9

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Ratio, Proportion, and Similarity
of Figures
Mathematics – Grade 9
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Ratio, Proportion and Similarity of Figures
First Edition, 2020

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 9
Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Ratio, Proportion, and Similarity
of Figures
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage
and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own learning. Take
time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of the
following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 Let Us Learn

After going through this module, the learners are expected to be able to:

1. describe a proportion (M9GE-IIIf-1); and,

2. apply the fundamental theorems of proportionality to solve problems
involving proportions (M9GE-IIIf-2).

Let Us Try
Using your previous knowledge on proportion, answer the following
multiple-choice questions. Write your answers on your subject
notebook.

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is proportional to 2:3?
a. 2:6 b. 3:4 c. 4:6 d. 5:6

! #
2. Which of the following is equivalent to the equation
"
=$?
a. 4x = 3y b. xy:12 c. 4y:3x d. 3:4

3. What is the statement that shows the two ratios are equal?
a. Basic Proportionality Theorem c. Ratio
b. Proportion d. Zero Theorem

% " ! &
4. If = , then = ; w ≠ 0, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0. What property does this statement
! & % "
express?
a. Cross-Multiplication Property c. Inverse Property
b. Alternation Property d. Addition Property
'
5. Which of the following ratios is not proportional to ?
$
( # * )
a. b. c. d.
' ) + ('

$ !,'
6. If
#
= !
, what is the value of x?

a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6
!-( !-(
7. If = , what is the value of x?
# *
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

8. The ratio of boys to girls is 3 to 2. If there are 12 boys, how many girls are there?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

Page 1
9. A School has a population of 1575 students. The student to teacher ratio is 15 to
1. How many teachers are there in the school?
a. 95 b. 100 c. 105 d. 110

10. An environmentalist plants a tree. He had to dig 3 feet deep for every 5 feet of
tree height. How deep should the environmentalist dig if the height of the tree is
25 feet high?

a. 15 feet b. 20 feet c. 25 feet d. 30 feet

11. The ratio of the sides of the original triangle to its enlarged version is 1:3. The
enlarged triangle is expected to have
a. sides that are thrice as long as the original
b. an area that is thrice as large as the original
c. sides that are one-third the lengths of the original
d. angles that are thrice the measurement of the original

12. A map is drawn to the scale of 1 cm : 150 m. If the distance between towns A
and B measures 8.5 cm on the map, determine the approximate distance
between these towns.
a. 2,175 m b. 1,725 m c. 1,275 m d. 2,715 m

13. On a scale drawing of a house with a scale of 1 cm : 2 m, the length of the

house is 2.25 cm. What is the length of the actual house?
a. 1.125 m b. 112.5 cm c. 4.5 m d. 4.5 cm

14. In the school’s newspaper, the editor wants to reduce photos to fit a certain page.
If an original volleyball photo measures 15 cm by 10 cm, which of the following
sets of cropped dimensions is in proportion to the original photo?
a. 3 cm by 1 cm b. 2 cm by 1 cm c. 3 cm by 2 cm d. 2 cm by 3 cm

15. Which of the following is/are true about proportion?

I. The equality of the two ratios.

II. The product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means.
a. I only b. II only c. both I and II d. neither I nor II

Page 2
16. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4. Find the measure of each angle.
a. 20o, 30o and 130o c. 45o, 45o and 90o
b. 40o, 60o and 80o d. 40o, 55o and 85o

17. △BRY~△ANT. Which ratio of sides gives the scale factor?

a. AN/BR c. AT/BR
b. AN/AT d. NT/BR

18. The smallest square of the grid you made on your original picture is 6 cm. If you
enlarge the picture on a 15-cm grid, which of the following is true?
I. The new picture is 250% larger than the original one.
II. The new picture is two and a half times larger than the original one.
III. The scale factor between the original and the enlarged picture is 2:5.

a. I only b. III only c. I and II d. I, II and III

19. Which of the following is true for any triangle?

a. the longest side is always opposite the smallest angle

b. the shortest side is always opposite the smallest angle

c. the shortest side is always opposite the largest angle.

d. longest side is always in between the smallest and largest angle

20. If two corresponding angles of two triangles are congruent, then we could say
that…
a. the triangles are identical

b. the triangles are congruent

c. the triangles are similar
d. the length of the corresponding sides is equal

Page 3
 Lesson

1 Ratio and Proportion

Let Us Study
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities using division. The ratio of quantities
.
a and b can be expressed as a to b, a:b, or , where b ≠ 0. Ratios are usually in
/
) 0 '(
simplest form. By simplification of fractions, the ratios , , and are all
+ (' '+
#
equivalent to the ratio .
$
Ratio can also be used to compare three or more numbers. We call it extended
ratios. The ratio a:b:c means that the ratio of the first number to the second is a:b,
the ratio of the first to the third is a:c, and the ratio of the second to the third is b:c.

Example 1: The ratio of female to male Presidents of the Philippines can be expressed
in different forms:
'
2: 14 (colon form) (fraction form)
($
2 ÷ 14 (division form) 2 to 14 (phrasal form)

Example 2: If the ratio of the angles of a triangle is 1:2:3, what is the measure of
each angle?
Solution:
Let x be the measure of the first angle, 2x for the second angle and 3x for the
third angle. Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°, we have:
x + 2x +3x = 180 → 6x = 180 → x = 30°
Therefore, the measure of the first angle is 30°, the second angle measures
60° = 2(30°), and the third angle measures 90° = 3(30°).

A proportion is an equation showing that two ratios are equal. If the ratios
! #
a:b and c:d are equal, then we write a:b = c:d or "
= $. It is read as “a is to b as c is

to d”. Each number in a proportion is called a term. In the proportion a:b = c:d, the
terms a and d are called the extremes, and b and c are called the means.

extreme ! # mean
mean
=
" $ extreme

Page 4
 The product of the extremes ad and the product of the means bc are called
cross products.

Cross Product Property

In a proportion, the product of the extremes equals the product of the means.
. 1
In symbols, if = 2 when b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0, then ad = bc.
/

$ )
Example 3: Determine whether the equation (3 = (* is a proportion.

$ )
If = , then 4●15 = 10●6 → 60 = 60 applying cross product property
(3 (*

Since the product of the means 4●15 = 60 is equal to the product of the
extremes 10●6 = 60, the equation is a proportion.

The cross product property can also be used to solve a proportion.

Example 4: Solve for the value of x in the proportion 2:4 = 8:x.

Solution:
' +
$ = ! rewrite proportion to fraction form

2x = 4(8) apply cross product property

2x = 32 simplify

'! #'
= apply division property of equality
' '

x = 16 answer

#,! $
Example 5: Solve for the value of x in the proportion =#
!

Solution:
#,! $
!
=#
3(3 + x) = 4x apply cross product property
9 + 3x = 4x simplify
3x – 4x = – 9

Page 5
 x=9 answer
Example 6: A 150 cm rope is to be divided into 3 parts with the ratio 1:2:3. How
long is each part.
Representations: Equation:
Let 1x or x be the first part 1x + 2x + 3x = 150
Let 2x be the second part
Let 3x be the third part

Solution: Answers:
1x + 2x + 3x = 150 First part: 1x = 1(25) = 25
6x = 150 Second Part: 2x = 2(25) = 50
)! Third Part: 3x = 3(25) = 75
= 150
)
TOTAL = 150
x = 25

Thus, the first part, second part, third part measures 25 cm, 50 cm and
75 cm, respectively.

Aside from the cross-product property, the following can also be applied in
solving problems involving proportions.

% " % !
Alternation Property If
!
= & , then "
= & ; y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0

% " ! &
Inverse Property If = & , then % = "; w ≠ 0, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0
!

% " %,! &,"

Addition Property If = & , then = ; x ≠ 0, z ≠ 0
! ! &

% " %-! &-"

Subtraction Property If
!
= & , then !
= &
; x ≠ 0, z ≠ 0

4 % " 4 % " 4,%,"

If = = & , then 5 = = & = 5,!,& =k
5 ! !
Inverse Property Where k is a constant at proportionality and v ≠ 0,
x ≠ 0, z ≠ 0

Page 6
 Lesson

2 Similarity of Figures

Similar Figures have the same shape but not necessarily the same size.
Two convex polygons are similar if and only if

• corresponding angles are congruent; and

• corresponding sides are proportional.
Note: These conditions also apply to similar triangles.

Example 7: Determine whether quadrilaterals ABCD and PQRS are similar.

Solution:
To prove that the two quadrilaterals are similar, the two conditions must be proved:
(1) corresponding angles are congruent and (2) corresponding sides are proportional.
In comparing the two quadrilaterals, the following were observed:

1. ∠A= ∠P, ∠B= ∠Q, ∠C= ∠R, and ∠D= ∠S

which means that the corresponding angles are equal.

2. AB/PQ=2.5/1.25=2, BC/QR=3/1.5=2, CD/RS=5/2.5=2, AD/PS=4/2=2

which also means that the corresponding sides have the same ratio.
This implies that quadrilaterals ABCD and PQRS are similar. In symbols:

c ABCD ~ c PQRS.

Example 8: Solve for the value of x and y given that △ABC ~ △MNP.
A

M
6 12
y 8

C x B P 14 N

Page 7
Since the problem tells that the two polygons are similar, we can assume that
corresponding sides are proportional.

𝑀𝑃 89 𝑃𝑁
= = - if two triangles are similar, corresponding sides are
67 6: 7:
proportional
𝑦 + 14
= = - substitution
) (' !

Since there are three ratios, with one ratio has complete values, we can split the
proportion into two equations.

Equation no. 1: Equation no. 2:

𝑦 + + ($
= =
) (' (' !
Solution: Solution:
𝑦 + + ($
= - given equation = - given equation
) (' (' !
12(y) = 6(8) - cross product property 8(x) = 12(14) - cross product property
12y = 48 - simplify 8x = 168 - simplify
y=4 - answer x = 21 - answer

Thus, the values of x and y are 21 and 4, respectively.

The simplest form of the ratio of the lengths of two corresponding sides of
similar figures is the scale factor (also called the similarity ratio). The scale factor
is usually used in maps, blueprints, or graphs which are drawings that show the
correct shape and proportion of objects or figures but does not necessarily show its
true size. If the scale factor is a whole number, the copy will be larger. If the scale
factor is a fraction, the copy will be smaller.

To find the scale factor, you first decide which direction you are scaling:
Scale Direction Formula

Scale Up ;.<=>< @A=4<> 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

=
(smaller figure to larger figure) BC.;;>< @A=4<> C>.B4<>C>DE

Scale Down BC.;;>< @A=4<> C>.B4<>C>DE

=
(larger figure to smaller figure) ;.<=>< @A=4<> 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
The scale factor for scaling up is a ratio greater than 1. The scale factor for scaling
down is a ratio of less than 1.

Example 9: Find the scale factor given that △ABC ~ △MNP.

A
M
6 12
4 8

C 24 B P 16 N

Page 8
Solution:
Since the we have a larger figure on the left and a smaller figure on the right, we
could say that the figure scaled down. Thus, the scale factor of △ABC to △MNP is
as follows:

BC.;;>< @A=4<> C>.B4<>C>DE

Scale Factor =
;.<=>< @A=4<> 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
- scale down formula

8F
Scale Factor = - pick any pair of
67
corresponding sides
$
Scale Factor = - simplify
)
𝟐
Scale Factor = - answer
𝟑

What if we try to find out the scale factor of △MNP to △ABC? If this is the case, we
could say that the figure scaled up. Thus,

;.<=>< @A=4<> C>.B4<>C>DE

Scale Factor =
BC.;;>< @A=4<> 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
- scale down formula

67
Scale Factor = - pick any pair of
8F
corresponding sides
)
Scale Factor = - simplify
$
𝟑
Scale Factor = - answer
𝟐

𝟐
Thus, the scale factor of △MNP to △ABC is while the scale factor of △MNP to
𝟑
𝟑
△ABC is .
𝟐

Example 10: If a map is drawn to the scale of 1 cm : 190 km and the distance
between towns A and B measures 6 cm on the map, what is the approximate
distance between the two towns?

Solution:
Let x be the distance between towns A and B

( )
= - form a proportion between the two ratios
190 !
1(x) = 6(190) - cross product property
x = 1,140 - answer

Thus, the actual distance between towns A and B is 1,140 km.

Page 9
 Let Us Practice
Tell whether the polygons are ALWAYS, SOMETIMES or NEVER
similar.

1. Two equilateral triangles

2. Two right triangles
3. Two isosceles triangles
4. Two squares
5. Two rectangles
6. Two rhombuses
7. Two isosceles trapezoids
8. An isosceles triangle and a scalene triangle
9. A right triangle and scalene triangle
10. An equilateral triangle and equiangular triangle

𝒙 𝒛
Which of the following is/are equivalent form(s) of the proportion = ?
𝒚 𝒘
𝒙 𝒛
Put a check ü if the item is equivalent to = , and an û if it is not equivalent.
𝒚 𝒘

!," &,%
11. wx = yz 14. =
" %

! " ! &
12. = 15. =
& % % "

% &
13. =
" !

𝒙 𝟓
Use the proportion = to complete each statement.
𝒚 𝟖
+ ! +
16. 5y = _____ 17. = _____ 18. = _____ 19. = ______
" !," *

The triangles are similar. Complete the following.

20. △ONG ~ _______

21. The scale factor of △ONG to △LIM is ______. O

L
22. LM = _____ and IM = _____
N G
23. The perimeter of △ONG is ____.
24. The perimeter of △LIM is ____. I M
25. The ratio of the perimeter of △ONG to △LIM is ____.

Page 10
 Let Us Practice More

Solve each problem.

1. A boy wishes to divide a board 28 cm long into three pieces in the ratio 1:2:4.
Find the length of each piece.

2. A wholesaler in Uyanguren bought 840 meters of curtain material which were

divided into 3 bundles in the ratio 2:5:7. How many meters of curtain material are
in each bundle?

3. The sides of a triangle are 8, 15 and 18. The shortest side of a similar triangle is
10. How long are the other sides?

4. Find the scale factor of a similar triangle whose sides are 4, 12, 20 and 5, 15, 25.

5. A map in Davao City has a scale of 1cm to 0.5 km. What map distance
corresponds to an actual distance of 12 km?

Find the value of x. The figures in each pair are similar.

6. 8.

7. 9.

Let Us Remember

ü A ratio is a comparison of two quantities using division

ü A proportion is an equation showing that two ratios are equal
ü Properties of Proportion

Cross Product . 1
if
/
= 2 when b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0, then ad = bc.
Property

Page 11
 Alternation % " % !
If = & , then = & ; y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0
Property ! "

% " ! &
Inverse Property If = & , then % = "; w ≠ 0, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0
!

% " %,! &,"

Addition Property If = & , then = ; x ≠ 0, z ≠ 0
! ! &

Subtraction % " %-! &-"

Property
If
!
= & , then !
= &
; x ≠ 0, z ≠ 0

4 % " 4 % " 4,%,"

If = = , then = = = =k
5 ! & 5 ! & 5,!,&
Inverse Property where k is a constant at proportionality and v ≠ 0,
x ≠ 0, z ≠ 0

ü Two convex polygons are similar if and only if

ü corresponding angles are congruent; and
ü corresponding sides are proportional.
ü The simplest form of the ratio of the lengths of two corresponding sides of
similar figures is the scale factor (also called the similarity ratio).

Let Us Assess
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in your
answer sheets.

1. On a scale drawing of a house with a scale of 1 cm : 2 m, the length of the house

is 2.25 cm. What is the length of the actual house?

a. 1.125 m b. 112.5 cm c. 4.5 m d. 4.5 cm

2. Which of the following is/are true about proportion?

I. The equality of the two ratios.

II. The product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means.
a. I only b. II only c. both I and II d. neither I nor II

Page 12
3. △BRY~△ANT. Which ratio of sides gives the scale factor?

a. AN/BR c. AT/BR

b. AN/AT d. NT/BR

4. A School has a population of 1575 students. The student to teacher ratio is 15 to

1. How many teachers are there in the school?

a. 95 b. 100 c. 105 d. 110

$ !,'
5. If = , what is the value of x?
# !
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

% " ! &
6. If
!
= & , then % = "; w ≠ 0, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0. What property does this statement
express?
a. Cross-Multiplication Property c. Inverse Property
b. Alternation Property d. Addition Property

7. What is the statement that shows the two ratios are equal?
a. Basic Proportionality Theorem c. Ratio
b. Proportion d. Zero Theorem

8. If two corresponding angles of two triangles are congruent, then we could say
that…
a. the triangles are identical
b. the triangles are congruent

c. the triangles are similar

d. the length of the corresponding sides is equal

9. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4. Find the measure of each angle.

a. 20o, 30o and 130o c. 45o, 45o and 90o

b. 40o, 60o and 80o d. 40o, 55o and 85o

Page 13
10. The ratio of the sides of the original triangle to its enlarged version is 1:3. The
enlarged triangle is expected to have
a. sides that are thrice as long as the original
b. an area that is thrice as large as the original
c. sides that are one-third the lengths of the original
d. angles that are thrice the measurement of the original

11. The ratio of boys to girls is 3 to 2. If there are 12 boys, how many girls are
there?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

!-( !-(
12. If = , what is the value of x?
# *
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

13. Which of the following is proportional to 2:3?

a. 2:6 b. 3:4 c. 4:6 d. 5:6

14. An environmentalist plants a tree. He had to dig 3 feet deep for every 5 feet of
tree height. How deep should the environmentalist dig if the height of the tree is
25 feet high?
a. 15 feet b. 20 feet c. 25 feet d. 30 feet

! #
15. Which of the following is equivalent to the equation
"
=$?
a. 4x = 3y b. xy:12 c. 4y:3x d. 3:4

16. Which of the following is true for any triangle?

a. the longest side is always opposite the smallest angle

b. the shortest side is always opposite the smallest angle

c. the shortest side is always opposite the largest angle.

d. longest side is always in between the smallest and largest angle

17. In the school’s newspaper, the editor wants to reduce photos to fit a certain page.
If an original volleyball photo measures 15 cm by 10 cm, which of the following
sets of cropped dimensions is in proportion to the original photo?

a. 3 cm by 1 cm b. 2 cm by 1 cm c. 3 cm by 2 cm d. 2 cm by 3 cm

Page 14
18. The smallest square of the grid you made on your original picture is 6 cm. If you
enlarge the picture on a 15-cm grid, which of the following is true?
I. The new picture is 250% larger than the original one.
II. The new picture is two and a half times larger than the original one.
III. The scale factor between the original and the enlarged picture is 2:5.
a. I only b. III only c. I and II d. I, II and III

19. A map is drawn to the scale of 1 cm : 150 m. If the distance between towns A
and B measures 8.5 cm on the map, determine the approximate distance
between these towns.
a. 2,175 m b. 1,725 m c. 1,275 m d. 2,715 m

'
20. Which of the following ratios is not proportional to ?
$
( # * )
a. b. c. d.
' ) + ('

Let Us Enhance
In this part, you are to make a scale drawing of your house’s floor
area/plan. Draw your scale drawing on a clean sheet of paper and submit it to
your teacher.

SCALE DRAWING

The image on the right is an example of a

Scale Drawing of a house.

Directions:
1. Using any measuring device (ruler,
tape measure, steel tape, etc.), measure
the perimeter of the floor area of your
house. Use meters as the unit of
measure.

2. Draw your scale drawing on a short

bond paper using the scale 1 m : 1.5 cm.

Page 15
 RUBRICS FOR THE PERFORMANCE TASK
POINTS
CRITERIA
1 2 3 4
5 or more errors 3 – 4 errors in 1 – 2 errors in No errors in
Calculations
in calculations calculations calculations calculations
5 or more 3 – 4 inaccurate 1 – 2 inaccurate Complete and
Measurement inaccurate measurements measurements accurate
measurements measurements
Presentation Presentation Organized Creative, neat
lacks some lacks some presentation and organized
organization but organization but with all of the presentation
includes most of includes most of required with all of the
the required the required information. required
Scale information. information. Overall information.
Drawing Overall Overall appearance is Effort is Evident.
appearance appearance good. Effort is
could be could be evident.
improved. Effort improved. Effort
is not evident. is somewhat
evident.
Portfolio lacks Portfolio is Portfolio is neat Portfolio is
neatness and somewhat neat and organized. extremely neat
organization. and organized. Parts function and organized.
Neatness and Some parts are Few parts are well; adequate All parts
Organization incomplete or incomplete or reference function
absent. absent present. perfectly; ample
reference
available.

Page 16
 Let Us Reflect
Like, Heart and Sad Reacts

On the Like React, write three things that you have learned about the lesson.
On the Heart React, write two real-life situations where you can apply the concept
of sequence.
On the Sad React, write one question that you want to ask about the topic.

Page 17
 Page 18
Let Us Assess
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. A
13. C
14. A
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. D
19. C
20. C
Let Us Practice More Let Us Practice Let Us Try
1. 4cm, 8cm, 16cm 1. ALWAYS 1. C
2. 120m, 300m, 2. SOMETIMES 2. A
420m 3. SOMETIMES 3. B
3. 18.75 & 22.5 4. ALWAYS 4. C
4. 4/5 or 5/4 5. ALWAYS 5. C
5. 24cm 6. SOMETIMES 6. D
6. 2 7. SOMETIMES 7. A
7. 40 8. NEVER 8. D
8. 63 9. SOMETIMES 9. C
9. 12 10. ALWAYS 10. A
11. ü 11. A
12. ü 12. C
13. û 13. C
14. ü 14. C
15. û 15. C
16. 8x 16. B
17. 5/x 17. A
18. 5/13 18. D
19. y/x 19. B
20. LIM 20. C
21. 1/3
22. LM = 15
IM = 12
23. 12
24. 36
25. 1/3
Answer Key
 References

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