CALLAN FOR BUSINESS

CALLAN FOR BUSINESS
LESSON 1
P. 1
JUNIOR - (adj.)
Def: means having a low rank in an organization or profession
Ex. I would have a problem working for a boss who was ten years my junior.
(because I used to have a boss much older than me).
SENIOR - (adj.)
Def: means higher in standing or rank than another person in the same position
Ex. There are several people here who are senior to me. (= with a higher rank
than me).
TECHNICAL - (adj.)
Def: Technical ability - is the ability to do the difficult things that you have to do in
order to play music, do a sport etc:
Ex. In my opinion, a person’s (technical skills) are more important in enabling
someone to rise to a senior position in a company than their (social skills).
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ATTACH - (v.)
Def: means to fasten or join one thing to another
Ex. We attach a recent photograph to our application form.
ATTACHMENT - (n.)
Def: means a document or file that is sent with email
Ex. I usually send a document as an attachment to my e-mail.
SUBMIT - (v.)
Def: means to give a document, proposal, piece of writing, etc. to someone so
that it can be considered or approved
Ex. If you are applying for a job, you need to submit your application form to the
reception desk.
EXPENSES - (n.)
Def: means money that you spend on things such as travel and food while you
are doing your job, and which your employer then pays to you
Ex. When someone goes on a business trip, one can claim their meal on
expenses.
Ex. When submitting a claim for expenses, an employee needs to to attach
receipts to the claim form as proof of how the money was spent.
NEWSLETTER - (n.)
Def: means a short written report that tells about the recent activities of an
organization and that is sent to members of the organization
Ex. The society publishes a newsletter twice a year.
PRINT OUT - (phrasal verb)

Def: To print out - means to produce a paper copy of a document that is on a
computer
BODY TEXT - (n.)

Def: is found when writing a new email message. The message body/ body text
contains the complete message.
Ex. If I were emailing a newsletter to colleagues and I expected them to print it
out, I’d include the newsletter as an attachment. (because they could just download it
and had it printed out so quickly.)
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P. 2
LEAFLET - (n.)
Def: means a small book or piece of paper advertising something or giving
information on a particular subject
Ex. Students were handing out election leaflets at the station.
PROMOTE - (v.)
Def: means to help something happen, develop, or increase
Ex. A national government can promote the habit of recycling among the general
population by teaching children about recycling at school, sending out leaflets, building
more recycling centers etc.
- Another meaning:
Def: also means to give someone a better, more responsible job in a company
Ex. My friend was promoted to senior manager.
PROMOTION - is the noun of the verb “promote”

Ex. I have never asked my boss for a promotion at work.
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IN THE RED
Def: In the red - means spending and owing more money than is being earned
Ex. Apparently the company had been in the red [=had been losing money] for
some time before it went out of business.
IN THE BLACK
- is the opposite of “in the red” - which means making a profit
Ex. The company is finally in the black. [=the company is profitable]
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DEBIT CARD - (n.)
Def: means a small plastic card that is used to buy things by having the money to
pay for them taken directly from your bank account
Ex. They always put my salary in my debit card.
CURRENT ACCOUNT - (n.)

Def: means a bank account from which you can take money by writing checks
Ex. We’re more likely to be offered a debit card when we open a current account.
OVERDRAFT - (n.)
Def: means the amount of money you owe to a bank when you have spent more
money than you had in your account
Ex. The most common reason people have for applying for an overdraft on their
current account is because the balance of their account is too slow to cover all their
expenses.
BALANCE - (n.)
Def: means the amount of money in a bank account
Ex. My bank balance isn't good and it’s not even enough to buy a new
dress.
COVER (AN EXPENSE, A COST ETC.)

Def: means to pay for something
Ex. My checking account balance will not cover the check. [=there is not enough
money in my checking account to pay for the amount of the check]
Ex. He has enough money to cover tuition, but he can't afford to buy the
textbooks he needs.
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P. 3
EXECUTIVE DECISION-MAKING HIGH-RANKING
CEO = CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
MANAGING DIRECTOR PRESIDENT
(Note: Please read the book explanation.)
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SHIFT - (n.)
Def: means a group of people who work together during a scheduled period of
time
Ex. I think working night shifts for a long time is bad for people.
- Another meaning:
- If workers in a factory, hospital etc work shifts or do shift works, they work for a
particular period of time during the day or night, and are then replaced by others, so that
there are always people working.
Ex. Some jobs where shift work is common are police officers, nurses, doctors
etc.
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LEISURE - (n.)
Def: means time when you are not working : time when you can do whatever you
want to do
Ex. In my leisure [=free time, spare time], I read a book, paint etc.
TAKE PART - (v.)

Def: means to participate in something
Ex. I think colleagues tend to perform better as a team at work if they also take
part in leisure activities together outside work.
PERFORM - (v.)
Def: means to do an action or activity that usually requires training or skill
PERFORMANCE - is the noun of the verb “perform”

Ex. Some companies put a limit on the number of hours their employees are
allowed to work each week because an employee’s performance can suffer if they work
too many hours and don’t get enough leisure time.
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P. 4
AT A PROFIT - (prep. phrase) AT A LOSS - (prep. phrase)

- Instead of saying a business is making a profit or making a loss, we can say a
business is operating at a profit or operating at a loss.
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LEARNING CURVE ACQUIRE
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OBJECTIVE - (n.)
Def: means a goal or purpose
Ex. The main objective of any commercial organization is to make a profit.
COMMERCE - (n.)
Def: means activities that relate to the buying and selling of goods and services
E-COMMERCE - (n.) - stands for “electronic commerce”

Def: means business of buying and selling things, particularly on a large scale
Ex. There are some e-commerce applications such as online ticketing and
reservations.
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P. 5
CONTRIBUTE - (v.)
Def: means to give something, such as money, goods, or time to help a person,
group, cause, or organization
Ex. We're trying to raise money for a new school, and we're hoping that everyone
will contribute.
CONTRIBUTION - is the noun of the verb “contribute”
PENSION - (n.) FUND - (n.)

Def: means an amount of money that a company or the government pays to a
person who is old or sick and no longer works
Ex. Retired people are living on their pensions.
- A pension fund is the money that a company invests in order to earn money to
pay pensions
FUNDS - (n.)
Def: means available money
Ex. I'm a little short of funds right now. [=I don't have much money right now]
Ex. The government in my country (doesn’t) contributes funds towards the
education of university students.
JOB SATISFACTION
Def: means enjoyment of your job
LOCATION - (n.)
Def: means a particular place, especially in relation to other areas, buildings etc:
Ex. My apartment is in a really good location.
WORKPLACE - (n.)
Def: means the room, building etc where you work
FACTOR - (n.)
Def: means one of the things that cause something to happen
Ex. The various factors that contribute to a person’s job satisfaction are the type
of work they do, their level of pay, their chances of promotion, the location of their
workplace, the quality of management etc.
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POLICY - (n.)
Def: means an officially accepted set of rules or ideas about what should be done
Ex. If I were a business owner, my policy on staff using their personal mobile
phones at work would be that cell phones cannot be used on company time aside from
breaks and lunch.
Ex. I think the expression “Honesty is the best policy” should be applied in every
business situation.
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P. 6
SURCHARGE - (n.)
Def: means money that you have to pay in addition to the basic price of
something
Ex. I usually have to pay a surcharge if I want something I’ve bought online to be
delivered more quickly than normal.
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GENERAL MANAGER STRATEGY
ASPECT OPERATIONS
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P. 7
SUPPLY - (n.)
Def: means the amount of something that is available to be used
Ex. The nation's fuel supplies will not last forever.
DEMAND - (n.)
Def: means the need or desire that people have for particular goods and services
Ex. Tickets for certain sporting events, concerts etc. sell at very high prices
because the demand for the tickets is very high and the supply is limited.
IN SHORT SUPPLY
Def: means not enough
Ex. Another way of saying that the supply of a product is limited is to say that the
product is in short supply.
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FIELD - (n.)
Def: means an area of work, study, etc.
Ex. I am working in my chosen field. (teaching)
SPECIALIZE - (v.)
Def: means to limit your business or area of study to one specific subject
Ex. Some mechanics specialize in repairing foreign cars.
SPECIALIST - (n.)
Def: means a person who has special knowledge and skill relating to a particular
job, area of study, etc. : Expert
Ex. He's a specialist in international law. [=he specializes in international law]
CAREER PATH - (n.)
Def: means a plan of action or a way of achieving something
Ex. Thinking about a person’s career path, one advantage of becoming a
specialist in a particular field is that a person can earn a lot of money if the work they
specialize in is in high demand.
SKILL SET (SKILLSET)

Def: means a person's range of skills or abilities
Ex. A possible disadvantage of being a specialist is that it can be difficult to
change career if the demand for a particular specialist skill set disappears.
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LESSON 2
P. 8
IMPORT - (v)
Def: it means to bring a product into a country to be sold
Ex. Phil. imports some products from another country like cars, gadgets etc.
EXPORT - (v)
Def: it means to send a product to be sold in another country
Ex. Phil exports sugar, banana, mangoes etc. to other countries.
COMMODITY - (n)
Def: means anything that can be traded (bought or sold); usually something quite
basic such as sugar, steel, oil etc.
Ex. _________ is a commodity that most countries in this part of the world have
to import from other countries.
LUCRATIVE - (adj)
Def: means producing money or wealth
Ex. I think my country’s most lucrative export is rice.
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MARKET - (n)
Def: means a place where products are bought and sold
Ex. I think Phil. has the largest rice market in the world.
DOMESTIC - (n)
Def: of, relating to, or made in your own country
Ex. I reckon Japan has the biggest domestic car market.
GLOBAL - (adj)
Def: involving the entire world
Ex. I think ______ has the highest global sales.
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BUSINESSMAN BUSINESSWOMAN
BUSINESSPERSON ENTREPRENEUR
(Note: Please read the book definition)
Ex. An entrepreneur is a businessperson who starts their own business and

accepts the risks that this involves.
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P. 9
APPLICATION - (n)
Def: a formal and usually written request for something (such as a job, admission
to a school, a loan, etc.)
Ex. Before applying to a certain job we need to fill up an application form.
DOCUMENTATION - (n)
Def: the documents, records, etc., that are used to prove something or make
something official
Ex. You cannot visit the country unless you have the proper documentation.
COVER LETTER - (n)

Def: a letter that is sent with something to explain the reason for it or to give more
information about it
Ex. Always include a cover letter with your resume.
CV = CURRICULUM VITAE - (n)

Def: a short document that describes your education, work experience, etc.
Ex. When we submit a job application, we usually send our CV together with a
cover letter.
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AGENDA - (n)
Def: a list of things to be considered or done
ENSURE - (v)
Def: to make (something) sure, certain, or safe
ISSUE - (n)
Def: something that people are talking about, thinking about, etc. : an important
subject or topic
FOCUS - (n)
Def: a main purpose or interest
Ex. For a meeting at work, it’s useful to have an agenda to ensure that everything
is discussed in a logical order, that important issues are not forgotten, and that
people stay focused.
CIRCULATE - (v)
Def: to go or spread from one person or place to another
Ex. I need to circulate these documents to all my members for the meeting
tomorrow so that they can read ahead of time the topic that is going to be talked
about.
ITEM - (n)
Def: a separate piece of news or information
Ex. An agenda is normally circulated to people a few days before a meeting
takes place so that everyone can think about the items on the agenda, ask for
other items to be added if necessary etc.
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PUBLIC SECTOR - (n)
Def: the part of an economy which is controlled or owned by the government
Ex. She has a job in the Public Sector.
PRIVATE SECTOR - (n)

Def: the part of an economy which is not controlled or owned by the government
Ex. I personally believe it’s better to build a career in the ______ because___.
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P. 10
ECONOMY - (n)
Def: the process or system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and
bought in a country or region
Ex. An increase in tourism will help the city’s economy.
GROWTH - (n)
Def: an increase in the number, amount, or size of something
Ex. __________ is a country that’s experiencing a rapid growth in its economy at the
moment.
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CORRESPOND - (v)
Def: (1) to be similar or equal to something
Ex. The job title that corresponds more closely to CEO is managing director.
(2) to write to someone or to each other
Ex. Nowadays it’s easy to correspond to someone by sending a message using
our phones.
CORRESPONDENCE - (n)
Def: the activity of writing letters or emails to someone
Ex. A business might choose to correspond by sending a letter rather than an
email is when the correspondence needs to appear very formal or official.
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
Ex. It’s the Governments job to ensure health and safety for the people.
WORKFORCE - (n)
Def: the group of people who work for a particular organization or business
Ex. The increase of workforce in a country helps the country to develop.
STATUTORY - (adj)
Def: of or relating to formal laws or statutes
Ex. Citizens in a country have a statutory right to get their benefits as soon as
they retire.
MEET AN OBLIGATION
Def: something that you must do because of a law, rule, promise, etc.
Ex. In this country, there’s a statutory obligation for business to maintain good
standards of health and safety for their workforce.
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BREAK EVEN
(Please read the book definition.)

Ex. I’d feel ____ if my new business broke even in its first year of trading.
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P. 11
ECONOMIC ECONOMICAL
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FULL-TIME PART-TIME
CONTRACT TERMINATE
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P. 12
TERMINOLOGY - (n)
Def: the special words or phrases that are used in a particular field
Ex. It’s hard for someone who doesn’t work in business to understand business
terminology.
TERM - (n)
Def: a word or phrase that has an exact meaning
Ex. If I were speaking to a computer expert and they used a term I weren’t sure about,
I’d ask the meaning of the term.
IN . . .TERMS
Def: (1) used to indicate the specific thing that is being described, thought of, etc.
Ex. In economic terms, I think Japan is the country in the world which is the
healthiest.
(2) the conditions or rules that limit something (such as an agreement or a

contract) : the things that must be agreed upon in order for something to happen
or continue
Ex. I always ensure that I read all the terms of every contract I sign.
CLARIFY - (v)
Def: to make (something) easier to understand
Ex. If I were speaking to a computer expert and they used a term I weren’t sure
about, I’d ask to clarify the meaning of the term.
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P. 13
DEPARTMENT - (n)
Def: one of the major parts of a company, organization, government, or school
Ex. Your letter has been forwarded to our sales department.
CONSUMER - (n)
Def: a person who buys goods and services
Ex. Many consumers are still not comfortable making purchases on the Internet.
CUSTOMER SERVICES
Def: a group that deals with the needs of the costumers
Ex. If customers need to clarify something they need to contact directly to the
customer service incharge.
SALES
Def: a group that deals with the selling of products
Ex. Sales Departments really know how to persuade customers to buy their
products.
MARKETING - (n)
Def: the activities that are involved in making people aware of a company's
products, making sure that the products are available to be bought, etc.
Ex. The sales, customers services, and marketing departments have the most
direct contact with consumers.
CALL CENTRE
Def: a kind of organization that receives call from the customers
Ex. In a large business like a bank for example, the customer services
department is most likely to be based in a call center.
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OUT OF WORK - (adj)
Def: not having a job
Ex. I don’t believe that my current government has a good strategy for helping
people who are out of work.
JOB SECURITY
Def: when a job is secure and there is no chance of ever loosing it
Ex. If a person’s main concern were job security, I’d suggest that they looked for
a work in the public sector.
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CHAIR CHAIRPERSON CHAIRMAN
CHAIRWOMAN PRINCIPAL PARTICIPATE PARTICIPANT
(Note: Please read the book definition.)
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P. 14
PRIORITY - (n)
Def: something that is more important than other things and that needs to be
done or dealt with first
Ex. If someone’s main priority in life is their career, I think their likely to have a
happy private life because they will be too much focus of thinking about their job
and tends to forget that they still have life to spend with their family.
PRIORITIZE - (v)
Def:to organize (things) so that the most important thing is done or dealt with first
TASK - (n)
Def: a piece of work that has been given to someone : a job for someone to do
Ex. We should always spend a few minutes prioritizing our tasks before we start
work each day so that urgent or important tasks get done first.
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LESSON 3
P. 15
Abbreviations (1)
Attn = attention FAO = for the attention of
PTO = please turn over Re = regarding
(Note: Please read the book explanation)
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P. 16
ANNUAL - (adj)
Def: something that happens once a year
AUTOMATIC - (adj.)
Def: if something is automatic, it means that it happens as a result of specific
conditions, rules or laws without a special decision being made
PAY RISE - (n.)

Def: an increase in the amount of money you are paid for doing your job
RAISE (n)
Def: another word for “pay rise”
Ex. It’s normal for public sector workers in my country to get automatic annual
pay rises.
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COMMUTE - (v.)
Def: to travel regularly to and from work
Ex. The maximum amount of time I’d be willing to spend commuting each day is
an hour.
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PR = PUBLIC RELATIONS - (n)

Def: the activity of creating a good opinion among people about a person,
product, company or institution
Ex. If I were a famous celebrity, I’d employ my own PR manager so that things
would be easy for me.
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DEPOSIT - (v.)
Def: to put money in a bank account
WITHDRAW - (v.)
Def: to remove money from a bank account
Ex. As regards personal banking, I think the need to deposit and withdraw
physical cash will eventually disappear.
PUT DOWN - (phrasal verb)

Def: to give an amount of money as a first payment when you are buying
something that costs a lot of money
INCUR - (v.)
Def: to lose money, owe money, or have to pay money as a result of doing
something
Ex. A business ask a customer to put down a deposit on goods they’re ordered to
ensure that the business doesn’t incur unnecessary costs if the customer changes their
mind.
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P. 17
SELL LIKE HOT CAKES - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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CONSUMER SPENDING PUBLIC SPENDING
TAXATION - (n.)
Def: the money that a government collects from people from taxes
Ex. Most public spending is paid for by taxation.
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ACHIEVE - (v.)
Def: something to get or reach
TARGET - (n.)
Def: the person or group that someone is trying to influence, sell something to,
etc.
Ex. Some parents get upset when television commercials deliberately target
young children.
- another meaning of target is something that you want to achieve
Ex. In June last year, we achieved sales of 152,000 pounds, which was 12,000
pounds above our target.
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P. 18
PROJECT - (n.)
Def: a planned piece of work that has a specific purpose and that usually
requires a lot of time
BID - (n. or v.)

Def: as a noun - an offer to pay a particular amount of money for something
Ex. I suppose so many cities submit bids to hold the Olympics despite the fact
that it’s a difficult and expensive project to manage in order to gain popularity of their
place.
Def: as a verb - to offer to pay a particular amount of money for something
Ex. My city has ever bid for a famous international sporting event.
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SELECT - (v.)
Def: to choose someone or something from a group
Ex. If I were presented with the opportunity to go and work in either London, New
York and Tokyo, I’d select London.
SELECTION PROCESS - (n.)

Def: the process of interviewing and evaluating candidates for a specific job and
selecting an individual for employment based on a certain criteria.
APPLICANT - (n.)
Def: someone who applies for something such as a job
RECRUIT - (v.)
Def: to get someone to work in a company or join an organization
RECRUITMENT - (n.)
Def: the process of finding to join a company or organization
Ex. A company can also give applicants tests, organize group activities etc.,
during its recruitment selection process.
ASSESS -
Def: to carefully consider a situation, person, or problem in order to make a
judgment
Ex. When a company is recruiting new staff, an interview isn’t the only way for it
to assess an applicant.
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PA = PERSONAL ASSISTANT - (n.)
Def: someone whose job is to help a manager by writing business letters,
organizing meetings, etc.
SECRETARY - (n.)
Def: someone in an office who works for someone else and who does jobs such
as arranging meetings, making phone calls, and preparing letters
SUPERVISE - (v.)
Def: to watch and direct someone or something
Ex. Some PAs get paid a lot more than normal secretaries because they’re given
responsibility for tasks that normal secretaries don’t perform, such as writing reports,
making financial decisions, supervising other staff etc.
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P. 19
Numbers (See section B of your Wall Chart)
MINUS
Ex. 2,000 - 600 = 1,400
SUBTRACT
Ex. If we subtract 60 from 40, we get minus twenty.
DECIMAL NUMBER
Ex. 8 ½ as a decimal number is 8.5.
FRACTION
Ex. 1.75 as a fraction is 1 ¾ (one and three quarters)
DIGIT
Ex. There are 4 digits in this figure, 6440. and there are 5 digits in this figure,
21,672.
SAVINGS (n.)
Def: money that you have saved in a bank or invested so that you can use it
later.
PER CENT (PERCENT)

Def: one part of 100
Ex. The best interest rate one could expect to get from a savings account is 1%.
INTEREST RATES - (n.)

Def: the percentage that an institution such as a bank charges or pays you in
interest when you borrow money from it or keep money in an account.
Ex. If I borrowed 5,000 pounds from a bank now, I’d expect to be charged an
interest rate of 10%.
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P. 20
STOCK - (n.)
Def: one of the equal parts into which the value of the company is divided
CAPITAL - (n.)
Def: money or property that you use to start a business or invest to earn more
money
ISSUE - (v.)
Def: to make something available to be sold or used
FLOAT - (v.)
Def: If one company floats their stocks in the stock market, it means that they
issue shares, and obtain money from selling them.
STOCK MARKET STOCK EXCHANGE

SHELF LIFE - (n.)

Def: the length of time that food may be stored and still be good to eat
Ex. Of these two food products: a packet of biscuits and a tin of baked beans, a
packet of biscuits has the longest shelf life.
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LESSON 4
P. 22
TRAINING - (n)
Def: a process by which someone is taught the skills that are needed for an art,
profession, or job
Ex. In order for me to become good at a sport I need to have a training.
BOOST - (v)
Def: to increase the force, power, or amount of (something)
Ex. If I owned a department store, I think spending on training for sales staff would
boost sales more efficiently.
SCHEME - (n)
Def: a clever and often dishonest plan to do or get something
Ex. The kind of companies that normally run annual training schemes for new graduates
are big companies that know they’ll have a large number of position available.
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FRAUD - (n)
Def: the crime of using dishonest methods to take something valuable from another
person
Ex. It’s an act of fraud to lie about your qualifications in your CV.
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REVENUE - (n)
Def: money that is made by or paid to a business or an organization
Ex. The factory lost revenue because of the strike by the workers.
EXPENDITURE - (n)
Def: an amount of money that is spent on something
Ex. Your income should be higher than your expenditures.
SOURCE - (n)
Def: someone or something that provides what is wanted or needed
Ex. A government’s main source of revenue is the taxation system.
EXCEED - (v)
Def: to be greater or more than (something)
Ex. If a government’s expenditure regularly exceeds its revenue, it might need to borrow
money.
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P. 23
TREASURER - (n)
Def: someone who is officially in charge of the money that is taken in and paid out by a
government, business, organization, etc.
Ex. She is treasurer of the college/museum/company.
CHARITY - (n)
Def: the act of giving money, food, or other kinds of help to people who are poor, sick,
etc.
Ex. The holidays are a time for charity and good will.
FINANCES - (n)
Def: money available to be used for some purposes
Ex. In a charity, club or society, the treasurer is in charge of the organization’s finances.
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ORGANOGRAM ORGANIZATION CHART
HIERARCHY DIAGRAM PERSONNEL
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OVERTIME - (n)
Def: time spent working at your job that is in addition to your normal working hours
Ex. Employers in my country have to pay workers extra for doing overtime.
DEADLINE - (n)
Def: a date or time when something must be finished : the last day, hour, or minute that
something will be accepted
Ex. A common reason for needing overtime is when there’s an important deadline to
meet.
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P. 24
PUT SOMEBODY THROUGH TO . . .

Def: means to connect someone to someone else on the telephone
Ex. Could you put me through to Eddie?
EXTENSION
Def: means a telephone number that connects to a particular extension
Ex. If I wanted to speak to someone, for example but I didn’t know his personal
extension, I could say “Could you put me through to Mr Jones, Please?”
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WRITING A BUSINESS LETTER OR EMAIL
HEADED PAPER
LETTERHEAD - (n)
Def: the name and address of an organization (such as a company) that is printed at the
top of a piece of paper used for writing official letters
LINKING WORDS
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P. 25
SUPPLIES - (n)
Def: the amount of something that is available to be used
MISCOMMUNICATION
DELIVERY - (n)
Def: the act of taking something to a person or place
Ex. The delivery is scheduled for this morning.
WAREHOUSE - (n)
Def: a large building used for storing goods
COMPENSATION - (n)
Def: something that is done or given to make up for damage, trouble, etc.
Ex. She offered to pay for lunch as compensation for keeping me waiting.
REDUCTION - (n)
Def: the act of making something smaller in size, amount, number, etc. : the act of
reducing something
Ex. Many voters want to see some reduction of the deficit.
INVOICE - (n)
Def: a document that shows a list of goods or services and the prices to be paid for
them Ex. Payment is due within 30 days after receipt of the invoice.
SHORTLY - (adv)
Def: in or within a short time
Ex. They should arrive shortly.
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LESSON 5
P. 29
ESTABLISH - (v.)
Def: means to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist
or continue for a long time
Ex. We call someone who establishes their own business, an entrepreneur.
CLOSE DOWN - (phrasal verb)

Def: means to permanently stop operating : CLOSE
Ex. Some restaurant businesses close down because of lack of lack of capital.
PROPORTION - (n.)
Def: means an amount that is a part of a whole
Ex. Only a small proportion of people in the world is left-handed.
MAJORITY - (n.)
Def: means a number that is greater than half of a total
Ex. I think majority of new restaurant businesses have to close down within one
year of being established.
MINORITY - is the opposite of “majority”

****************************************************************************************
CONSULT - (v.)
Def: means to go to someone, such as a doctor or lawyer for advice
Ex. When I’m not feeling very well, I consult a doctor.
CONSULTANT - (n.) FEE - (n.)

Def: means a person who gives professional advice or services to companies for
a fee
Ex. This school hired a computer consultant to assess how the company can
upgrade its system.
CONSULTANCY - (n.)
Def: means a company that gives professional advice to other companies for a
fee
Ex. The company has hired an excellent marketing consultancy to improve their
sales.
LINE MANAGER - (n.)

Def: means the system of organizing a company, etc. in which information and
instructions are passed from each employee and manager to the person one rank
above or below them
Ex. If I feel unsure about what to do in a particular situation at work, I should
consult my line manager.
RETAIN - (v.)
Def: means to keep someone in a position, job, etc.
Ex. This company's goal is to attract and retain good employees.
IN-HOUSE - (adj.)
Def: means working within a company or organization
Ex. We have an in-house training unit.
****************************************************************************************
P. 30
MARKET RESEARCH - (n.)

Def: means research that is done to get information about what people want to
buy, why they want to buy it, etc.
Ex. They had to conduct market research, then advertise the product.
SURVEY - (n.)
Def: means a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to
find out about their opinions or behaviour
Ex. We conducted a survey to find out what students think about sport.
QUESTIONNAIRE - (n.)
Def: means a written set of questions that are given to people in order to collect
facts or opinions about something
Ex. All staff were asked to fill in a questionnaire about their jobs.
****************************************************************************************
CUT BACK - (phrasal verb)
Def: means to use less of something
Ex. When I’m trying to reduce my personal spending, I usually cut back on
(smoking, drinking alcohol etc.)
CUTBACK - (n.)
Def: means the act of reducing the number or amount of something
Ex. He is opposed to further cutbacks [=cuts] in military spending.
RECESSION - (n.)
Def: means a period of time in which there is a decrease in economic activity
and many people do not have jobs
Ex. Many people lost their jobs during the recent recession.
DOWNTURN - (n.)
Def: means a situation in which something such as business or economic activity
decreases or becomes worse
Ex. There's been a downturn in the housing market.
UPTURN - (n.)
- is the opposite of “downturn”
CIRCUMSTANCE - (n.)
Def: means a condition or fact that affects a situation
Ex. I can't imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.
****************************************************************************************
P. 31
GOODS SERVICES
****************************************************************************************
DECLINE - (v.)
Def: means to become lower in amount or less in number
Ex. An increase in cars has resulted in the decline of public transport.
INFLATION - (n.)
Def: means a continual increase in the price of goods and services
Ex. During a period of rapidly increasing inflation, I’d expect consumer
confidence to grow.
MORTGAGE - (n.)
Def: means a legal agreement in which a person borrows money to buy property
such as a house and pays back the money over a period of years
Ex. He will have to take out a mortgage in order to buy the house.
DEFAULT - (v.)
Def: means to fail to do something that legally must be done
especially : to fail to make the payments you must make on a loan, mortgage, etc.
Ex. If the borrower defaults, the bank can take the house.
CONSUMER CONFIDENCE - (n.)

Def: means a measure of the degree of confidence people have in the economy
as a whole and in their own financial situation. If consumer confidence is high, people
spend more and the economy expands
Ex. There is a recent increase in consumer confidence. [=the good feelings that
people have about the economy]
****************************************************************************************
P. 32
NEGOTIATE - (v.)
Def: means to discuss something formally in order to make an agreement
Ex. She is negotiating a higher salary. [=she is trying to get a higher salary by
negotiating]
NEGOTIATION - is the noun of the verb “negotiate”
COMPROMISE - (n.)
Def: means a way of reaching agreement in which each person or group gives
up something that was wanted in order to end an argument
Ex. The negotiations between the two countries were successful and a happy
compromise was reached.
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CATALOGUE BROCHURE PUBLISH TESTIMONIAL
****************************************************************************************
P. 33
VALID - (adj.)
Def: means acceptable according to the law
Ex. My passport is still valid. [=it has not expired yet]
GUARANTEE - (n.)
Def: means a usually written promise such as: a promise that the quality of
something (such as a product that is being sold) will be as good as expected
Ex. A guarantee must in writing in order for it to be legally valid.
****************************************************************************************
MOTIVATE - (v.)
Def: means to give someone a reason for doing something
Ex. The company has used a number of methods to motivate its employees (to
work harder).
MOTIVATION - is the noun of the verb “motivate”
BONUS - (n.)
Def: means an extra amount of money that is given to an employee
Ex. We receive annual bonuses at the end of the year.
****************************************************************************************
COMPLY - (v.)
Def: means to do what you have been asked or ordered to do
Ex. There will be penalties against individuals who fail to comply.
REGULATION - (n.)
Def: means an official rule or law that says how something should be done
Ex. Builders must comply with the safety regulations.
****************************************************************************************
P. 34
PURCHASE - (v.)
Def: means to buy property, goods, etc.
Ex. People sometimes prefer to visit a shop to purchase goods even when prices
are lower online, because, when you purchase online, you can’t try the product before
you buy it, you have to wait for the goods to arrive, returning faulty products can be
difficult etc.
PURCHASING - (adj.)
Def: Purchasing department means the people in a company who buy the
company's supplies
PRODUCTION - (n.)
Def: means the process of growing or making food, goods or materials,
especially large quantities
Ex. Next year's car models have already gone into production. [=next year's
car models are already being made]
MANUFACTURING - (n.)
Def: means the industry or business of making products especially with machines
in factories
Ex. In a manufacturing company, the purchasing department is responsible for
acquiring the raw materials necessary for production.
****************************************************************************************
PERK - (n.) APPROPRIATE - (adj.)
Def: means a good thing that you have or get because of your situation
Ex. I only eat here because it's free - one of the perks of the job.
- Another meaning:
Def: also means something that you get legally from your work in addition to your
wages, such as goods, meals, or a car
Ex. In a job interview, I don’t think it’s appropriate [=correct/ suitable] to ask what
perks come with the position.
DISCOUNT - (n.)
Def: means an amount taken off a regular price : a price reduction
Ex. We were able to buy our tickets at a discount. [=for less than the usual
price]
SALES REP (SALES REPRESENTATIVE) - (n.)

Def: means someone who travels around, usually within a particular area, selling
their company's products
Ex. If I worked as a sales rep for a travel company, I might expect to receive
perks such as discounts on flights and hotels.
****************************************************************************************
COPE - (v.)
Def: means to deal with problems and difficult situations and try to come up with
solutions
Ex. The trial of my work has been difficult, but I'm learning to cope.
WORKLOAD - (n.)
Def: means the amount of work that is expected to be done
Ex. I have (never) worked for a company in which the majority of staff had
problems coping with their workload.
****************************************************************************************
P. 35
TECHNOLOGY - (n.)
Def: means new machines, equipment, and ways of doing things that are based
on modern knowledge about science and computers
Ex. Modern technology makes moving money around much easier than it used to
be.
IT = INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Def: means the study or use of electronic processes for gathering and storing
information and making it available using computers
Ex. Recent advances in information technology have led to important changes in
the operation of offices.
SECURITY - (n.) DATA - (n.)

Def: Security - means the state of being protected or safe from harm
Def: Data - means information that is produced or stored by a computer
Ex. As business grows, its IT department becomes more and more important
because data security becomes a bigger issue.
COMPLEX - (adj.)
Def: means consisting of many different parts and often difficult to understand
Ex. Computer networks are becoming more complex because of the advances in
information technology.
****************************************************************************************
CAMPAIGN - (n.)
Def: means a series of activities designed to produce a particular result
Ex. Today police began a campaign to reduce road accidents.
LAUNCH - (v.)
Def: means to offer or sell something for the first time
Ex. Companies normally run marketing campaigns when they are planning to
launch a new product.
****************************************************************************************
ANALYSE - (v.)
Def: means to study something closely and carefully
Ex. It’s in my nature to over-analyse situations and worry too much.
RELEVANT - (adj.)
Def: means relating to a subject in an appropriate way
Ex. I think it’s always better to analyze as much relevant data as possible before
making a decision at work.
****************************************************************************************
CASH COW RANGE
****************************************************************************************
LESSON 6
P. 38
IMPLY - (v.)
Def: to suggest that you think something without saying it directly
ONGOING - (adj.)
Def: still happening or being done
CLIENT - (Note: Please read the book definition)
****************************************************************************************
R&D = RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
STAND FOR - (phrasal verb)

Def: if a letter, an abbreviation, or a symbol stands for something, that is what it
means or represents
Ex. The R&D stands for research and development. R&D work is most important
in medicine, education etc.
****************************************************************************************
P. 39
CONFERENCE - (n.)
Def: a large meeting, often lasting a few days, where people who are interested
in a particular subject come together to discuss ideas
Ex. an international conference on the control of illegal drugs
Ex. After travelling abroad to attend a conference people claim for expenses such
as the cost of flights, accommodation, meals etc.
CONFERENCE CALL - (n.)

Def: a telephone call in which three or more people use special equipment that
allows each of them to hear and speak with the others
Ex. During a conference call, we can avoid the confusion of not knowing whose
voice we’re listening to by asking everyone to say their name each time they speak.
****************************************************************************************
RESOURCE - (n.)
Def: something such as money, workers, or equipment that can be used to help
a business
LABOR - (n.)
Def: all the workers in a particular country, industry, or company considered as a
group
INPUT OUTPUT
****************************************************************************************
P. 40
FREELANCE (worker)- (adj.)

Def: By a freelance worker, we mean a self-employed person who offers their
services to companies
FREELANCER - (n.)
Def: someone who is not permanently employed by a particular company, but
sells their services to more than one company
SELF-EMPLOYED - (adj.)
Def: working for yourself instead of for an employer and paid directly the people
who you provide a product or service to
APPOINT - (v.)
Def: to choose someone to do a particular job or have a particular position
TAKE ON - (phrasal verb)

Def: to start to employ someone
EXPAND - (v.)
Def: if a business expands, it grows by including more people, moving into new
areas, selling more products
CONTRACT - (v.)
Def: to hire someone to work
Ex. A small company might sometime prefer to appoint a freelancer rather than
take on a permanent staff member because appointing freelancers allows a company to
expand and contract more easily according to how much work is available, and
therefore control labour costs.
****************************************************************************************
CUSTOM - (n.)
Def: the place at an airport, border etc., where government officers collect
customs on goods and look for things that people are trying to bring into a country
illegally.
Ex. All goods imported into this country have to go through customs.
CUSTOMS - (n.)
Def: something that people do that is traditional or usual
Ex. When planning a marketing campaign in a foreign country it’s important to
take into account the customs, language and culture of the country.
****************************************************************************************
P. 41
Presenting Data in Graphic form
VARY - (v.)
Def: to be different in different situations
CATEGORY - (n.)
Def: a group of people or things that have similar qualities
TREND - (n.)
Def: a gradual change or development that produces a particular result
TABLE - (n.)
Def: a way of showing detailed pieces of information, especially facts or
numbers, by arranging them in rows and lines across and down a page
(Note: See section D of the wall chart)
DISPLAY - (n.)
Def: arrangement of things for people to look at
CHART - (n.)
Def: a list, drawing showing information in a way that is easy to understand
Ex. bar chart, flow chart, pie chart
- A pie chart’s useful for comparing relative quantities for a small number of
categories.
- We can use a pie chart, a bar chart or a table to show the results of a survey
asking the public which of five particular products they liked most.
- By a flow chart, we mean a diagram that shows the different events or stages in
a process. We could show a recruitment process in a flow chart.
- Of these three methods: a pie chart, a bar chart, or a table, a pie chart would
would most clearly show the percentage of customers that preferred each product.
GRAPH - (n.)
Def: a picture that uses lines or curves to show the relationship between
numbers or measurements change
Ex. Line graphs and bar charts are best for showing how data varies over time.
NUMERICAL - (n.)
Def: something expressed as numbers
Ex. When we present numerical data to people, we often use chart or graph
rather than just show the data in table because it can be easier to understand numerical
data when it’s displayed in a chart or graph.
****************************************************************************************
P. 42
SACK - (v.)
Ex. We usually say someone’s been sacked when it’s their own fault they lost
their job.
FIRE - (v.)
- is another word we can use instead of “sack”
Ex. They fired her for being late all the time.
DOWNSIZE - (v.)
Def: to make a company smaller by reducing the number of workers.
MAKE REDUNDANT
Def: if someone is redundant, they have been told they must leave their job
because they are no longer needed
Ex. When somebody loses their job as a result of a company needing to
downsize we say the person has been made redundant.
LAY OFF or (lay somebody off) - (phrasal verb)

Def: is another expression we can use instead of “make somebody redundant”
Ex. During the recession, we had to lay off a lot of staff.
****************************************************************************************
P. 43
INVEST - (v.)
Def: to use your money with the goal of making a profit from it, for example by
buying property or buying stock in a company
INVESTOR - (n.)
Def: a person or an organization that invests money
INVESTMENT - (n.)
Def: money used in a way that may earn more money
RETURN (n)
Def: the profit from an investment or business
ETHICAL - (adj.)
Def: morally right and good
Ex. Some investors consider the ethical aspects of an investment whereas some
simply consider the annual return they expect to get from it.
****************************************************************************************
P. 44
FIELD - (n.)
Def: an area in which a particular type of information is placed
COPY SOMEBODY IN (ON..) AN EMAIL - means to send an email to someone, even

though they are not the most important recipient of the message. (In an email program,
you usually write the address of the people you mainly want to send the message to in
the "To:" field. If there are other people who might be interested in this information but
don't have to reply to your message, you include them in the "Cc:" field. You say that
you "copied them on" the message.
Cc = CARBON COPY
Ex. When composing an email, we put an address in the Cc field in order to copy
somebody in on that email.
BCc = BLIND CARBON COPY

Ex. If you wanted to copy a colleague in on an email to a client without the client
knowing anyone else had been copied in, you’d put your colleague’s email address in
the “Bcc” field.
****************************************************************************************
LESSON 7
P. 45
MULTINATIONAL (multinational company)
****************************************************************************************
PUBLICIZE - (v.)
Def: means to give information about something to the public
Ex. My friend is busy publicizing [=promoting] his book.
PORTFOLIO - (n.)
Def: Portfolio of clients means “a list of clients”
Ex. A freelance hairdresser can start to build a portfolio of clients by asking
friends and family to recommend them, publicizing their services in their local area etc.
****************************************************************************************
COORDINATE (co-ordinate) - (v.)
Def: means to make arrangements so that two or more people or groups of
people can work together properly and well
Ex. The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety.
HEADQUARTERS (head office)

Def: We call the main location from which a business coordinates its operations,
the headquarters, or head office.
Ex. QQEnglish company's headquarters is in Cebu, Philippines.
****************************************************************************************
P. 46
MINUTES - (n.)
Def: means an official record of what was said and done in a meeting
Ex. It’s important during official meetings such as board meetings to make sure
that someone takes minutes so that there’s an official record of the issues that were
discussed and decisions that were made.
MATTERS ARISING
Def: If something arises from or out of a situation, event etc, it is caused or
started by that situation etc:
Ex. I wasn’t able to attend the meeting last week, so I asked my colleague; Are
there any matters arising from the minutes of the last meeting?
COMMENT - (n.)
Def: means something that you say or write which gives an opinion on or
explains somebody/something
Ex. When the chair of a meeting asks us whether there are any matters arising,
we should make any comments we wish on issues that were discussed during the
previous meeting which aren’t on the agenda for the present meeting.
****************************************************************************************
ACCOUNTANT ACCOUNTANCY STATISTICS
ECONOMICS BOOKKEEPING
****************************************************************************************
P. 47
COLD CALLING
Def: means a telephone call made by a business to try to sell something
Ex. I cold-called the people on the list to avail the products that my company is
offering.
DIRECT MARKETING
Def: means a way of selling things by calling people on the telephone or mailing
them advertisements or catalogs
Ex. I find it annoying when companies target me using direct marketing
techniques such as cold calling.
****************************************************************************************
CASH FLOW SEASONAL ADDRESS
OVERHEAD SUPPLIER TRADE CREDIT
****************************************************************************************
P. 48
ESTIMATE QUOTE (quotation) BALLPARK
****************************************************************************************
ABSENT - (n.)
Def: means not present at a usual or expected place
Ex. The most common reasons that employees give for being absent from work
are traffic accidents, heavy traffic etc.
****************************************************************************************
BALANCE SHEET ASSET LIABILITY
****************************************************************************************
PER ANNUM - (adv.)
Def: means in or for each year
Ex. I reckon the average full-time worker earns about 200,000 pesos per annum.
K - (n.)
Def: means “thousand”
Ex. The car costs $35K. (=35 thousand dollars)
GRAND - (n.)
Def: means a thousand dollars or pounds
Ex. When people are talking informally about money, they might say “50K” or “50
grand” instead of “fifty thousand pounds”
****************************************************************************************
P. 50
CHAOS - (n.)
Def: means complete confusion and disorder
Ex. The loss of electricity caused chaos throughout the city.
CHAOTIC - (adj.)
- is the adjective of the noun “chaos”
Ex. A life of a famous artist is a little bit chaotic.
Ex. I’d say that a chaotic desk was a sign of a disorganized mind.
ADMIN (administration)
Def: the activities that relate to running a company, school, or other organization
Ex. He works in hospital administration. [=his work involves management of a
hospital]
Ex. If the admin department of a business were badly run, there’d soon be chaos.
****************************************************************************************
INNOVATION - (n.)
Def: means a new idea, method, or invention
Ex. ___ (Software & Programming) is an industry in which there’s currently a lot
of innovation.
INNOVATIVE - (adj.)
Def: means using clever new ideas and methods
Ex. I reckon the most innovative company within (Software and Programming)
industry is ____. (Ex. Salesforce.com)
****************************************************************************************
BRAND - (n.)
Def: (noun) - means a type of product made by a particular company, that has a
particular name or design
Ex. When I buy clothes, the brand is important to me because it gives me
assurance of quality, integrity, fit and availability.
Ex. Thinking about all different types of products and services, I reckon (Ex.
BMW, Sony, Apple) has the most trusted global brand.
GENERIC NAME - (adj.)

Def: means a generic product does not have a special name to show that it is
made by a particular company
Ex. When buying medicine, I tend to choose branded products than the ones that
use the generic name for the medicine.
- Because we can be sure about the quality of the product.
****************************************************************************************
APPLICATION - (n.)
Def: means a computer program that performs a particular task (such as word
processing)
Ex. Microsoft Windows is an example of an application software.
WORD PROCESSING - (n.)
Def: means the production of printed pages of writing (such as business letters)
that can be stored and printed by using computer equipment
SPREADSHEET - (n.)
Def: A spreadsheet application makes it easy for us to perform complicated
calculations on data.
DATABASE - (n.)
Def: means a collection of pieces of information that is organized and used on a
computer
Ex. A common business use for databases are to record and organize details of
customers, suppliers etc.
****************************************************************************************
BLUE-COLLAR WHITE-COLLAR MANUAL
****************************************************************************************
LESSON 8
P. 53
MERGE - (v.)
Def: means to join or unite (one thing) with another
Ex. When the merger is completed, a number of executives are likely to be made
redundant.
MERGER - is the noun of the verb “merge”
MARKET SHARE - (n.)

Def: means the percentage that a company has of the total sales for a particular
product or service
Ex. The company’s main goal is to increase or improve their market shares.
MONOPOLY - (n.) MONOPOLIZE - (v.)
****************************************************************************************
P. 53
Abbreviations (2)
Encl. = enclosed
Def: means “enclose”, and tells the reader of a letter that another document is
enclosed with the letter. The abbreviation is often placed at the bottom of the letter, and
has the name of the enclosed document after it.
NB = nota bene
Def: means “not bene”, which is Latin and Italian for “note well”. It is followed by a
colon, and is used in less formal letters and emails to indicate that the information after
it is important.
ASAP = as soon as possible

Def: is a rather informal abbreviation for “as soon as possible”
FYI = for your information (or interest)

Def: means “for your information” or “for your interest”, and is used to let the
reader of an email know that they are not expected to send a reply. It is often put in the
subject line of the email.
****************************************************************************************
P. 55
TAKE OVER - (v.)

Def: means to take control of something
Ex. His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over.
TAKEOVER - (n.)
Def: means when one company takes control of another by buying more than
half its shares
Ex. The company is facing a takeover bid. [=someone is trying to gain control of
the company by buying most of its stock]
ADVISOR - (n.)
Def: means someone whose job is to give advice because they know a lot about
a subject, especially in business, law, or politics.
Ex.
M&A = mergers and acquisitions

****************************************************************************************
TRANSFER - (v.)
Def: means to move money from one account or institution to another
Ex. I feel that my money isn’t safe when I transfer funds online.
- Another meaning:
Def: means to move from one place, school, job etc to another
Ex. If my company was planning to transfer me abroad, I’d prefer to be sent
to___. (Ex. America)
RELOCATE - is another word for “transfer”
****************************************************************************************
P. 56
LIQUID - (n.) LIQUIDITY - (n.) CONVERT - (v.)
****************************************************************************************
AXE - (v.)
****************************************************************************************
OUTPUT PRODUCTIVITY UNIT
MACHINERY PRODUCTION LINE RELIABLE
****************************************************************************************
P. 57
Writing a cover letter
AVAILABILITY
- is the noun of “available” - which means present and able or willing to talk to
someone
Ex. She's the perfect candidate for the job, but I need to confirm her availability.
[=I need to make sure she is available]
HIGHLIGHT - (v.)
Def: means to make a subject easy to notice so that people pay attention to it
Ex. Your resume should highlight your skills and achievements.
CONCLUSION - (n.)
Def: means the end of something such as a speech or a piece of writing
Ex. When writing a letter, you should thank the company for considering your
application at the conclusion of the letter.
SUMMARIZE - (v.)
Def: means to make a short statement giving only the main information and not
the details of a plan, event, report etc.
Ex. She summarizes the essay in the final paragraph.
ENTHUSIASM - (n.)
Def: means a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an
eagerness to be involved in it
Ex. I never lost my enthusiasm for teaching.
****************************************************************************************
P. 58
RETAIL - (n.)
Def: means the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use and not
for selling to anyone else
Ex. He’s a manager with twenty years' experience in the retail business.
EXTENSIVE - (adj.)
Def: means containing or dealing with a lot of information and details:
Ex. She has extensive experience in computers.
FLAGSHIP
Def: means a company’s biggest or most important example of something (e.g.
product, store etc.)
Ex. The company is opening a new flagship store in London.
OUTLET - (n.)
Def: means a shop, company, or organization through which products are sold:
Ex. There’s a fast-food outlet just outside this building.
GENUINE - (adj.)
Def: means a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you
pretend to feel
Ex. My colleague showed a genuine interest in her work.
IN TURN
Def: means as a result of something
Ex. I supported him and expected that he, in turn, would support me.
VACANCY - (n.)
Def: means a job that is available for someone to start doing
Ex. There's a vacancy in the accounts department.
ON A … BASIS
Def: means a fixed pattern or system for doing something
Ex. Customers are returning to their shop on a regular basis because the
shopkeepers are always polite.
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LESSON 9
P. 61
ON THE BACK BURNER - (idiom)

Def: means left for the present time, to be done or considered later
Ex. Organizing the summer conference isn’t really a priority at the moment, so
let’s put that on the back burner for a while.
****************************************************************************************
Business structures (1)
SOLE TRADER REGISTER
ENTITY LIABLE
****************************************************************************************
P. 62
ON HOLD
Def: means in the state of waiting to speak to someone on the telephone
Ex. The person I wanted to speak to wasn't available, so the operator put my call
on hold for 10 minutes.
HANG UP - (phrasal verb)

Def: means to end a telephone connection by turning the telephone off
Ex. I’m generally prepared to wait on hold during a phone call for about (10
minutes) before deciding to hang up and try phoning again.
****************************************************************************************
DIRECT COST INDIRECT COST
TOTAL COST PACKAGING
****************************************************************************************
P. 63
WHOLESALE - (n.)
Def: means the business of selling things in large amounts to other businesses
rather than to individual customers
Ex. My mother makes money by purchasing goods from producers and then
reselling them to retailers at a profit.
RESELL - (v.)
Def: means to sell something that you bought
Ex. He repaired the motorcycle and resold it for a profit.
IN BULK
Def: means in large containers or in large amounts
Ex. The restaurant buys rice and flour in bulk. [=it buys large bags of rice and
flour]
****************************************************************************************
FEEDBACK - (n.)
Def: means helpful information or criticism that is given to someone to say what
can be done to improve a performance, product, etc.
Ex. It’s important for bosses to give employees regular feedback on their
performance because positive feedback motivates people, and an employee is more
likely to perform better if they’re told which aspects of their work they need to improve.
POP UP - (phrasal verb)

Def: means to appear in usually a sudden or unexpected way
Ex. On a website, sometimes a window pops up asking us to take part in a
survey, this is to obtain feedback regarding our opinion on the website, or to discover
information about us for marketing purposes.
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P. 64
CARRY OUT - (phrasal verb)

Def: means to do something that you said you would do or that someone has
asked you to do
Ex. In my opinion, an employee should not carry out instructions especially if they
feel that what they’re being asked to do is unethical.
****************************************************************************************
Describing change (1) FIGURES
****************************************************************************************
SOAR - (v.)
Def: means to increase very quickly in amount or price
Ex. The population of the world soared over the last five hundred years.
ROCKET - is another word for “soar”
PLUMMET - (v.)
Def: means to fall or drop suddenly in amount, value, etc.
Ex. Temperatures are expected to plummet this weekend.
PLUNGE - is another word for “plummet”
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P. 65
TIME FRAME - (n.)

Def: means a period of time that is used or planned for a particular action or
project
Ex. They were not able to finish the project within the established time frame
because there was a problem with the machines.
QUALITY CONTROL - (n.)

Def: means the activity of checking goods as they are produced to make sure
that the final products are good
Ex. Practical measures such as quality control and testing are very important in
the manufacturing process.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Ex. In the health industry, the time frame for product development is generally
long because new drugs and medical equipment have to meet very high standards of
quality control, and be tested very carefully.
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BRIEFCASE - (n.)
Def: means a flat case that is used for carrying papers or books
Ex. If I accidentally left my briefcase or laptop on a train, I would expect to get it
back.
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TURNOVER
Def: means the amount of income a company receives, before costs and other
deductions are considered (same as “revenue”)
Ex. The company had an increase in turnover this quarter.
- Another meaning:
Def: also means the rate at which things enter and leave a company
(e.g.products, staff members etc.)
Ex. Low wages, poor working conditions, bad management etc. can cause a
company to have a high staff turnover.
PLANT - (n.)
Def: means a building or factory where something is made
Ex. If there’s an upturn in output in a car plant, it isn’t logical that turnover will
increase as a result because there may not be any demand from consumers for the
extra cars that are produced.
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P. 66
ACCUMULATE - (v.)
Def: means to gather or acquire something gradually as time passes
Ex. The company went bankrupt because they accumulated large debts and
couldn’t pay them off within an agreed time frame.
PAY OFF - (phrasal verb)

Def: means to give all of the money that you owe for something that you pay for
over a period of time
Ex. If I won the money, I'd use it to pay off all my credit cards.
CREDITOR - (n.)
Def: means a person, bank, or company that lends money to someone
Ex. She owes thousands of dollars to creditors.
DEBTOR - is the opposite of “creditor”

Def: means a person, organization, government, etc., that owes money
Ex. The debtor agrees to pay the debt over a three-year period.
LIQUIDATE - (v.) LIQUIDATION - (n.)

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LESSON 10
P. 68
NETWORK - (v.)
Def: means to talk with people whose jobs are similar to yours especially for
business opportunities or advice
Ex. She spent the day networking with other executives.
SMALL TALK - (n.)

Def: means informal, friendly conversation about unimportant subjects
Ex. We made small talk while waiting for the meeting to start.
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MAIL ORDER - (n.)
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COLLAPSE - (v.)
Def: means to decrease suddenly in amount or value
Ex. Share prices collapsed after news of poor trading figures.
CRASH - is another word for “collapse”
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P. 69
COLLABORATE - (v.)
Def: means to work with another person or group in order to achieve or do
something
Ex. The two companies agreed to collaborate in the project.
VENTURE - (n.)
Def: means a new activity, project, business, etc., that typically involves risk
Ex. A disastrous business venture lost him thousands of dollars.
JOINT VENTURE - (n.)

Def: means a business project that two separate companies begin and
collaborate on together.
Ex. The airline said last year that it would be working with its joint venture
partners to bring down capacity in this market.
PROSPECT - (n.)
Def: means an opportunity for something to happen
Ex. An investor might put money into a venture even when they know there’s only
a small prospect of the venture succeeding because they believe the investment will be
very lucrative if the venture succeeds.
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RESPOND - (v.)
Def: means to say or write something as an answer to a question or request:
REPLY
Ex. The teacher asked a question, but the student didn't respond.
RESPONSE - (n.)
Def: means something that is said or written as a reply to something
Ex. I sent a letter to my mother and I haven’t got a response yet.
INVITATION - (n.)
Def: means a written or spoken request for someone to go somewhere or to do
something
RSVP - (abbreviation)
- The abbreviation “RSVP” stands for “répondez s'il vous plaît” [rey-pohn-dey
seel voo pley] which means “please respond” in French.
- It is sometimes printed at the bottom of formal invitations in order to request a
response.
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P. 70
COST-EFFECTIVE - (adj.)
Def: means producing good results without costing a lot of money
Ex. The procedure is quick, easy to use and cost effective.
MAILSHOT - (n.)
Def: means advertisements or information that a company sends to many people
at one time by post
Ex. We're sending out a mailshot telling our customers about our new products.
BUDGET - (n.)
Def: means an amount of money available for spending that is based on a plan
for how it will be spent
Ex. If I were the owner of a restaurant, I’d choose to increase my marketing
budget when turnover was down.
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PRESENTATION - (n.)
Def: means an activity in which someone shows, describes, or explains
something like a new product or idea to a group of people
Ex. The charts and graphs helped me understand the presentation.
PROPOSAL - (n.)
Def: means something such as a plan or suggestion that is presented to a person
or group of people to consider
Ex. The committee is reviewing the proposal for the new restaurant.
POTENTIAL - (adj.)
Def: means likely to develop into a particular type of person or thing in the future
Ex. The company has come up new ways of attracting potential customers.
PITCH - (v.)
Def: means to deliver a speech to someone in order to persuade them to do
something (usually buy something)
Ex. Some common reasons for giving a presentation at work are to present a
proposal or report to colleagues, or to pitch to an existing or potential client.
Def: Pitch can also be a (noun)

Ex. He delivered a pitch.
TOPIC - (n.)
Def: means someone or something that people talk or write about : SUBJECT
Ex. We should think carefully about our audience when preparing a presentation
because it can help us decide which aspects of the topic we should focus on during the
presentation.
FLIP CHART - (n.)

Def: means a set of large pieces of paper that are connected at the top so that
you can turn the pages over to present information to people
Ex. A simple presentation can be done simply by using a whiteboard or a flip
chart.
SOFTWARE - (n.)
Def: means the programs that run on a computer and perform certain functions
Ex. To help us during a presentation, we can use equipment such as a laptop
with presentation software and a projector
HANDOUT - (n.)
Def: means a document that is given to people
Ex. We might also give our audience handouts so that they leave with a written
record of the most important information.
SUMP UP - (v.)
Def: means to give a summary of (statements, facts, etc.) : SUMMARIZE
Ex. After summing up the most important points at the end of a presentation,
people usually make suggestions for what should happen next, thank the audience for
listening, ask the audience if they have any questions etc.
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P. 71
LOSS LEADER ACCOMPLISH TRANSACTION
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P. 72
PAYROLL
Def: means the total amount of money that is paid to employees, or the
administration of these payments.
Ex. He's the manager of a baseball team with a $50 million payroll.
HR = HUMAN RESOURCES RESOLVE
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ROUTINE - (n.)
Def: means a regular way of doing things in a particular order
Ex. I wake up at (5 o’clock), go to work at 8, take a lunch break at 12, leave work
at 5, collect the kids from school at 5:30 and go home, eat dinner at 7, watch TV then go
to bed.
AS A MATTER OF ROUTINE
Def: means as a standard procedure or done regularly and not unusual
Ex. Something that many people do as a matter of routine at the start of their
working day are to prioritize their tasks for the day, check their emails, drink a cup of
coffee etc.
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BLACK ECONOMY
BLACK MARKET
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P. 73
TALK SHOP
BRAND LOYALTY
AFTER-SALES SERVICE
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
DISPUTE
GO-SLOW
COOPERATE (CO-OPERATE)
INDUSTRIAL ACTION
PUT PRESSURE ON
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P. 74
DIRECT DEBIT
STANDING ORDER
SHORTAGE
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LESSON 11
P. 76
DUE DILIGENCE
INVESTIGATION
COMMIT TO
******************************************************************************
CONTROL
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PAY UPFRONT
IN THE LONG RUN
Ex. Consumers often choose to buy goods on credit even though it’d be more
economical in the long run to pay upfront because it allows them to spread the cost over
a long period.
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P. 77
QUIT - QUIT - QUIT

Def: means to leave (a job, school, career, etc.)
Ex. An informal way of saying “I’ve resigned from my job” is “I’ve quit my job”.
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BUSINESS STRUCTURES (2)
PARTNERSHIP
LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP
INCORPORATED
ADMINISTRATIVE
SOLICITOR
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P. 78
WRAP UP - (phrasal verb)

Def: means to finish or end (something)
Ex. We can wrap this activity up if all the members agree to focus and
participate.
ADJOURN - (v)
Def: to end something (such as a meeting or session) for a period of time
Ex. The chairperson has adjourned the meeting.
AHEAD OF SCHEDULE
Def: means earlier (or later) than planned or expected
Ex. A business meeting might be wrapped up ahead of schedule if all items on
the agenda are addressed quickly and successfully.
OUTSTANDING
Def: means exceptionally good
Ex. If time runs out before everything’s been dealt with, the chair adjourns the
meeting until another time, when the outstanding items can be dealt with.
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DIVIDEND
SHAREHOLDER
QUARTER
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P. 79
ACROSS THE BOARD

Def: means applying to all
Ex. If a company boss promised to introduce pay rises across the board, they’d
mean that everybody in every area of the company would get a pay rise.
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DESCRIBING CHANGE (2)
MODEST
SIGNIFICANT
FORECAST
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GRADUAL
STEADY
SHARP
DRAMATIC

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P. 80
LOW - (n)
Def: a low point or level
Ex. Average temperatures reach a low in this part of the world at the end of the
year.
PEAK (v+n)
Def: means to reach the highest level
Ex. They Peak in the middle of the year.
LEVEL OUT
Def: means remain at a steady level after falling or rising
Ex. Sales rose steadily during the second quarter, but they appear to have
levelled out now.
FLUCTUATE - (v)
Def: means rise and fall irregularly in number or amount
Ex. Hotel room prices fluctuate so much throughout the year because hotels
increase prices when demand for rooms is high, and drop then when demand is
low.
STABLE - (adj)
Def: means in a good state or condition that is not easily changed or likely to
change
Ex. Share prices have fortunately remained stable for the last two weeks.
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P. 82
FAX - (n)
Def: means a system for sending and receiving printed materials (such as
documents and drawings) and photographs using telephone lines
Ex. In my view the fax machine is now obsolete technology.
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Lesson 12
P. 84
SPONSOR
LOGO
Ex. I think sponsoring local sports events is a cost-effective way for small business to
market themselves.
Ex. It’s normally pretty easy to tell who the sponsors of a football team are because the
company’s name and logo are printed on the player’s shirts.
***************************************************************************
SOLVENT
INSOLVENT
INSOLVENCY
BANKRUPT
BANKRUPTCY
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P. 85
GIVE SOMEONE A HEADS-UP
(Note: Please read book explanation.)
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CUSTOMER BASE
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P. 86
CLOSE A DEAL
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WRITING A REPORT
IMPERSONAL - (adj)
Def: means not relating to or influenced by personal feelings
Ex. We discussed the weather and other impersonal topics.
LAYOUT - (n)
Def: means the design or arrangement of something : the way something is laid out
Ex. The layout of the apartment was good, but the kitchen was too small.
APPROACH - (n)
Def: a way of dealing with something : a way of doing or thinking about something
Ex. A traditional approach of learning something is more effective than it is now.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Def: is a list that is placed at the beginning of some books. It shows how the book is
divided into sections and at which page each section begins.
Ex: The stories included in the book can be found in the table of contents.
APPENDIX (PLURAL: APPENDICES)

Def: a section of extra information added at the end of a book
SUMMARY - (n)
Def: a brief statement that gives the most important information about something
Ex: Can you give me a summary of the last story you read.
SECTION -
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Def: reasons for report, and aim of report
PROCEDURE
Def: how information for report was obtained etc.
HEADING - (n)
Def: a word, phrase, etc., that is placed at the beginning of a document, passage, etc.,
or at the top of a page
SUBHEADING - (n)
Def: an additional headline or title that comes immediately after the main headline or
title
Ex: The newspaper headline read “House burns down on Elm Street” with the
subheading “Arson suspected.”
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P. 87
PREMISES
SUITABILITY
REVEAL
RELATIVELY
MATTER OF URGENCY
FINDINGS
ADEQUATE
ACCOMODATION
IN LIGHT OF
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LESSON 13
P. 91
UPDATE - (v.)
Def: means to change (something) by including the most recent information
Ex. I’d contact the IT department to get software updated.
Ex. I’m using the old version of skype now so I need to have it updated.
INSTALL - (v.)
Def: means to add new software to a computer so that it is ready to be used
Ex. I've installed new anti-virus software.
HARDWARE - (n.)
Def: means computer machinery and equipment such as keyboard, mouse,
printer etc.
Ex. She bought some new hardware for her system.
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IN THE LOOP
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NET - (n.)
Def: Net income - means your income after you have paid taxes
Ex. My friends monthly
GROSS - (n.)
Def: Gross income - means your income before you have paid taxes
Ex. I give ten percent of my gross to the government as my tax every month so
from
DEDUCT - (v.)
Def: means to take away (something, especially an amount of money) from a
total
Ex. A worker’s net income is smaller than their gross income because net income
is the money that remains after tax and other necessary payments have been deducted
from the gross income.
P. 92
BEST PRACTICE
FOLLOW BEST PRACTICE
GUIDELINE
FORWARD
THREAD
CONFIDENTIAL
Ex. It’s a good idea to read an email thread carefully before forwarding the email
to someone so you can remove unimportant or confidential information, and comments
you don’t want the person to read.
MARK UP
PROFIT MARGIN
P. 93
DELEGATE -
LOGISTICS
PROVISION
BE SNOWED UNDER
DISTRIBUTE
DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANNEL
P. 94
BRAINSTORM
SPONTANEOUS
SESSION
AUDIT
AUDITOR
ACCOUNTS
INSPECT
INSPECTION
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
GOVERNANCE
P. 96
APPRAISAL
SHOW OF HANDS
BALLOT
UNANIMOUS
CONSENSUS
DEADLOCK
CASTING VOTE
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P. 98
LESSON 14
GO BUST - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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Abbreviations (3)
Ref = reference
PS = post scriptum
SAE = stamped address envelope(self-addressed envelope)
Misc = miscellaneous
(Note: Please read the book explanation on how they are used).
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P. 99
EQUITY -When a business borrows money from a bank, the bank doesn’t have equity
in the business but it does become a creditor.
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CARGO - (n.)
Def: things that are being sent by ship, airplane, train, or truck
CONSIGNMENT - (n.)
Def: an amount of goods that are delivered
Ex. I imagine the cheapest way to transport large cargo consignment is by sea.
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P. 100
RESERVES - (n.)
Def: a supply of something like money that a business can use when they need
to
GOING CONCERN - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
Ex. It isn’t like you’d be able to maintain a business as a going concern if it was
operating at a loss and the company had no reserves.
TURN AROUND - (phrasal verb)

Def: to stop being unsuccessful and to start being successful
Ex. To try to turn the business around, they could cut back on spending, perhaps
by reducing overheads, payrolls, etc.
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BEARISH BULLISH
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P. 101
TAILOR-MADE - (adj.)
Def: something which is designed for a particular person or group of people
Ex. a tailor-made door handles of car, a tailor-made mirrors, a tailor-made locks
COMPONENT - (n.)
Def: an individual quality or feature of something
SPECIFICATION - (n.)
Def: an exact measurement or detailed plan about how something is to be made
STANDARDIZE - (Note: Please read the book explanation)

Ex. In manufacturing, the main benefit of using standardized components in a
product is that production costs are lower because tailor-made components are more
expensive to produce.
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STATE-OF-THE-ART - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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COMPETITOR - (n.)
Def: is a company that sells the same goods or services as another company
Ex. Samsung is one of the strong competitor of Apple.
UNDERCUT - (v.)
Def: to sell something at a less expensive price than another company or store
PRICE WAR - (n.)

Def: a situation in which businesses compete to attract customers by making
their prices lower
Ex. In a price war, companies try to undercut their competitors in order to gain
market share.
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P. 102
COMMISSION - (n.)
Def: an extra amount of money that you earn in your job every time you sell a
product or get a new customer.
INCENTIVE - (n.)
Def: something that makes you want to do something or to work harder, because
you know that you will benefit by doing this
Ex. It’s common for sales reps and retail workers to receive commission in
addition to their basic wage or salary because earning commission is an incentive for
them to perform well by selling more.
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REFERENCE - (n.)
Def: a statement from someone who knows you or has worked with you that
gives information about you. You often need to provide a reference when you apply for a
new job.
TURN DOWN - (phrasal verb)

Def: to not to accept an offer or request
Ex. Some people had their job application turned down as the result of a poor
reference from a former employer.
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GROSS MARGIN (gross profit margin) NET MARGIN (net profit margin)
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P. 103
BRING FORWARD PUT (OR PUSH) BACK)
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INVENTOR - (n.)
Def: someone who has invented something or whose job is to invent things
ARTISTIC - (adj.)
Def: relating to any form of art, including painting, music, literature, acting and
dancing
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
PATENT - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
COPYRIGHT - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
TRADEMARK - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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P. 105
LESSON 15
COMPETITIVE - (adj.)
Def: a competitive activity is one in which companies are competing against each
other
RAT RACE - (n.)

Def: an activity, job, or situation in which there is a lot of competition and people
are too busy to relax or enjoy themselves
● When someone says they want to escape the rat race, they mean they want to
stop working in a highly competitive and stressful environment.
Ex. It’s time I got out of the rat race; I can’t work these long hours anymore.
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BUSINESS MODEL - (n.)
Def: a design for the successful operation of a business, identifying revenue
sources, customer base,, products, and details of financing.
SCALABLE
Def: A scalable business model continues to work well when they are used on a large
scale or by many people
START-UP - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
GROW A BUSINESS - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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P. 106
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE (See section F of wall chart)
HIGH-TECH (HI-TECH) - (adj.)

Def: using the most modern or advanced technology available, especially
electronic equipment and computers
LOW-TECH - (adj.)
Def: low-tech equipment is simple and usually old-fashioned
TEXTILE - (n.)
Def: woven or knitted cloth
INTRODUCTION - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
GROWTH - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
MATURITY - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
DECLINE - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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P. 107
REPORT TO - (Note: Please read the book explanation) and (See section C of wall
chart)
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TANGIBLE INTANGIBLE
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P. 108
TO LEVEL THE PLAYING FIELD

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CENTRAL BANK - (n.)

Def: a national bank that controls a nation’s policies on money and interest rates
BASE RATE - (n.)

Def: the rate of interest that banks use to calculate how much interest to charge
on money they lend to each other instead of to their customers
BENCHMARK - (n.)
Def: an amount, level, standard, etc. that you can use for judging how good or
bad other things are
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P. 109
PARENT COMPANY SUBSIDIARY

INJECT - (v.)
Def: to provide more money for something
Ex. A parent company can inject money into a subsidiary to prevent it from going
bust.
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SHORTLIST - (n.)
Def: a list of people who have been judged the most suitable for a job, made from
a longer list of people originally considered, and from which one person will be chosen.
Ex. If I were shortlisted (or put on the shortlist) for a vacancy, I’d be pleased.
CANDIDATE - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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P. 110
APPROVE - (v.)
Def: to give official agreement or permission to something
AGM = annual general meeting
EGM = extraordinary general meeting

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LESSON 16
NOTICE - (n)
Def: an advance notification (usually written) of the intention to withdraw from an
arrangement of contract
Ex. As a boss, I’d feel worried if my best employee handed in their notice because it’s
difficult to find replacement for their position.
PETTY CASH - (n)

Def: A small fund of cash that a firm keeps for the payment of incidental expenses
Ex. We call the fund of cash that offices put aside to pay for small expenses at short
notice a petty cash.a
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MIDDLEMAN
CUT OUT THE MIDDLEMAN
OMIT

aa
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P. 114
BUSINESS STRUCTURES (3)
LIMITED COMPANY (Ltd)
MEMBER

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CORPORATION
**********************************************************************************************
P. 115
LEASE (v+n)
**********************************************************************************************
HELP DESK
HELPLINE
CONFIRMATION
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SUBSIDIZE
SUBSIDY
CANTEEN
MEMBERSHIP
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P. 116
WRITING A BUSINESS MEMORANDUM (MEMO)
ANNOUNCE
HARD COPY
GREETING
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P. 117
DRESS CODE
UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE
LOCKER
AS SUCH
CASUAL
SANDAL
QUERY
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LESSON 17
P. 120
CAPACITY - (n.)
Def: the amount of goods that a company can produce, or the amount of work it
can do
MAINTENANCE - (n.)
Def: work that is done to keep something such as a building, machine, or piece of
equipment repaired and in good condition
Ex. If a factory operated at full capacity for a long time with no maintenance, the
machinery would break down.
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RELIABILITY - (n.)
Def: the quality of being reliable
FEATURE - (n.)
Def: an important part or aspect of something
CORE - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
CORE COMPETENCY (CORE ABILITY) - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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P. 121
HEADHUNT - (n.)
Def: to try to persuade someone to leave their job and go to work for another
company
Ex. I’d be flattered if I were headhunted by another company.
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CORPORATION TAX - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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SHORT-TERM - (adj.)
Def: something that lasts for a short period of time
Ex. I think the main short-term objective for the government of my country is to
solve the problem of unemployment by creating more jobs.
AMBITIOUS - (adj.)
Def: determined to be successful, rich and famous, etc.
LONG-TERM - (adj.)
Def: having existed for a long time and unlikely to change
Ex. In job interviews, candidates are often asked about their long-term objectives
because companies need to know how ambitious candidates are, whether it’s worth
investing time and money in training them.
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P. 122
SHOW SOMEBODY THE ROPES - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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FLEXITIME(FLEXI-TIME) - (n.)
Def: a system in which workers choose the hours each day that they work, as
long as the hours add up to the same number of hours every week or months
Ex. The advantages of flexitime work schedule are: it helps people who have
young children, it enables people to commute outside rush hour, appointments with
doctors and dentists are easier to arrange, etc.
CORE-HOURS - (n.)
Def: certain hours in the day when flexitime workers must be working, let’s say
from 10am - 4pm.
Ex. When a company allows employees to work according to a flexitime policy,
there are normally certain core hours when everybody has to be working so that
meetings and other group activities can take place.
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P. 123
FOUND - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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MANPOWER - (n.)
Def: all the people who are available to do a particular job or to work in a
particular place
OUTSOURCE - (n.)
Def: to send away (some of a company’s work) to be done by people outside the
company
Ex. It’s a good idea for a business to outsource work rather than deal with it in-
house when there’s a lack or resources or manpower, when the skills required aren’t
available in-house, when it’s more economical, etc.
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MASTER’S (MASTER’S DEGREE)
MA
MSc
MBA (Master of Business Administration)
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VALUATION - (n.)
Def: the process of deciding how much money something is worth
Ex. Apple current valuation is 587 billion.
GOODWILL - (Note: Please read the book explanation)

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FLAG UP - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
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P. 125
ASSEMBLE - (v.)
Def: 1. to bring a group of things or people together in one place for a particular
purpose.
Ex. The directors of a company assemble for an AGM annually.
2. to build something, for example a car or furniture by putting all it’s parts together
Ex. In a modern car plant, most components are assembled by machine.
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FRANCHISE - (n.)
Def: a formal agreement for someone to sell a company’s products or services in
a particular place, in exchange for a payment or part of the profits
Ex. MdDonald’s is a well-known fast-food business whose outlets are franchises.
FRANCHISEE - (n.)
Def: someone who has been given the right to sell a company’s goods or
services in a particular area
Ex. If you bought franchise of Mcdonald’s, you would be called a franchisee.
FRANCHISOR - (n.)
Def: a business that sells franchises
Ex. In addition to products, a franchisor usually provides a franchisee with
financial assistance, location selection, trainings, advertising and support.
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STAKEHOLDER - (n.)
Def: a person or company that has invested in a business and owns a part of it
STAKE - (Note: Please read the book explanation)
WELFARE - (n.)
Def: care provided by a company for people in need
Ex. Of the following three groups of stakeholders: customers, employees or
shareholders, I think the average CEO is most interested in customers.
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CORPORATE HOSPITALITY - (n.)

Def: entertainment provided by companies for their customers, for example major
sports events, in order to more business
SUM - (n.)
Def: an amount of money
Ex. Big companies often willing to spend large sums of money on corporate
hospitality because they believe it helps them to develop relationships with new clients,
and to strengthen loyalty among existing clients.
***************************END OF CALLAN FOR BUSINESS *************************

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PRINT OUT - (phrasal verb)

BODY TEXT - (n.)

PROMOTION - is the noun of the verb “promote”

CURRENT ACCOUNT - (n.)

COVER (AN EXPENSE, A COST ETC.)

EXECUTIVE DECISION-MAKING HIGH-RANKING

CEO = CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

MANAGING DIRECTOR PRESIDENT

(Note: Please read the book explanation.)

TAKE PART - (v.)

PERFORMANCE - is the noun of the verb “perform”

AT A PROFIT - (prep. phrase) AT A LOSS - (prep. phrase)

(Note: Please read the book explanation.)

E-COMMERCE - (n.) - stands for “electronic commerce”

CONTRIBUTION - is the noun of the verb “contribute”

PENSION - (n.) FUND - (n.)

(Note: Please read the book explanation.)

SKILL SET (SKILLSET)

(Note: Please read the book definition)

Ex. An entrepreneur is a businessperson who starts their own business and

COVER LETTER - (n)

CV = CURRICULUM VITAE - (n)

PRIVATE SECTOR - (n)

(Please read the book definition.)

(Note: Please read the book definition)

(Note: Please read the book definition)

(2) the conditions or rules that limit something (such as an agreement or a

CHAIRWOMAN PRINCIPAL PARTICIPATE PARTICIPANT

(Note: Please read the book definition.)

PTO = please turn over Re = regarding

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

PAY RISE - (n.)

PR = PUBLIC RELATIONS - (n)

PUT DOWN - (phrasal verb)

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

BID - (n. or v.)

SELECTION PROCESS - (n.)

Numbers (See section B of your Wall Chart)

PER CENT (PERCENT)

INTEREST RATES - (n.)

STOCK MARKET STOCK EXCHANGE

SHELF LIFE - (n.)

HIERARCHY DIAGRAM PERSONNEL

(Note: Please read the book definition.)

PUT SOMEBODY THROUGH TO . . .

WRITING A BUSINESS LETTER OR EMAIL

CLOSE DOWN - (phrasal verb)

MINORITY - is the opposite of “majority”

CONSULTANT - (n.) FEE - (n.)

LINE MANAGER - (n.)

MARKET RESEARCH - (n.)

CONSUMER CONFIDENCE - (n.)

NEGOTIATION - is the noun of the verb “negotiate”

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

MOTIVATION - is the noun of the verb “motivate”

SALES REP (SALES REPRESENTATIVE) - (n.)

SECURITY - (n.) DATA - (n.)

(Note: Please read the book explanation)

STAND FOR - (phrasal verb)

CONFERENCE CALL - (n.)

FREELANCE (worker)- (adj.)

TAKE ON - (phrasal verb)