Temperature:

It is related with the kinetic energy (speed) of the particles in an object 🡪 the higher the kinetic energy thehigher the
temperature
It is measured with the instrument thermometer
The SI unit for temperature is the degree Celsius (°C)
Energy transfer – Conduction:
If a metal bar is heated at one end 🡪 the particles in that end start moving faster 🡪 gain kinetic energy.
This particles push on the neighbouring particles 🡪 transferring the kinetic energy along the metal bar 🡪 theother end
of the metal bar gets hotter
There is no transfer of matter 🡪 the particles stay in their position
Conductors and insulators:
Some materials are better conductors than others 🡪 metals are the best conductors
Materials that are poor conductors are called insulators 🡪 non-metals like wood or plastic, most liquids and gases.
Energy transfer – Convection:
Particles in liquids and gases are free to circulate 🡪 they can carry thermal energy from one place to another
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by particles with high kinetic energy
Particles with higher kinetic energy move faster 🡪 they separate 🡪 hotter liquid or gas becomes less dense 🡪 moves
up
Particles with lower kinetic energy are closer together 🡪 colder liquid or gas is denser 🡪 moves down.
These movements are called convection current.
Convection in air:
The Sun heats up the air in the equator that rises and is replaced by cooler air coming from the north and
south 🡪 large convection currents in the Earth’s atmosphere 🡪 causes winds across the oceans and continents.
Similar convection currents cause the onshore and offshore breezes during the summer at the coast
Energy transfer – Radiation:
Thermal energy travels from the Sun to the Earth in the form of electromagnetic waves 🡪 including infrared
waves 🡪 can travel through vacuum 🡪 matter is not necessary
All objects give out (emit) thermal radiation as infrared waves
Emitters and absorbers:
Dark surfaces are better at absorbing and emitting thermal radiation 🡪 good as warming clothes in cold days
White and silvery surfaces are good at reflecting thermal radiation 🡪 good as cooler clothes in hot days.
Solar panel:
The black layer absorbs the radiant heat energy from the Sun 🡪 warms up the water flowing through the pipes
Vacuum flask:
Can keep hot water for hours 🡪 reduces the rate at which thermal energy flows out:
Insulated stopper 🡪 reduces conduction and convection
Double-walled container with a gap between the walls 🡪 there is vacuum between the walls 🡪 reduces
conduction and convection
Walls with silvery surface 🡪 reduces radiation