Meiosis Transformation

PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE AND TELOPHASE
 Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in
in animal cell animal cell
 MITOSIS RECALL
Mitosis
Number of divisions

Number of daughter cells

(product)

Genetically identical?

Chromosome #

Where

When

Role/Purpose
 Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)
The Cell
Cycle
 Facts About Meiosis
Two meiotic divisions ---
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
(Reductional)
Four daughter cells produced that
are haploid (1n)
  Occurs in our germ cells that
produce gametes
 Facts About Meiosis
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)
Spermatogenesis
Secondary Spermatocyte n=23
human
sex cell
sperm
Primary Spermatocyte n=23
n=23

2n=46 Secondary Spermatocyte

haploid (n)
n=23
diploid (2n) n=23

4 sperm cells are

produced from each n=23
primary spermatocyte.
meiosis I meiosis II
Oogenesis

*** The polar bodies die… only one ovum

(egg) is produced from each primary oocyte.
Why Do we Need Meiosis?
It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote
 Fertilization

• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.

• A zygote is a fertilized egg

sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote
WHAT DO YOU KNOW
ABOUT
CHROMOSOMES?
 Homologous Chromosomes
• Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that
are similar in shape and size.
• Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling
the same inherited traits.
• Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same
position on homologues.
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

22 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
because a homologous pair consists of 4 chromatids it is
(

called a “Tetrad”)

eye color eye color

locus locus

hair color hair color

locus locus

Paternal Maternal
Practical Science

• Why are the sperm and egg

cell so different anatomically?
• Why is it important to have a
mature egg cells and sperm
cells? How can it affect the
development of a healthy
zygote?
 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
 Meiosis I:

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)
 Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

Homologs pair. Chromosomes condense.
Crossing over Spindle forms.
occurs. Nuclear envelope
fragments.
Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes Join to form a

(each with sister chromatids) TETRAD
 

Called Synapsis
 Crossing-Over
 Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each other
 Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
 Produces
Genetic
recombination in
the offspring
Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over
Metaphase I

Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell
Anaphase I

Homologs separate and

move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their
centromeres.
Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell

into two.
 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of
divisions
Number of
daughter cells
Genetically
identical?
Chromosome #

Where
When
Role
 Meiosis II
Only one homolog of each
Gene X
chromosome is present in
the cell.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.

Meiosis II produces gametes with

one copy of each chromosome and
thus one copy of each gene.
 Meiosis II: Reducing
Chromosome Number

Prophase Metaphase
II II Telophase
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells
Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.
Metaphase II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.
 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.
Telophase II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with

one copy of each
chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis
 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent

Where Somatic cells Germ cells

When Throughout life At sexual maturity
Growth and
Role Sexual reproduction
 FOCUS QUESTION
“How is genetic variability among
organisms essential for survival
and reproduction in a changing
environment?”