Course Handbook

A Student Guide for the University of Minnesota Traditional Karate-Do Class

1

 “The ultimate aim of the art of karate lies not

in victory or defeat, but in the perfection
of the character of its participants.”
Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957)
Founder of Traditional Karate-Do

2



 Introduction
Learning the art of Traditional Karate-Do is not only about becoming skilled in its physical performance, but to
understand one’s self and strive to achieve balance of mind and body to become a force of good in our society.
Many of the customs, procedures, and terminologies used in karate-do classes may be foreign to a beginner.
The purpose of this guide is to enhance the transition for new students to become acquainted with some of the
commonly used terms, techniques, and formalities when practicing Traditional Karate-Do.

Class Purpose
The goal of this class is to educate the students about the techniques and values of Traditional Karate-Do and
to provide an environment of respect and nurturing that will inspire the students to become a better person
mentally and physically. The character-building values emphasized in the art of Traditional Karate-Do (respect,
courtesy, humility, perseverance, determination, truth, honesty, etc.) improve both the student and the society
we live in. The form of traditional karate practice in this class is called Traditional Karate-Do and founded by
Gichin Funakoshi, the modern father of traditional karate-do, and enhanced by the late Hidetaka Nishiyama
(senior student of Funakoshi.)

Karate-do is an excellent means of self-defense, but the focus of this art, as practiced in this class, emphasizes
physical fitness, self-confidence, and perfection of character.

Traditional Karate-Do General Information

There are many different styles of traditional karate in existence today - each with its own unique approach.
Karate-do is one of the most popular and widespread karate styles and is practiced by thousands of people
throughout the world. It is known for fast, powerful kicks and punches, driving stances, and an emphasis on
precise form to achieve maximum power.

What is Traditional Karate-Do?

Karate is a martial art originated in Okinawa especially from the cities Naha and Shuri. A practitioner who
master the art of Karate is said to be able to defend without using weapons against any opponents. It was a
mysterious art that was practiced privately before the twentieth century. In 1922 Gichin Funakoshi introduced
Karate-do to the Ministry of Education in Japan. He called it Karate-do instead of just Karate to remove the
mysterious nature of Karate and confusion with Chinese boxing (kung fu) at the time. The mysterious Karate
now becomes Karate-do with purpose and meaning for everyone to learn. Because of this Gichin Funakoshi is
considered to be the founder of modern day karate martial art. Since the passing of Funakoshi, Karate-do
splinter into many different groups and ways of training. The most popular karate style is called Shotokan with
many different variations based on different organizations. Shotokan was the name given by Funakoshi’s
students when they started a formal organization to recognize the teaching of Funakoshi. But Funakoshi
always called the martial art he teaches Karate-do.

In 1961 Hidetaka Nishiyama, a senior student of Funakoshi, came to the U.S. and established the American
Amateur Karate Federation (AAKF) to promote Karate-do in the U.S. Through his understanding of science
Nishiyama begin to look at the way Karate-do was taught and trained through the use of scientific principals. In
1974 he formed the International Traditional Karate-do Federation and later becomes the World Traditional
Karate-do Federation (WTKF) to promote the study of Traditional Karate-do as was taught by Funakoshi but
with enhancement of using scientific principals in teaching and training. Thus, like Funakoshi who used Karate-
do to open the art of karate to Japan and the world, Nishiyama used Traditional Karate-do to promote the
learning of Karate-do using scientific principals to differentiate Traditional Karate-do from other martial arts and
make it a life long learning journey for all karate-do students.

The History of Karate-Do

Karate-do was developed by Gichin Funakoshi and introduced to mainland Japan in 1922. Modern martial arts
students considered him as the father of modern Karate-Do. Traditional Karate-Do can be traced back hundred
of years earlier to Okinawa and then China.

 Methods of hand-to-hand combat developed naturally as a means

Funakoshi performing Tekki kata
of physical survival. Hand-to-hand combat became intimately
associated with philosophy and meditation when Buddhism spread
from India to China more than 2,000 years ago. Because of the
peril journey crossing the Himalaya Mountains to China the
Buddhist monks developed training methods to strengthen both
body and mind. The Buddhist monks supported a holistic
philosophy of discipline, which led to the development of Chuan-fa
(Kung Fu), a form of ghting requiring both physical and mental
discipline. Over the years, the teaching and training of Chuan-fa
became the system of strengthening the mind and body of monks
in the Northern Shaolin temple, thus transforming Chuan-fa into
Shaolin kung fu. As Buddhism spread throughout Southern China
so did Shaolin kung fu. In Southern China, in Fujan province,
Shaolin kung fu evolved into a style called White Crane. With trade
ourish between Fujan province and Okinawa islands, the Okinawa
native form of ghting was combined with White Crane to develop
Okinawa-te or Karate. It underwent tremendous development in
Okinawa 500 years ago as a necessity when all weapons were
taken away from the peasants and they were left vulnerable to
abuse by the ruling class

Until the early 20th century, Karate had been taught as a secret ghting method that could be used in place of
weapons. Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957) demonstrated karate-do to the emperor of Japan in 1921 when he
visited Okinawa. The emperor was so impressed with the mysterious elegance of karate-do that Funakoshi
was invited to provide an exhibition and demonstration to the Ministry of Education in its First National Athletic
Education in Tokyo in 1922. It was then
taught in high schools and universities
throughout Japan. Funakoshi is
considered the father of modern Karate-
do and the originator of Traditional
Karate-do. Traditional Karate-do has
since spread throughout the world by
Hidetaka Nishiyama (1928-2008), a
senior student of Funakoshi

In Japan, master Funakoshi studied

existing martial arts system like Judo,
Aikido, Jujitsu, and Kendo and analyzed,
polished and transformed Karate-do from
its roots as a brutal ghting system into
both an art that could be practiced by
large numbers of students with modern
training methods. Like Judo, Funakoshi
borrowed the concept of ranks and color
belts along with the use of a gi as a
training uniform. He incorporated the
philosophy of Bushido (warrior ways, or the way of a warrior) from the Samurai era into the training and
philosophy of Traditional Karate-do. Emphasis was placed upon spiritual aspects in order to achieve control of
one's physical and emotional abilities, discipline, and self-evaluation

In 1974 Hidetaka Nishiyama formed the American Amateur Karate Federation (AAKF) and later formed the
International Traditional Karate-do Federation in which changed it’s name to the World Traditional Karate-do
Federation (WTKF) to promote Nishiyama’s training and teaching of Karate-do using scienti c principals.

4
fl

fi
fi
fi
.

fi
.

fi

 Karate-Do (空⼿道) and Dento Karate-Do (伝 統空⼿道)

Karate-do is made up of kara means “empty”, te means “hand”, and do means “the way.” Thus, the
literal translation of Karate-Do is “the way of empty hand”. Master Funakoshi explained further the idea of
“empty” when he called it Karate-do. The word "empty" refers to the students clearing the mind and conscience
to receive the instructions of karate-do. Also, “empty” is the emptiness of negative characters and be inward
humble and outward gentle, caring, but brave and fierce if needed like a bamboo stalk hollow (empty) on the
inside but on the outside is strong and hard to break. Lastly, fundamentally the “empty” is the emptiness of the
universe as it contains all truths and forms, so is the forms in karate-do is emptiness. Therefore, emptiness is
form and form is emptiness. The word Dento (“tradition”) refers to a system of teaching and learning tradition
of a teacher passing down knowledge to the students so that one day the students become the teachers and
continue the tradition. Traditional Karate-Do, as practiced today, is an art, method of self-defense, and a life
long learning of mind and body development.

Why Learn Traditional Karate-do?

The aim of Traditional Karate-do is to develop a mind and a body that are tranquil, yet flowing, not rigid, but
receptive to whatever confronts them; a mind and body reacting intuitively and fearlessly without hesitation to
whatever the situation may be. The art of Traditional Karate-Do teaches students to master their mind and
body through the training of movements and techniques. Thus, transforming a student into a form for self-
awareness and self-enlightment.

The goal of Traditional Karate-do Academy at UMN club is to provide the members with quality instruction of
the techniques and values of Traditional Karate-Do and to foster an environment of respect and nurturing that
will inspire the students to become a better person mentally and physically. The character-building values
emphasized in the art of Traditional Karate-Do (respect, courtesy, humility, perseverance, determination, truth,
honesty, etc.) improve both the student and the society we live in. The form of traditional karate practice in this
class is called Traditional Karate-Do and founded by Gichin Funakoshi, the modern father of traditional karate-
do, and enhanced by the late Hidetaka Nishiyama (senior student of Funakoshi.)

Traditional Karate-do is an excellent means of self-defense, but the focus of this art emphasizes physical
fitness, self-confidence, and perfection of character. Traditional Karate-Do is a martial art consisting of a wide
variety of techniques including punches, kicks, strikes, and blocks. Karate-ka (practitioners) learns to harness
their entire body mass to deliver a technique with the greatest amount of force possible through using scientific
principles. Learning Traditional Karate-Do means learning a new way to move, with muscle control and
awareness based on traditional ways of martial arts and combining scientific principle of body mechanics and
kinesiology to achieve total mind and body control.

Traditional Karate-Do is deeply rooted in the philosophical aspect of the Japanese martial art system called
Budo. Literally translated Budo means 'martial way.' Often the translation of the word 'bu' as 'martial' is
associated exclusively with fighting. But the Japanese character for 'bu' has an intrinsic profound meaning of
stopping a weapon. In essence the principles of Budo are about seeking to avoid violence and to stop an
attack before an actual fight occurs. This Budo philosophy provides the foundation upon which Traditional
Karate-Do training is based, which involves training both the mind and body in an effort to develop an
individual's character. Often martial arts training are associated strictly with self defense, which is one of the
many benefits of karate training. But ultimately it is about self improvement and self preservation.

Traditional Karate-Do Principles and Fundamentals

Traditional Karate-Do is learned through the use of scientific principles and fundamentals of techniques
passing down through the hundred of years of training by previous masters. The three most important physic
principles are the first three laws of Newtonian classical physics. When practicing Traditional Karate-Do the
practitioner is implementing and following the three laws of physics. The first three Newton’s laws are;
inertia, force, and action/reaction. Therefore, practicing Traditional Karate-Do is physiology physics in motion.

 Principals
To be effective in karate-do techniques the students must understand and apply the following principals in
training and executing of the techniques.

1. A technique must follow the most efficient path from starting position to ending position. Efficiency is the
ability to move the technique fastest, using the least amount of energy to generate maximum power.
2. Thrusting actions always travel in a straight line and transfer maximum energy to the intended target.
3. Snapping actions are intended to transfer instantaneous shocking energy in the quickest time.
4. Body movements from one stance to another will transit from body expansion to body contraction and back
to body expansion.
5. Action power comes from body dynamics. There are six body dynamics (body shifting, hip rotation, hip
vibration, body lifting, body dropping, body muscles contraction) used for generating power.
6. All body actions must start from the body center.

Fundamentals
There are several Traditional Karate-Do fundamentals but the most important ones are:
1. Using joints to create weapons
2. Using legs to generate speed & power
3. Using hips to generate power
4. Using arms, hands, and leg to deliver power
5. Exhale when body muscles contract

There are other fundamentals when moving and changing stances, when punching, when blocking, and when
kicking.

Traditional Karate-do Training

Traditional Karate-Do is taught using three training components: Kihon (practicing basic techniques such as
blocking, punching, and kicking), Kata (performing a pre-arranged series of movements against imaginary
attackers), and Kumite (practicing sparring with a partner). Regardless of Kihon, Kata, or Kumite training the
students must understand and use the fundamentals and principals in all techniques.

Kihon (Basics)
Kihon is the training of basic components and is the foundation of learning Karate-do. These are the basic
components of kihon training: stances, blocking, striking, and kicking. There are other more advanced
components like sweeping, grasping and throwing.

Stances (Dachi)
Stances are the foundation of all Karate-do forms and techniques. The 3 most commonly used stances are
zenkutsu dachi (front stance), kokutsu dachi (back stance), and kiba dachi (side stance.) Each stance has its
directional force and purpose. Zenkutsu dachi direction of maximum force is towards the front and shifts the
body forward and backward. Kokutsu dachi provides good front and side movements at the same time allows
the use of the front leg for kicking. Kiba dachi direction of maximum force is to the sides of the body.

Hachiji dachi (open leg stance) is used in informal attention position and ready position for beginning a kata or
kumite.
Heisoku dachi (attention stance) is used for informal bow when the two feet are touching.
Sochin dachi/Fudo dachi (rooted stance) is strong in both front and sides direction and is used for attacking or
defending.
Sanchin dachi (short hour glass stance) is a mobile stance for quick switching of directions.
Hangetsu dachi (wide hour glass stance) is a rooted stance with greater mobility in all directions.
Neko-ashi dachi (cat stance) is used often with front leg kicking since most of the weight is in the back leg.
Kosa dachi (crossed feet stance) is used close to the attacker and as a transition to another stance.

Blocking (Uke)
In Karate-do the first action is always a blocking action and is the essence of the art. This is true in all katas of
Traditional Karate-do. Thus it is a mindset of using Karate-do as a defense and never an offense. Blocking is

 performed using hands, arms, or leg. Most blocking techniques require the use of the hips to rotate, deflect and
divert striking energy away from the body.

Basic blocks required to learn up to 1st kyu level.

Gedan Barai (downward block)

Age Uke (rising block)
Soto Ude Uke (outside block)
Uchi Uke (inside block)
Shuto Uke (knife hand block)
Morote Uke (augmented forearm block)
Haiwan Uke (upper single/double forearm block)
Juji Uke (x crossed block)
Kakiwake Uke (wedge block)
Empi Uke (elbow block)
Nagashi Uke (sweeping block)
Kake Uke (open hand hooking block)

Striking (Zuki, Uchi)

Although Karate-do is a self defense martial arts without using weapons, our body can form many types of
weapons and they can be deadly when striking specific targets of the attacker. Any joints in our body can be
used as a weapon if done correctly. Zuki techniques are from using the fist and uchi techniques are used for
striking using hands, arms, elbows, knees and foot. Most blocking techniques are uchi techniques if used as an
attack. It is important to train for both blocking and striking to disable the attacker.

These are the most commonly used fist strike, oi tzuki (stepping in punch), gyaku zuki (reverse punch), and
kizami zuki (jab punch).

Other striking techniques used in basics and Heian katas.

Uraken Uchi (back fist strike)

Nukite Tate Zuki (verticle spear hand strike)
Empi Uchi (elbow strike)
Ken-zui Uchi (hammer fist strike)
Kake Uchi (open hand hooking strike)
Shuto Uchi (knife hand strike)
Hit-tsui Ate (knee strike)
Teisho Uchi (palm heel strike)

Kicking (Geri)
Kicks are used mostly to strike a specific target at a longer distance than a punching technique. Although some
kicks are used close in and can be used for blocking and sweeping. Different area of the foot can be used as
weapons in a kick. Koshi (ball of foot) is used most often in snapping kicks (front, roundhouse) to attack body,
face, knee, groin. Sokuto (edge of foot) is used in side kicking and stomping. Kakato (heel) used in stomping,
thrusting kicks. Teisoku (sole of foot) used in blocking.

Commonly used kicks:

Mae geri (front snap kick). Use the ball of the foot (koshi) to strike vital points of the body.
Yoko keage geri (side snap kick). Use the edge of the foot (sokuto) to strike the solar plexus, arm, arm pit, etc.
Yoko kekomi geri (side thrust kick). Use the edge of the foot or heel to strike joints, solar plexus, knees, etc.
Mawashi geri (roundhouse kick). Use the ball of the foot to strike targets on the left or right side of the body.
Ushiro geri (back thrust kick). Use the heel of the foot to strike targets behind you.
Mikazuki geri (crescent kick). Use the sole of the foot to strike the solar plexus, and as a blocking technique.
Hittsui geri (knee kick). Use the knee for striking the ribs, solar plexus, groin.

 Kata (Form)
Kata is a formal training method developed to exercise punches, blocks, kicks, and teaches body dynamics. It
is a set of sequences prearranged as a self defense practice against attackers from different directions. There
are over 50 different katas developed by previous masters and passed down through the generations. Some
are simple and some are very difficult. Kata training is the best form of training because it can be done without
a partner. This was how karate-do was taught before the introduction of kumite. To master Traditional Karate-
do is to master the katas.

These are the advantages of kata training.

1. Kata training can be done by oneself at home.

2. They develop all of the muscles and techniques without bias to one set of muscles.
3. A kata gives the multi-directional training and uses the mind to project self defense techniques thus fusing
mind and body together.
4. They are short to do but provide a great deal of exercise and energy once the techniques are mastered.

Gichin Funakoshi introduced 3 basic kata forms in addition to other well known katas. They are Taikyoku katas,
Taikyoku Shodan, Taikyoku Nidan, and Taikyoku Sandan. Taikyoku means “first cause” and was given that
name by Funakoshi because “in karate, there is no advantage in the first attack.” These katas use basic
punching and blocking techniques but exercise the body and mind.

Other commonly used katas in Traditional Karate-do are:

Heian (peaceful mind), Shodan, Nidan, Sandan, Yondan, and Godan are all originated from Shorin style.
Bassai (to penetrate a fortress), Sho, Dai are from Shorin style.
Kanku (to view the sky), Sho, Dai are from Shorin style.
Empi (flying swallow) is from Shorin style.
Gankaku (crane on a rock) is from Shorin style.
Jion (from Jion temple) is from Shorei style.
Jutte (ten hands) is from Shorei style.
Hangetsu (half moon) is from Shorei style.
Tekki (horse riding), Shodan, Nidan, Sandan are from Shorei style.

Kumite (Sparring)
As mentioned before, early karate-do training was mostly using katas and basic techniques. Because karate-
do was used for self defense, actual usage of the applications was very dangerous in training. In 1920s, Gichin
Funakoshi developed an early form of basic kumite to train the students in timing, reacting, and maintaining
proper distance with a training partner. As karate-do was incorporated into Japan’s budo philosophy the
concept of control and focusing a technique just short of the intended target without contact allows the
development of more rigorous sparring and evolved into free sparring.

Kumite is divided into two types. Kihon kumite and Jiyu Kumite.

Kihon Kumite
Kihon kumite is used mostly in training where the target and techniques are predetermined and agreed upon. It
is used for practicing reaction timing, proper blocking and counter, and body shifting for proper distance. Kihon
kumite includes the following.

Sanbon (3-step) Kumite. Each side takes turn to attack face target 3 times and body target 3 times. The
defender practices blocking stepping back and on the final block counter with a reverse punch.

Ippon (1-step) Kumite. One side is designated as an attacker and performs a single attack to a specified
target. The defender reacts and uses any effective block and counter techniques. Then the sides switch role.

Jiyu-Ippon (1-step semi-free sparring) Kumite. This is an evolved form of 1-step kumite to prepare the
students for free sparring. Both partners assume the fighting stance (Jiyu dachi) and move about freely. The
exchanges are the same as ippon kumite with known techniques and targets.

 Jiyu Kumite (Free Sparring)

Free sparring was developed to test the students with similar abilities in the understanding of karate-do’s
fundamentals and principals. It is a form of fighting between 2 partners without physical contacts. Any karate-
do techniques can be used for any sequences. The restrictions are absolute no contact to vital points of the
body. Free sparring is now popular in competition like Shiai (small competitions between dojos) and
tournaments. To be effective in free sparring, the student must train vigorously in kihon kumite and kata.

Because free sparring is like a person to person combat, it introduces the element of tactics. Tactics as an
attack and as a defender takes years to understand and master. In free sparring, there is no designated
attacker or defender therefore at any one second the competitors can be either. Tactics are used to either
create an opening for an attack or to wait for an opening to counter attack.

Jiyu Kogo Kumite

Kogo kumite was developed by Hidetaka Nishiyama in the 1990s as a way to prepare students to learn and
apply tactics into free sparring. Kogo matches are quicker than regular free sparring. Each competitor has 3
attacking chances to score a todome waza (finishing blow). Because of the limited attacking chances, the
competitors have to develop tactics in attacking and defending. This type of kumite can also be used in every
day training instead of free sparring.

Traditional Karate-Do Today

Traditional Karate-Do arrived in the US in the 1950’s - primarily via returning GI’s exposed to Karate-Do while
stationed in Okinawa and Japan after World War II. Several senior students of Gichin Funakoshi soon began to
emigrate worldwide spreading the art.

In 1961 Hidetaka Nishiyama (1928-2008) would move

permanently to the United States and later become one of the
pre-eminent practitioners in the US and worldwide. Nishiyama
had begun his Karate-Do training in 1943 under Gichin Funakoshi
and was an original co-founder of the JKA. He had earned a
reputation as one of the leading practitioners of the art while
overseeing its legendary instructor training program.

In the US, Nishiyama founded the American Amateur Karate

Federation (AAKF) and the World Traditional Karate-Do
Federation (WTKF). Upon his passing, Nishiyama was honored
with the 10th degree black belt, the highest attainable rank in
Traditional Karate-Do. His book “Karate: The Art of Empty-Hand
Fighting” was published in 1960 and is still considered the definitive
source on traditional karate and is believed to be the best-selling
karate textbook in history.

Under the umbrella of WTKF, Traditional Karate-Do transformed to

Master Nishiyama’s unique style of Karate-Do with its highly
evolved and scientific system of training we now called Traditional
Karate-Do.

Sensei Robert Fusaro (1933-2019)

In the upper Midwest Traditional Karate-Do was developed by Sensei Robert L. Fusaro. He was one of the
highest ranking non-Japanese karate-do practitioners in the United States (9th Dan) and played an integral
role in developing traditional karate-do in the US especially in the upper Midwest and Minnesota.

Sensei Fusaro began his study of karate-do in Japan in 1955 while stationed in Japan after the Korean War.
An American friend invited him to a karate class at the Japan Karate Association (JKA) headquarters. He
decided to join the dojo, and the rest, as they say, is history. He participated in the first JKA tournament held in
1957 as a brown belt. While rising through the ranks, the members of that dojo received instruction from
Kanazawa Sensei, Mikami Sensei, Mori Sensei, Kisaka Sensei, and Enoeda Sensei among others of the
9

 famed JKA Instructors’ School. He also remembers seeing Mater

Funakoshi seated as an honored guest at the front of the dojo floor while
students were demonstrating for him. Many years later, the impact of
that moment would sink in.

Fusaro returned to Minneapolis in 1958 and he received his Sho-Dan

(1st degree black belt) in 1959. He immediately began teaching karate-
do in the basement of his parents home, later renting space from a
ballet school. In 1960 he opened his first dojo in downtown Minneapolis.
In 1965, Sensei Fusaro began teaching accredited Karate-do courses at
the University of Minnesota and started the karate-do club in 1967.
Fusaro’s main Minneapolis dojo has moved several times over the
years, but its reputation as a leading national source of advance karate
instructions has always remained consistent. Many of his students went
on to become national and world champions.

During the early years, he maintained contact with the JKA and learned
in 1961 that Sensei Hidetaka Nishiyama was moving from Japan to Los
Angeles. Other Japanese masters also began to arrive in the United
States and Fusaro regularly invited them to Minneapolis to teach.
Among them were Nishiyama Sensei, Okazaki Sensei, Mikami Sensei,
and Mori Sensei.

Fusaro gravitated towards Master Nishiyama's teaching style, as he was uniquely able to explain the function
of movement in terms of kinesiology. Their connection was soon solidified and Sensei Fusaro would eventually
become one of Sensei Nishiyama’s top students.

In 2008 he celebrated his 50th year of teaching karate-do. His influence and reputation continue to spread
throughout the US as well as internationally. His skill and dedication to the art and to his students have made
him a legend in the world of Traditional Karate-Do. Teaching has never been a job, it was a way of life that he
enjoyed. In 2019 he passed away in his home.

General Information
The Dojo
The place where students train is referred to as the 'dojo.' In Japanese, the word is made up of two
characters, (do), which means the "way" and (jo), meaning "place." The dojo is considered special and is to be
respected and well cared for by its users, as it provides the means by which students are able to learn the art.
Shoes are not worn in a dojo and proper etiquette is required, The front of the dojo floor is called the shomen
and typically has meaningful symbolic artifacts (like flags or images of masters) on display.

The Meaning of Sensei

In karate-do the title 'Sensei' is used to refer to the instructor. The word is made up of two Japanese
characters, (sen), which means "ahead" or "precede," and (sei), which means "life." Literally translated it
means, "one who has gone ahead." It is an honorific title used to address the main instructor at the dojo. Since
the Sensei has the distinction of being the main authority figure and the most knowledgeable person in the
dojo, there is only one Sensei at the dojo. More often, a dojo may have more than one instructors. In this case,
the main instructor is referred to as Shihan Sensei (“master instructor”), and the other instructors can be
addressed by adding their last name to the title Sensei. instructor is referred to as Shihan Sensei (“master
instructor”), and the other instructors can be addressed by adding their last name to the title Sensei.

The Meaning of Sempai

A Sempai is a senior student who assists and motivates the junior students within the class. The word is made
up of two Japanese Characters, (sen), which means "ahead" or "precede," and" (pai), which means
"companion" or "comrade." Together, they create a new word that means "a comrade who is ahead of you in
life." A sempai is not just a student that is one or two ranks ahead of another, but is one of the most senior
members in the dojo. In the absence of the Sensei, the sempai maybe asked to teach the class. As such
students should recognize and respect the sempai as they would the Sensei.

10

 Bowing
Bowing is a standard form of greeting and respect in eastern culture, similar to a hand-shake in western
culture. In karate-do it not only represents a salutation but also signifies a sign of respect, humility, and
gratitude towards each other and also to the place where one trains.

When to Bow:
• When greeting your Sensei.
• Upon stepping on and off the dojo floor.
• At the beginning and end of a class.
• To fellow students when facing each other as partners.
• At the beginning and end of a Kata.
• When in doubt, BOW!

Meaning of OSU (oo-su)

In traditional karate, “osu” is an expression that is commonly used to acknowledge respect for the Sensei and
each other. Students use it as an affirmative reply even if full understanding is not yet present. Generally osu is
used as a greeting, affirmative response, or any response to a command. It is also a polite way of greeting the
Sensei. In essence, when a student responds with osu they are letting the Sensei know that they will strive to
push themselves to the limit of their ability and continue to persevere with a steady spirit to the end of the
lesson. Traditionally, this term is used to invoke discipline in the students to follow the Sensei's commands. It
tells the Sensei that their instructions were understood and that the student will do their best to follow them.

Kiai
A Kiai is a loud, sharp yell made when executing techniques in karate. Literally translated, it means to
harmonize one's energy. The use of kiai has many purposes during karate training. The kiai helps to focus our
mind, breathing, timing and physical effort in the form of one technique at one moment in time. At that moment
all our power is being called upon to defend or attack. The kiai is also a way of generating spirit and increasing
one's energy level - it should "psych" you up. This energy enables students to exceed their limits in terms of
execution and repetition. A well executed kiai should startle your opponent.

A kiai is performed by quickly exhaling using the diaphragm while making a one syllable sound such as "HI,"
"EE," or "YAH." The word "KIAI" should not be part of the sound - don’t say “KIA" when you kiai. The KIAI
sound should be short and loud. When done properly, the kiai comes from the lower abdomen - not the throat
or upper chest. It should not be confused with a yell or a scream and it should not cause the throat to feel raw
like yelling does.

Dojo Rules & Etiquette

Remove Your Shoes: Always remove your shoes when entering the dojo.

Keep the Dojo Clean: always dispose of your trash (especially empty water bottles) in the dojo. Make an effort
to keep the dojo clean and straightened so that is remains a pleasant environment for us to train..

Bow: Always bow upon stepping on and off the dojo floor.
11

 Addressing the Sensei: The instructor of any class should always be addressed as “Sensei.” It is okay to
address the instructor by his name outside of class. When there are more than one instructors, each instructor
can be addressed as “Sensei” and the last name.

Personal Hygiene: Wash your gi regularly and keep it in good repair. Fingernails and toenails should be kept
short to prevent injury during training. In addition to basic personal hygiene, make an extra effort to keep your
hands and feet clean.

No Jewelry: For safety reasons, students are not allowed to wear rings, jewelry, bracelets, watches, or any
other ornaments on the dojo floor,

Class Rules & Etiquette

Bowing: Always bow upon stepping on and off the training floor.

Lining up: Students should line up from highest to lowest rank with highest rank to the far right. If students have
the same belt rank, the student that received their rank first is considered the higher rank.

Arriving Late: Students should make every effort to show up for class on time so they do not disrupt the flow of
class for their fellow students. If entering a class that is already in session, kneel at the edge of the training
floor until the Sensei motions for you to enter the class. Then execute a kneeling bow and proceed to the end
of the class where the lowest ranks are positioned, regardless of your rank.

Leaving Early: If you need to leave class early, inform the Sensei in advance, if possible. When leaving,
discretely gain the attention of the Sensei or the Sempai and let them know that you must leave. Move quietly
to the exit & bow towards the front of the dojo. You may now leave.

Straightening Uniforms: It is considered rude to re-tie your belt or straighten your uniform towards the shomen
or the Sensei. Turn away from the front of the dojo to straighten your gi.

No Food & Drink: Gum, food, or drinks are not allowed on the dojo floor.

Water Breaks: Water breaks are allowed during class. Take them at appropriate times - just don’t interrupt
class to do so. Keep water bottles on the side of the dojo floor, not on it.

No Profanity: Refrain from using profanity or abusive language in the dojo.

No Horseplay: Horseplay is not tolerated. Karate is a serious discipline and demands your full concentration.
Horseplay will lead to wasted training and potential injury for all students.

Control: When training you will be practicing with persons of different physical size and muscle mass. As there
is some physical contact, and people react differently to pain. You are required to use good judgment to avoid
causing injury to your fellow training partners. Training in a safe and healthy atmosphere promotes well-being
and respect for each other.

Sight-lines & Lecture Etiquette: When the Sensei is discussing something in front of the class, kneel in seiza
position or move out of the way of other students behind you. When kneeling or sitting, keep your feet tucked
under you - never sit with your legs straight out. While lecturing, Sensei should always be in the front of class -
don’t stand behind the Sensei. Don’t lean up against a walls or columns, or mirrors.

Be Polite: Never ridicule or criticize other students. Karate-do is a difficult endeavor and this type of behavior is
NEVER productive. Students should always show respect to each other.

No Talking: There should be little or no talking in class between students other than to clarify drills for safety
purposes. Senior students may correct lower ranked students, but it should be done quickly, quietly, and only in
relation to the topic being discussed.

Questions: When asking a question, raise your hand and wait to be acknowledged by the Sensei. When your
question is answered, bow to the Sensei.

12

 Disagreement or Confusion: Never disagree or attempt to correct the Sensei during class - ever. If you have a
legitimate misunderstanding, address it privately AFTER class with the Sensei.

Don’t Teach if you are not the Sensei: Don’t teach when you warm up the class for a Sensei. Only run students
through standard warm up exercises. If the Sensei is delayed for an extended time past warm up, lead the
class in slow kata or basics as a relaxed drill without detailed instruction unless authorized by the Sensei.

Respect Higher Ranked Students: Don’t correct higher belts. If a higher belt corrects you - don't talk back. The
instructions of higher ranked students should be followed. It is considered impolite to contradict the instructions
of a higher ranked belt. It is also improper for a lower rank to criticize and try to correct a higher rank. If you feel
the higher ranked belt has made an error in discussing a technique, discuss this with the Sensei after class.

Outside the Dojo: Your conduct outside the premises reflects on the reputations of the Dojo, its members, and
instructors; as well as the present, and future reputation we have strived to build up. Think before you act.
Improper conduct outside of the Dojo will not be tolerated.

Beginning and Ending Class

While waiting for a class to start, students should warm up, lightly stretch, or practice what they have learned
previously. The following procedure describes how classes are commenced.

Lining Up (Sei Retsu)

When the command is given to start class, everyone quickly lines up in single file, shoulder-to-shoulder, with
feet together, facing the shomeni (front), and with the highest rank at the right. Students arriving late to the line-
up should proceed to the end of the line on the left, regardless of rank. The Sensei will then initiate either a
formal (kneeling) or informal (standing) bow-in. This entire process of lining up and bowing is repeated at the
end of class.

Informal Bow-In
An informal bow-in is directed by the Sensei starting with the command “shomen-ni rei,” meaning to bow to the
front. The Sensei will then turn to face the students and command “o-tagai-ni rei,” meaning to bow to each
other. Sensei will then direct everyone to spread out to commence training.

Your Karate Uniform (Gi)

When practicing Traditional Karate, students wear a white uniform called a do-gi or simply gi (pronounced
“gee”). The jacket has flaps with side straps and a belt is worn round the waist and tied in front in a reef knot to
hold the jacket. The belt (obi) is colored to denote the rank of the belt wearer. Wash your gi multiple times
before making any alterations, such as hemming the pant legs or jacket sleeves.

Gi & Belt Decorations

Patches, decals and embroidery of the gi is discouraged in our dojo to preserve the traditional authenticity and
simple spirit of our practice. Exceptions are made for US Team members who wear the American flag patch on
their left breast symbolizing their achievements in competition. Black belts will also sometimes embroider their
name in Japanese characters on their belt. We don’t encourage colored belts to do this as we would rather
they focus on striving to achieve their black belt!

13

 14



 Karate Terms
Many of the commands given in the dojo are spoken in Japanese to preserve the traditional sprit of the art. As
classes become more familiar, the Japanese terms will become easy to understand.
General TermsPronunciation Meaning
Karate kah-rah-tay Empty Hand
Karate-Do kah-rah-tay doh The Way of Empty Hand
Karate-ka kah-rah-tay kah Person Who Practices Karate
Dojo do-joh Martial Arts Training Gym
Gi gee Karate Uniform
Sensei sen-say Teacher
Rei ray Bow
Yoi yo-oye Ready
Mawatte mah-wah-teh Turn Around
Kiai kee-aye Yell
Kime kee-may Focus at End of Technique
Jodan joh-dahn Head Area
Chudan choo-dahn Stomach Area
Kihon kee-hon Basic Techniques
Kata kah-tah Form (a collection of techniques)
Kumite koo-me-tay Sparring or Working with a Partner
Kyu kyoo Colored Belt Ranks (below black belt)
Dan dahn Black Belt Ranks
Hai hi Yes
Osu ohss Replying Affirmatively

Stances
Zenkutsu-dachi zen-koo-soo-dah-chee Front Stance
Kiba-dachi kee-bah-dah-chee Straddle Leg Stance / Horse Stance
Kokutsu-dachi ko-koo-soo-dah-chee Back Stance

Punches
Gyaku-zuki gee-ah-koo zoo-kee Reverse Punch
Oi-zuki oy zoo-kee Step-in Punch
Kizami-Zuki kee-zamee-zoo-kee Jab Punch

Blocks
Gedan-barai geh-dahn bah-rye Downward Block
Age-uke ah-gay oo-keh Rising Block
Soto-uke soh-toh oo-keh Outside Block
Uchi-uke oo-chee oo-keh Inside Block
Shuto Uke shoo-to oo-keh Knife Hand Block

Kicks
Mae-geri my gay-ree Front Kick
Yoko-keage yoh-koh kay-ah-geh Side Snap Kick
Yoko-kekomi yoh-koh kay-koh-mee Side Thrust Kick
Mawashi-geri mah-wah-shee geh-ree Round House Kick
Ushiro-geri oo-shear-roh geh-ree Back Thrust Kick

List of Traditional Karate-Do Kata

Basic Katas used for Colored Belt Testing and Competition:
Name Performed for Test
Heian Shodan 8th Kyu - Orange Belt
Heian Nidan 7th Kyu - Red Belt

15

 Heian Sandan 6th Kyu - Green Belt

Heian Yondan 5th Kyu - Purple Belt
Heian Godan 4th Kyu - Purple Belt
Tekki Shodan 3rd Kyu - Brown

Advanced Katas for Black Belt Testing

Name Performed for Test
Bassai Dai 2nd Kyu, 1st Kyu, Shodan, and Nidan
Kanku Dai 2nd Kyu, 1st Kyu, Shodan, and Nidan
Empi 2nd Kyu, 1st Kyu, Shodan, and Nidan
Jion 2nd Kyu, 1st Kyu, Shodan, and Nidan
Tekki Nidan Sandan
Tekki Sandan Sandan

Additional Advanced Katas

Kanku Sho Bassai Sho Nijushiho Sochin Jitte
Hangetsu Gankaku Unsu Kitei Meikyo
Gojushiho Sho Gojushiho Dai Chinte Jiin Wankan

Rank Advancement & Testing

Rank advancement involves an examination of the student’s kihon, kata, and kumite. How often a student
takes an exam is based on their knowledge of the three areas and the ability to execute the prescribed
techniques sufficiently to meet the requirement for each level.

This guide presents the test requirements for all Kyu levels, as used by the North Central Region of the AAKF.
Anyone taking an examination must join the AAKF before they can test.

Examinations are held at a predetermine date and are conducted by the Sensei of the dojo or a qualified
member of the NCR Technical Committee. A student is eligible to test every 3 months. For most students, it is
recommended to wait a little longer before trying to test. If you would like to test, talk it over with Sensei one to
two weeks before the test. Skipping ranks is not allowed. You can pass a test by making "Full" or "Semi". We
use this system to help indicate where you are within each level. A "Semi" rank is considered average for that
level. Making a "Full" rank indicates that you were better than average for that level.

Testing Tips
Show good spirit. Let your enthusiasm show. Respond positively and quickly to the examiners commands as
well as any critiques you may receive. Do the techniques with full speed and use a strong kiai. Don't rush.
Perform each technique as strongly as possible but don't blend them together. Every move should be a

16

 complete move in itself. Maintain Your Concentration. Look forward and don't worry about the other people
taking the exam with you - you do not have to "keep pace" with them. Move at your own tempo.

Don’t Give Up. If you make a mistake, don't give up. Do your best to correct what you are doing and then
continue on. You will not fail the test just because of a momentary lapse in concentration.

Respect the Examiner’s Decision. The examiners have many years of experience and they are your senseis.
Even if you are confused or disagree with their decision, you should continue to strive to improve yourself
rather than allow negative feeling affect your training.

Kyu Testing Requirements

Kyu Testing 8th Kyu 7th Kyu 6th Kyu 5th Kyu 4th Kyu 3rd Kyu 2nd Kyu

Belt Color Orange Red Green Purple Purple Brown Brown

Kata Heian Shodan Heian Nidan Heian Sandan Heian Yondan Heian Godan Tekki Shodan Basai Dai,
Empi, Jion, or Kanku
Dai

Kihon (3X) Punch Chudan Punch Jodan Triple punch (1 Triple punch (1 Triple punch (1 Triple punch (1 Jodan, Triple punch (1 Jodan, 2
(stepping (forward) Jodan, 2 Jodan, 2 Jodan, 2 Chudan) 2 Chudan) moving Chudan) moving
forward) Chudan) Chudan) moving moving forward forward forward
moving forward forward

Rising block Rising block, Rising block, Rising block, Rising block, Rising block, reverse Rising block, reverse
(stepping reverse punch reverse punch reverse punch reverse punch punch (backward) punch (backward)
backward) (backward) (backward) (backward) (backward)

Outside block Outside block, Outside block, Outside block, Outside block, Outside block, elbow Outside block, elbow
(forward) reverse punch elbow strike elbow strike elbow strike, back strike, back fist strike, back fist (forward)
(forward) (forward) (forward) fist (forward) (forward)

Knife hand Knife hand Knife hand Knife hand Knife hand block, Knife hand block, front Knife hand block, front
block block block, block, front kick, front kick, kick, spearhand strike kick, spearhand strike
(backward) (backward) spearhand spearhand spearhand strike (backward) (backward)
strike strike (backward)
(backward) (backward)

Front kick Front kick Double front Double front Double front kicks Inside block, reverser Inside block, reverser
(forward) (forward) kicks (rear leg) kicks (rear leg) (rear leg) punch punch
(forward&backward) (forward&backward)

Side snap kicks Roundhouse Roundhouse Double Double Double front kicks Double front kicks (front
(left&right side) kick (forward) kick (forward) roundhouse roundhouse kicks (front leg then rear leg) leg then rear leg)
kicks (rear leg) (rear leg)

Side thrust kick Side snap kicks Side snap kicks Side snap kicks Side snap kicks Double roundhouse Double roundhouse
(left&right side) (left&right side) (both (both directions) (both directions) kicks (front leg then kicks (front leg then rear
directions) rear leg) leg)

Side thrust kick Side thrust Side thrust kicks Side thrust kicks Side thrust kicks (both Side snap kicks (both
(left&right side) kicks (both (both directions) (both directions) directions) directions)
directions)

Side thrust kicks (both Side thrust kicks (both

directions) directions)

Combinations Front kick, Front kick, side Side thrust, Side thrust, roundhouse,
roundhouse thrust, reverse roundhouse, reverse reverse punch (starting
kick, reverse punch (starting w/ punch (starting w/back w/back leg)
punch (starting back leg) leg)
w/back leg)

Combinations Roundhouse kick, Roundhouse kick, same

same leg side thrust, leg side thrust, reverse
reverse punch punch (starting w/back
(starting w/back leg) leg)

Kicking Drill Front kick, side snap 2nd kyu Front kick, side
kick thrust
(each leg, 1st kyu Front kick, side
same leg snap, side thrust
kicking)

Pencil Test Stationary target 2nd kyu: target moves on

the same plane
(reverse 1st kyu: target moves in
punch) any direction

Kumite Sanbon Kumite Sanbon Kumite Ippon Kumite Ippon Kumite Ippon Kumite Ippon Kumite (one Ippon Kumite (one step)
(3 steps) (3 steps) (one step) (one step) (one step) step) 1 Jodan,1 Chudan,1
3 Jodan (head), 3 Jodan (head), 2 Jodan,2 2 Jodan,2 1 Jodan,1 1 Jodan,1 Chudan,1 Front kick,1 side thrust,
3 Chudan 3 Chudan Chudan Chudan,2 Front Chudan,1 Front Front kick,1 side 1 back thrust
(stomach) (stomach) kicks kick, 1 side thrust thrust, 1 back thrust

17

 Competition
Traditional Karate-Do competitions are called “Shiai” (she-eye), which means "to test each other" or "mutual
tryout.” A Shiai is a means for the student to test their ability against other students in a controlled setting.

The focus of the training in karate-do is not specifically towards competition. Rather, competition is only one
aspect of the art and it does not define your skill or understanding of it. While many students are enthusiastic
competitors, most students in our dojo compete only occasionally or not at all. The intensity level of
competitors ranges from “jumping in” to a local tournament to intense training and conditioning at an elite level
for the national and international level.

There are many opportunities to compete in a shiai as they are held regularly at the dojo, in the region, and
also nationally and internationally. Large-scale shiai with many participants are more often simply referred to as
tournaments. Competition is truly exciting and the additional training leading up to a tournament can enhance
your training greatly. North Central Region of the AAKF has produced many successful competitors who have
become top national and international champions. If you would like to compete, discuss it with Sensei or a
Sempai to learn about how to prepare for a tournament.

No Contact Karate-Do
Traditional Karate-Do is non-contact martial art for many reasons. This does not mean when defending against
an attacker one doesn’t make impact. It is quite the opposite, the impact from a well trained karate-ka can be
deadly. True to the fundamental character of Traditional Karate-Do the practitioner practices individually and
focused on self development without a need to make contact and damage someone else. The more obvious
reason is the safety of its practitioners. Traditional Karate-Do is a life long learning journey and it is not possible
with constant full-contact damaging one’s body. Furthermore, it emphasizes dynamic techniques with a
maximum degree of power and it is dangerous to hit someone with such power. Because the foundation of
Traditional Karate-Do is life-or-death self-defense, executing the blows with maximum energy are devastating
and are, in many cases, lethal if delivered correctly.

Competition Events
All karate shiais have several different categories that one can choose to compete in. If a student only likes
kata and is averse to kumite sparring, they can compete in just kata and vice versa. Categories also include
both team and individual events. Shiais are typically divided into youth and adult divisions as well as men and
women divisions. Traditional Karate-Do competitions are unique in that athletes are not separated based on
weight class.

Kata
In a competition, a contestant’s performance is awarded anywhere from zero to nine points by six judges. The
highest and lowest scores are discarded and the remaining scores are totaled. Scoring is based on proper
body dynamics, correct form, power generation, and smoothness during transitions. Each Kata must also begin
and end in precisely the same mark on the floor. Penalties can accrue for loss of balance, hesitation, not
finishing on the starting point, or a lapse in etiquette such as not bowing at the beginning or end of the Kata. In
the final matches of a competition, Skill Points may be added to the score of a contestant who demonstrates a
mastery of the fine details of the kata techniques, and give the overall impression of grace, strong budo spirit,
and power.

Team Kata
Synchronization is the first consideration in team kata event;
three team members must move as one. Penalties incurred by
an individual member are applied to the entire team. All other
judging considerations are the same as in individual Kata
competition. In the final round of team kata, the final four teams
must also demonstrate “Bunkai”, or applications of the kata,
following the kata performance. One team member
demonstrates the kata while the other two attack. Judges look for
the “Budo” aspect in the applications, as well as realistic timing
and quality of techniques.

18

 Kumite
There are two types of kumite in a tournament, Kogo Kumite (3-exchange free sparring) and Jiyu Kumite
(free sparring). Kogo kumite was developed by sensei Nishiyama to help the competitors build the skills
required for Jiyu kumite including tactics in controlled exchanges.

Jiyu kumite consists of two opposing individuals engaged in free-style sparring involving defensive and
offensive techniques. Using punches, kicks and strikes, the goal is to deliver an effective technique or finishing
blow that would neutralize the opponent without actually making contact. Kumite matches are executed within
an eight-meter square area and last for 90 seconds. The Chief Judge ("Sushin") and four corner judges
(“Fukoshin”) look for effective techniques that show the contestant's connection to the floor at the moment of
impact along with good timing, distance, correct body alignment, accurate targeting, and strategy. Targets
include the face, the chest from the waistline to the armpit, and in some cases the side to the back of the body.
Prohibited targets include the eyes, base of the skull, throat, groin, and joints. Penalties are given for going out
of bounds, falling, excessive contact, or bad manners. Contestants wear no protective gear other than a
mouthpiece and a groin or chest protector. Therefore, complete control is essential. Contestants must have
trained long enough to develop control of their mind and body along with mutual trust and respect for their
opponent.

When a Sushin determines that a contestant has executed an effective technique, Ippon (10 points) is
awarded, ending the match. Judges may also award Waza-Ari (four points) when the technique is considered
effective, but with some imperfection. Two Waza-Ari also ends the match.

Kogo kumite is similar to Jiyu kumite except that each competitor is given 3 attacking exchanges to score.
The side that scores the most wins the match. Each exchange must be executed within 10 seconds by the
attacker otherwise the defender will get 2 points. The defender can not attack first and must wait for the
attacker to initiate. This is the true essence of Traditional Karate-do and never strike first. But if the attacker’s
leading hand is within range of the defender’s leading hand, the defender can tap the attacker’s leading hand
and attack first. There can only be a maximum of 4 techniques executed by the attackers and a maximum of 4
counters between each competitors. Any attacking techniques and counter techniques by the defender must
be continuous without a pause. And lastly, the defender must look for an opportunity to counter and not just
escaping without countering. Any violation of the requirements will result in penalty points award to the other
competitor.

En-Bu (ehn-boo)
Enbu is a choreographed sparring performance between two
individuals. Contestants perform a realistic fight sequences that
last between 55 and 65 seconds.

Competitors are challenged to make their fight seem real and

unpracticed. Scoring is based on a multiple point system as in
Kata. The judges look for realism, seriousness, smoothness of
transition, mastery of techniques, and the overall level of Budo
impression the demonstration makes on the observer. Points are
deducted for omission of required techniques, hesitation or break
in demonstration, mistakes in targeting and defense, going out of
bounds, going more than five seconds over or under the required
one-minutes time, or not applying an effective finishing blow.

Traditional Karate-Do vs. Sport Karate

Traditional Karate-Do competitions differ significantly from many contemporary martial arts competition. From
an historical perspective, as the popularity of karate grew in the 21st century, the requirements of long and
repeated careful study have often become overridden by today’s demand for rapid results and quick
development. Many new sports emerged using the name of Karate. Modern dojos began the practice of
awarding rank to students with very limited skill requirements. Hence, the rise of the phenomenon of the
“McDojo” meaning schools where one can obtain a black belt by simply pays the testing fees on time and in
full, regardless of your skill.

19

 In a modern competitive sport, the competition rules define the sport itself. For example, soccer is defined as
the game played by the “soccer rules.” In contrast, Traditional Karate-Do competition rules do not define what
Traditional Karate-Do is. Budo competition has its roots in a practice method called “Shiai” in which
practitioners try their techniques and test each other’s skills. Traditional Karate-Do competition rules were
developed based on this “Shiai” philosophy and to maintain high quality from the competitors.

Traditional Karate-Do training is based on the technical concept of the Todome Waza or “finishing blow” -
defined as a technique sufficient to destroy an attacking opponent. Traditional Karate-Do practitioners train for
many years to develop the ability to create such force in their techniques. In Traditional Karate-Do kumite
competitions, ONLY the finishing blow is recognized for point scoring. Because a finishing blow offers no
second chance, this ends the match, which minimize sloppy techniques. Due to the force created by the
strikes, a higher degree of control is required.

Sport Karate does not have competition rules with such exacting requirements. Therefore, the training methods
and biomechanics of Traditional Karate-Do differ greatly from Sport Karate. Sport Karate interprets a point-
winning technique in the most broad and most general sense. Points are awarded on the quickest and closest
hands and feet to touch a target. A “finishing blow” is not a requirement and a priority is placed on economy of
action - often only meaning the ability to “reach” and “tag” your opponent. At best, sport karate kumite can
sometimes be fast paced with a high degree of athleticism. At worst, it's kumite resembles sloppy, unrealistic
games of hand and foot tag. Sport Karate kata performances are often merely acted-out dance routines
(sometimes to music) with no practical application or substantive body dynamics. This lack of serious Budo
principles is the opposite of Traditional Karate-Do true purpose of self development.

About the Instructor

Sensei Trung Le has been training in Traditional Karate-do since 1983 under the guidance of Sensei Robert
Fusaro and Sensei Hidetaka Nishiyama. He received his Shodan, Nidan, and Sandan from Sensei Nishiyama
and his Yondan from the AAKF Technical Board after the passing of Sensei Nishiyama. He has been teaching
Traditional Karate-do more than 15 years and is a senior member of the North Central Region’s Technical
Committee and a national and international judge for all events.

Reference
Gichin Funakoshi. 1973. Karate-Do Kyohan - The Master Text. Kodansha USA Publishing.

Hidetaka Nishiyama, Richard C. Brown. 1960. Karate - The Art of “Empty-Hand” Fighting. Tuttle Publishing.

Masatoshi Nakayama. 1977. Best Karate - Comprehensive. Kodansha USA Publishing.

Masatoshi Nakayama. 1977. Best Karate - Heian, Tekki. Kodansha USA Publishing.

Shojiro Sugiyama. 1999. 25 Shotokan Kata. Shojiro Sugiyama.

American Amateur Karate Federation. 2012. Technical Qualification Guide - Ranking Promotion. http://
www.aakf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Tech-Qualification-Guide-Ranking-Promotion.pdf

North Central Region Traditional Karate. Testing Guidelines Handbook. https://ncr-aakf.org/wp-content/

uploads/2017/12/Kyu-Test-requirements-handbook.pdf

20