Q.2.

(A) Give scientific reasons:

*(1) The roof tjf a movi e theatrt! and a confe rence
hall is curve d.
Ans.
(i) Soun d wave s get reflected from the walls and
roof of a iroom mult iple times. This cause s
a singl e ~ound to be heard _not once but
conti nuou sly. This is called rever berat ion.
(ii) Due to rever berat ion, some audit orium s
or some parti cular seats in an audit orium
have infer ior soun d reception. This can be
comp ensa~ ed with curta ins.
(iii) Ceili ngs of these halls are made curv ed so that
soun d after refle cting from the ceiling, reach es
all parts of the hall and the quali ty of soun d
impr oves .
 *(2) The intensity of reverberation is higher in a
closed and empt y hous e.
Ans.
(i) Reverberation occurs due to multi ple reflection
of sound .
(ii) The furni ture in the hous e acts as a sound
absor bing material.
(iii) So if the house is closed and· empty, reflection
of soun d will be maxi mum and hence, intensity
of rever berat ion is higher.
*(3) We cannot hear the echo produced in a
classroom.
Ans.
(i) . For distinct echoes, the mini mum distance of
the·reflecting surface from the sourc e of sound
must be 17.2 m.
(ii) Benches in the class room are soun d absorbing.,
mate rials whic h preve nt echo of sound .
(iii) Because of these two reaso ns echo is not heard
in a classroom.
(4) Bats can navigate in dark.
Ans.
(i) The ultras onic soun d prod uced by bats, gets
reflected on hittin g an obstacle.
(ii) This reflected soun d is recei ved by their ears
and they can locate the obsta cle and estimate
its distan ce even in the dark.
(iii) Hence, bats can navig ate in dark.
 , ~, he d
i ~ 1t a
ar the sound of lightn ing after 4
secon ds of . .
the .gh . seein g it. What was the distance of
11 tning from
her?
(The velo ci·ty O f
sound in air is 340 mis)
Ans. Give n : Speed of sound (v) = 340 m/s
Time taken (t) = 4 sec ~. -
To 6nd : Dista nce (s) = ? .~
~ormulae : Velocity = distance
Sblut ion : time
· Velocity = distance
time
... Dista nce = velocity x time
= 340 X 4 = 1360 ffi
The light ning has struck at a distance of
1360 m from the observer.
*(2) Ultra sonic wave s are transmitted downwards
into the sea with the help of a SONAR. The
reflec ted soun d is received after 4 s. What is
the dept h of the sea at that place?
(Velo city of soun d in seawater = 1550 mis)
Ans. Give n:
Time to hear echo = 4 sec
Time taken by soun d waves to reach the bottOm
4
of sea (t) = sec= 2 sec
2
. water (v) = 1550 m/s
Velocity of sound m sea
To find:
I ?
Depth of sea(s) == • •
 Formulae :
distance
Velocity =
tillle
Solution :
, 1: ·ty = distance
ve1OCI
tillle ·
.·. Distance= velocity x tin1e
= 1550 X 2 = 3100 Ill
I

j
The dt?pth of the sea at that place is 3100 m.
 .....,

wa ll clo ses t to him is at a dis tance of 660 m. If

he sh ou ts, he he ar s the first ech o after 4 s an d
an oth er aft er an oth er 2 sec on ds.
(a) W ha t is th e ve loc ity of sou nd in air?
(b) W ha t is the distance be tw een the tw o lValls?
An s. Gi ve n:
Di sta nc e of the clo ser wa ll (S1) = 660 m
Ti me of ec ho fro m closer wa ll = 4 sec
4
:. Ti me tak en (t1) = 2 sec = 2 sec
Ti me of ec ho fro m dis tan t wa ll = 6 sec
6 r

:. Ti me taken (t) = se c= 3 sec

2
 \~~K!i ol 90Etrui,o in air (v) = ?
D&a • :E heiw..a31l t w o ~ (Sn-=- S} = ?
Fo1111 ulae :

- ~ - Si
-- .,t - ,;-

- (6) = 330 m/s

2
--- V.:! = 330 m/s

--- v. =~
2 '2
33() = Si
3
330x3 = S2
s2 = 990m
.·. Di..'1anre beh~'t:!er1 two wall - S. + ~
= 660+ 990
= 1630m
., of sound in air is 330 mis _
The velocitv a mf
the distanc~ beh,~een two walls is 1650 m.
~(2) Hydrogen gas is filled in two identical bottles,
A and B, at the same temperature. The mass
of hydrogen in the two bottles is 12 gm and
48 gm respectively. In which bottle will sound
travel faster? How many times as fast as the
other?
Ans. Given: ·
Mass of hydrogen in bottle A ( mA) = 12gm
Mass of hydrogen in bottle B( m 8 ) = 48gm
To find:
In which bottle sound travels faster.
Formulae:
P= ~
1
vex Jp
1
•
•• va ✓
ID

✓v

• ✓V
••
va ✓ffi

Solution:
... (i)
 Since both bottles are identical hence, ~
volume is the same, i.e. v
Dividing (i) and (ii),

VA Jina
Va = JmA
=mA
~

=~ = ✓4 =2
.
•• VA= 2 V8

i Velocity o sound wi I be more in bottle A.

(ii) Velocity of sound in bottle A (vA) is
•

*(3) Helium gas is filled in two identical bottles A

and B. The mass of the gas in the two bottle!
is 10 gm and 40 gm respectively. If the speed
of sound is the same in both bottles, what
conclusions will you draw?
Ans. Given:
Mass of Helium in bottle A= (mA) = lOgm
Mass of Helium in bottle B = (ffis) = 40gm
Formulae:
1 m
va 'va.fi'P=v
Taking s q u a re
TA_ 1
rB - 4
:. TB= 4TA
T h e temperature o f B is 4 times th
e
temperature o f A
 ·rh e sp ee d of so un d in air at O °C is 332 mi s.
·· \.lJ
If it inc re as es at th e rate of 0.6 mi s pe r degree,
wh at wi ll be th e temperature wh en th e
ve loc ity ha s inc re as ed to 344 mis?
An s. Gi ve n:
In iti al sp ee d of so un d at 0°C = 332 m/s.
Fi na l sp ee d of so un d = 344 m/ s.
Rate of increase pe r degree rise in temp. = 0.6m/s
To find:
Te mp er atu re wh en sp ee d is 344m/s
Formulae:
In cr ea se in tem pe rat ur e
In cre as e in sp ee d of so un d
= Ra te of increase pe r degree rise in tem pe rat ur e
So lu tio n:
In cr ea se in tem pe ra tu re = 34 4-_33 2
06

- 12
0.6
- 20 °c
*(3) Stud y the cons truct ion of the Golg hum at at
Vija pur and discu ss the reaso n for mult iple
echo es prod uced there .
Ans.
(i) Golg huma t with a heigh t of 51 metr es and
diam eter of 37 metr es with 3 metr es thick walls is
 (ii) Th is mee~s. the con dit ion s for echo i.e. : 17
me tre s mm 1m um . .2
(iii) Th e dom e of the gol ghu ma t is curved
hen ce, sou nd reflects mu ltip le times be;1ore 1d
rea ching th e o b ser ver .
(iv) Th is is the rea son for mu ltip le echoes bein
pro duc ed. g

*(4) What sho uld be the dim ens ion s and the shape
of cla ssr oom s so that no ech o can be produced
the re?
Ans.
(i) Din ten sio ns: Th e dis tan ce bet we en opposite
wa lls in a cla ssr oom mu st be les s tha n 17.2mso
tha t the ref lec ted sou nd ret urn s to the observer
wi thi n 0.1 s.
(ii) Shape: The classroom.s sho uld hav e curved
ceilings an d walls so tha t the reflected sound is
dir ect ed tow ard s the obs erv er instantly within
() 1 ~
Q.4. Answer in detail:
*(1) What is an echo? What factors are important
to get a distinct echo?
Ans.
..
(i) An echo is the repetiti on of the original sound
becaus e of reflection by some surface.
(ii) At 22°C, the velocity of sound in air is 344 m/s.
(iii) Our brain retains a sound for 0.1 second Thus
• I
for us to be able_to hear a distinct echo, the
· sound should take more than 0.1 second after
starting from -the source to get reflected and
come back to us.
(iv) We know that,
Distanc e = speed x time
= 344 m/s x 0.1 s
.\

=34.4m
(v) Thus, to be able to hear a distinc t echo, the
reflecti ng surface should be at a minimu m
distanc e of half of the above, i.e. 17.2 m.
(vi) As the velocity of sound depend s on the
temper ature of air, this distanc e depend s on
the temper ature.
* (2) Where and why are sound absorbing
materials used?
Ans.
The sound absorb ing materia ls are used in :
(i) School, cinema hall, concert hall, houses or
places where quality of sound is important.
(ii) In the absence of sound absorb ing material the
sound will underg o multipl e reflection causing
reverbe ration of sound.
Q.2. (B)3. Disti nguis h betwe en:
(1) Infrasound and Ultrasound
Ultrasound
Ans. Infrasound
(i) Long itudin al wave s whos e frequencies (i) Long itudin al wave s whos e frequencie~
are below 20 Hz are called Infrasonic or above 20,000 Hz are called Ultrasonic or
Infra sound wave s. ultras ound wave s.
(ii) Whales, eleph ants produ ce sound in the (ii) Bats produ ce (30 kHz to 50 kHz) frequency
and dolphins produ ce ultra soun d (100 kHz).

(2)
infras ound range .

Transverse wave s and Long itudin al wave s

-
Ans. Transverse wave s Longitudinal wave s --
(i) Particles of the medium vibrate at right angle s to (i) Partic les of the medi um vibra te parall el to ti;
the direc tion of propa gatio n of the wave . direc tion of propa gatio n of the wave .
(ii) They produ ce crests and troug hs. (ii) They produ ce comp ressi on and rarefaction.
(iii) For transverse waves, a wavelength is made up of (iii) For longi tudin al wave s, a wave lengt h is made
one crest and one troug h. up of one comp ressi on and one rarefaction.
 /' s tup s e tc .
ir a n sm it e r ~R - er
e c e iv
(7 ) W r it e a s h o r t n t e o n S o n o g r a p h y . H
o o w is it
m is u s e d ?
~
T ra n sm it te d p u Reflection p u ls e
Ans.
ls e te c h n o lo g y u
(i ) S o n o g ra p h y s e s u lt r a s o n ic
w a v e s to g e n e te im a g e s o f in te r n sound
ra a l o rg a n s of
W a te r th e h u m a n b o
dy.
. . fu l in f in d in g
(i i) T h is is o u t th e c a u s
use e of
s w e ll in g , in fe c
ti o n , p a in , c o n d " . f th h
th e s ta te o f th e h i:n~ k e
h e a r t a ft e ~ a e a rt ,
. e
fig. 12.4: The S O
NAR technique a s th e g r o wth o f f o e tu s in s id e h a a c abs w e ll
t e worn of
(i ) S O N A R is th e s p re g n a n t w o m a
h o rt fo rm fo r S o an.
a n d R a n g in g . u n d N a v ig a ti o n (i ii ) T h is te c h
I t is u s e d to n iq u e m a k e s u
d ir e c ti o n , d is ta n d e te rm in e · th e T h e g e l is u s e d se of a probe
ce and speed of to m a k e p r o p a n d a gel.
o b je c t w it h th e h a n u n d e rw a te r th e s k in a n d th e r c o n ta c t b e tw e e n
e lp o f u lt ra s o n ic e p r o b e s o th
S O N A R h a s a tr s o ~ d waves. a t th e fu ll c a p
a n s m it te r a n d a o f th e u lt r a s o u a c it y
a re fi tt e d o n s h ip re c e iv e r, w h ic h n d c a n b e u ti li
s o r b o a ts . (i v ) H ig h fr z e d .
(i i) T h e tr a n '\ e q u e n c y u lt r
sm it te r p ro d u in s id e th e b o d a s o u n d is tr
u lt ra so n ic s o u n ces and ~an y w it h th e h a n s m it te d
d waves. These s m it s T h e s o u n d re e lp o f th e p ro b e .
th ro u g h w a te r, w a v e s tr a v e l fl e c te d f r o m
st ri k e u n d e rw a is a g a in c o ll e th e in te r n a l
g e t re fl e c te d b y te r o b je c ts a n d c te d b y th e p o rg a n
th e m . T h e re fl e c o m p u te r w h ic r o b e a n d fe d to
re c e iv e d b y th e c te d w a v e s a re h g e n e r a te s th a
re c e iv e r o n th e in te rn a l o rg a n e im a g e s o f th
(i ii ) T h e re c s h ip . . A s th is m e th e
e iv e r c o n v e rt s th o d is p a in le s s
e le c tr ic a l si g n a ls e u lt ra s o n ic s o u is in c re a s in g ly , it
a n d th e s e s ig n a n d in to u s e d in m e d
in te rp re te d . T h ls c o rr e c t d ia g n o ic a l p ra c ti c e
e ti m e d if fe re a re p ro p e rl y s is . for
nce h (v ) T h -i c -'" ___, _
 •(t) sound wav es or wavelength 1 on ~ 1
·· %1
of 340 rn/s in air. What is their fre Ve a"eIOti
this sound be beard by the human ~:n ~ ~
AJ\S Giv en: 1
· wavelength ()..) -- tern =
100
Velocity of sound (v) = 340 m/s
To find :
frequency (u) =?
form ula e:
v=uA
Sol utio n:
v==uA
V
u == -
A
340
u= =-
1
100
U =340 X 100

. . u == 34000 Hz
The frequency of the sou nd waves is 3400!&
The freq uen cy is hig her than 20000 Hz and
therefore, this sou nd can not be heard bylhe i
hum an ear.
*(2) How lon g wil l it tak e for a sound wave of
25 cm wav elen gth and 1.5 kHz frequency, to
travel a dist anc e of 1.5 km?
Ans. Giv en:
frequency (u) = 1.5 kH z= 1500 Hz

Wavelength (A) = 25 cm= 25 m

100
Distance (s) = 1.5k m = 1500m
To find :
tim e (t)=? Velocity (v)=?
For mul ae:
(1) v=u A distance
(2) velocity = ~
Sol utio n:

v= ui\
25
v=l 500 x -
100
V = 15 X 25
v=3 75m /s
time = dist anc e
velocity
 - 1500
375
= 4 se c
T h e so u n d w av e ta k es 4 se c to tr av el th e
d is ta n ce o f 1. 5 k m .
 lo ci ty of so un d in hy dr og en is four times
Ve
No 130)
th at in ox yg en . (Think; Textbook Page
A ns . Given:
M ol ec ul ar w t of O xy ge n ( M0 ) = 32
M ol ec ul ar w t of hy dr og en ( ~ ) = 2
· To Find:

Fo rm ul ae :
1
va JM.
1
vo = ./Mo
. 1 ... (i)
• • vo= J32.
.. 1
vH = JMH
1 ... (ii)
.•. VH = ✓2

•
 VH 4
1
V o = 4 VH

v H = 4 v0
y o f s o u n d in
t h a t v eloc i t
o v e d en.
Hence, pr 1r t i m e s
t h a t i n o x y g