 0.17 0.21 0.40
Well A8b-1 RES 3366.21 3367.77 m 1.56 1.07 0.68 0.16 0.23 0.38
Well A8b-1 PAY 3366.21 3367.77 m 1.56 1.07 0.68 0.16 0.23 0.38
Well A8b-2 ROCK 3368.02 3369.82 m 1.80 1.22 0.68 0.11 0.28 0.34
Well A8b-2 RES 3368.02 3369.82 m 1.80 1.22 0.68 0.11 0.28 0.34
Well A8b-2 PAY 3368.02 3369.82 m 1.80 1.22 0.68 0.11 0.28 0.34
Well A9 ROCK 3374.99 3388.05 m 13.06 2.13 0.16 0.31 0.13 0.73
Well A9 RES 3374.99 3388.05 m 13.06 1.37 0.11 0.28 0.16 0.74
Well A9 PAY 3374.99 3388.05 m 13.06 0.46 0.04 0.22 0.16 0.48
Well T0 ROCK 3392.34 3395.5 m 3.16 0.61 0.19 0.32 0.04 0.55
Well T0 RES 3392.34 3395.5 m 3.16 0.00 0.00
Well T0 PAY 3392.34 3395.5 m 3.16 0.00 0.00
Well T2 ROCK 3414 3414.94 m 0.94 0.46 0.49 0.31 0.03 0.73
Well T2 RES 3414 3414.94 m 0.94 0.00 0.00
Well T2 PAY 3414 3414.94 m 0.94 0.00 0.00
Well T3 ROCK 3452.31 3460.2 m 7.89 4.12 0.52 0.35 0.04 0.53
Well T3 RES 3452.31 3460.2 m 7.89 0.31 0.04 0.20 0.11 0.38
JINANE-2 T3 PAY 3452.31 3460.2 m 7.89 0.31 0.04 0.20 0.11 0.38

Summary

EXERCISE SOLUTION

Petro Physics

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PETROPHYSICS ,

Petrophysicists offer services in the areas of well logging

Log analysis often requires some numerical exercise,

2 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

3 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

4 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

5 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

6 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

7 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

FLUID TYPE Oil? Gas? Water?

S w = S w irr + S w "fr ee"

How much is occupied water S o = S oresidual + S o"fr ee"

@ what rate can I

8 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

A rock can be made up of small grains or large grains but have

9 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

Primary (Original) Porosity

Secondary (Induced) Porosity

10 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

11 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

12 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

 A rock must have porosity to have any permeability

13 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

14 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

15 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

• Lithology (reservoir rock?)

• Formation mech. properties

16 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

17 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

recorded at certain intervals 7003

called sampling rate. 7004

19 | OMV Tunesien, PE, M.A. Jaziri, 4. June 2015 7016

20 | OMV Tunesien, PE, M.A. Jaziri, 4. June 2015 7016

21 | OMV Tunesien, PE, M.A. Jaziri, 4. June 2015 7016

22 | OMV Tunesien, PE, M.A. Jaziri, 4. June 2015 7016

And we get a group of 7006

wiggly lines called a “log” 7007

23 | OMV Tunesien, PE, M.A. Jaziri, 4. June 2015 7016

24 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

25 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

26 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

Open Hole Measurements :

• The Traditional Wire line Logging.

• LWD (Logging While Drilling)

• Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC)

27 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

28 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

29 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

31 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

32 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

33 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

34 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

35 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

36 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

37 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

38 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

39 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

40 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert

For a clean formation of known matrix density and fluid

den = (Rhoma – Rhob)/(Rhoma-Rhof)

 There are two inputs into the porosity

 The fluid density is that of the mud

41 | OMV Tunesien, Farouk ALOUI, Petrophysicist Expert