BAHASA INGGRIS

BAB 1 TENSES
Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja (verb) (─) I don’t go to school everyday.
karena perubahan waktu dan sifat kejadian tertentu (? ) Do you go to school everyday?
pada suatu konteks kalimat. Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is hungry.
(─) She is not hungry.
A. PRESENT TENSES (? ) Is she hungry?

1. Simple Present Tense Fungsi:

Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + V1 / Vs/es + Complement (C)/Object (O)/
Adverb (A)
(─) S + don’t/doesn’t + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Do/Does + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + C
(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not + C
(? ) Be (is, am , are) + S + C?
Keterangan:
• Kalimat verbal: kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja.
• Kalimat nominal: kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata
kerja.
• Do dipakai untuk subjek: I, you,we, they.
• Does dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it.
• Am dipakai untuk subjek: I
• Is dipakai untuk subjek: He, she, it
• Are dipakai untuk subjek: We, They
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I go to school everyday.
a. Untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan (ditandai dengan
keterangan frekuensi: everyday, usually, every, always,
never, once, twice, dll). Contoh: They visit me everyday.
b. Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran umum.
Contoh: The world is round.
c. Untuk menunjukkan keadaan pada waktu sekarang
(factual state). Contoh: I want a glass of cofee.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (is, am, are) + being + C
(─) S + be (is, am, are) + not being + C
(? ) Be (is, am, are) + S + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I am repairing your bicycle now.
(─) I am not repairing your bicycle now.
(? ) Are you repairing my bicycle now?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She is being very sad right now.
(─) She is not being very sad right now.
(? ) Is she being very sad right now?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/perisiwa yang
sedang berlangsung saat ini (sedang dibicarakan).
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: now, at this
moment, look!, right now, at present, listen!
Contoh: He is reading an English text now.
b. Untuk menyatakan situasi yang berubah-ubah. Contoh:
The populaion of the world is rising very fast.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + has/have + V3 + C/O/A
(─) S + has/have not + V3 +C/O/A
(? ) Has/have +S + V3 +C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + has/have + been + C
(─) S + has/have not + been + C
(? ) Has/have + S + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I have opened the door since 7 o’clock.
(─) I have not opened the door.
(? ) Have you opened the door?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She has been there since this morning.
(─) She has not been there ill now.
(? ) Has she been there since this morning?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan perisiwa yang telah terjadi dan masih
berhubungan dengan sekarang. Keterangan waktu: already,
just, yet, since, for, lately, these weeks/month, so far, ill
now, recently. Contoh: They have been here since 2 o’clock.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + has/have + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + has/have not + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Has/have + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + has/have + been + being + C
(─) S + has/have not + been + being + C
(? ) Has/have + S + been + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I have been waiing for two hours.
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(─) I have not been meeing her since 1998.
(? ) Have you been waiing for two hours?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She has been being in the hospital for two weeks.
(─) She has not been being here for ive minutes.
(? ) Has she been being here for two hours?
Fungsi:
- Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dimulai di waktu
lampau dan masih dikerjakan sampai saat ini.
- Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: for, all this
morning, since, the whole day.
Contoh: He has been wriing a leter for 1 hour.
B. FUTURE TENSES
1. Simple Future Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall +V1 + C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + V1 + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + V1 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + C
(─) S + will/shall not + be + C
(? ) Will + S + be + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will go to Jakarta next week.
(─) I will not go to Jakarta next week.
(? ) Will you go to Jakarta next week?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will be in Jakarta tomorrow.
(─) I will not be there tomorrow.
(? ) Will you be there tomorrow?
Fungsi:
a. Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan dikerjakan di
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: the day
ater tomorrow, tomorrow next, tonight, soon, next
week, dll. Contoh: John will come to see you tomorrow.
b. Untuk menunjukkan perisiwa yang akan terjadi apabila
syarat perisiwa lain terpenuhi. Contoh: You will ind
many foreign tourists when you come to Bali.
2. Future Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + will/shall not + be + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + be + being + C
(─) S + will/shall not + be + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + be + being + C?
Contoh: Contoh:
Kalimat verbal: Kalimat verbal:
(+) I will be coming there next week. (+) I will have been inishing this job by the end of this
(─) I will not be coming there next week. week.
(? ) Will you be coming there next week? (─) I will not have been inishing this job by the end of this
Kalimat nominal: week.
(+) I will be being in London next month. (? ) Will you have been inishing this job by the end of this
(─) I will not be being in London next month. week?
(? ) Will you be being in London next month? Kalimat nominal:
(+) I will have been being in Japan by the end of this year.
Fungsi: (─) I will not have been being in Japan by the end of this
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dikerjakan di year.
waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: next/tomorrow (? ) Will you have been being in Japan by the end of this
at ... o ‘clock, this ime tomorrow/next. Contoh: I will be year?
visiing my girlfriend tomorrow at 3 o’clock.
Fungsi:
3. Future Perfect Tense Untuk menunjukkan perisiwa yang akan telah terjadi dan
Kalimat Verbal: masih akan berlanjut pada saat perisiwa lain terjadi di waktu
(+) S + will/shall +have + V3 + C/O/A mendatang. Keterangan waktu: for, by the ime, by the end
of, dll. Contoh: He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before
(─) S + will/shall not + have + V3 + C/O/A
she arrives.
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal: C. PAST TENSE
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + C
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + C 1. Simple Past Tense
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + C?
Kalimat Verbal:
Contoh: (+) S + V2 + C/O/A
Kalimat verbal: (─) S + did not + V1 + C/O/A
(+) I will have inished this job by the end of this week. (? ) Did + S + V1 + C/O/A?
(─) I will not have inished this job by the end of this week. Kalimat Nominal:
(? ) Will you have inished this job by the end of this week? (+) S + be (was, were) + C
Kalimat nominal: (─) S + be (was,were) not + C
(+) I will have been in Jogja by the ime you get there.
(? ) Was/were + S + C?
(─) I will not have been in Jogja by the ime you get there.
(? ) Will you have been in Jogja by the end of this week? Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
Fungsi: (+) John came here yesterday.
Untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang akan telah diselesaikan (─) John did not come here yesterday.
di waktu yang akan datang. Keterangan waktu: by the ime, (? ) Did John come here yesterday?
by the end of, in 3 weeks/ years/ months for, ater/ before + Kalimat nominal:
S + V1 ater/ before + S +V1. (+) She was in the hospital yesterday.
Contoh: will have been visited my girlfriend by this ime (─) She was not in the hospital yesterday.
next week. (? ) Were you in the hospital yesterday?
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Fungsi:
Kalimat Verbal: Untuk menyatakan perisiwa yang terjadi pada waktu
(+) S + will/shall +have + been + V-ing + C/O/A lampau. Keterangan waktu: last, ago, previously, yesterday,
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A in 1973, the day before yesterday.
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + V-ing + C/O/A? Contoh: He bought a new bicycle last year.

Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + will/shall + have + been + being + C
(─) S + will/shall not + have + been + being + C
(? ) Will/shall + S + have + been + being + C?

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2. Past Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + be (was, were) not + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Be (was,were) + S + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + be (was, were) + being + C
(─) S + be (was, were) not + being + C
(? ) Be (was,were) + S + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I was sleeping when she arrived.
(─) I was not sleeping when she arrived.
(? ) Were you sleeping when she came yesterday?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) She was being at home when her father died.
(─) She was not being at home when her father died.
(? ) Were you being at home when your father died?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan kegiatan atau perisiwa yang sedang
berlangsung pada masa lampau.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan: when, as, while.
Contoh:
- John was reading a book when I came.
- John was being at home while I was reading.
3. Past Perfect Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + V3 + C/O/A
(─) S + had not + V3 + C/O/A
(? ) Had + S + V3 + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal :
(+) S + had + been + C
(─) S + had not + been + C
(? ) Had + S + been + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had gone to Jakarta before I met her.
(─) I had not gone to Jakarta before I met her.
(? ) Had you gone to Jakarta before you met her?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
(─) He had not been in Jakarta before he got the bad news.
(? ) Had he been in Jakarta before he got the bad news?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sudah selesai dikerjakan
pada waktu lampau. Tenses ini ditandai oleh perisiwa lain
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yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Keterangan waktu: for ... ,
when/ater/before + S + V2 , ater/before + S + V2
Contoh: Johny had studied English for 2 hours before I came.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Kalimat Verbal:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(─) S + had not + been + V-ing + C/O/A
(? ) Had + S + been + V-ing + C/O/A?
Kalimat Nominal:
(+) S + had + been + being + C
(─) S + had not + been + being + C
(? ) Had + S + been + being + C?
Contoh:
Kalimat verbal:
(+) I had been living in London for 2 years before I moved to
Italy.
(─) I had not been living in London for 2 years before I
moved to Italy.
(? ) Had you been living in London for 2 years before you
moved to Italy?
Kalimat nominal:
(+) He had been being famous before he won the singing
compeiion.
(─) He had not been being famous before he won the
singing compeiion.
(? ) Had he been being famous before he won the singing
compeiion?
Fungsi:
Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang masih dikerjakan pada
saat kejadian lain terjadi di waktu lampau. Tenses ini juga
ditandai oleh perisiwa lain yang terjadi pada masa lampau.
Adverb pada tenses ini adalah sama dengan bentuk Present
Perfect Tense.
Keterangan waktu: for ... , when/ater/before + S + V2 , ater/
before + S + V2
Contoh:
- Johny had been studying English for 2 hours before I
came.
- They had been being in the oice when their boss came.
 BAB 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Condiional sentence (kalimat bersyarat) adalah kalimat yang di dalamnya mengandung syarat. Alat yang
digunakan sebagai syarat melipui: if (jika), unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on condiion that (dengan
syarat), dan susunan inversi.

A. STRUKTUR KALIMAT BERSYARAT

Condiional terdiri dari dua klausa: if clause (anak kalimat) dan main clause (induk kalimat).
TIPE TENSE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE FAKTA
1 PRESENT If + S + VI S + will + VI FUTURE
2 PAST If + S + V2 S + would + VI PRESENT
3 PAST PERFECT If + S + had + V3 S + would have + V3 PAST

Keterangan: FAKTA
1. Tipe 1 merupakan pengandaian yang kemungkinan akan
terjadi. Tipe 2 dan 3 merupakan pengandaian yang idak He doesn’t study so he doesn’t pass the exam. (VI (-))
mungkin terjadi. Fakta untuk ipe 2 adalah present (idak He didn’t study so he didn’t pass the exam. (V2 (-))
terjadi di waktu sekarang) dan untuk ipe 3 adalah past
(idak terjadi di waktu lampau). Keterangan:
2. To be yang digunakan untuk semua subyek dengan Past - Pengandaian pada kalimat 2 dalam bentuk posiif V2
Tense adalah ‘were’. (studied), maka fakta harus bentuk negaif VI (doesn’t
3. Letak If Clause idak selalu di depan Main Clause. Salah study).
satu dari klausa tersebut dapat diletakkan di depan. - Pengandaian pada kalimat 3 dalam bentuk posiif had V3
Apabila anak kalimat berada di depan induk kalimat, (had studied), maka fakta harus negaif V2 (didn’t study).
dalam tata tulis menggunakan koma setelah anak kalimat
(If Clause).
B. BENTUK INVERSI/SUSUN BALIK
Contoh: Tipe 1 diawali dengan should, ipe 2 diawali dengan
1. If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. (It is possible were, dan ipe 3 diawali dengan had.
that he will pass the exam)
2. If he studied hard, he would pass the exam. (He doesn’t Contoh:
study, so he doesn’t pass the exam)
Tipe Noninversi
3. If he had studied, he would have passed the exam. (He
1 If you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to her
didn’t study, so he didn’t pass the exam)
house.
2 If the weather were ine now, we would go
Untuk mencari fakta no. 2 dan 3, kita bisa memakai swimming.
RUMUS PRAKTIS berikut. Perhaikan! 3 If he had ridden his bike fast, he would not
PENGANDAIAN FAKTA have been late to school.
V1 Possibility (will + V1)
V2/were V1/is, am, are Tipe Inversi
Had V3 V2/was, were 1 Should you meet Ann, tell her that I will go to
her house.
Kalimat Negaif (-) Kalimat Posiif (+)
2 Were the weather ine now, we would go
Kalimat Posiif (+) Kalimat Negaif(-) swimming.
3 Had he ridden his bike fast, he would not
Contoh: have been late to school.
PENGANDAIAN
If he studied he would pass the exam. (V2 (+))
If he had studied he would have passed the exam.
(Had V3 (+))

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 BAB 3 SUBJUNCTIVE AND CAUSATIVE
A. SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjuncive merupakan suatu kalimat yang mengemu-
kakan suatu pengharapan yang biasanya bertentangan
dengan kenyataan yang sesungguhnya terjadi. Kalimat
subjuncive menggunakan penanda pengandaian,
yaitu: wish (berharap), if only (seandainya saja), as if/as
though (seolah-olah), would rather (lebih suka).
B. CAUSATIVE
Causaive adalah penggunaan kata kerja-kata kerja
tertentu dalam bahasa Inggris yang bermakna menyuruh
orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu, entah karena subyek
merasa idak sanggup mengerjakan sendiri atau ingin
agar orang lain mengerjakannya. Causaive yang umum
dikenal adalah have dan get.

1. Present Subjunctive 1. Untuk Obyek Aktif (Manusia)

a. Subject 1 + wish/would rather + Subject 2 + a. Rumus:
Past (V2/were) S + has/have/had + obyek akif (manusia) + V1
b. If only + Subject + Past (V2/were) Berari: S + ask/asked + obyek akif (orang) + to + V1
c. Subject 1 + Present (V1) + as if/as though +
Subject 2 + Past (V2/were) Contoh:
Contoh: I have John wash my car.
I wish I were a doctor. Berari: I ask John to wash my car.
(Saya berharap saya seorang dokter (Kenyataannya
saya bukan seorang dokter/I am not a doctor)). b. Rumus
S + get/got/goten + obyek akif (manusia) + to + V1
2. Past Subjunctive Berari: S + ask/asked + obyek akif (orang) + to + V1

a. Subject 1 + (wish, if, as if, as though, would Contoh:

rather) + Subject 2 + Past Perfect I get John to wash my car.
b. If only + Subject + Past Perfect Berari: I ask John to wash my car.
c. Subject1 + Past (V2) + as if/as though + Subject
2 + Past Perfect 2. Untuk Obyek Pasif (Benda)
Contoh: Rumus:
I wish I had typed a leter. S + has/have/had /get/got/goten + O pasif (benda)
(Seandainya (lampau) saya telah mengeik sebuah + V3
surat (Kenyataannya saya idak mengeik sebuah Berari: S + ask/asked + someone/somebody + to +
surat (lampau)/I didn’t type a leter). V1 + O
Keterangan:
Untuk to be Past Subjuncive harus selalu ‘were’ Contoh:
apapun subjeknya, idak boleh ‘was’ I have/get my car washed (by John).
RUMUS PRAKTIS Berari: I ask some one/some body (John) to wash
my car.
PENGANDAIAN FAKTA
Keterangan:
Would/could V1 Possibility (will + V1)
- Bila have diikui obyek akif (orang), verb yang
V2/were V1/is/am/are mengikui adalah V1 .
Had V3 V2 - Bila get diikui obyek akif (orang), verb yang
Kalimat Negaif(-) Kalimat Posiif (+) mengikui adalah to V1 .
Kalimat Posiif (+) Kalimat Negaif(-) - Bila have atau get diikui obyek pasif (benda),
Keterangan: verb yang mengikui adalah V3.
Perubahan fakta ke pengandaian sama persis
dengan rumus condiional.
Contoh: I wish she had come.
Means: She didn’t come.

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 BAB 4 TO INFINITIVE AND GERUND

A. TO INFINITIVE
Bentuk kata kerja simple (V1) dengan awalan to.

Fungsi dan Penggunaan

No Penggunaan Contoh
1 Setelah be (is, am, are, was, were) untuk The students are to do the school assignment.
menyatakan keharusan.
2 Sebagai subject. To study hard makes us clever.
3 Menerangkan tujuan. He comes here to meet me
Rumus: alasan + to ininiive (tujuan) alasan tujuan
4 Sebagai verb setelah obyek pelaku. Doni asked me to go with him.
5 Menerangkan noun/kata benda. I need a glass of milk to drink.
Rumus: (kalimat) + N + to ininiive
6 Menerangkan adjecive/kata sifat. English is easy to learn.
Rumus: (kalimat) + Adj + to ininiive
7 Setelah Adjecive/kata sifat. Dedi is too young to run the business.
8 Mengikui verb tertentu, berfungsi sebagai obyek I want to go.
kata kerja atau komplemen obyek. I want you to go.
Rumus: S + V tertentu + (O) + to ininiive She expects me to study.

Verb tertentu yang diikui to ininiive:

Ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope,
intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need,
propose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like,
tell, teach, urge, dll.

B. GERUND
Ving yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).

Fungsi dan Penggunaan

No Penggunaan Contoh
1 Sebagai subyek (S (gerund)+ V + O). Swimming is my hobby.
2 Sebagai obyek (S + V + O (gerund)). I like swimming.
3 Sebagai pelengkap (complement). His job is working on the ield.
4 Mengikui preposisi / kata depan. He is good at speaking English.
Preposisi: in, on, at, of, for, from, by, with, without, ater,
before
5 Possessive pronoun + gerund. I don’t mind her smoking here.
Keterangan: Possessive Pronoun (kata gani kepunyaan):
my, his, her, their, your, our, John ‘s.

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 6 Mengikui preposiional object
Preposisi to berikut ini diikui gerund:
- to be used to: terbiasa
- to be accustomed to: terbiasa
- object to: keberatan
- look forward to: menani/ ingin sekali
- to take to: senang
- confess to: mengakui
7 Membentuk noun phrase (frase kata benda): Ving + Noun
8 Mengikui verb (kata kerja) tertentu:
(V tertentu + gerund)
Keterangan: verb tertentu yang diikui gerund: avoid,
admit, appreciate, anicipate, coninue, consider, deny,
detest, delay, enjoy,escape, excuse, inish, forgive, fancy,
imagine, keep, mind, postpone,pracice, prevent, quit,
risk, resist, suggest.
I am looking forward to hearing from you
soon.
Catatan khusus:
Apa bedanya used to dan to be used to?
Jawabannya adalah:
1. used to + V1: kebiasaan lampau.
2. to be used to + gerund: kebiasaan hingga
sekarang.
Contoh:
I used to play soccer. (sekarang sudah idak lagi)
I am used to playing soccer. (sampai sekarang
masih dilakukan)
swimming pool (kolam untuk berenang),
walking sick (tongkat untuk berjalan)
(bedakan dengan frase kata benda acive
pariciple)
He enjoys smoking.
I avoid answering my quesion.

9 Digunakan setelah frase berikut: Can’t help/stand (idak It is no use waiing for her.
tahan), no use (idak ada gunanya)
10 Sebagai obyek kata kerja: need/want/require (perlu) dan I have seen the ilm. I think it is worth seeing.
kata sifat worth (layak) dengan makna pasif.
11 Kata kerja yang bisa diikui Ving atau to V1 - I forget giving her a leter.
a. Tidak ada perbedaan makna: advise, begin, coninue, (lupa telah memberi)
dislike, dread, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, I forget to give her a leter.
start. (lupa belum memberi)
b. Ada perbedaan makna: - I stop smoking .
S + forget/remember/stop/regret + Ving: (berheni dari kebiasaan merokok)
pekerjaannya sudah dilakukan I stop to smoke.
S + forget/remember/stop/regret + to V1: (berheni dari melakukan suatu pekerjaan
pekerjaannya belum dilakukan untuk merokok)

C. PERBEDAAN ‘GERUND’ DAN ‘ACTIVE PARTICIPLE’

1. Modiiers of Noun
- a swimming pool (Gerund/Kolam untuk berenang)
a swimming child (Pariciple/Anak yang sedang berenang)
- a walking sick (Gerund/Tongkat untuk berjalan)
a walking girl (Pariciple/Gadis yang sedang berjalan)

Keterangan :
Kalau idak dapat diterjemahkan dengan kata ‘untuk’, berari bukan ‘Gerund’ tetapi ‘Pariciple’

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2. Sentence Pattern
- Walking in the jungle makes the young man happy. (Gerund)
Walking in the jungle, the young man felt happy. (Pariciple)
- Studying with teachers can solve the problem. (Gerund)
Studying with teachers, she can solve the problem. (pariciple)

Keterangan:
Kalau setelah bentuk ‘ing’, idak ada ‘koma’, berari kalimat tersebut belum mempunyai ‘Subject’, sehingga
bentuk ‘ing’ tersebut berfungsi sebagai ‘subject’ dan berbentuk Gerund, kalau ada ‘koma’, berari kalimat
tersebut sudah mempunyai ‘Subject’ dan berbentuk ‘Pariciple’.

BAB 5 ACTIVE PARTICIPLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

Kata kerja (verb) dapat memiliki bentuk yang bermacam-
macam, yaitu: Ininiive (V1), To ininiive (To V1), Past 3. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja
(V2), Past Pariciple (V3), dan Present Pariciple (V-ing). S + Verb panca indera + orang + V-ing
Present pariciple (V-ing) menunjuk kegiatan akif Keterangan:
sedangkan Past Pariciple (V3 ) menunjuk kegiatan pasif. - V-ing mengikui Verb panca indera seperi: see,
noice, observe, watch ,ind, smell, listen,
A. ACTIVE PARTICIPLE hear, feel. Contoh: When I came back home, I
saw the boy trying to get on the roof.
V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
- Jika diikui V1, perisiwanya lengkap dari awal
1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat hingga akhir. Jika diikui V-ing, perisiwanya tak
lengkap, hanya saat sedang dikerjakan.
V-ing S + P ...
Having + V3 4. Digunakan Sebagai Kata Sambung dalam
Gabungan Kalimat yang Menggunakan Relative
Keterangan: Pronoun
V-ing dan Having V3 yang diletakkan di awal kalimat
mengandung iga makna: (kalimat) + N + V-ing
a. kejadian sebab-akibat Contoh:
b. kejadian berurutan Kalimat 1: I meet the girl
c. kejadian bersamaan Kalimat 2: She smiles
Contoh: Gabungan kalimatnya:
- Sebab-akibat: Studying, he passed the test 1. I meet the girl who smiles. (relaive pronoun)
(He passed the test because/as/for, since he 2. I meet the girl smiling. (acive pariciple)
studied) 5. Membentuk Noun Phrase (Frase Kata Benda)
- Berurutan: Having opened the drawer, I take
the gun (Ater I have opened the drawer, I take Noun Phrase : V-ing + N
the gun) Contoh: I meet the smiling girl (noun phrase)
- Bersamaan: Studying, he watches the TV
(While he is studying he watches the TV) B. PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
V3 yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas.
2. Apabila Subyek Melakukan Dua Pekerjaan pada
Saat yang Sama 1. Pembentukan di Depan Kalimat
S + V + V-ing + Object V3 + S + P ...
Having + been + V3
Contoh: He runs kicking the ball Keterangan:

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 V3 dan Having been V3 yang diletakkan di awal
kalimat mengandung iga makna:
a. kejadian sebab-akibat
b. kejadian berurutan
c. kejadian bersamaan
Contoh:
• Sebab-akibat: Surrounded by mountain, the
city has a cool climate.
(Because/as/since the city is surrounded by
mountain, the city has a cool climate).
• Berurutan: Having been beaten by Joko, Joni
became a polite man.
(Ater Joni had been beaten by Joko, he
became a polite man.)
• Bersamaan: Studied, he watched the movie
(While he is studying he watches the movie)
2. Setelah Obyek dari Kata Kerja Sensasi
S + V panca indera + benda + being V3
Keterangan:
V3 mengikui verb panca indera jika obyeknya
adalah obyek pasif (benda).
Contoh: When I came back home, I saw the roof
being tried to get on.
3. Digunakan Gabungan Kalimat dengan
Menggunakan Relative Pronoun
(kalimat) + N + V3
Keterangan:
Dalam kalimat V3 berfungsi menerangkan Noun
(kata benda) mengacu ari yang di-.
Contoh:
The book is good
The book is writen by Mr. Covey
Gabungan kalimatnya:
1. The book which is writen by Mr. Covey is
good
2. The book writen by Mr. Covey is good
(passive pariciple)
4. Membentuk Frase KB (Kata Benda)
V3 + N = yang di / ter
Contoh:
- The ired boy (anak lelaki yang lelah)
- Hidden treasure (harta karun yang terpendam)
- Writen story (cerita yang tertulis)

BAB 6 DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

A. DIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech adalah kalimat langsung/kuipan asli
suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan.
Penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kuip
dan kalimat selalu diawali huruf kapital.
B. INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech adalah kalimat idak langsung/
bentuk kalimat yang menceritakan kembali pendapat/
pembicaraan seseorang yang mengalami modiikasi
tertentu. Terdapat iga jenis Indirect Speech:
2.
1. Kalimat Berita/Pernyataan (declarative/
statement)
a. Direct : He says: ‘I go to school everyday.’
Indirect : He says that he goes to school
everyday.
b. Direct : Doni said: ‘I am doing my job here
now.’
Indirect : Doni said that he was doing his job
there then.
said
Doni that he was doing his job there then
told
Catatan:
- Kedua bentuk mempunyai ari yang sama.
- Kalau induk kalimatnya present, anak kalimat-
nya idak ada perubahan tenses, yang ber-
ubah hanya kata gani (pronoun) dan kata
keterangan (adverbial).(Lihat contoh a)
- Kalau induk kalimatnya past, anak kalimatnya
ada perubahan tenses, pronoun, dan
adverbial. (Lihat contoh b)
Kalimat Perintah (imperative/command/request)
a. Posiive Imperaive
Direct : Doni said: ‘Close the door!’
Indirect : Doni asked me to close the door.

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 Asked Me C. PERUBAHAN TENSES
Told Him Direct Indirect
Close the
Doni Advised Her to Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense
door
Commanded Joko Present Coninuous Tense Past Coninuous Tense
Ordered The Girl Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Past Perfect Coninuous
b. Negaive Imperaive Coninuous Tense Tense
Direct : Doni said: ‘Don’t close the door!’
Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense
Indirect : Doni asked me not to close the door. Past Perfect Coninuous
Past Coninuous Tense
Asked Me Tense
Told Him Simple Future Tense Past Future Tense
Close the
Doni Not To Past Future Coninuous
Commanded Joko door Future Coninuous Tense
Tense
Ordered The boy
Future Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense
3. Kalimat Tanya (interogative/question) Future Perfect Coninuous
Past Future Perfect Tense
Tense
a. Tanpa kata tanya
Past Future Tense Past Perfect Future Tense
Direct : Doni asked: ‘Do you know Stephen
Covey?’ Past Future Coninuous Past Perfect Future
Indirect : Doni asked if (whether) I knew Tense Coninuous Tense
Stephen Covey.
Perubahan
asked Direct Indirect
pada
wondered If/ Stephen I She/He
Doni I knew Pronoun
wanted to know whether Covey We They
Possessive My Her/His
inquired
Pronoun Our Their
Keterangan
Catatan: Tempat
Kalimat tanya tanpa kata dapat dijawab: ‘Yes, I do’ (Adverb of
Here There
atau ‘No, I don’t’. Place)
Demon- This That
b. Dengan kata tanya straive
Direct : Doni asked: Who is Stephen Covey?’ Adjecive These Those
Indirect : Doni asked who Stephen Covey is. Now Then
Me Today That day
The next day
Him Tomorrow
The day ater
Stephen
Asked Her who is Keterangan The following day
Covey
Joko Waktu Yesterday The day before
(Adverb of ________ ago ____ before
Doni The Girl Time) The day before
Stephen Two days before
who is yesterday
wanted Covey Last ____ The____ before
to know
about Stephen Covey The ____ ater
Next ____
The following ____
inquired about Stephen Covey

Catatan:
Semua kata tanya dapat dipergunakan (who,
whom, whose, what, which, why, where, when,
how)

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 BAB 7 DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
Dependent-independent clause adalah kalimat majemuk
yang terdiri dari induk kalimat sebagai independent
clause (dapat berdiri sendiri) dan anak kalimat sebagai
dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri).
POLA KALIMAT
Independent Clause +
3. Diawali ‘if/whether’
I don’t know if/whether she can come on ime.
- I don’t know = induk kalimat/Main clause/
Independent Clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- if/ whether she can come on ime = anak
kalimat/Dependent Clause (idak dapat berdiri
sendiri)

Quesion word/that/if/whether + S + V/auxiliary Aturan-aturan Bentuk Kalimat Dependent-

Dependent clause independent Clause
Keterangan: 1. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat dalam bentuk
- Quesion word/kata tanya: what, when, whom, Present Tense atau Future Tense maka tense
which, whose, how, how many, how much, dsb. untuk anak kalimat bisa dalam bentuk tense
- That apa pun. Contoh: You hope that Joni will come
- If atau whether (Yes/No Quesion) with me tonight.
2. Jika tense untuk induk kalimat Past Tense
Contoh-contoh verb yang bisa dipergunakan sebagai maka tense untuk anak kalimat juga harus
verb untuk independent clause dalam susunan dalam bentuk Past Tense. Contoh: You hoped
Dependent-independent Clause: that Joni would come with me tonight.
3. Susunan anak kalimat/dependent clause harus
be afraid expect explain selalu dalam bentuk airmaive/pernyataan.
hope to be learn 4. Untuk bentuk negaif dan interrogaif, yang
agree teach be worried berubah hanya induk kalimatnya saja.
sorry believe tell Contoh:
ask decide hope - Kalimat posiif: You hope that Joni will come
feel learn think with me tonight.
promise say see - Kalimat negaif: You do not hope that Joni will
show suppose understand come with me tonight.
guess hear imagine - Kalimat interrogaif: Do you hope that Joni will
know remember wonder come with me tonight?

Contoh:
1. Diawali kata tanya
I don’t know where he comes from.
- I don’t know = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- where he comes from = anak kalimat/
dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri sendiri)
2. Diawali ‘that’
You hope that Joni will come with me tonight.
- You hope = induk kalimat/main clause/
independent clause (dapat berdiri sendiri)
- that Joni will come with me tonight = anak
kalimat/dependent clause (idak dapat berdiri
sendiri)

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 BAB 8 PASSIVE VOICE

A. POLA KALIMAT PASIF 4. Pola Future

Pola Dasar: S + to be + V3
Pola Coninuous: S + to be + being + V3 Akif S + modal (will,shall,dll) V + O
Pola Perfect: S + have/has/had + been + V3
Pola Future: S + will/shall/would/should + be + V3
Pasif S + modal (will/shall,dll) be V3 + by ___

B. POLA PERUBAHAN KALIMAT AKTIF MENJADI

Contoh:
KALIMAT PASIF Akif: John will bite Mary.
Pasif: Mary will be biten by John.
1. Pola Dasar
Akif S + V+O Keterangan:
Untuk mengubah kalimat akif menjadi kalimat pasif
adalah sebagai berikut.
Pasif S + to be V3 + by ____ a. Tense kalimat pasif sama dengan tense kalimat
akif.
Contoh: b. Subjek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari objek
Akif: John bites Mary. kalimat akif.
Pasif: Mary is biten by John. c. Objek dalam kalimat pasif berasal dari subjek
kalimat akif.
2. Pola Continuous
d. Verb/kata kerja dalam kalimat akif berubah
Akif S + to be Ving + O menjadi to be + V3 atau to be + being + V3.

C. PASIF UNIK
Pasif S + to be being V3 + by ___
need need
Contoh: S + want + Ving atau S + want + tobe V
3
Akif: John is biing Mary. require require
Pasif: Mary is being biten by John.
3. Pola Perfect
Contoh:
Akif S + to be (has/hav/had) V3 + O ‘The room needs cleaning’ atau
‘The room needs to be cleaned.’

Pasif S + to be (has/hav/had) been V3 + by ___

Contoh:
Akif: John has biten Mary.
Pasif: Mary has been biten by John.

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 BAB 9 CONJUNCTION
Conjuncion adalah kata sambung/penghubung atau
kelompok kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi
menghubungkan dua kata, frase, atau kalimat. Dalam
penggunaannya diperlukan pemahaman konteks
kalimat dan ari dari conjuncion-nya. Macam-macam
kata hubung ada dua, yaitu coordinaive conjuncion
dan subordinaive conjuncion.
A. Coordinative Conjunction
Konjugasi yang menghubungkan klausa yang setara.
1. Correlative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang dalam pemakaiannya berpasangan
dengan konjungsi lain.
a. Both... and... = keduanya baik... maupun... .
Contoh: Both my brother and sister are in
London now.
b. Either... or... = baik... atau... .
Contoh: You can go to the market either by bus
or by motorcycle.
c. Neither... nor... = idak... maupun... .
Contoh: He has neither food nor water.
d. Not only... but also... = idak hanya... tetapi
juga... .
Contoh: She has not only a big house but also
a wide garden.
2. Conjunctive Adverb
Conjuncive adverb yaitu kata keterangan yang
berfungsi sebagai penghubung klausa atau kalimat.
a. Nevertheless, however, yet = namun
Contoh: She doesn’t earn much; however, he
can send his children to college.
b. Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result =
oleh karena itu
Contoh: She always works hard; therefore, she
is promoted to a manager of the company.
c. Thus = dengan demikian
Contoh: The girl is very beauiful; thus, she is
liked by the boys.
d. Besides, in addiion = di samping itu
Contoh: She is clever; in addiion, she is rich.
e. Moreover, furthermore = lagi pula
Contoh: He was very handsome; moreover, he
was very polite.
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B. Subordinative Conjunction
Konjungsi yang menghubungkan klausa yang idak
setara.
1. Keterangan Sebab
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: as, since, because,
because of, due to, on account of the fact that,
owing to the fact that... = karena.
Contoh:
a. She is absent because/as/for/since he is sick.
kalimat
b. She is sick due to/because of the cold weather.
noun
2. Keterangan Pertentangan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: although, though, even
though, even if, despite, in spite of = meskipun/
walaupun.
Contoh: He is happy although he has no money
at all.
3. Keterangan Syarat
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: if (jika, seandainya),
unless (kecuali jika), provided that (asalkan), on
condiion that (dengan syarat), as long as (selama),
otherwise (jika idak).
Contoh: I will give the money if you work for me.
4. Keterangan Waktu
Menggunakan konjungsi: when/as/while (keika),
since (sejak), ater (setelah), before (sebelum),
as soon as (segera setelah), in the mean ime
(sementara itu), ill/unil (sampai).
Contoh: She has been living here since 1980.
5. Keterangan Akibat dan Tujuan
Ditandai dengan konjungsi: so that (sehingga),
so...that (sangat... sehingga), such... that (sangat...
sehingga), in order that (agar, supaya).
Contoh: They studied hard in order that they
passed the exam.
6. Keterangan Perbandingan dan Cara
Menggunakan konjungsi: as if, as though (seolah-
olah), as (sebagaimana), as...as (se.../ sama...),
than (daripada).
Contoh: He walked around as though he was in a
daze.
 BAB 10 MODALS
Modal sering disebut juga sebagai auxiliary karena fungsinya dalam kalimat adalah sebagai kata kerja bantu.

A. MODAL PRESENT
Rumus: S + MODAL (will, shall, must, may, ought to, can) + V1

Modal Fungsi Contoh

Will (to be going to) menyatakan perisiwa yang akan datang He will arrive tomorrow
= akan menyatakan permintaan sopan Will you open the door, please?
menyatakan perisiwa yang akan datang We shall leave here next month.
Shall menyatakan persetujuan Shall I open the door?
= akan menyatakan keputusan yang harus
You shall open the door now!
dilaksanakan
keharusan (idak boleh idak dikerjakan) You must study hard.
Must (has/have to)
= harus, pasi He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must
kesimpulan sekarang (present)
speak English well.
May kemungkinan sekarang (present) He is absent. He may be sick.
= mungkin, boleh ijin May I go now?
Ought to You ought to pracice a lot before the
menyatakan keharusan
= seharusnya compeiion.
Can kemampuan I can sing.
= dapat, mampu menyatakan kebolehan/ijin Can I borrow your car?

B. MODAL PAST
Rumus: S + MODAL PAST (would, should, must/had to, might, could) + V1

Modal past Keterangan Fungsi Contoh

Would bentuk past Would you like to open the door,
menyatakan permintaan sopan
= akan dari will please?
Should bentuk past menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya The man should not swim in that
= akan dari will dikerjakan/idak dikerjakan dangerous beach.
You must/had to study in biology
bentuk past keharusan (idak boleh idak dikerjakan)
Must (had to) class yesterday.
dari will/has
= harus, pasi He has been living in USA for 10
to/have to kesimpulan sekarang (present)
years. He must speak English well.
Might menyatakan ungkapan yang lebih sopan Joni might do the exam well.
bentuk past
= mungkin, Ariel was absent yesterday. He
dari may menyatakan kemungkinan besar
boleh might be sick.
Could bentuk past menyatakan permintaan yang lebih sopan Could you open the door please?
= dapat, mampu dari can menyatakan kebolehan/ijin You could open the window.

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C. MODAL PERFECT
Rumus: S + MODAL (must, might, should, could) + have + V3

Modal past Fungsi Contoh

Must have + V3 kesimpulan lampau Anto passed the exam. He must have studied.
Might have + V3 kemungkinan lampau Anto was absent. He might have been sick.
keharusan yang tak dikerjakan pada Contoh: Anto didn’t pass. He should have studied.
waktu lampau Fakta berlawanan ari: He didn’t study.
Should have + V3
He has been living in USA for 10 years. He must speak
kesimpulan sekarang (present)
English well.
Anto could have done the homework himself.
kemampuan yang tak digunakan di
Could have + V3 Fakta berlawanan ari: He didn’t do the homework
waktu lampau
himself.

BAB 11 CONCORD AND AGREEMENT

Concord merupakan pola persesuaian (agreement)
antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau
kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Juga
persesuaian antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya
(word agreement).
- Apabila subyek singular (tunggal), maka verb/
auxiliary tunggal.
- Apabila subyek plural (jamak), maka verb/auxiliary
jamak.
Contoh:
He comes there; They come there.
T T J J
ATURAN-ATURAN DALAM CONCORD
1. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung-
kan preposisi/kata depan of, in, on, at, maka
verb yang mengikui bisa jamak bisa juga tunggal
bergantung noun di depan preposisi.
Contoh:
- Diferent interpretaions on the same event by
various newspapers make readers confused
and angry.
- A period of eight hours is not enough to inish
this assignment.
2. Bila subyek mempunyai dua noun yang dihubung-
kan oleh together with, accompanied by, dan as
well as, a long with bisa diikui verb jamak maupun
tunggal, tergantung noun depan.
Contoh:
- The minister together with the wives and
children atends the meeing.
- The ministers together with the wives and
children atend the meeing.
3. Bila subyek: the number of + verb tunggal. Contoh:
The number of students does the exam.
4. Bila subyek: a number of + verb jamak. Contoh: A
number of students do the exam.
5. Bila subyek: everyone, everybody, somebody,
someone, something, no one/none, nothing, no
body, anyone, anybody, anything + verb tunggal
maka kata gani jamak.
Keterangan: kata-kata di atas diikui oleh verb
tunggal tetapi kata ganinya jamak.
Contoh:
- Everyone likes her. They are happy.
- Nobody knows their faults.
6. Bila subyek: each of, each, every, neither/neither
of, one of, either/either of + verb tunggal.
Contoh: Each of students studies hard.
7. Bila subyek menyatakan jumlah jarak, waktu,
uang, berat, volume + verb tunggal
Contoh:
- One hundred dollars is expensive for this hat.
- Two hours is not enough to do the test.
8. Bila subyek: benda-benda sepasang seperi shoes,
trousers, glasses, socks, scissors + verb jamak.
Contoh: His glasses are nice.

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9. Bila subyek: gerund dan kata benda yang dianggap 15. Kata hubung ‘and’ menghubungkan pemakaian
abstrak + verb tunggal. Contoh: Swimming is her jenis dan bentuk kata yang setara, misalnya
hobby. gerund dengan gerund, klausa dengan klausa,
noun dengan noun, adjecive dengan adjecive,
10. Bila subyek: judul buku, cerita, ilm + verb tunggal.
frase dengan frase, dst.
Contoh: Romeo and Juliet is a good story.
Contoh:
11. Bila subyek: benda-benda berbentuk jamak - Debby enjoys playing on the beach and
berikut ini diikui verb tunggal: billiards, dominos, swimming in the ocean.
cards + verb tunggal. Contoh: Billiards is an - I know Dean as a loyal employee and a hard
interesing game. worker.
12. Kata benda kolekif berikut bisa diikui verb 16. Subyek yang terbentuk dari kata benda yang tak
tunggal maupun jamak: team, staf, family, jury, dapat dihitung (uncountable noun) harus dianggap
village. Dianggap tunggal bila dilihat kesatuannya. singular.
Dianggap jamak bila diiikberatkan pada anggota- Contoh:
anggotanya. - The meat has a lot of fat.
Contoh: - The news of Sapi’s marriage is surprising
- The staf is slim. It is composed of ive many boys.
members. (mengacu pada kesatuannya)
17. Nama-nama cabang ilmu berikut ini harus
- The staf are strong. They are always ready
dianggap singular: mathemaics, physics,
to join the compeiion. (mengacu pada
mechanics, staisics, poliics, economics, opics,
anggota-anggotanya/bermakna orang)
phoneics + verb tunggal
13. Kesesuaian antara pronoun (kata gani) dengan Contoh:
antecedent (kata atau bagian kalimat yang - Economics is a social science.
mendahului kata gani). - Poliics has become a favourite subject.
Contoh:
18. Untuk kata-kata all, no, half sangat mengacu
- John loves his daughter very much. (his: John)
kepada kata yang ditekankan.
- Stephen and Sandra love their children. (their:
Contoh:
Stephen and Sandra).
- No motorcycle is expensive.
14. Bila kata ‘either’ diikui oleh ‘or’ dan ‘neither’ diikui - No motorcycles are expensive.
oleh ‘nor’, maka kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya
mungkin tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada
kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ tunggal atau jamak.
Kalaupun kata ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ berdiri sendiri verb/
auxiliary-nya tetap ditentukan oleh kata setelah
‘or’ atau’nor’.
Contoh:
- Neither Novi nor Vivi is going to class today.
- Either Novi or Wiwit is going to the beach
today.
- Neither Novi nor her friends are going to class
today.
- Either Novi or his classmates are going to the
beach today.

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 BAB 12 WORDS ORDER
Words order adalah urutan kata yang tepat dan benar - O = Ordinaive
dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Contoh: one, two, three, second, irst, dsb.
Kata sifat yang diberi awalan more, most dan
Noun phrase (kelompok kata benda) akhiran -er, -est
Disusun dengan urutan: D O E C H - E = Epithet/Adjecive = kata sifat
Contoh: nice, fantasic, strong, beauiful, small
Contoh: The three beauiful American women - C = Classifying = kata benda yang berfungsi
D O E C H sebagai kata sifat
Contoh: American man
Keterangan: C
- D = Determiner - H = Head = kata benda utama
Contoh: Pada kata: The three beauiful American women,
a. Aricles  a, an, the
 my, your, our, her, his, its
head-nya adalah women.
b. Possessive Kadang epithet/adjecive pada noun phrase lebih
c. Demonstraive  this, that, these, those
 some, many, a lot of,
dari satu. Maka rumusnya menjadi:
d. Quanitaives
much, litle, any, few,

Epithet
Di Si A T Sha C M PA
Keterangan:
- Di = descripive enumerator : beauiful, expensive, strong, cheap, interesing,etc.
- Si = size = ukuran : big, small, thick, short, etc.
- A = age = umur : young, old, new, etc.
- T = temperature = suhu : cold, cool, warm, hot, etc.
- Sha = shape = bentuk : square, round, triangle, etc.
- C = colour = warna : red, black, white, etc.
- M = Material = bahan : plasic, metal, leather, diamond, etc.
- PA = V3 yang berfungsi sebagai adjecive: bored, well-trained, handmade, etc.

Rumus Lengkap:
Epithet
D O C H
Di Si A T Sha C M PA

Contoh:
1. The most intelligent handsome tall young black well-trained French Actor.

Epithet
D O C H
Di Si A T Sha C M PA
well-
The most intelligent handsome tall young - - black - French Actor
trained

2. The two clever fat old white bored English teachers.

Epithet
D O C H
Di Si A T Sha C M PA
The two clever fat old - - white - bored English teachers

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 BAB 13 DERIVATION
1. Susunan kata yang tepat dan benar dalam kalimat
bahasa Inggris menurut fungsinya, yakni subyek, Akhiran Contoh
predikat, obyek, dan keterangan. -al arrival, approval, proposal, dsb.
2. Juga merupakan pola pembentukan kata turunan -age carriage, package, marriage, dsb.
yang berasal dari kata dasar dengan memberikan
-ity creaivity, ability, dsb.
penam-bahan imbuhan (awalan dan akhiran), baik
kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat maupun kata -y, -ery, -ary delivery, discovery, boundary, dsb.
keterangan. -hood brotherhood, childhood, dsb.
-ship leadership, relaionship, dsb.
A. KATA BENDA (NOUN/N)

1. Fungsi Kata Benda B. KATA KERJA (VERB/V)

Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai subyek dan juga
obyek. 1. Fungsi Kata Kerja
a. Letak Sebelum Verb Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat.
Contoh: a. Letak setelah subyek. Rumus: S + verb
- John is a patriot. Contoh: He studied.
- Educaion is very important for the future. b. Letak setelah kata Don’t, Let’s, dan Please
b. Letak Setelah Verb pada kalimat perintah. Rumus: Don’t, Let’s,
Contoh: Please + Verb
- We need Educaion. Contoh: Don’t go!, Let’s go!, Please help me!
- We love John. c. Letak setelah auxiliaries (is, am, are, was,
were, can, may, must, has, have). Rumus:
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Benda
Auxiliaries + Verb
a. Setelah determiners: a, the, my, our, his, your, Contoh: I am swimming.
this, that, those, some, many, each, few, one, They have writen a novel.
two, dsb.
Contoh: 2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Kerja
- Their English is sill bad. a. Menggunakan awalan: en-
- We must carry out our development. Contoh: enlarge, encourage, enrich, dst.
b. Pola pembentukan kata benda (noun) yang b. Menggunakan akhiran.
berasal dari kata kerja (verb), menggunakan
Akhiran Contoh
akhiran.
-ze, -ize apologize, standardize, dst.
Akhiran Contoh
-en lengthen frighten hasten
–ion, -ion collecion, correcion, confusio
threaten, dst.
-ment agreement, appointment
-d succeed, ofend, applaud, dst.
-ance, -ence atendance, diference
-fy, -ify classify, solidity, beauify, dst.
-ness carelessness, clearness, dsb.
-ve prove, believe, relieve, dst.
-er, -or, -ist, -ent actor, typist, applicant, dsb.
-s yang dibaca /z/ use /z/, excuse /z/, advice /z/,
-t complaint, joint, git, dsb
(dari noun yang dst.
-ure, -ture, -ature failure, furniture, mixture, dsb. berakhiran desis s)
-ed atau -ing cleaned, asked, asking, dst.

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C. KATA SIFAT (ADJECTIVE/ADJ) Akhiran Contoh
-able reasonable, adaptable, quesionable.
1. Fungsi Kata Sifat -ing saisfying, interesing, disappoining.
Dalam kalimat berfungsi sebagai predikat. -ish Reddish, childish.
a. Letak setelah to be. Rumus: S + to be (is, am, -al astronomical, economical, accidental.
are, was, were) + adjecive
-ic basic, sympatheic.
Contoh: She is beauiful; They are happy
b. Letak setelah linking verb. Rumus: S + linking -ed bored, saisied.
verb + adjecive
Macam-macam linking verb:
- seem, appear, look (nampak) D. KATA KETERANGAN (ADVERB/ADV)
- get, become, turn (berubah jadi ... )
- sound (terdengar)
Fungsi Kata Keterangan
- stay, remain, keep (tetap)
- feel (terasa) Dalam kalimat berfungsi menerangkan kata kerja.
Contoh: He looks calm  adj a. Letak sesudah verb/predikat. Rumus: S + V + Adv
c. Letak sebelum kata benda/ menerangkan Contoh: He walks carefully.
kata benda. Rumus: Adjecive + noun b. Letak sebelum verb/predikat yang diterangkan.
Contoh: Beauiful girl. Rumus: S + Adv + V
Contoh: He carefully ran away.
2. Ciri-Ciri Kata Sifat c. Letak di awal kalimat. Rumus: Adv + S + V
a. Setelah kata: very, so, quite, too, more, most. Contoh: Everyday, I wake up early.
Contoh: d. Letak sesudah obyek. Rumus: S + V + O + Adv
- He is very handsome. Contoh: He studies Mathemaics carefully.
- The ball is so expensive.
b. Menggunakan akhiran. Catatan:
Posisi adverb tergantung jenis adverb-nya. Ada yang
Akhiran Contoh hanya bisa di satu posisi, ada yang bisa ada di berbagai
- ive imaginaive, creaive, acive. macam posisi.
-ous dangerous, suspicious.
-ful beauiful, powerful.
-less jobless, homeless, powerless.
-y wealthy, hairy, sadly.
-ly monthly, friendly, daily.

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 BAB 14 ELLIPTIC SENTENCES
Penggabungan dua kalimat dengan penghilangan
bagian predikat yang sama dari suatu kalimat.
A. GABUNGAN SETARA
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung ‘and’.
Gabungan setara dibagi dua, yaitu posiif dan negaif.
1. Positif
Untuk kalimat posiif digunakan kata hubung ‘so’
dan ‘too’.
Polanya:
a. Menggunakan auxiliary.
S1 + auxiliary + (V) – and – S2 + auxiliary + too
S1 + auxiliary + (V) – and – so + auxiliary + S2
Contoh:
- Anton is handsome and Joko is too.
- Anton is handsome and so is Joko.
B. GABUNGAN SETARA BERLAWANAN
Untuk kondisi berlawanan digunakan kata hubung
‘but/while’.
Polanya:
S1 + auxiliary (V) – but/while – S2 + auxiliary not
S1 + auxiliary not (V) – but/while – S2 + auxiliary
Contoh:
My sister will be interested in reading this book while
my son won’t.
S1 + V1 – but/while – S2 + do/does not
S1 + V2 – but/while – S2 + did not
Contoh:
- I like ice cream but he doesn’t.
- He doesn’t like ice cream but I do.
C. GABUNGAN/KATA SAMBUNG BERPASANGAN

b. Tidak menggunakan auxiliary: 1. Untuk kalimat positif dan negatif

S1 + V1 – and – S2 + do/does + too
S1 + V1 – and – so + did + S2 Polanya:
Either ____ or .. (baik: .. , maupun ... )
Contoh:
- I like Madonna. He likes Madonna. Contoh:
I like Madonna and he does too. The boy goes to the party. We go to the party.
I like Madonna and so does he. Either the boy or we go to the party.
- He came there. She came there.
He came there and she did too. 2. Untuk kalimat negatif
He came there and so did she. Polanya:
Neither ____ nor ____ (baik ... maupun ... idak ... )
Auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) dibagi dua, yaitu:
1. auxiliary - Past  did, was, were
Contoh:
2. auxiliary - Present  is, am, are, do, does
- He is not a teacher. She is not a teacher.
Neither he nor she is a teacher.
2. Negatif - He doesn’t speak French. I don’t speak French.
Neither he nor I speak French.
Untuk kalimat negaif digunakan kata hubung
‘either’ dan ‘neither’.
Polanya:
S1 + auxiliary not (V) – and – S 2 + auxiliary not + either
S1 + auxiliary not (V) – and – neither + auxiliary + S2
Contoh:
- He is not studying. She is not studying.
He is not studying and she is not either.
He is not studying and neither is she.

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 BAB 15 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Adjecive clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai 2. Untuk Pengganti Obyek
kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda sebelumnya/ Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + S + P
orang atau benda.
Contoh:
A. UNTUK ORANG The book is good.
We bought it yesterday.
1. Pengganti Subyek Gabungan: The book which/that we bought
Polanya: Orang + ____ who/that ____ + P yesterday is good.

3. Untuk Pengganti Kepunyaan

Contoh:
Polanya: Benda + ___ whose/of which ___ +
The boy is kind.
Noun (kepunyaan)
He visits her house.
Gabungan: The boy who visits her house is kind.
Contoh:
2. Pengganti Obyek The bicycle is cheap.
Polanya: Orang + ____ whom/that ____ + S + P Its colour is red.
Gabungan: The bicycle whose/of which colour is
Contoh: red is cheap.
The girl is cute.
He loves her indeed. C. UNTUK KETERANGAN TEMPAT
Gabungan: The girl whom he loves indeed is cute. Polanya:
Ket. Tempat + ____ where/in which ____ + S + P
3. Pengganti Kepunyaan
Polanya: Orang + ____ whose ____ + Noun Contoh:
The house is haunted.
Contoh: We lived there last year.
The man is charming. Gabungan: The house where/in which we lived last
His hair is white. year is haunted.
Gabungan: The man whose hair is white is
charming. D. UNTUK KETERANGAN WAKTU
B. UNTUK BENDA/BINATANG Polanya:
Ket. Waktu + ____ when/on which ____ + S + P
1. Untuk Pengganti Subyek
Contoh:
Polanya: Benda + ____ which/that ____ + P The month was April.
The APEC conference was held on April.
Contoh: Gabungan: The month when/on which the APEC
The book is good. conference was held was April.
The book is writen by Covey.
Gabungan: The book which is writen by Covey is
good.

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