Verbal

Tenses Function and time signals Nominal

Simple Present Function:
 Menyatakan aktifitas yang
dilakukan berulang-ulang.
 Menyatakan kebenaran
umum.
 Menunjukkan kejadian saat
ini.
Time signals:
Often, always, usually,
sometimes, every, seldom, rarely
etc.
Active Passive
Formula: Formula: (+) You are a teacher.
(+) S + V + O (+) S + to be (is/am/are) + V3 + by (-) You are not a teacher.
(-) S + do/does + not + V + O O (?) Are you a teacher?
(?) Do/Does + S + V + O? (-) S + to be (is/am/are) + not + V3
Examples: + by O
(+) She reads a book every (?) To be (is/am/are) + S + V3 + by
day. O?
(-) She does not read a book Examples:
every day. (+) A book is read by her every day.
(?) Does she read a book every (-) A book is not read by her every
day? day.
(?) Is a book read by her every day?

Present Continuous Function: Formula: Formula: (+) They are in the school
 Untuk menunjukkan suatu (+) S + to be (is/am/are) + (+)S + to be (is/am/are) + being + now.
perbuatan yang sedang Verb-ing + O V3 + O (-)They are not in the
dilakukan saat ini atau (-)S + to be (is/am/are) + Not + (-)S + to be (is/am/are) + not + scool now.
sekarang. Verb-ing + O being + V3 + O (?) Are they in the school
 Untuk menyatakan suatu (?)To be (is/am/are) + S + (?) To be (is/am/are) + S + being + now?
rencana yang sudah pastiakan Verb-ing + Complement? V3 + O ?
dilakukan dalam waktu dekat. Examples: Examples:
 Menunjukkan suatu kejadian (+) Kaneki is drinking a cup of (+) A cup of coffee is being drunk
yang bersifat sementara. coffee. by Kaneki.
 Untuk mengungkapkan (-) Kaneki is not drinking a cup (-) A cup of coffe is not being drunk
kejengkelan atas aksi yang of coffee. by Kaneki.
terjadi berulang kali. (?) Is Kaneki drinking a cup of (?) Is a cup of coffee being drunk by
Time signals: coffee? Kaneki?
Now, at this moment, at present,
this week, today, etc.
Present Perfect Function:
 Menyatakan kejadian yang
baru saja selesai atau telah
dilakukan namun hasilnya
masih bisa dirasakan sampai
sekarang.
 Digunakan untuk
menggambarkan suatu
pekerjaan yang telah
dilakukan pada masa lalu
tanpa diketahui kapan
terjadinya.
 Untuk menunjukkan suatu
pekerjaan yang dilakukan
berulang-ulang dari masa lalu
sampai sekarang.
Time signals:
Already, just, recently, lately,
ever, yet, for, since, all day, until
now, so far, etc.
Present Perfect Function:
Continous  Menyatakan kejadian yang
sudah dikerjakan di masa lalu
dan masih dilakukan hingga
sekarang.
 Untuk menunjukkan kejadian
yang baru saja terjadi dan
efeknya masih bisa dirasakan
saat ini.
Time signals:
All day, Ever since, recently,
lately, for, since, etc.
Formula:
(+)S + has/have + V3 + O
(-)S + has/have + not + V3 +
O O
(?)Has/have +S + V3 + O?
Examples:
(+) Hana has studied English
for a year.
(-) Hana has not studied
English for a year.
(?)Has Hana studied English
for a year?
Formula:
(+) S + has/have + been + V-ing
+O
(-)S + has/have + not + been +
V-ing + O
(?) Has/have + S + been + V-
ing + O?
Examples:
(+) Violet has been waiting
Gilbert for two years.
(-) Violet has not been waiting
Gilbert for two years.
(?) Has Violet been waiting
Gilbert for two years?
Formula: (+) They have been at
(+) S + has/have + been + V3 + O garden since morning.
(-)S + has/have + not + been + V3 + (-) They have not been at
garden since morning.
(?) Has/have + S + been + V3 + O (?) Have they been at
Examples: garden since morning?
(+) English has been studied by
Hana for a year.
(-) English has not been studied by
Hana for a year.
(?) Has English been studied by
Hana for a year?
Formula: (+) You have been sad all
(+) S + has/have + been + being + day.
V3 + O (-) You have not been sad
(-) S + has/have + not + been + all day.
being + V3 + O (?) Have you been sad all
(?) day?
Examples:
(+) Gilbert has been being waited
by Violet for two years.
(-)Gilbert has not been being
waited by Violet for two years.
(?) Has Gilbert been being waited
by Violet for two years?
Simple Past Function:
 Menyatakan kejadian yang
terjadi di masa lalu dengan
waktu yang umum.
 Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan
di masa lalu.
Time signals:
Yesterday, last night, last year, 2
days ago, etc.
Past Continous Function:
 Menyatakan kejadian yang
sedang terjadi di masa lalu.
 Menunjukkan kejadian yang
sedang terjadi di masa lalu
ketika kejadian yang lain
terjadi.
 Menunjukkan beberapa
kejadian yang terjadi
bersamaan.
Time signals:
At this time yesterday, at 9
o’clock last night, when, while,
etc.
Past Perfect Function:
 Untuk menunjukkan kejadian
yang telah terjadi sebelum
waktu tertentu di masa lalu
dan lebih menekankan pada
Formula:
(+) S + V2 + O
(-) S + did + not + V1 + O
(?) Did + S + V1 + O?
Examples:
(+) Tsubasa kicked a ball
yesterday.
(-) Tsubasa did not kick a ball
yesterday.
(?) Did Tsubasa kick a ball
yesterday?
Formula:
(+) S + to be (was/were) + V-
ing + O
(-)S + to be (was/were) + not +
V-ing + O
(?) To be (was/were) + S + V-
ing + O?
Examples:
(+) We were playing a game at
10 o’clock last night.
(-)We were not playing a game
at 10 o’clock last night.
(?) Were we playing a game at
10 o’clock last night?
Formula:
(+) S + had + V3 + O
(-)S + had + not + V3 + O
(?) Had + S + V3 + O?
Formula: (+) My mother was an
(+) S + to be (was/were) + V3 + by employee fifteen years
O ago.
(-) S + to be (was/were) + not + V3 (-)My mother was not an
+ by O employee fifteen years
(?) To be (was/were) + S + V3 + by ago.
O? (?) Was my mother an
Examples: employee fifteen years
(+) A ball was kicked by Tsubasa ago?
yesterday.
(-) A ball was not kicked by Tsubasa
yesterday.
(?) Was a ball kicked by Tsubasa
yesterday?
Formula: (+) You was very clever.
(+)S + to be (was/were) + being + (-) You was not very
V3 + by O clever.
(-)S + to be (was/were) + not + (?) Was you very clever?
being + V3 + by O
(?)T be (was/were) + S + being + V3
+ by O?
Examples:
(+) A game was being played by us
at 10 o’clock last night.
(-) A game was not being played by
us at 10 o’clock last night.
(?) Was a game being played by us
at 10 o’clock last night?
Formula: (+) They had been in the
(+) S + had + been + V3 + O hospital since yesterday.
(-)S + had + not + been + V3 + O (-)They had not been in
(?) Had + S + been + V3 + O? the hospital since
Examples: yesterday.
 hasil dari pada durasinya.
 Digunakan dalam Conditional
sentence type 3.
 Menyatakan kejadian yang
sudah terjadi dan juga sudah
selesai di masa lalu.
Time signals:
Before yesterday, until that day,
just, already, since, for, etc.
Past Perfect Function:
Contious  Menyatakan kejadian yang
sudah dikerjakan dan masih
berlangsung sampai saat ini.
 Untuk menunjukkan kejadian
yang sedang berlangsung di
masa lalu dengan penekanan
pada durasi waktunya.
Time signals:
For, since, all day, etc.
Simple Future Function:
 Menyatakan kejadian yang
akan terjadi atau dilakukan
pada masa yang akan datang.
 Menujukkan rencana yang
akan dilakukan.
Time signals:
Tomorrow, soon, next week,
later, etc.
Examples:
(+) My mother had thrown my
toys before I could save them.
(-) My mother had not thrown
my toys before I could save
them.
(?) Had my mother thrown my
toys before I could save them?
Formula:
(+) S + had + been + V-ing + O
(-)S + had + not + been + V-ing
+O
(?) Had + S + been + V-ing + O?
Examples:
(+) You had been writting a
story since morning.
(-) You had not been writting a
story since morning.
(?) Had you been writting a
story for two hours?
since morning
Formula:
(+) S + will/shall + V1 + O
(-)S + will/shall + not + V1 + O
(?) Will/shall + S + V1 + O?
Examples:
(+) Kotaro will marry Akane
next year.
(?) Kotaro will not marry
Akane next year.
(-) Will Kotaro marry Akane
next year?
(+) My toys had been thrown by my (?) Had they been in the
mother before I could save them. hospital since yesterday?
(-) My toys had not been thrown by
my mother before I could save
them.
(?) Had my toys been thrown by my
mother before I could save them?
Formula: (+) Ken had been sick
(+) S + had + been + being + V3 + O since three days ago.
(-)S + had + not + been + being + V3 (-) Ken had not been sick
+O since three days ago.
(?) Had + S + been + being + V3 + (?) Had Ken been sick
O? since three days ago?
Examples:
(+) A story had been being written
by you since morning.
(-) A story had not been being
written by you since morning.
(?) Had a story been being written
by you since morning?
Formula: (+) He will be mine.
(+) S + will/shall + be + V3 + O (-) He will not be mine.
(-) S + will/shall + not + be + V3 + O (?) Will he be mine?
(?) Will/shall l + S + be + V3 + O?
Examples:
(+) Akane will be married by Kotaro
next year.
(-)Akane will not be married by
Kotaro next year.
(?) Will Akane be married by
Kotaro next year?
Future Continous Function:
 Menyatakan pekerjaan yang
belum selesai dan sedang
akan terjadi pada masa yang
akan datang.
 Menyatakan sesuatu yang
sedang terjadi ketika kejadian
yang lain akan terjadi di masa
yang akan datang.
Time signals:
At this time next month,
tomorrow, etc.
Formula:
(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing +
O O
(-)S + will/shall + not + be + V-
ing + O
(?) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing +
O?
Examples:
(+) We will be watching a
movie at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
(-)We will not be watching a
movie at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
(?) Will we be watching a
movie at 10 o’clock
tomorrow?
Formula: (+) Nana will be an artist.
(+) S + will/shall + be + being + V3 + (-) Nana will not be an
artist.
(-)S + will/shall + not + be + being + (?) Will Nana be an artist?
V3 + O
(?) Will/shall + S + be + being + V3 +
O?
Examples:
(+) A movie will be being watched
by us at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
(-)A movie will not be being
watched by us at 10 o’clock
tomorrow.
(?) Will a movie be being watched
by us at 10 o’clock tomorrow?