Meiosis &

Sexual Reproduction

AP Biology
 How about the rest of us?
 What if a complex multicellular organism
(like us) wants to reproduce?
 joining of egg + sperm
 Do we make egg & sperm by mitosis?

46 + 46 92

egg sperm zygote

AP Biology
 How do we make sperm & eggs?
 reduce 46 chromosomes  23 chromosomes
 half the number of chromosomes

46 23
23
meiosis egg 46
23
46 23
fertilization
sperm
AP Biology
 Meiosis: production of gametes
 Alternating processes,
alternating stages
 chromosome number
must be reduced
 diploid  haploid
 2n  n
 humans: 46  23
 meiosis reduces
chromosome number
 fertilization restores
chromosome number
 haploid  diploid
 n  2n
AP Biology
 Homologous chromosomes
 Paired chromosomes
 both chromosomes of a pair carry genes
 control same inherited characters
 homologous = same information
diploid homologous
2n chromosomes

double stranded
AP Biology
homologous chromosomes
 Steps of meiosis
 Interphase
1st division of
 Meiosis 1 meiosis separates
 prophase 1 homologous pairs
 metaphase 1
(2n  1n)
 anaphase 1

 telophase 1
2nd division of
 Meiosis 2 meiosis separates
 prophase 2 sister chromatids
 metaphase 2
(1n  1n)
 anaphase 2
* just like mitosis *
 telophase 2
AP Biology
 JARGON BUSTER
Centriole

• Help organize microtubule assembly so that a spindle is formed

during cell division

Microtubules

• Function is to help support and give shape to the cell, also serve a
transportation function, as they are they are the routes upon which
organelles move through the cell.

Centromere

• Site of attachment for two sister chromatids.

Chromatid

• one half of a replicated chromosome. Joined chromatids are

known as sister chromatids

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 JARGON BUSTER
Chromatin

• substance within a chromosome consisting of DNA and protein

Chiasma (plural, chiasmata)

• The x-shaped region representing homologous chromatids that

have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during
meiosis I.

Daughter cells

• Two cells formed from the same cell

Diploid (2n) cell

• A cell containing two sets of chromosomes; one set from each

parent.
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 JARGON BUSTER
Fertilization

• The process in which a sperm cell unites with an ovum to

form a zygote.

Gametes

• The sex cells of sexually reproducing organisms, which are

capable of fusing to form a zygote.

Gametogenesis

• The formation of sex cells, or gametes

Haploid (1n) cell

• A cell containing only one set of chromosomes.

AP Biology
 JARGON BUSTER
Spindle

• The microtubule structure formed during mitosis and meiosis

that is responsible for moving the chromatids and
chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.

Synapsis

• The pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during

prophase of meiosis I.

Tetrad

• A pair of homologous chromosomes with two chromatids each.

Zygote

• A fertilized ovum
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
 Genetic variation
 Meiosis & crossing over introduce
great genetic variation to population
 drives evolution

AP Biology
 The value of meiosis
 Meiosis introduces genetic variation
 gametes of offspring do not have same
genes as gametes from parents
 genetic recombination

 random assortment in humans produces 223

(8,388,608) different combinations

new gametes
APfrom Mom
Biology from Dad
made by offspring
 And more variation…
 Crossing over
 creates completely new
combinations of traits
in next generation

AP Biology
 Sources of genetic variability
 Genetic variability in sexual reproduction
 independent assortment
 homologous chromosomes in Meiosis 1
 crossing over
 between homologous chromosomes in
prophase 1
 random fertilization
 random ovum fertilized by a random sperm

AP Biology
metaphase1
 Cell A has 4 chromosomes and Cell D has 2
chromosomes. What process created Cell D?

1. Mitosis
2. Asexual
Reproduction
3. Fusion
4. Meiosis Cel
lA Cel
Cel
lB Cel
lC
lD
1
AP Biology
0
 Cell A is considered _______ while Cell D is
considered ________.
1. Haploid; Diploid
2. Tetrad; Diploid
3. Diploid; Haploid
4. Homologous; Haploid
Cel Cel
lA lB Cel
lC Cel
lD

0% 0% 0% 0%

1 2 3 4

1
AP Biology
0
 How can we best describe the diagram
below?

1. Two sister chromatids 0% 0% 0% 0%

2. Homologous chromosomes 1 2 3 4

3. One replicated chromosome

4. Haploid chromsomes
1
AP Biology
0
 What process is best demonstrated by the
diagram below?

1. Anaphase I
2. Segregation of alleles 0% 0% 0% 0%

3. Crossing over 1 2 3 4

4. Independent assortment
1
AP Biology
0
 Which of the following leads to
genetic variation during meiosis?
A.Crossing Over
B.DNA replication
C.Independent assortment
D.Mitotic spindle formation
1. All of the above (A, B, C,
D)
2. A&B
3. A&D 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

4. A, B, & D 1 2 3 4 5

5. A&C
1
AP Biology
0
 Mitosis vs. Meiosis
 Mitosis  Meiosis
 1 division
 daughter cells
genetically identical
to parent cell
 produces 2 cells
 2n  2n
 produces cells for
growth & repair
 no crossing over
AP Biology
 2 divisions
 daughter cells
genetically different
from parent
 produces 4 cells
 2n  1n
 produces gametes
 crossing over
Mitosis vs. Meiosis

AP Biology
 Changes in Chromosomes
Number
 Euploidy = correct # of chromosomes
 Aneuploidy = a change in
chromosomes number due to non-
disjunction during meiosis
 Monosomy- only 1 copy of an individual
chromosome
 Trisomy- 3 copies of an individual
chromosome

AP Biology
 Trisomy 21 : Down Syndrome
 Delayed mental and social skills
 Decreased muscle tone at birth
 Asymmetrical or odd-shaped
skull
 Small skull
 Small mouth with protruding
tongue
 Broad short hands
 Increased risk of developing
Leukemia and Alzheimer’s later in
life

AP Biology
 Trisomy 18 : Edward’s Syndrome
 Most children die in the first year of life, some have lived 10
years
 Growth deficiency
 Feeding difficulties
 Breathing difficulties
 Developmental delays
 Mental Retardation
 Overlapped, flexed fingers
 Webbing of the second and third toes
 Clubfeet
 Structural heart defects at birth

AP Biology
 Trisomy 13 : Patau Syndrome
 Mental retardation, severe
 Seizures
 Small head
 Scalp defects
 Cleft lip and/or palate
 Eyes close set (hypotelorism) –may fuse
 Extra digits (polydactyl)
 Hernias
 Undescended testicle
 Children die in the first year of life

AP Biology
 Karyotype
 A visual display of the chromosomes arranged by
size, shape, and banding pattern
 Used to identify aneuploid conditions

AP Biology
 Procedure: Amniocentesis and
Karyotyping

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 Karyotyping

AP Biology
 Changes in Sex Chromosome #
 Turners Syndrome (XO) – missing Barr Body
 Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)
 Swyer Syndrome (XY female)
 La Chapelle Syndrome (XX male)
 Poly-X Females (XXX, XXXX)
 Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY males)

-SRY gene (located on short arm of Y chromosome)

-hormone= testis-determining factor

-Barr Body – Inactive X chromosome (XX)

AP Biology
 Chromosomal Mutations

AP Biology
 Deletion Syndromes
 Williams Syndrome (deletion of a piece
of chromosome 7)
 Cri du chat (cat’s cry) (deletion of a
piece of chromosome 5)

AP Biology
 Translocation Syndromes
 Alagille syndrome – Chromosomes 2
and 20 exchange segments
 Cancers
 Chronic myelogenous leukemia (2 and
9)
 Burkitt lymphoma (8 and 14)

AP Biology