UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE MILAGRO

FACULTAD “CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN”

CAREER:
NATIONAL AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES PEDAGOGY
(7th semester)

MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

THEME:
SYMBOLS USED IN SYNTACTIC
ANALYSIS AND PHRASE STRUCTURAL
RULES

NAME:
ESPINOZA MARTINEZ LUIS ANDRÉS

DOCENTE TUTOR:
MSc. Ketty Vergara

VIDEO LINK:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YULvFw85qP7dHeRHSal9eS1Fy5uDo4Zj/view?us
p=sharing
 DATOS GENERALES
NOMBRE DE LA
OTHER TYPES OF SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS
PRÁCTICA
FACULTAD CARRERA ASIGNATURA
Pedagogía de los Idiomas
Educación Morphology and syntax
Nacionales y extranjeros
PROFESOR DE
MSc. Ketty Vergara
PRÁCTICA
TIEMPO ASIGNADO 8 horas Tipo APE No asistida
3 Generative Grammar
UNIDAD: TEMAS:
SYNTAX Deep and Surface structure
FECHA DE INICIO FECHA FIN 15/09/2022
TIPO DE PRÁCTICA Individual x CANTIDAD DE
1
(Marque la opción) Grupal
ESTUDIANTES

Nombre del Taller

OTHER TYPES OF SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS

Objetivo del Taller

To analyze the different symbols and structures used in the syntax analysis and development.
To Create a tree diagram with each sentence written as an example.

Procedimientos / Instrucciones / Actividades a Desarrollar

INSTRUCCIONES:
• You have to work individually
• Check UNIT 4: Other types of syntactic analysis
• Write a brief concept about Symbols used in syntactic analysis and Phrase structural
rules
• Add 10 examples based on Symbol used in syntactic analysis Use a diagram for each
example
• Explain the examples and the concepts using your own words through a video. It will
last 6 minutes.
 SYMBOLS USED IN SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS
To analyze the syntactic structure of language, several symbols are used to abbreviate syntactic

categories. The most common abbreviated symbols that are used are the following:

• S = Sentence • Pro = Pronoun

• N = Noun • PN = Proper Noun

• V = Verb • Adv = Adverb

• Art = Article • AdvP = Adverb phrase

• NP = Noun phrase • Prep = Preposition

• VP = Verb phrase • PP = Prepositional Phrase

• Adj = Adjective • Aux = Auxiliar

• AdjP = Adjective phrase • Det = Determiner

There are other symbols that are used to present a syntactic analysis with a linear form instead of

using a tree; the main symbol used is a right arrow → / >, which indicates the composition of a

syntactic element. For instance: in the phrase “The house” the noun phrase (NP) consists of a

determiner (Det.) and a Noun (N), in this case, it can be written as: NP→ Det. N. There are also

other symbols that are implemented to describe syntactic relationships:

• UNGRAMMATICAL SENTENCE ( * ): An asterisk (*) is used when a sentence is

grammatically incorrect.

• CONSISTS OF / REWRITES AS ( → ): A right arrow → is used to indicate the

composition of a syntactic element.

• OPTIONAL CONSTITUENT ( ): Round brackets indicate that the word inside is an

optional constituent, that is, that this word(s) can be omitted from the phrase without

making it ungrammatical, this is the case of adjectives and adverbs.

• SELECT ONE CONSTITUENT ONLY { }: Curly brackets are used to indicate that only

one of the elements must be selected, this is necessary when there is a choice among

different constituents. For example, a NP like “the cat” (Art N), can be replaced with a

Proper Noun - PN (Garfield) or a Pronoun – Pro (it), in this case curly brackets may be used

to indicate the different choices: NP → {Art N, Pro, PN} (Yule, 2022)

PHRASE STRUCTURAL RULES

Phrase structural rules are based on the conceptions of generative grammar, this is a very

straightforward way of interpreting language syntax; The different structures that appear in a

language can be displayed as rules, for instance, in English there are several rules such as:

• S → NP VP:

This rule indicates that a sentence is formed by a noun phrase and a verb phrase.

• A→B+C
C→D
This rule implies that a constituent can be conformed by another constituents.

• A → (B) C

The round brackets indicate that there are constituents that are optional (B) and others

that are obligatory (C).

• A → {B,C}

The curvy brackets indicate that you can only choose one constituent between B or C.
 EXAMPLES
RULE: A → (B) C
1. THE ANGRY MAN SAT OUTSIDE.
* ANGRY MAN SAT OUTSIDE.
S → NP VP
NP → {DET NP, PN, PRON.}
DET → THE
NP → (ADJ) N
ADJ → ANGRY
N → MAN
VP → V ADV
V → SAT
ADV → OUTSIDE

RULE: S → NP VP:
2. OUR GRANDFATHER DIED YESTERDAY.
* OUR GRANDFATHER YESTERDAY DIED.

S → NP VP
NP → {POSS.ADJ N, PN}
POSS ADJ → OUR
N → GRANDFATHER
VP → V ADV
V → DIED
ADV → YESTERDAY
RULE: A → B + C
C→D
3. A SQUIRREL ATE MY LUNCH.

S → NP VP

NP → ART N

ART → A

N → SQUIRREL

VP → V NP

V → ATE

NP → POSS.ADJ N

POSS. ADJ. → MY

N → LUNCH
RULE: A → (B) C

4. I WENT TO THE SUPERMARKET, BUT I WENT BACK HOME

INMEDIATELY.
COMP. S. → S1 CONJ. S2 CONJ → BUT
S1 → NP VP S2 → NP VP
NP → PRON NP → PRON
PRON → I PRON → I
VP → V PP VP → V (ADV) N (ADV)
V → WENT V → WENT
PP → PREP. NP ADV → BACK
PREP. → TO N → HOME
NP → DET. N ADV → INMEDIATELY
DET → THE
N → SUPERMARKET

RULE: A → (B) C

5. THERE ARE FLOWERS IN MY BACKYARD.

S → NP VP

NP → PRON

PRON → THERE

VP → V N (PP)

V → ARE

N → FLOWERS

PP → PREP. NP

PREP. → IN

NP → POSS.ADJ. N

POSS.ADJ. → MY

N → BACKYARD
RULE: A → {B,C}
6. MARY AND SOFIA WORK AT THE BANK.
S → NP VP

NP → {PN CONJ. PN, PRON.}

PN → MARIA

CONJ. → AND

PN → SOFIA

VP → V (PP)

V → WORK

PP → PREP. NP

PREP. → AT

NP → DET. N

DET. → THE

N → BANK

RULE: A → {B,C}
7. THEY WENT TO SLEEP INMEDIATELY.
* THEY WENT SLEEPING INMEDIATELY.
S → NP VP

NP → {PRON., PN}

PRON. → THEY

VP → V (PP) (ADV)

V → WENT

PP → PREP. V

PREP. → TO

V → SLEEP

ADV → INMEDIATELY
RULE: A → B + C
C→D
8. SHE WON’T STAY IN THAT HOTEL.
S → NP VP
NP → {PRON, PN}
PRON → SHE
VP → VP (PP)
VP → AUX V
AUX → WON’T
V → STAY
PP → PREP. {NP, PRON., PN}
PREP → IN
NP → DET. N
DET → THAT
N → HOTEL

RULE: S → NP VP:
9. I WOULD NEVER DO THAT.
S → NP VP
NP → PRON.
PRON. → I
VP → AUX (ADV) V NP
AUX → WOULD
ADV → NEVER
V → DO

NP → PRON

PRON. → THAT
RULE: A → {B,C}
10. GEORGE IS FROM CALIFORNIA.
* GEORGE IS OF CALIFORNIA

S → NP VP

NP → {PN, PRON. N}

PN → GEORGE

VP → V PP

V → IS

PP → PREP. {PN, PRON.}

PREP. → FROM

PN → CALIFORNIA

VIDEO:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YULvFw85qP7dHeRHSal9eS1Fy5uDo4Zj/view?usp=sharing

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Yule, G. (2022). Almerja. Obtenido de The study of language:

https://almerja.com/reading.php?idm=166672