Quarter 4, Week 5

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 19

Name of Learner: ___________________ Grade and Section: _________________

Date: _____________________________

GENERAL MATHEMATICS ACTIVITY SHEET

Performing Different Types of Operations on Propositions

I. Learning Competency with Code

Performs the different types of Operations on Propositions. (M11GM-IIg-4)

II. Background Information for Learners

Given p: “It is raining today.” What is ∼ 𝑝?
This question is only an example of performing operations on
propositions. This is called Negation. Other operations are as follows:
Conjunction, Disjunction, Conditional (Converse, Inverse, and
Contrapositives), and Biconditional.

Performing Different Types of Operations on Propositions

1. Negation
If p is the statement variable, then the negation of p is “not p” or “it is not
the case that p” and is denoted by ∼ 𝑝.
Example 1: Consider p: “𝜋 is an irrational number.” What is ∼ 𝑝?
Solution: The following statements are some ways to express ∼ 𝑝:
a. 𝜋 is not an irrational number.
b. It is not the case that 𝜋 is an irrational number.
c. It is false that 𝜋 is an irrational number.
2. Conjunction
If p and q are statement variables, then the conjunction of p and q is “p and
q” denoted by 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞. Other words that can be used to replace the connective
“and” are “but”, “also”, “while”, and “moreover”.
Example 2: Suppose p: “The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 5 is (−5, ∞).” and q:
“The range of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 5 is (0, − ∞).”. Find 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞.
Solution: The following statements are possible ways to express conjunction
of propositions.
a. The domain and the range of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 5 are (−5, ∞) and (0, − ∞),
respectively.
b. The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 5 is (−5, ∞), while its range is (0, − ∞).
3. Disjunction
If p and q are statement variables, then the disjunction of p and q is “p or
q” denoted by 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞.
Example 3: Suppose p: “Liz is sleeping.” and q: “Kate is singing.”. State 𝑝 ∨
𝑞 in words.
Solution: The following statements are some of the possible ways:
a. Liz is sleeping or Kate is singing.
b. Either Liz is sleeping, or Kate is singing.

1
 4. Conditional
If p and q are statement variables, the statement “If p then q” or “p implies
q” denoted by 𝑝 → 𝑞 is called a conditional statement or implication. The
statement p is called the hypothesis and the statement q is called the
conclusion.
Example 4: Suppose p: “Liz is sleeping.” and q: “Kate is singing.”. State 𝑝 →
𝑞 in words.
Solution: The following statements are some ways to express conditional
propositions:
a. If Liz is sleeping, then Kate is singing.
b. Kate is singing only if Liz is sleeping.

Definition: Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive

Consider the conditional 𝑝 → 𝑞.
Converse of 𝑝 → 𝑞: 𝐪→𝐩
Inverse of 𝑝 → 𝑞: ~𝒑 → ~𝒒
Contrapositive of 𝑝 → 𝑞: ~𝐪 → ~𝐩
Example 5: Given the conditional proposition “If a triangle has a right
angle, then it is a right triangle.”, state its converse, inverse, and
contrapositive.

Solution: First, identify the hypothesis (p) and the conclusion (q) of the
proposition. That is,
p: “A triangle has a right angle.”
q: “A triangle is a right triangle.”
Converse: Remember the form: 𝐪 → 𝐩
If a triangle is a right triangle, then it has a right angle.
Inverse: Remember the form: ~𝒑 → ~𝒒
If a triangle is not a right triangle, then it does not have a right
angle.
Contrapositive: Remember the form: ~𝐪 → ~𝐩
If a triangle does not have a right angle, then it is not a right
triangle.
5. Biconditional
If p and q are statement variables, then the biconditional of p and q is the
statement “p if only if q” denoted by 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞. This statement is the same as
(𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝).
Example 6. Let p: “3 + 4 = 5” and q: “1meter = 100centimeters”. State
the biconditional of p and q.
Solution: 3 + 4 = 5 if and only if 1meter = 100centimeters.

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Education Sites

https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Mathematical_Logic_and_Proof/Bo
ok%3A_Mathematical_Reasoning__Writing_and_Proof_(Sundstrom)/2%3
A_Logical_Reasoning/2.1%3A_Statements_and_Logical_Operators
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QsmeYvqU7o
CHED. General Mathematics Learner's Materials. Pasig City: Department
of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources, 2016, pp 246-251

2
 Dimasuay, L., Alcala, J., and Palacio,J. General Mathematics. C&E
Publishing, Inc.,2016, pp. 170-176
Flores, M., Gagani, RF., Ypanto,Q. Worktext in General Mathematics. C&E
Publishing, Inc.,2016, pp.265-270

IV. Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity
Sheet (LAS), please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers
must be written in a separate sheet of paper.

Exercises:
Given the following propositions:
p: “Two lines intersect”.
q: “Two lines form a right angle”
r: “Two lines are perpendicular to each other.”
A. State the following:
1. Conjunction of propositions p and q.
2. Disjunction of propositions p and q.
3. Negation of proposition r.
4. Conditional proposition using propositions q and r and its:
a. Converse
b. Inverse
c. Contrapositive
5. Biconditional of p and q.
B. Translate the following symbols into words using the following
propositions.
p: “Humans have two legs.”
q: “Chicken have two legs.”
r: “Chicken are humans.”
1. (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ 𝑟
2. ∼ 𝑟 →∼ (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞)
3. ∼ 𝑞 ∨∼ 𝑟
4. ∼ 𝑝 ↔ ~𝑟
5. ~(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → 𝑟

Guide Questions:
1. How do you find the activity? Was it easy or difficult?
2. How do you recall each operation so that you will not mess up one
with the others?

V. Reflection
Instruction. Reflect on the following questions and write your response on
your journal.
1. What important idea/s have you learned from the learning activity sheet?
2. What important value/s has been embedded to you by the lesson?
3. In what way can you apply or use the lesson learned in your daily life as
a student or in the future?